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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted toreproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only forclassroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solelyin conjunction with The American Journey. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibitedwithout written permission from the publisher.
Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240
ISBN 0-07-825208-3
Printed in the United States of America
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
The American Journey iii
Table of Contents
To the Teacher.................................................. ii
Activity Workbook
Local history activities ..................................... 1
Activity 1 ..................................................... 11
Activity 2 ..................................................... 13
Activity 3 ..................................................... 15
Activity 4 ..................................................... 17
Activity 5 ..................................................... 19
Activity 6 ..................................................... 21
Activity 7 ..................................................... 23
Activity 8 ..................................................... 25
Activity 9 ..................................................... 27
Activity 10 ..................................................... 29
Activity 11 ..................................................... 31
Activity 12 ..................................................... 33
Activity 13 ..................................................... 35
Activity 14 ..................................................... 37
Activity 15 ..................................................... 39
Activity 16 ..................................................... 41
Activity 17 ...................................................... 43
Activity 18 ..................................................... 45
Activity 19 ..................................................... 47
Activity 20 ..................................................... 49
Activity 21 ..................................................... 51
Activity 22 ..................................................... 53
Activity 23 ..................................................... 55
Activity 24 ..................................................... 57
Activity 25 ..................................................... 59
Activity 26 ..................................................... 61
Activity 27 ..................................................... 63
Activity 28 ..................................................... 65
Activity 29 ..................................................... 67
Activity 30 ..................................................... 69
Activity 31 ..................................................... 71
Activity 32 ..................................................... 73
The American Journey 1
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DIRECTIONS: Before European set-tlers came to North America, NativeAmericans lived in groups through-out what would become the UnitedStates. Look in your local library orhistorical society to find out whatNative American nations lived clos-est to your community before settlersarrived. Then answer the questionsabout them below.
★
(continued)
1. What was the name of the NativeAmerican group or groups?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. Describe their social organization. Who led the group? Who was the spiritual
leader? What role did women and children play? ����������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
3. What did the Native Americans in your area eat? How did they get their food?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. What happened to the Native Americans when European settlers came into
the area? ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
5. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a picture of the typical home for theseNative Americans.
The First InhabitantsThe First InhabitantsPart 1
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
2 The American Journey
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Part IIDifferent groups of non-native settlers came into different areas in North
America. Find out who the earliest non-native settlers in or near your communitywere. Then answer the questions about them below.
6. From where did the largest number of settlers come? ��������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
7. What were the settlers seeking when they arrived? �����������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
8. What sort of community did they establish? What religion or religions did
they practice? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
9. How did the settlers get food and supplies? ��������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
10. Was this early community successful? Did it continue to grow? If not, why did
it fail? �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Part IIIVisit the site of a local Native American settlement or museum, if possible, or
use the media center to find out more about local Native Americans. Find a cre-ative way to present what you learn to the class—in a play, a bulletin board, or apainting, for example.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
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EARLY GOVERNMENT
DIRECTIONS: After the UnitedStates Constitution was ratified,each state sent senators and repre-sentatives to Congress. As stateswere admitted to the Union, theyalso sent representation to Congress.Research to find information aboutyour state’s senators and represen-tatives; then answer the questions.(Some places to search for the infor-mation you need include your locallibrary, the Internet, or the Leagueof Women Voters.)
★
1. Who were the first senators and representatives sent to Congress from your state?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. To what political party did each official belong? ������������������������������������������
3. Who was president of the United States at the time? ������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. Describe one issue on which your state’s first senators had to vote.
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
5. Who are your state representatives today? How are their backgrounds andexperiences similar to or different from your state’s first representatives?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
6. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a picture of the flag of the United States at the time your state sent its first officials to Congress.
EARLY GOVERNMENT
4 The American Journey
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Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
L A B A C T I V I T Y R E P O R T
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
DIRECTIONS: In the early 1800s people began moving across the coun-try in covered wagons and on steamboats. Research an early method oftransportation used in your state. Draw a labeleddiagram of the vehicle on aseparate sheet of paper. Thenanswer the questions about itthat follow.
★
Method of Transportation: ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
1. When was this method of transportation used in your state?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. How fast could the vehicle go? How many people could it carry?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
3. What were the vehicle’s limitations? Were there places it could not go or things
it could not carry? ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. Imagine you are traveling on the vehicle you have drawn. Write a diary entry
describing a typical day of travel. �������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Moving Across America
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
DIRECTIONS: Educational reform was animportant issue in the mid-1800s. Whatwere early schools like in your commu-nity? Research the earliest schools in yourarea at your local library or historicalsociety. Then answer the questions below.
★
The American Journey 5
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Early SchoolsEarly Schools
1. What grades were taught in the earliest schools in your community?
���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. Were all the grades taught together, or were there separate rooms for different
age groups? ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
3. What subjects did students study? ����������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. How were students disciplined? �������������������������������������������������������������5. How was the classroom designed? How was it heated? If you can find the
information, draw an illustration on a separate sheet of paper.
���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
6. What kind of training did teachers receive? ����������������������������������������������
���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
7. How long was the school year? What events or situations might have interrupted
the school year? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������
8. How did students travel to school? ���������������������������������������������������������9. Compare your school to the earliest schools in your community. What aspects
are similar? How have schools changed? �������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
6 The American Journey
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An Immigrant’s ExperienceAn Immigrant’s Experience
DIRECTIONS: The United States is a nationof immigrants. Most people who live herecame from another place. Interview some-one in your community who immigratedto the United States from another country or research the life of animmigrant to your state. Answerthe questions below.
★
1. From where did the person come? ������������������������������������������������������������
2. What year did he or she come to the United States? �������������������������������������
3. Why did the person leave his or her home country? ������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. What was the person expecting to find in the United States? Did this country
meet those expectations? ������������������������������������������������������������������������
5. What surprised him or her about the United States? ������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
6. What in your community is most like his or her home country? What is the most
different from his or her home country? ����������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
7. Share your understanding of immigrants with classmates and learn about thepeople that they interviewed. How were their persons’ experiences similar to
yours? How were they different? �������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
L A B A C T I V I T Y R E P O R T
The American Journey 7
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DIRECTIONS: The Great Depression affected every com-munity in the United States. Research to learn moreabout the effects of the Great Depression on your com-munity. If possible, interview older residents or familymembers who remember what life was like in yourcommunity during the Great Depression. Then answerthe questions below.
★
1. What jobs were available in your community in 1928? Were people
factory workers, farmers, or ranchers? �������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. How did the Depression affect workers in your community? �������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
3. Describe a New Deal project in your state. What did government workers create?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. How was family life during the Great Depression different from family life today?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
5. Find the statistics on the number of workers in your state from 1928 to 1933.Create a line graph on a separate sheet of paper showing the information.
The Great DepressionThe Great Depression
8 The American Journey
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World War II
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
World War II
DIRECTIONS: States made various contributions to the war effort duringWorld War II. Find out how your state helped. Then answer the questionsbelow.
★
1. How many soldiers from your state fought in World War II? �������������������������
2. How many soldiers from your state died in World War II? ����������������������������
3. How did your state or community contribute to the war effort at home?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. At your local library, find a microfilm or microfiche edition of alocal newspaper for August 15, 1945, V-J Day, or “Victory OverJapan” day. Copy the headline and first paragraph of a story aboutthe armistice below. Then create a second paragraph for the story,detailing the war’s effect on your area.
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
The American Journey 9
L A B A C T I V I T Y R E P O R T
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The 1960s
DIRECTIONS: Political events in the 1960saffected many people. Conduct interviewswith subjects whose lives were affected bythe civil rights movement or the war inVietnam during the 1960s. Use the questionsbelow to help you plan your interviews. Thenthink carefully about other questions you wouldlike to ask. Use the information from your interviewsto write a profile of one of your interview subjects andshare with your classmates. What did you find outabout the war in Vietnam or the civil rights movementthat surprised or shocked you?
★
Interview Subject: ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
• How did you first become aware of the civil rights movement?• Were you in agreement with your friends and neighbors about civil rights?
Why or why not?• In what ways do you think the civil rights movement changed the lives of
people in your community?
Interview Subject: ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
• How did the controversy about the Vietnam War affect your community?• Were you involved in either the military or the protests against the
war? What experiences did you have because of your involvement?• Was your life changed in any way by the war or the reaction to
it? In what way?
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★
10 The American Journey
Copyright ©
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ompanies, Inc.
★★ ★
DIRECTIONS: Technology touches every partof life. Think about the impact technologicaladvances such as the personal computer,Internet, VCR, satellite dish, and advances inmedicine and industry have had on you andyour community. Then answer the questionsbelow.
★
1. What technological advance has had the greatest impact on your life?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. How has it changed your life? �����������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
3. What aspect of technology has most affected your community?
What was its effect? ���������������������������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. How might technology have had a negative impact on your
community? �����������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������
5. Make a prediction about the future. What new technological advances do yousee coming? How will it change your community and your life?
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Technology and YouTechnology and You
The American Journey 11
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The First Americans
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
������� 1. The Hohokam were experts at which of the following?A. building mounds C. hunting buffaloB. irrigating fields D. fishing for salmon
������� 2. The Anasazi lived in an area known as the Four Corners, the meeting place of the present-day states ofA. Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho.B. Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and California.C. Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada.D. Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.
������� 3. The Great Serpent Mound, a huge burial mound, was built by theA. Natchez people. C. Mississippians.B. Hopewell people. D. Hohokam people.
������� 4. The city of Cahokia, in present-day Illinois, containedA. an apartment building with hundreds of rooms.B. dwellings in the walls of steep cliffs.C. a great pyramid-shaped mound, with a temple on its summit.D. square houses called hogans.
������� 5. What was the main food of the Tlingit, Haida, and Chinook peoples?A. salmon C. roots and berriesB. deer D. caribou
������� 6. The Pomo people, of the central valley of present-day California,A. fished for food. C. pounded acorns into flour.B. followed wandering herds. D. planted vegetables.
������� 7. Scientists think the Inuit, who live in North America’s Arctic region,A. crossed the land bridge from Asia first.B. crossed the land bridge from Asia last.C. always lived in North America.D. migrated north from Central America.
Workbook Activity 1★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
B
D
B
C
A
C
B
(continued)
12 The American Journey
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ompanies, Inc.
DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists early civilizations of theAmericas. Review the information about these peoples in your textbook andwrite the facts in the appropriate boxes on the chart.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 1★
Early Civilizations of the AmericasCivilization Location Dates Major Achievements
The Olmec Gulf coast of flourished between farming supported large cities;
Mexico, 1500 B.C. and 300 B.C. sculpted large stone monuments;
Guatemala, and built stone pavements and drainage
Honduras systems
The Maya rainforest areas of height of civilization built many large cities and a network
present-day from about A.D. 200 of roads in the jungle; built pyramids
Mexico, to A.D. 850 of stone; created a 365-day calendar
Guatemala, based on astronomical observations;
Honduras, and developed a complex vocabulary of
Belize hieroglyphics; engaged in long-
distance travel
The Aztec present-day central found a permanent built the great city of Tenochtitlán
and southern home in A.D. 1325 on an island in Lake Texcoco
Mexico
The Inca western highlands established capital built 10,000 miles of stone-paved roads
of South America; city in A.D. 1200 over mountains, across deserts, and
empire stretched through jungles; built city of Machu
from present-day Picchu on a mountain top; developed
Colombia to a system of record keeping with string
northern Argentina called quipus; built stone-walled
and Chile terraces on steep slopes to plant crops
The American Journey 13
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Exploring the Americas
DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each name in Column A with an accomplish-ment in Column B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
Column A
������� 1. Henry the Navigator
������� 2. Bartholomeu Dias
������� 3. Vasco da Gama
������� 4. Christopher Columbus
������� 5. Vasco Núñez de Balboa
������� 6. Ferdinand Magellan
������� 7. Hernán Cortés
������� 8. Francisco Pizarro
������� 9. Juan Ponce de León
������� 10. Hernando de Soto
������� 11. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
������� 12. John Cabot
������� 13. Giovanni da Verrazano
������� 14. Henry Hudson
Workbook Activity 2★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
F
J
H
L
M
B
A
E
C
G
K
I
N
D
Column BA. landed in Mexico in 1519, completed conquest of
Aztec in 1521B. discovered strait around southern tip of South
America in 1520; some of crew completed firstcircumnavigation of globe
C. landed in Florida in 1513 hoping to find thelegendary “fountain of youth”
D. discovered and sailed up the Hudson River in 1609E. captured the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, in 1532, and
gained control of most of the Inca Empire within afew years
F. brought astronomers, geographers, andmathematicians to share their knowledge withPortuguese sailors and shipbuilders
G. led three-year expedition through southeasternUnited States; crossed the Mississippi River in 1541
H. sailed around Africa and across the Indian Ocean,reaching India in 1498
I. rediscovered Newfoundland for EnglandJ. sailed around southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good
Hope) in 1487K. led expedition through northern Mexico, Arizona,
and New Mexico hoping to find the legendary“Seven Cities of Cibola”
L. reached the Bahamas in 1492; went ashore on a smallisland, named it San Salvador
M. crossed the mountains in Panama in 1513 anddiscovered the Pacific Ocean
N. explored coast of North America from present-dayNova Scotia to the Carolinas in 1524
(continued)
14 The American Journey
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ompanies, Inc.
DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words thatbest complete the sentence.
lines of latitude conquistadors magnetic compasscircumnavigate stern rudder mercantilismimmunity astrolabe caravel
1. An ������������������������������ is an instrument that measures the position of stars.
2. The ������������������������������ was invented by the Chinese and then passed on to theEuropeans by the Arabs in the 1200s.
3. The ������������������������������ and the triangular sail enabled ships to sail into the wind.
4. Distance north and south of the Equator is indicated on a map by �������������������������� .
5. The ������������������������������ was a three-masted ship developed by the Portuguese inthe late 1400s.
6. Because they had no ������������������������������ , entire communities of NativeAmericans were wiped out by diseases brought to the Americas by the Europeans.
7. In order to ����������������������� the world, you would have to sail completely around it.
8. Early Spanish explorers in the Americas were known as ������������������������������ .
9. The economic theory of ������������������������������ describes how a nation’s power wasbased on its wealth.
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided.10. What was the Columbian Exchange?
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 2★
astrolabe
magnetic compass
stern rudder
lines of latitude
caravel
immunity
circumnavigate
conquistadors
mercantilism
Answers will vary but should indicate that the voyages of Christopher Columbus
and other explorers brought together the continents of the Americas with those of
Europe, Asia, and Africa. This contact led to an exchange of goods and ideas that
altered life on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
The American Journey 15
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Colonial AmericaThe English defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the end of Spanish con-
trol of the seas and cleared the way for England and other European nationsto establish colonies in North America.
DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the map and use the information to answerthe questions.
1. In what year did the Englishfirst attempt to settle on
Roanoke Island? ������������������
2. Approximately how manymiles from Roanoke Island was the colony of Jamestown?
������������������������������������������������
3. Jamestown was built along the banks of which river?
������������������������������������������������
4. What piece of land extends into the Atlantic Ocean nearPlymouth, Massachusetts?
������������������������������������������������
5. How many Native Americannations are shown on this map?
������������������������������������������������
6. If you were a member of theSusquehanna Nation and youwished to visit the Powhatans,in which direction would you
travel? �������������������������������
7. In which direction would you travel if you left Roanoke
Island for Plymouth?�������������
Workbook Activity 3★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
100 miles
James River
Cape Cod
seven
south
northeast
1585
1585, 15871607
1620
Susquehanna
WampanoagNarragansett
Leni-Lenape
WampanoagNarragansett
Leni-Lenape
Powhatan
Tuscarora
Massachusetts
Virginia
JamestownJamestown
PlymouthCapeCod
RoanokeIsland
APPA
LACH
IAN
MOUNTAINS
Nanticoke
Lake Ontario
Lake Erie
ATLANTICOCEAN
ChesapeakeBay
Huds
onRi
ver
Potomac River
James River
Roanoke River
Dela
war
eRi
ver
Native American Nation
0 100 miles50
100 kilometers500
N
E
S
W
Colonial arrivals
English settlement
The First English Settlements
(continued)
16 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement.
������� 1. The colony of Jamestown survived because the settlersA. discovered gold and silver. C. began to grow tobacco.B. always had plenty of food. D. lived under strict military rule.
������� 2. Squanto and Samoset helped the Pilgrims at Plymouth make a treaty withA. the Dutch. C. the French.B. the Wampanoag people. D. the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
������� 3. Roger Williams, who founded the colony of Rhode Island, believed thatA. people should be free to follow any religion.B. the church and the government should be completely separate.C. it was wrong for settlers to take land away from Native Americans.D. all of the above
������� 4. Conflicts often arose between settlers and Native Americans because A. settlers refused to learn Native American languages.B. settlers moved onto Native American lands without payment or
permission.C. settlers traded with the Native Americans.D. settlers refused to plant corn.
������� 5. The Dutch West India Company gave large estates to landowners calledA. patroons. C. platoons.B. patrons. D. dragoons.
������� 6. In 1682 William Penn sailed to America to supervise the building ofA. Baltimore. C. Boston.B. Pittsburgh. D. Philadelphia.
������� 7. Southern Carolina was settled mainly byA. poor farmers from Virginia. C. English colonists from Barbados.B. tobacco growers. D. Dutch colonists.
������� 8. The French had good relations with the Native Americans becauseA. Native Americans spoke French. C. they respected local customs.B. they rarely left Quebec. D. they paid high prices for furs.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 3★
C
B
D
B
A
D
C
C
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The Colonies Grow
DIRECTIONS: Drawing Conclusions Read each paragraph and write a V in the blank at the left of each of the statements that you believe to be a validconclusion.
A. New England’s long winters and thin, rocky soil made large-scale farmingdifficult. Farmers in New England practiced subsistence farming, producingjust enough to meet the needs of their families. Everyone in the familyworked. Important farm jobs included spinning yarn, preserving fruit,milking cows, fencing in fields, and sowing and harvesting grain.
������� 1. New England farmers had little food left over to sell or exchange.
������� 2. New England farm families bought most of what they needed in town.
������� 3. Most farms in New England were very large.
������� 4. Children of New England farm families had to work.
������� 5. New England farmers were able to provide jobs for many of the people in town.
������� 6. Many jobs were done by New England farm families.
B. The warm climate and rich soil of the Southern Colonies enabled Southernfarmers to cultivate large areas of land and produce abundant harvests ofcash crops—mainly tobacco in Maryland and Virginia, and rice in SouthCarolina and Georgia. Southern plantation owners relied on enslavedAfricans to work in the fields. During the 1700s the population of AfricanAmericans in the colonies grew from 28,000 to more than 500,000. Manyplantation owners became extremely wealthy during this period.
������� 1. Southern farmers grew wealthy because every member of the family worked.
������� 2. Because of their profitable lifestyle based on agriculture, the Southern Colonieshad little need to develop other industries.
������� 3. During the 1700s Africans were eager to come to America.
������� 4. Most Southern farmers practiced subsistence farming.
������� 5. Southern farmers specialized in growing crops that they could sell at a profit.
������� 6. Slavery was legal in America during the 1700s.
Workbook Activity 4★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
V
V
V
V
V
V
(continued)
18 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each item in Column A with its description inColumn B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
Column A
������� 1. Tidewater
������� 2. Edward Braddock
������� 3. Royal colonies
������� 4. Iroquois Confederacy
������� 5. Middle Passage
������� 6. Treaty of Paris
������� 7. Fort Necessity
������� 8. Proclamation of 1763
������� 9. Albany Plan of Union
������� 10. Pontiac
������� 11. Plains of Abraham
������� 12. William Pitt
������� 13. Great Awakening
������� 14. Charter colonies
������� 15. Navigation Acts
������� 16. Proprietary colonies
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 4★
H
E
K
M
G
N
C
O
B
P
F
A
L
I
D
J
Column B
A. British secretary of state and then primeminister during French and Indian War
B. Benjamin Franklin’s plan for a single electedlegislature that would govern all the Americancolonies
C. a small post established in 1754 by GeorgeWashington near the site of present-dayPittsburgh
D. a series of laws regulating the flow of goodsbetween England and the colonies, passed byParliament between 1651 and 1673
E. commander in chief of British forces inAmerica in 1754
F. field outside Quebec where the British armydefeated the French
G. the shipping of enslaved Africans to the WestIndies
H. location of most of the large Southernplantations
I. Connecticut and Rhode IslandJ. Delaware, Maryland, and PennsylvaniaK. Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, North Carolina, SouthCarolina, and Virginia
L. a religious revival that swept through thecolonies from the 1720s through the 1740s
M. a group of five Native American nationsN. a treaty signed in 1763, marking the end of the
French and Indian WarO. King George III’s declaration that the
Appalachians were the western boundary forall the colonies
P. chief of an Ottawa village near Detroit whoput together an alliance of Native Americanpeoples to fight the British
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Road to Independence
DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or wordsfrom the box that best complete the sentence.
boycott Sugar Act Tea ActTownshend Acts Declaratory Act nonimportationwrits of assistance Coercive Acts Stamp Act
1. The ������������������������������ of 1765 placed a tax on almost all printed material.
2. The ������������������������������ of 1767 placed taxes on imported goods such as glass,tea, paper, and lead.
3. An effective method used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act was to
������������������������������ British and European goods.
4. The purpose of the ������������������������������ of 1774 was to make colonists inMassachusetts pay for their resistance to British control.
5. The purpose of the ������������������������������ of 1764 was to stop smuggling betweenthe colonies and the French West Indies.
6. Legal documents that allowed customs officers to search homes and warehouses
for smuggled goods were known as ������������������������������ .
7. The ������������������������������ of 1766 stated that Parliament had the right to tax andmake decisions for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”
8. In 1765 merchants, artisans, and farmers signed ������������������������������ agreements,pledging not to buy or use goods imported from Great Britain.
9. The ������������������������������ of 1773 gave the British East India Company the right toship tea to the colonies without paying the taxes colonial tea merchants had to pay.
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided.
10. Why did the colonists refer to the Coercive Acts as the “Intolerable Acts”?
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Workbook Activity 5★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Stamp Act
Townshend Acts
boycott
Coercive Acts
Sugar Act
writs of assistance
Declaratory Act
nonimportation
Tea Act
Answers should include that the Coercive Acts closed Boston Harbor; took away
many rights of Massachusetts colonists; prohibited most town meetings, an impor-
tant form of self-government in New England; and forced Bostonians to shelter
British soldiers in their own homes.
(continued)
20 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Decide whether thestatements below are facts or opinions. Write F for fact or O for opinion in the blank next to each statement.
������� 1. James Otis, a young lawyer in Boston, argued that colonists should not betaxed by Parliament because they could not vote for members of Parliament.
������� 2. The Sons of Liberty acted courageously when they protested against theStamp Act.
������� 3. When Patrick Henry’s political opponents accused him of treason because of his opposition to the Stamp Act, he replied, “If this be treason, make themost of it!”
������� 4. When Parliament repealed all of the Townshend Acts taxes except the one on tea, the colonists should not have ended their boycott.
������� 5. Britain should have granted the colonies independence when the colonistsfirst asked to be free.
������� 6. On December 16, 1773, a group of colonists disguised as Mohawks boardedthree tea ships in Boston Harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard.
������� 7. It would have been more appropriate for Patrick Henry to say “I am not aVirginian, but an American” after the American Revolution rather than before.
������� 8. By stating that “blows must decide” who would control the colonies, KingGeorge III showed that he was a powerful leader.
������� 9. With his forces at Bunker Hill low on ammunition, Colonel William Prescottreportedly shouted the order, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”
������� 10. The Declaration of Independence lists the many grievances Americans heldagainst King George III and Parliament.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 5★
F
O
F
O
O
F
O
O
F
F
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The American Revolution
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
������� 1. Loyalist strength was the greatest in which regions?A. New England and New York C. the Carolinas and GeorgiaB. Pennsylvania and New Jersey D. Virginia and Maryland
������� 2. Which one of the following women did not fight in the American Revolution?A. Deborah Sampson C. Molly PitcherB. Dolley Madison D. Margaret Corbin
������� 3. The Quakers would not participate in the war because theyA. supported the Loyalists. C. were allies of the Hessians.B. sympathized with Great Britain. D. opposed all armed conflict.
������� 4. At first, soldiers who enlisted in the Continental Army usually signed up for A. one year. C. five years.B. three years. D. the length of the war.
������� 5. “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country” were theimmortal last words ofA. Thomas Paine. C. Benedict Arnold.B. John Burgoyne. D. Nathan Hale.
������� 6. African Americans joined the Patriots for all of these reasons except
A. belief in the Patriot cause. C. to earn their freedom.B. need for money. D. preserving the right to own slaves.
������� 7. Several European nations helped the American cause, mostly because theyA. believed in the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence.B. hated the British.C. were afraid the Americans might declare war on them.D. needed an excuse to declare war on Great Britain.
������� 8. British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered atA. Charleston, South Carolina. C. Yorktown, Virginia.B. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. D. Wilmington, North Carolina.
Workbook Activity 6★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
C
B
D
A
D
D
B
C
(continued)
22 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the map and use the information to answerthe questions.
1. Which battle occurred first,Saratoga or Trenton?
��������������������������������������������������
2. General William Howe was acommander in which army?
��������������������������������������������������
3. In which state did the battle atBrandywine take place?
��������������������������������������������������
4. Which city was captured byGeneral Howe in 1777?
��������������������������������������������������
5. British Colonel Barry St. Legerled his troops from Montreal,down the St. Lawrence River,through Lake Ontario, to FortStanwix in New York. Mark hisroute on the map and estimatehow many miles his troops traveled.
��������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������
6. If the British had been able tocapture Albany, they would havegained control of which river?
��������������������������������������������������
7. Which event shown on the mapoccurred first?
��������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 6★
WASHINGTONWASHINGTON
Ft.Ontario
Ft.Stanwix
Ft. Ticonderoga
Bennington
Albany
New YorkNew YorkPrincetonPrinceton
Trenton
PhiladelphiaGermantown
PhiladelphiaGermantownBrandywine
Quebec
Montreal
Boston
Saratoga
OriskanyMass.
CANADA
N.H.
N.Y.
Pa.
R.I.
N. J.
Del.
Md.
Conn.
LongIsland
Morristown
LakeChamplain
.RecnerwaL.tS
.RkwahoM
.Rnos d u H
LakeOntario
3 Howe capturesPhiladelphia, 1777
1 British captureNew York, 1776
2 Americans takeTrenton andPrinceton, 1776
4 Burgoyne surrendersat Saratoga, 1777
N
E
S
W
American victory
British victory
0 100 miles50
100 kilometers500
The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777
Trenton
British
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
about 210 miles
Hudson River
British capture New York, 1776
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A More Perfect UnionWhile fighting for their independence, the Americans drew up plans for
creating governments at the state and national levels. Under the Articles ofConfederation, the states gave up little of their power to the central govern-ment. As the weaknesses of the new central government became clear, dele-gates drafted a new Constitution providing for a strong central government.
DIRECTIONS: Comparing and Contrasting Write an A in the blank next toeach statement that refers to the Articles of Confederation, a C next to eachstatement that refers to the United States Constitution, and a B if the statementrefers to both.
������� 1. The federal government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive,and judicial.
������� 2. The Congress is the one and only branch of the federal government.
������� 3. The Supreme Court decides if laws are constitutional.
������� 4. A president is elected to head the executive branch of the government.
������� 5. The federal government has the power to declare war or make peace.
������� 6. The federal government does not have the right to collect taxes.
������� 7. The Congress is made up of two houses, a Senate and a House ofRepresentatives.
������� 8. The federal government has the power to coin money.
������� 9. The federal government does not have the power to organize a court system.
������� 10. The Bill of Rights guarantees basic human freedoms.
������� 11. The president and vice president are indirectly elected by the Electoral College.
������� 12. The federal government cannot regulate trade.
Workbook Activity 7★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
C
A
C
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
C
A
(continued)
24 The American Journey
Copyright ©
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ompanies, Inc.
DIRECTIONS: Writing Essays Answer the questions below in the space provided.
1. Who were the Federalists? ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. Who wrote a book called The Federalist and what is it about? ����������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
3. Why did the Antifederalists oppose the Constitution? �������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. Why were the Federalists in favor of a strong central government?���������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
5. What helped the state of New York to overcome its reluctance and ratify the
Constitution? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
6. What famous Virginian gave fiery speeches against ratification of the Constitution?
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
7. What is the most distinctive feature of the United States government, as set forth in
the Constitution? ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
8. What important powers did the Constitution leave in the hands of the states?
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 7★
The Federalists were Americans who were in favor of a
strong central government, and they supported the Constitution.
The Federalist was
written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. It is a collection of
essays explaining and defending the Constitution.
They thought the Constitution
gave too much power to a central government and would take away too many
liberties from the states and individuals.
They felt that a
powerful government was necessary to prevent disorder, such as occurred during
Shays’s Rebellion.
New York City threatened to leave the state and join the Union on its
own.
Patrick Henry
The government is divided into three branches—the legislative,
executive, and judicial—and through a system of checks and balances, each branch
plays a role in limiting the power of the others so that no branch can dominate the
government.
The states could pass and enforce laws and regulate trade within their borders;
establish local governments, schools, and other institutions affecting the welfare of
their citizens; collect certain taxes; and build roads.
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A New Nation
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
������� 1. Some states had supported the Constitution on the condition thatA. no amendments be added. C. a bill of rights be added.B. a bill of goods be added. D. states could nullify amendments.
������� 2. As a Democratic-Republican, Thomas Jefferson favoredA. a strong federal government, a national bank, and protective tariffs.B. strong state governments, state banks, and free trade.C. strong state governments, state banks, and protective tariffs.D. a weak federal government, a national bank, and no tariffs.
������� 3. Who did George Washington nominate as chief justice of the United States?A. Henry Knox C. James MadisonB. John Jay D. Edmund Randolph
������� 4. Alexander Hamilton proposed a tariff to encourage United States citizens toA. trade with other nations. C. buy British products.B. consume less. D. buy American products.
������� 5. Jefferson favored the French in the 1793 British-French War becauseA. he thought a French victory would drive the British out of North America.B. he was an admirer of the French Revolution.C. he hoped France and the United States would become strong allies.D. he wanted France to establish new colonies in North America.
������� 6. The Whiskey Rebellion of July 1794 was an armed protest by farmers inwestern Pennsylvania againstA. the use of whiskey. C. whiskey made from corn.B. the sale of imported whiskey. D. a special tax on whiskey.
������� 7. What did the Native Americans agree to do in the Treaty of Greenville?A. surrender land in present-day Ohio C. fight at the Battle of Fallen TimbersB. combine forces with the French D. move north of the Ohio River
Workbook Activity 8★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
C
B
B
D
A
D
A
(continued)
26 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each item in Column A with its description inColumn B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
Column A
������� 1. Judiciary Act of 1789
������� 2. Treaty of Greenville
������� 3. Proclamation of Neutrality
������� 4. Jay’s Treaty
������� 5. Pinckney’s Treaty
������� 6. Federalists
������� 7. Democratic-Republicans
������� 8. XYZ Affair
������� 9. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
������� 10. Aliens
������� 11. Sedition
������� 12. Naturalization Act
������� 13. Edmund Randolph
������� 14. Henry Knox
������� 15. Report on the Public Credit
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 8★
Column B
A. Political party in favor of a strong federalgovernment and a loose interpretation of theConstitution
B. French foreign minister Charles de Talleyrandsends agents to demand a bribe and a loan from theUnited States government (1797)
C. George Washington discourages United Statesinvolvement in war between Great Britain andFrance (1793)
D. Alexander Hamilton’s proposal to pay off thenational debt (1790)
E. Congress passes a law making it difficult forforeigners to become citizens
F. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson write tworesolutions on the rights of states (1798, 1799)
G. British agree to withdraw from American soil (1794)H. General Anthony Wayne forces 12 Native American
nations to sign treaty opening most of Ohio towhite settlement (1795)
I. Secretary of war appointed by President GeorgeWashington
J. Attorney general appointed by President GeorgeWashington
K. Immigrants living in a country who are not citizensL. Activities aimed at weakening established
governmentM. Political party favoring strong state governments
and a strict interpretation of the Constitution N. Law passed by Congress establishing a federal
court systemO. Spain gives the United States unrestricted access to
the Mississippi River and promises to dismantle allforts on United States territory (1795)
N
H
C
G
O
A
M
B
F
K
L
E
J
I
D
The Jefferson Era
DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words thatbest complete the sentence.
Charles de Talleyrand Missouri River Zebulon Pike St. LouisNapoleon Bonaparte Mississippi River New Orleans William ClarkMeriwether Lewis Toussaint-Louverture
1. In 1800 the Louisiana Territory extended west from the ������������������������������ to theRocky Mountains.
2. The Spanish allowed the Americans to sail on the lower Mississippi River and to
trade in ������������������������������ .
3. ������������������������������ was forced to abandon plans for an American empire becauseof a revolt in Santo Domingo in 1802.
4. ������������������������������ was an ex-slave who led a revolt in Santo Domingo.
5. French Foreign Minister ������������������������������ informed the American diplomatsthat the whole Louisiana Territory was for sale.
6. Thomas Jefferson chose ������������������������������ and ������������������������������ to lead theexploration of the Louisiana Territory.
7. The expedition left ������������������������������ in the spring of 1804.
8. The expedition traveled along the ������������������������������ and kept a journal of theirvoyage.
9. Lieutenant ������������������������������ led two expeditions through the upper MississippiRiver valley and into the region now known as Colorado.
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided.10. Why were Lewis and Clark, Pike, and others sent to explore the wilderness?
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
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Workbook Activity 9★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Mississippi River
Napoleon Bonaparte
New Orleans
Charles de Talleyrand
St. Louis
Missouri River
Zebulon Pike
Answers will vary but should include that Jefferson was interested in obtaining
scientific information about the plants and animals of the West. Congress was
interested in obtaining information about the commercial possibilities and in sites
for future forts.
Meriwether Lewis William Clark
(continued)
Toussaint-Louverture
28 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the map and use the information to answerthe questions.
1. What area was blockaded bythe British in 1812?
�����������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������
2. Why do you think the Britishnavy set up and maintained
their blockade? �������������������
�����������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������
3. Who was commander of theLake Erie naval forces in
1813?���������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������
4. Which American city wasburned by the British?
�����������������������������������������������
5. Through which body of waterdid the British sail in order to
reach Washington, D.C.? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
6. What happened at New Orleans in 1815? ������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
7. To which country did Florida belong in 1812? ������������������������������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 9★
Ind. Terr.
Kentucky
Tennessee
Fla.(Spain)
La.
Ga.
S.C.
N.C.
Virginia
Pa.
N.J.Oh.
N.Y.Conn.
Maryland
Mass.
N.H.Vt.
CANADA(British Territory)
Ft.Dearborn
Ft. Detroit
Ft. Niagara
Montreal
York(Toronto)
BaltimoreFt. McHenry
Washington
New Orleans
Pensacola
Horseshoe Bend
Lake Erie
ATLANTICOCEAN
Gulf of Mexico
Lake
Mic
higa
n
Lake OntarioLakeChamplain
ChesapeakeBay
LakeSuperior
Lake Huron
4 Americans win the Battleof Lake Champlain, 1814
3 The British torchWashington. Americansrecapture the city anddefeat the British atFt. McHenry, 1814
2 Perry defeats the Britishon Lake Erie, 1813
1 The British navy blockadesthe coast, 1812
5 General Jackson defeats theBritish at New Orleans, 1815
N
E
S
W
American forcesBritish forcesAmerican victoryBritish victory
0 200 miles
200 kilometers1000
100
The War of 1812
the East coast of the
United States
The British hoped to
strengthen their troops on
land by preventing supplies
from reaching the Americans.
Commander Perry
Washington, D.C.
Chesapeake Bay
Spain
General Andrew Jackson defeated the British.
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Growth and Expansion
DIRECTIONS: Drawing Conclusions Read the paragraphs and write a V in the blank at the left of each of the statements that you believe to be valid conclusions.
A. The Industrial Revolution began in the United States in New Englandaround 1800. Although New England’s soil was poor and farming wasdifficult, New England’s rushing rivers provided water power to runmachinery. New England was close to resources, such as coal and iron inPennsylvania, and had many seaports that allowed goods to be shipped.Most important, New England’s population included wealthy merchantseager to provide the money necessary to build industries.
������� 1. Because farming was difficult, people were willing to leave their farms andwork in the new factories.
������� 2. Machinery in New England’s factories ran on water power.
������� 3. Industry developed in New England because all New Englanders were wealthy.
������� 4. The Industrial Revolution in the United States occurred first in New Englandbecause of a combination of several important factors.
������� 5. Industry in the United States developed wherever there were wealthy peopleinterested in progress.
B. In 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textile plant in Waltham,Massachusetts. Lowell’s mill was based on the factory system, which for the first time brought manufacturing steps together in one place toincrease efficiency. About 80 percent of Lowell’s workers were youngunmarried women who left their farms to work in the factories in towns.The “Lowell girls” endured difficult working conditions—long hours ofmonotonous work—for low pay. Most of them worked in the mills for afew years.
������� 1. Keeping all of the manufacturing steps of textile production together in oneplace was a more efficient method of production.
������� 2. The Lowell girls left their farms because factory work was more interestingthan farm work.
������� 3. The Lowell girls left their farms because at the textile mill they had anopportunity to earn a wage.
������� 4. At least 20 percent of Lowell’s workers were not young unmarried women.
������� 5. Lowell girls often left the mill to return to work on the farms.
Workbook Activity 10★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
V
V
V
V
V
V
(continued)
30 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Analyzing Information Read the paragraphs and then answerthe questions in the space provided.
A. In 1790 the United States undertook the first official count of itspopulation. The census takers counted a population of nearly 4 million. Inthe next few decades land and water transportation improved, and thenumber of settlers heading west increased dramatically. Thirty years later,in 1820, the population of the United States had more than doubled toabout 10 million, with nearly 2 million people living west of theAppalachians.
1. In 1820 approximately what percentage of the United States population lived west of
the Appalachians? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. How many more people lived in the United States in 1820 than in 1790? ������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
3. About how many people in 1820 lived east of the Appalachians? ����������������������������
4. Why did the number of settlers west of the Appalachians increase? �������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
B. The 363-mile-long Erie Canal across New York State, which connectedAlbany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie, was completed in1825. People could now travel on water all the way from Buffalo to NewYork City. In the early years, a two-horse team pulled a 100-ton barge about24 miles in one day.
1. About how long would it have taken to travel the length of the Erie Canal in 1825?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. What two regions of the United States were connected by the Erie Canal?
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
3. What is the distance from Albany to Buffalo? ������������������������������������������������������
4. A two-horse team was capable of pulling how much weight? ���������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 10★
20 percent
15 days
East and Midwest (or Great Lakes)
363 miles
100 tons
8 million
Land and water
transportation improved.
6 million
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The Jackson EraDemocracy in the United States expanded during Andrew Jackson’s two
terms as president. For the first time poor white males were allowed to vote,and by 1828 most states allowed the people, rather than state legislatures, tochoose presidential electors.
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement.
������� 1. From 1816 to 1824, the United States hadA. two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans.B. only one political party, the Whigs.C. two political parties, the National Republicans and the Democratic-
Republicans.D. only one political party, the Jeffersonian Republicans.
������� 2. According to the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, when no presidentialcandidate receives a majority of electoral votes, the president is selected by theA. Supreme Court. C. attorney general.B. House of Representatives. D. secretary of state.
������� 3. In the election of 1828, Jackson received many votes in the South because heA. supported slavery. C. supported a strong federal bureaucracy.B. supported states’ rights. D. all of the above
������� 4. In 1832 South Carolina’s state legislature passed the Nullification Act,declaring it wouldA. nullify the Constitution. C. not pay the “illegal” tariffs.B. nullify the Bill of Rights. D. not pay any of its debts.
������� 5. The Force Bill of 1833 allowed the president toA. use the United States military to enforce acts of Congress.B. force Congress to pass legislation the president supported.C. use military force against his political opponents.D. force the Supreme Court to support his executive decisions.
������� 6. Who took William Henry Harrison’s place as president after his death in 1841?A. Martin Van Buren C. John TylerB. Henry Clay D. James Polk
Workbook Activity 11★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
D
B
B
C
A
C
(continued)
32 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each name in Column A with its description inColumn B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
Column A
������� 1. Daniel Webster
������� 2. Robert Hayne
������� 3. John C. Calhoun
������� 4. Baltimore, Maryland
������� 5. Nicholas Biddle
������� 6. Old Hickory
������� 7. Florida
������� 8. Indian Removal Act
������� 9. Indian Territory
������� 10. Winfield Scott
������� 11. Trail of Tears
������� 12. Osceola
������� 13. Black Hawk
������� 14. John Marshall
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 11★
Column B
A. Seminole chief who led his people to waragainst the United States in 1835
B. President of the Bank of the United StatesC. United States army general who removed the
Cherokee from their homes and led them westD. United States senator who defended the
Constitution and the Union in a debate in 1830E. Chief justice who ruled that Georgia had no
right to interfere with the Cherokee in 1832F. Vice president during Jackson’s first term; a
Southerner who supported states’ rightsG. Forced march of the Cherokee into the Indian
TerritoryH. United States senator from South Carolina who
debated Daniel Webster in the SenateI. Sauk chieftain who led a force of Sauk and Fox
people back to their homeland in IllinoisJ. Area in present-day Oklahoma created by
Congress in 1834 for Native AmericansK. Site of the Democrats’ first national party
convention in 1832L. 1830 congressional act allowing the government
to pay Native Americans to move westM. Nickname given to Andrew JacksonN. Site of the Seminole rebellion
D
H
F
K
B
M
N
L
J
C
G
A
I
E
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Manifest DestinyFrom the early through mid-1800s, the United States pursued various
policies that expanded United States borders from coast to coast.
DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists various territoriesacquired by the United States in the 1800s. Review the information aboutthese territories in your textbook and write the facts in the appropriate boxes in the chart.
Workbook Activity 12★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
Territories Added to the United StatesYear How Territory Today’s States and Parts of
Territory Acquired Was Acquired States Included in the Territory
������������� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������
������������� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������
������������� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������
������������������������������������
Oregon Country
Mexican Cession
LouisianaPurchase
TexasAnnexation
GadsdenPurchase
1846
1848
1803
1845
1853
Treaty with Great Britainafter negotiating territorialboundaries
After losing war with theUnited States, Mexico cededits provinces of Californiaand New Mexico to theUnited States for $15 million
Purchased from France for$15 million
Annexed nine years afterwinning its independencefrom Mexico
Narrow section of southernArizona and New Mexicopurchased from Mexico for$10 million
Washington, Oregon, Idaho,Montana, Wyoming
New Mexico, California, Arizona,Nevada, Colorado, Utah
Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri,Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota,South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming,Montana
Texas
Arizona, New Mexico
34 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. Who were the first Americans to reach the Oregon Country, and why did they go there?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2. In 1843 a thousand American pioneers traveled along the Oregon Trail to Oregon.
Why were so many people willing to embark on such a difficult journey? ������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
3. Since colonial times Americans had believed that their nation’s mission was to serveas a model of freedom and democracy. How did that vision change in the 1800s?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. What did the Mexican government do to attract new settlers to Texas? ���������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
5. What did the Mexican government expect from the settlers in return for the land?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
6. Why did the United States government wait for nine years after Texas had declared its
independence from Mexico until agreeing to annex Texas as a state? ������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
7. Why were many Americans, particularly Northerners, opposed to the Mexican War?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
8. Thousands of people came to California during the Gold Rush of 1848 and 1849. What
was the result of their frantic search for gold? ������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 12★
Fur traders arrived first. They came to trap beaver, whose skins were in great demand
in the eastern United States and in Europe.
They had
heard about the fertile land in the Willamette Valley south of the Columbia River, and
they wanted to settle there.
Many Americans came to believe that their nation was destined to extend to the Pacific
coast, and that its mission was to spread freedom by occupying the entire continent.
It offered new
settlers large tracts of land at extremely low prices, and no taxes for four years.
It expected the settlers to learn Spanish, convert to Catholicism, and obey Mexican law.
Northerners were
against adding another slave state to the Union, and President Martin Van Buren, like
Andrew Jackson, did not want to inflame the slavery issue or risk war with Mexico.
They were afraid that if the United States expanded into the West, the Southern states
would carry slavery into the new territories.
The world’s gold supply more than
doubled, but very few of the forty-niners achieved lasting wealth. However, California’s
economy expanded in the areas of agriculture, shipping, and trade, and California’s
population grew from about 20,000 in 1848 to more than 220,000 only four years later.
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North and South
DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Use the map to answer the questions.
1. Which Missouri River city has a rail connection to a Mississippi River city? ��������������
2. Which Great Lakes are near the New York Central Railroad lines? ��������������������������������3. Which railroads could Midwestern shippers use to send goods to the East Coast?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4. Which direction does a train from Chattanooga to Lynchburg travel? ������������������������
5. What is the fastest speed at which trains could travel in 1860? ��������������������������������
6. How long would it take a train to go from Charleston to Hamburg? ������������������������
7. If you wanted to travel from Buffalo to Boston, which rail line would you take?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Workbook Activity 13★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
In 1833 the 136-mile Charlestonand Hamburg line was the longestrailroad in the world.
Trains clipped along at 20 to
30 miles per hour by 1860.
Americans loved their railroads
in spite of irregular schedules, frequent breakdowns, and being showered with sparks from the locomotives.
La Crosse
Madison
Chicago
DetroitBuffalo
Boston
New YorkPhiladelphia
Chattanooga
Baltimore
Washington, D.C.
Richmond
Charleston
WilmingtonHamburg
New Orleans
MemphisAtlanta
St. Joseph
St. Louis
Cairo
Lynchburg
Vicksburg
Quincy
Kansas City
Indianapolis
BALTIMORE AND OHIO
NEW
YORK CENTRAL
PENNSYLVANIA
ATLANTICOCEAN
Lake Ontario
Gulf ofMexico
Miss
issip
piR.
Missouri R.
Lake
Mic
higa
n
Lake Erie
Lake Huron
Ohio River
N
S
EW
200 kilometers0Albers Equal-Area projection
200 miles0
Railroad
Major Railroads, 1860
St. Joseph
Erie and Ontario
Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, New York Central
northeast
30 miles per hour
about 4 hours
New York Central
36 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Analyzing Information Study the graph and then answer thequestions in the space provided.
1. Cotton was what percentage of United States exports in 1800? ��������������������������������
In 1860? ��������������������������������2. Between which two of the four dates listed on the graph was there the greatest
increase in cotton as a percentage of United States exports? ������������������������������������������
What was the increase? ��������������������������������
3. How many more bales of cotton were produced in 1860 than in 1800? ����������������������4. How does the size of the enslaved population of the United States in 1860 compare to
that in 1800? ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5. What might you infer about the relationship between the increase in production of
cotton and the increase in the numbers of enslaved Americans? ���������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
6. What information on the graph points to the increasing importance of slave labor over
the years in the growing of cotton? ��������������������������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 13★
7.1 percent
57.5 percent
between 1800 and 1820
24.9 percent
3,768,000
The number of enslaved Americans is five times as great in 1860 as in 1800.
Cotton growers relied on
increasing numbers of enslaved people to enable them to increase their output of cotton.
The estimated auction price per field slave
increased from $600 in 1800 to $1,800 in 1860.
Cotton Production in America, 1800–1860
Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.
Total Cotton Production 73,000 balesEst. Auction Priceper field slave $ 600Total Crop Value $ 8,085,000
Total Cotton Production 3,841,000 balesEst. Auction Priceper field slave $ 1,800Total Crop Value $ 248,757,000
200,000 balesof cotton produced
200,000 slavesin the United States
Cotton as a percentageof U.S. exports
1800
1800
1820
1820
1840
1840
1860
1860
32.0 %
57.5 %51.6 %
7.1%
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The Age of ReformDuring the early and mid-1800s, idealistic men and women in the United
States wanted to improve society. They worked hard to bring about changes inpolitics, religion, and education. These reformers wanted the United States tolive up to the ideals and goals stated in the Declaration of Independence andthe Constitution.
DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words thatbest complete the sentence.
Ashmun Institute Underground Railroad Horace Mann
Trancendentalists utopian Mount Holyoke
abolitionist temperance movement Thomas Gallaudet
1. In 1825 Robert Owen established New Harmony, Indiana, a ��������������������������������community in which people cooperated instead of competed with one another.
2. The �������������������������������� opposed the use of alcohol.
3. In 1839 �������������������������������� , a Massachusetts educator, founded the nation’s firststate-supported teacher-training school.
4. �������������������������������� , the first college for African Americans, opened inPennsylvania in 1854.
5. In 1837 in Massachusetts, Mary Lyon opened �������������������������������� , the firstpermanent women’s college in America.
6. �������������������������������� stressed the relationship between humans and nature aswell as the importance of the individual conscience.
7. The Hartford School for the Deaf was opened in Connecticut in 1817 by �������������������
�������������������������������� .
8. Frederick Douglass was an African American �������������������������������� who devotedhis life to speaking out against slavery.
9. Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery and became a conductor on the ���������������������
�������������������������������� .
Workbook Activity 14★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
utopian
temperance movement
Horace Mann
Ashmun Institute
Trancendentalists
Gallaudet
Railroad
Thomas
Mount Holyoke
abolitionist
Underground
38 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Decide whether the statementsbelow are facts or opinions. Write F for fact or O for opinion in the blank nextto each statement.
������� 1. If he was truly serious about improving education, Horace Mann should havelengthened the school year to ten months instead of six months.
������� 2. American artists explored American themes beginning in the 1820s.
������� 3. Henry David Thoreau went to jail rather than obey laws he thought wereunjust.
������� 4. Emily Dickinson’s greatest poem is titled Hope.
������� 5. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the most successful best-sellerof the mid-1800s.
������� 6. Isabella Baumfree changed her name to Sojourner Truth in 1843 and began towork for women’s rights and the abolition of slavery.
������� 7. Southerners who did not hold enslaved people should not have opposedabolitionism.
������� 8. The abolitionist sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimké engaged in unfeminineactivities, and men in the movement were right to criticize them.
������� 9. In July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and a few other womenorganized the first women’s rights convention.
������� 10. Although the women’s rights convention issued a declaration calling for anend to discrimination against women, the declaration did not go far enough.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 14★
O
F
F
O
F
F
O
O
F
O
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Road to Civil WarAs new Western territories were added to the United States, the tension
between the North and the South over slavery reached a dangerous level.
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
C 1. The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the UnionA. as a slave state, provided that all enslaved people in Missouri be given their
freedom within 10 years.B. as a free state but allowed current slaveholders to keep their slaves.C. as a slave state and Maine as a free state.D. as a free state if all territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase were
admitted as slave states.D 2. Which political party nominated Martin Van Buren for president in 1848?
A. Democrats C. RepublicansB. Whigs D. Free-Soilers
D 3. According to the Compromise of 1850,A. California would be admitted to the Union as a free state.B. the New Mexico Territory would have no restrictions on slavery.C. the slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia.D. all of the above
B 4. ������������������ argued that the only way to save the Union was to protect slavery.A. Daniel Webster C. Henry ClayB. John C. Calhoun D. David Wilmot
B 5. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 A. was supported in the North. C. protected enslaved people.B. required citizens to catch runaways. D. punished slaveholders.
A 6. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed ������������������ to decide whether to allowslavery in those states.A. citizens of Kansas and Nebraska C. the presidentB. Congress D. the Underground Railroad
C 7. In his speech entitled ������������������ , Charles Sumner lashed out against proslavery forces in Kansas.A. “Bleeding Kansas” C. “The Crime Against Kansas”B. “Marching to Kansas” D. “The Civil War in Kansas”
Workbook Activity 15★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
40 The American Journey
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D 8. Afraid that a Republican government would not protect Southern rights, SouthCarolina voted toA. disobey unpopular federal laws. C. recall its representatives in Congress.B. organize an armed civilian militia. D. secede from the Union.
C 9. The Wilmot Proviso specified that slavery should be A. prohibited in Missouri. C. banned in former Mexican lands.B. allowed in Missouri. D. allowed in former Mexican lands.
A 10. The Know-Nothing Party took its name from an organization that opposedA. immigration. C. slavery.B. public education. D. democracy.
D 11. In the Dred Scott case, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled thatA. an enslaved person was not a citizen, and had no right to bring a lawsuit.B. an enslaved person was property.C. living on free soil did not make an enslaved person free.D. all of the above
A 12. This act, in effect, repealed the Missouri Compromise. A. Kansas-Nebraska Act C. Fugitive Slave ActB. Compromise of 1850 D. Dred Scott Act
D 13. In their debates in 1858, ������������������ and Abraham Lincoln argued mostlyabout the issue of slavery.A. John C. Calhoun C. Frederick DouglassB. Daniel Webster D. Stephen A. Douglas
B 14. Where did John Brown lead a raid on an arsenal to spark an uprising ofenslaved people?A. Fort Sumter, South Carolina C. Freeport, IllinoisB. Harpers Ferry, Virginia D. Richmond, Virginia
C 15. Mississippi Senator ������������������ became president of the Confederacy.A. John C. Calhoun C. Jefferson DavisB. Robert E. Lee D. Francis Pickens
C 16. ������������������ attacked Fort Sumter, South Carolina, to start the Civil War.A. Union forces C. Confederate forcesB. National Guard troops D. the South Carolina militia
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 15★
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The Civil WarDIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the maps and use the information to answerthe questions. (For questions 1–7, refer to the map for 1861–1863; for questions8–14, refer to the map for 1864–1865.)
Workbook Activity 16★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Washington,D.C.
Richmond
Md.
Va.
Pa.
W. Va.Del.
Gettysburg(July 1-3, 1863)
Antietam(Sept. 1862)
Harpers Ferry(Sept. 1862)
Antietam(Sept. 1862)
Harpers Ferry(Sept. 1862)
Bull Run(July 1861& Aug. 1862)
Chancellorsville(May 1863) Fredericksburg
(Dec. 1862)
Seven Days(June 1862)
Monitorv. Merrimack(March 1862)
LEE
1863
LEE 1862
MEADE1863
McCLELLAN
1862
ATLANTICOCEAN
0 60 miles30
60 kilometers300
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after the battle at Antietam.
The Battle of Antietam was thebloodiest day of the Civil War,with more than 20,000 Unionand Confederate casualties.
“Stonewall” Jackson was mortally wounded the night after the Battle of Chancellorsville.
N
E
S
W
Civil War Battles
Miss.Ala.
Ga.
S.C.
N.C.
Tenn.
Ill. Ky.
Va.W. Va.
Ohio
Chattanooga
Richmond
AppomattoxCourt House
Charleston
SavannahSavannah
Bentonville(Mar. 1865)
Cold Harbor(June 1864)
Petersburg siege(June 1864–April 1865)
Atlanta(Sept. 1864)
Kennesaw Mountain(June 1864)
Nashville(Dec. 1864)
Franklin(Nov. 1864) Wilmington
(Feb. 1865)
Ind.
SHERMAN
MARCH TO THE SEA 1864
SHER
MAN
1865
HOOD
L EE
GRANTGRANT
LEE
GRANT
THOMAS
ATLANTICOCEAN
Washington, D.C.Lee surrendered to Grant onApril 9, 1865.
Sherman ordered Atlanta to be destroyed in November 1864.
Sherman marched his troops through South Carolina swamps at a rate of 10 miles per day for 45 days.
Md.Del.
N
E
SW
The Wilderness(May 1864)
1864–1865
1861–1863
0 100 miles50
100 kilometers500
Union troops
Confederate troops
Union victory
Confederate victory
Indecisive battle
Union naval blockade
(continued)
42 The American Journey
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1. The Monitor and the Merrimack fought a battle in March 1862 off the coast of which
state? Virginia
2. What were the dates for the two battles at Bull Run? July 1861 and August 1862
3. In which state was “Stonewall” Jackson mortally wounded? Virginia
4. According to the map, how many soldiers died at Antietam?���������������������������������more than 20,000
5. Which battle on the map was fought in the state of Pennsylvania? Gettysburg
6. In which direction did Union General George McClellan lead his troops on the way
to the Seven Days battles? south and then northwest
7. The Confederacy chose the city of Richmond, Virginia, as its capital. About how
far is this city from Washington, D.C., the Union capital?100 miles
8. Which side won a victory at Atlanta? the Union
9. How many miles did William Tecumseh Sherman and his troops travel on their
march from Atlanta to Bentonville? about 500
10. Why do you think the Union organized a blockade off the Atlantic coast?
The Union organized the blockade to prevent supplies of food, manufactured
goods, and firearms and ammunition from getting through to the Confederates.
11. The siege of the city of Petersburg, Virginia, by General Ulysses S. Grant’s forces,
began in June 1864. When did the siege end? April 1865
12. Before General Sherman’s historic “March to the Sea,” what happened to Atlanta?
Sherman captured Atlanta and ordered it to be destroyed.
13. In which state did the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Cold Harbor take
place? Virginia
14. What happened at Appomattox Court House? Robert E. Lee surrendered to
Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 16★
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Reconstruction and Its AftermathDIRECTIONS: Using Graphic Organizers Write the features of each Reconstructionplan in the spaces provided. Then answer the questions that follow.
Workbook Activity 17★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
Punishing Southserves no useful purpose
State constitutionsmust ban slavery
African Americanswho were educated or had
served in the Union army to be given the right to vote
When 10%of voters swear loyaltyto the Union, state can
form government
Southerners(except Confederate leaders)
get amnesty if they swearloyalty to the Union
Southern states wouldnot have to give AfricanAmericans equal rights
LINCOLN’S PLAN
Former Confederates do not have right to hold public office
Only white males whoswore they never took uparms against the Union couldvote for convention delegates
State constitution mustabolish slavery beforestate can be readmittedto the Union
50% of white males mustswear loyalty to the Union
RADICALREPUBLICANS’
PLAN
44 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.
1. At the end of the Civil War, why was it only the South that faced the enormous prob-
lems of Reconstruction? Most of the fighting and destruction took place in the South.
2. What was the Ten Percent Plan? The Ten Percent Plan was Lincoln’s first plan, offered
in December 1863. When 10 percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty
to the Union, the state could form a new government.
3. What was the main difference between the way Abraham Lincoln and Congress felt about
rebuilding the South? Congress wanted to punish the Southern states, but Lincoln
disagreed. Lincoln’s goal was to heal the nation’s wounds as soon as possible.
4. When Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill in July 1864, why did Lincoln refuse to
sign it into law? Lincoln believed the plan, which required 50 percent of the white
males in a state to swear loyalty to the Union and banned former Confederates from
holding public office, would prevent order from quickly being restored.
5. President Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction, which he called “Restoration,” re-quired that a state ratify the Thirteenth Amendment before it could be readmitted to the
Union. Why was this important? The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which
Congress had passed in January 1865, abolished slavery in all parts of the United States.
6. What were the black codes? A series of laws passed by the new legislatures of
Southern states in 1865 and 1866 that were designed to control the lives of freed men
and women and to enable plantation owners to exploit African American workers.
7. When Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution in June 1866, whydid 10 of the 11 Southern states hesitate to ratify it, so that its adoption was delayed until
1868? The Fourteenth Amendment, which granted full citizenship to all people born in
the United States, would entitle freed African Americans to “equal protection of the laws.”
8. What major piece of Reconstruction legislation did Congress pass in February 1869 that theRepublicans believed would enable African Americans to protect themselves? Congress
passed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which gave African American
men the right to vote. The amendment was ratified and became law in February 1870.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 17★
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The Western FrontierDuring the mid- to late 1800s, the frontier kept being pushed westward by
waves of settlers. By 1890 the frontier had ceased to exist. Railroads crossedthe country from coast to coast, and hundreds of new towns, many of themboomtowns, seemed to have sprung up almost overnight.
DIRECTIONS: In the space provided, write the word or words that best com-plete the sentence.
Exodusters George A. Custer Geronimo
stampede reservations sodbusters
William Cody vaqueros Sitting Bull
1. Hispanic ranch hands in the Spanish Southwest were called .
2. One of the greatest dangers faced by cowhands was the ,when thousands of cattle ran in panic.
3. were African Americans who migrated from theSouthern states into Kansas in the late 1870s.
4. Plains farmers, known as , needed new tools, suchas lightweight steel plows, to penetrate the tough, dry soil.
5. , hired by the Kansas Pacific Railroad to kill buffalo,became known as Buffalo Bill.
6. In 1867 the federal government’s Indian Peace Commission recommended moving
the Native Americans to a few large .
7. , a leader of the Lakota Sioux, refused to sell land inthe Black Hills to the federal government.
8. General and all of his troops were killed in the battle at the Little Bighorn River.
9. The Apache leader led raids against settlers and thearmy in Arizona in the 1880s.
Geronimo
George A. Custer
Sitting Bull
reservations
William Cody
sodbusters
Exodusters
stampede
vaqueros
Workbook Activity 18★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
46 The American Journey
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DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. The pioneers who settled the Great Plains were faced with numerous challenges to
their survival as they attempted to build new lives in the vast open spaces of theprairie. What were the main problems the settlers were up against?Because traditional building materials were usually unavailable, the settlers had to build houses out of sod; the dry soil required new methods of farming; the climatefeatured extremes of heat and cold; crops would periodically be destroyed bydroughts, floods, and occasionally by plagues of grasshoppers; brushfires duringdrought years would destroy everything in their paths; and careful planning wasrequired in order to survive winter blizzards.
2. Why was the disappearance of the buffalo a catastrophe for the Plains Native Americans?The Plains Native Americans depended on the buffalo for most of the essentials of life—food, clothing, and shelter. They used buffalo skin to make tepees, clothes, and bags for carrying food; they dried the meat into jerky for winter food; they shaped the bones into tools such as hoes, knives, and fishhooks; and they used dried manure, called buffalo chips, for fuel. When the buffalo were no longer available, the traditional lifestyle of the Plains Native Americans was no longer possible.
3. Why did boomtowns develop in the West, and what eventually happened to them?When prospectors discovered gold or silver in various places in the West, the news traveled quickly and attracted many other people eager to try their luck at striking it rich. Investors financed large-scale mining operations to extract most of the ore,which was buried deep underground. Mining required many workers. New townsarose around all of the businesses that provided the services needed by the minersand prospectors. The boomtowns thrived as long as men continued to seek preciousmetals, but once the mines no longer yielded ore, the booms were followed by busts.The populations of the boomtowns dwindled until many of them became emptyghost towns.
4. How did the government help expand the nation’s railroad network?The federal government agreed with the railroad companies that the railroad network would benefit the entire nation, therefore the railroad companies shouldreceive free public land on which to lay railroad track and financial aid and landgrants. The government gave the railroad companies more than 130 million acres of land, which included land for the tracks plus 20- to 80-mile-wide strips of land along the railway. State and local governments gave the railroad companies cashsubsidies to make sure the railroad came to their communities.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 18★
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The Growth of Industry
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. Why did many businesses that were looking to expand form corporations?
By forming corporations, companies could raise the capital they needed to buy raw
materials and equipment, pay workers, and cover shipping and advertising costs.
2. How did John D. Rockefeller create a monopoly in the oil industry through his
Standard Oil Company? He lowered prices to drive his competitors out of business;
he pressured his customers not to deal with competitors; he combined competing firms
into one organization; and he formed a trust.
3. What method did Andrew Carnegie use to build the nation’s largest steel company?
He used vertical integration, buying other companies that provided the equipment and
services he needed, such as iron and coal mines, warehouses, ore ships, and railroads.
4. How did the government respond to public pressure to prohibit trusts and monopolies?
During the 1880s, 15 states passed laws restricting business combinations that limited
competition.
5. Describe typical working conditions for industrial workers in the late 1800s.
Factories and mines were noisy, unhealthy, and unsafe. Laborers worked 10 or 12 hours a
day, 6 days a week. Dim, crowded sweatshops were filled with flammable materials;
airborne lint damaged textile workers’ lungs; cave-ins and gas and coal dust killed mine-
workers; and spills of hot steel burned steelworkers.
6. How did the Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, differ from other labor organizations?
The Knights of Labor recruited workers who had been kept out of trade unions,
including women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled laborers.
7. What did the American Federation of Labor (AFL), under the leadership of Samuel
Gompers, hope to accomplish? The organization pressed for higher wages, shorter
hours, better working conditions, and the right to engage in collective bargaining.
Workbook Activity 19★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
48 The American Journey
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8. What event at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory led the International Ladies’Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) to organize the women there?
Nearly 150 workers were killed in a fire when the crowded sweatshop where young
immigrant women were locked in to prevent them from leaving early.
9. Why did antilabor feelings in the United States grow stronger after the strike by
workers from the McCormick Harvester Company in 1886? A bloody clash took
place between strikers and police in Chicago’s Haymarket Square where workers had
gathered to protest the killings of four strikers the previous day. When the police
ordered the crowd to break up, someone threw a bomb that killed a police officer.
Americans began to associate the labor movement with terrorism and disorder.
10. Why did the 1892 steelworkers’ strike at Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant in
Homestead, Pennsylvania, fail? Homestead managers hired nonunion workers.
In a battle between the strikers and 300 armed guards, 10 people died, and
Pennsylvania’s governor sent the state’s militia to protect nonunion workers.
11. How did George Pullman end the strike by the employees at his railway-car plant?
Pullman and the railroad owners persuaded the United States attorney general to
obtain an injunction against the strike. They said that striking workers interfered with
the delivery of the mail. Union leader, Eugene V. Debs, was jailed, and President
Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to end the strike.
12. How did Henry Ford’s manufacturing method revolutionize the automobile industry?
Ford developed the assembly line process in which each worker does the same task over
and over. The assembly line made producing large numbers of cars quicker and cheaper,
so millions of Americans could afford automobiles.
13. How did George Westinghouse improve upon Thomas Edison’s electric power plant?
Edison’s power plant in New York City in 1882 provided electricity to light up
85 buildings. Westinghouse developed and built transformers to send electric power
more cheaply over longer distances so whole cities had electric power.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 19★
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Toward an Urban AmericaBetween 1860 and 1910, America’s urban
population grew from a little over 6 millionpeople to more than 40 million. By 1914, thenumber of Americans living in the citieswas the same as those living in rural areas.People left the farms and flocked to thecities to find new manufacturing and indus-trial jobs. Also fueling the explosive growthin urban population were waves of immigrants.
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blankat the left, write the letter of the choice thatbest completes the statement. To answerquestions 9–14, refer to the graph.
A 1. In the mid-1880s large groups of “new” immigrants arrived from A. eastern and southern Europe. C. northern Europe.B. southeast Asia. D. Mexico.
C 2. Among the immigrants from eastern and southern Europe wereA. Jews, Germans, and Dutch. C. Greeks, Russians, and Italians.B. Italians, Poles, and Scotch. D. Greeks, Italians, and Germans.
C 3. Many Jews who came to the United States in the 1880sA. planned to homestead on the Great Plains.B. planned to return to Russia at a later date.C. fled persecution in Russia.D. intended to eventually settle in Israel.
D 4. The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States usually tookA. 60 days. C. 12 weeks.B. 6 months. D. 12 days.
B 5. After 1892, immigrants in the East were processed at A. Castle Garden. C. Angel Island.B. Ellis Island. D. Staten Island.
C 6. Many immigrants spent long hours in sweatshops, which wereA. health clubs. C. crowded garment workshops.B. sauna rooms. D. steam baths.
Workbook Activity 20★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
Urban and Rural PopulationGrowth, 1860–1900
Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.
0
10
20
30
40
50
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900
Popu
lati
on (
in m
illio
ns) Urban Rural
Year
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B 7. The Chinese Exclusion Act, passed by Congress in 1882, A. prohibited Chinese workers from ever entering the United States.B. prohibited Chinese workers from entering the United States for 10 years.C. prohibited Chinese immigrants from leaving the United States.D. ordered Chinese immigrants to return to China.
A 8. The new immigrants enriched communities with theirA. customs and culture.B. expensive jewelry.C. knowledge of farming.D. quick assimilation into American culture.
D 9. There were three times as many urban dwellers in ������������������ than in 1870.A. 1860 C. 1890B. 1880 D. 1900
C 10. About ������������������ people lived in rural areas in 1860.A. 7 million C. 26 millionB. 20 million D. 30 million
A 11. About ������������������ more people lived in rural areas in 1900 than in 1860.A. 18 million C. 26 millionB. 23 million D. 44 million
C 12. The year with the biggest numerical difference between urban and ruraldwellers wasA. 1860. C. 1880.B. 1870. D. 1890.
B 13. In 1900 there were about ������������������ more rural dwellers than urbandwellers in America.A. 6 million C. 30 millionB. 14 million D. 44 million
B 14. According to the graph, urban population was growing ������������������ ruralpopulation.A. at about the same rate as C. more slowly thanB. faster than D. three times slower than
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 20★
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Progressive ReformsDuring the late 1800s and early 1900s, the United States experienced a
period of rapid growth that resulted in major economic and social changes.
DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words thatbest complete the sentence.
1. Journalists who wrote about corruption in society were called .
2. brought about significant reforms—raising taxes for corpo-rations and improving civil service—while governor of Wisconsin.
3. , writing for McClure’s Magazine, warned about the unfairpractices of the oil trust.
4. One of the most successful civic reformers was , mayor ofCleveland, Ohio, from 1901 to 1909.
5. helped found the American Socialist Party in 1898.
6. and a ring of corrupt city officials controlled the police, thecourts, and some newspapers in New York City in the 1860s and 1870s.
7. In 1912 formed the Progressive Party.
8. People who fought for women’s right to vote were called .
9. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and founded the National WomanSuffrage Association.
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.
10. What did Upton Sinclair write about in his 1906 novel The Jungle, and how did
Americans react to the book? In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair described the horrors of
the meatpacking industry in Chicago, hoping to arouse sympathy for the workers.
But Americans were mainly upset by his vivid descriptions. Public outrage led to
congressional passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.
Susan B. Anthony
suffragists
Theodore Roosevelt
Boss Tweed
Eugene V. Debs
Tom Johnson
Ida Tarbell
Robert La Follette
muckrakers
Workbook Activity 21★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
52 The American Journey
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11. What was La Follette’s great accomplishment that led to other states’ reformers
copying this “Wisconsin idea”? LaFollette reformed Wisconsin’s electoral system.
He introduced a direct primary election in which the state’s voters could choose
their party’s candidates.
12. How did the state of Oregon reform its political process? Oregon gave voters more
power and limited the influence of political parties through a series of reforms
known as the Oregon System. The reforms included a direct primary election and
the initiative, the referendum, and the recall. The initiative allowed citizens to place
a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election. The referendum gave voters the
opportunity to accept or reject measures that the state legislature enacted. The recall
enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office.
13. What progressive actions did Theodore Roosevelt take during his presidency to earn
the nickname “trustbuster”? He directed the Justice Department to act against
several trusts, including a railroad monopoly, the beef trust, the tobacco trust, and
Standard Oil—a petroleum trust. He wanted to prove that the federal government
had authority over big business.
14. Why did progressives support theSixteenth Amendment, which gaveCongress the power to tax people’s
income? Progressives hoped that the
revenue generated by the income tax
would enable the government to lower
tariffs. This, in turn, would lead to lower
prices for goods. Lower prices would
be especially beneficial to the poor.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 21★
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Overseas ExpansionBy 1890 the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
Ocean, and the frontier was gone. Americans, for whom the frontier hadalways symbolized growth and opportunity, were eager to find new frontiersto replace the one that was lost.
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement. To answer questions 6–11, refer tothe map.
B 1. In 1867 United States Secretary of State William H. Seward purchased Alaskafrom Russia forA. $700,000. C. $72 million.B. $7.2 million. D. $720 million.
A 2. In 1889 United States Secretary of State ������������������ invited Latin Americannations to attend a Pan-American Conference in Washington, D.C.A. James G. Blaine C. William H. SewardB. Alfred Thayer Mahan D. Theodore Roosevelt
D 3. In 1893 American planters overthrew the Hawaiian rulerA. King Kamehameha I. C. King Kalakaua.B. King Kamehameha II. D. Queen Liliuokalani.
Workbook Activity 22★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
DEWEY
CERVERA(FROM SPAIN)
TampaTampa
CUBA
DOMINICANREPUBLIC
PHILIPPINES
HAITI
San JuanHill
e Cuba
MindanaoIsland
Tampa
San Juan
Hong Kong(Brit.)
Taiwan
ManilaManila
Bay
Havana
GuánicaSantoDomingo
CUBA
DOMINICANREPUBLIC
CHINA
PHILIPPINES
JAMAICA
PUERTORICO
HAITI
San JuanHill
El Caney
Santiago de Cuba
Fla.
MindoroIsland
LuzonIsland
MindanaoIsland
BBaahhaammaa IIssllaannddss ((BBrriitt..))Bahama Islands (Brit.)
KeyWest
Gulf ofMexico
ATLANTICOCEAN
PACIFICOCEAN
CaribbeanSea
SouthChinaSea
Stra
itsof
Flor
ida
The Caribbean
The Philippines
0 300 miles150
300 kilometers1500
0 400 miles200
400 kilometers2000
N
E
S
W
N
E
S
W
U.S. forcesSpanish forcesU.S. naval blockadeBattle
The Spanish-American War
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B 4. United States Secretary of State John Hay proposed an Open Door policyregarding China so thatA. Americans could settle in China.B. the United States could trade with China.C. Chinese could immigrate to the United States.D. none of the above
C 5. The Panama Canal reduced shipping costs by cutting more than ������������������off the voyage from New York to San Francisco.A. 700 miles C. 7,000 milesB. 1,700 miles D. 70,000 miles
B 6. American troops bound for the south coast of Cuba set sail from the city ofA. Havana. C. Santo Domingo.B. Tampa. D. San Juan.
D 7. In order to reach Santiago de Cuba, the Americans had to sailA. south of Haiti. C. north of the Bahama Islands.B. around the western tip of Cuba. D. around the eastern tip of Cuba.
C 8. Spanish forces approached Santiago de Cuba from theA. north. C. south.B. east. D. west.
B 9. The United States maintained a naval blockade of Cuba toA. help the United States fleet navigate in the Caribbean.B. prevent supplies from reaching the Spanish forces.C. force Cubans to buy products made in Cuba.D. help American companies supply American forces.
A 10. Commodore George Dewey sailed in a ������������������ direction across the SouthChina Sea to reach Manila Bay.A. southeasterly C. northwesterlyB. northeasterly D. southwesterly
C 11. Manila is located on the island ofA. Mindanao. C. Luzon.B. Mindoro. D. none of the above
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 22★
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World War IDuring the early 1900s European powers competed with one another for
colonies and markets around the world. To protect their interests, they estab-lished a complicated system of alliances. By 1914 Europe had become a pow-der keg.
DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists the major participantsin World War I. Use your textbook and write the facts in the appropriate boxes.Then answer the questions that follow.
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. World War I involved a struggle between two great alliances—the Allied Powers and
the Central Powers. Identify the countries in each alliance. The Allied Powers
at first consisted of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Then Japan joined in
August 1914, Italy joined in 1915, and the United States joined in 1917. The Central
Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey (the Ottoman Empire).
Workbook Activity 23★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
World War IDate of Entry
Country Into War Reason for Entering War
Austria-Hungary July 28, 1914 Declares war on Serbia, blaming it for assassination of Austrian archduke
August 6, 1914 Declares war on Russia, Serbia’s ally
Russia July 30, 1914 Obliged by treaty to protect Serbia, its ally; begins to mobilize armed forces in preparation for war
Germany August 1, 1914 Declares war on Russia in order to help its ally, Austria-Hungary
August 3, 1914 Declares war on France because of France’s alliancewith Russia, and begins invasion of Belgium
Great Britain August 4, 1914 Declares war on Germany because of treaty obligationto protect Belgium
August 12, 1914 Declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germany’s ally
France August 12, 1914 Declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germany’s ally
Turkey October 1914 Joins war as ally of Germany and Austria-Hungary(Ottoman Empire)
United States April 6, 1917 Declares war on Germany because German U-boats attacked and sank American merchant ships
56 The American Journey
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2. Why did Italy refuse to honor its alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary?
Italy joined the Allies in 1915 after being promised territory in Austria after the war.
3. What happened at the Battle of the Marne? The British and the French stopped the
advance of the German army just a few miles east of Paris, but it became clear that
neither side would be able to win the war quickly or easily.
4. What new weapons were used in World War I that helped contribute to the extremely
high numbers of casualties on both sides? Armored tanks, airplanes, the zeppelin,
U-boats, submarines, poison gas, and new improved cannons and machine guns.
5. Although the United States was neutral at first and traded with both sides in the war,
why did it end up trading exclusively with Great Britain? The British navy blockaded
Germany, stopping and searching American ships and sometimes seizing their
cargoes.
6. What was the Zimmermann telegram, and why did Americans react angrily to it?
In February 1917, German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to
the Mexican government offering to help Mexico take back its lost territory in Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona, if Mexico would agree to help Germany in its war
against the Allies. This set off a new wave of anti-German feelings.
7. How much did World War I cost the United States, and how did the United States pay
for the war? World War I cost the United States about $32 billion. The government
raised two-thirds of the money by selling Liberty Bonds to the American people.
The government also raised money by increasing taxes and requiring more people
to pay income taxes. The government also imposed high taxes on business profits.
8. What terms did Germany agree to under the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war, pay billions of dollars in
reparations to the Allies, disarm completely, and give up all of its overseas colonies
and some territory in Europe.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 23★
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The Jazz AgeThe 1920s was an exciting time of change—in lifestyles, fashion, and music
and the other arts. But the decade also showed intolerance of immigrants,minorities, and radical or foreign political ideas.
DIRECTIONS: Cause and Effect Answer the questions below in the space provided.
1. What caused Americans’ growing fear of radical political ideas? When the Bolsheviks
took over Russia in November 1917 and established a Communist state, they also
supported the overthrow of capitalism in other countries. Americans felt that their
own government and institutions were threatened by bolshevism. In 1919 a series
of anarchist bombings occurred in the United States, contributing to antiradical
hysteria.
2. What were the effects of the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920? Attorney General A.
Mitchell Palmer and his deputy J. Edgar Hoover ordered the arrest of people
suspected of being Communists and anarchists. Government agents raided the
headquarters of various groups, ransacked homes and offices, seized records,
arrested more than 4,000 people, and deported about 500 foreigners.
3. What was the cause of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti’s arrest, trial, conviction,
and eventual execution? Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with robbing a shoe
factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts, and shooting and killing a guard and pay-
master. Although both men claimed to be innocent, many Americans demanded their
execution.
4. When 350,000 steelworkers went on strike in September 1919, the steel companiesaccused the strikers of being communists. What effect did this have on the strikers?
It cost the strikers public support and helped force them to end the strike.
5. What caused a sharp drop in union membership during the 1920s? Antiunion
feelings grew because many Americans connected unions with radicalism and
bolshevism. Employers and the government pressured workers not to join unions.
Workbook Activity 24★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
58 The American Journey
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6. What led to rising racial tensions and outbreaks of racial violence in the North in 1919?
During World War I, more than 500,000 African Americans left the South and
migrated to the North in search of jobs. Many Northern whites resented African
American competition for jobs.
7. What caused Warren G. Harding to promise Americans a return to “normalcy”
during his campaign for the presidency? He sensed Americans’ longing for calm
and stability after decades of progressive reforms and world war.
8. What kind of foreign policy was responsible for the United States’s refusal to join the
League of Nations? Isolationism, favored by presidents Harding and Coolidge and
many Americans, discouraged involvement in international disagreements.
9. What effects were caused by the increasing availability of electricity in the 1920s?
Consumers eagerly bought electric appliances, which reduced the time spent on
household chores and gave people more leisure time. They also bought radios
to enjoy during their leisure time.
10. What effect did the automobile have on other industries? The automobile led to
the development of new roads, gas stations, rest stops, and roadside businesses;
growth in the steel, rubber, and glass industries; and a shift in the oil industry,
from producing lubricants to refining gasoline.
11. Why did writers during the 1920s leave the United States? Some American writers
were disappointed with American values, so they left the country in search of
inspiration; many, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, settled in Europe.
12. The prohibition of alcohol ended in failure. What were some of the negative effects
of Prohibition? A continuing demand for alcohol led to widespread lawbreaking, as
people made wine or “bathtub gin” at home and went to illegal bars. It sparked the rise
of organized crime, as gangsters profited from the making and selling of illegal alcohol.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 24★
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The Depression and FDR
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice thatbest completes the statement. To answer questions 8–13, refer to the chart.
D 1. Before the 1929 stock market crash, many investors bought stocks on margin,or they paid only a fraction of the stock price and A. never had to pay the rest. C. paid the rest if stock prices rose.B. borrowed the rest from banks. D. borrowed the rest from brokers.
B 2. The Great Depression was caused byA. the stock market crash of 1929. C. widespread unhappiness.B. a combination of economic problems. D. people’s refusal to work hard.
C 3. When 9,000 banks closed between 1930 and 1933, millions of depositorsA. continued to collect interest. C. lost their money.B. got their deposits back. D. shifted deposits to other banks.
C 4. By 1932, ������������������ of American workers were out of work.A. 5 percent B. 15 percent C. 25 percent D. 35 percent
Workbook Activity 25★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
Program Purpose
Established minimum wages and maximum hours for allbusinesses engaged in interstate commerce
Lent money to sharecroppers; set up camps for migrantworkers
Set up a system of pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and people with disabilities
Employed men and women to build hospitals, schools,parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians
Loaned money to extend electricity to rural areas
Insured savings accounts in banks approved by the government
Built ports, schools, and aircraft carriers
Paid farmers not to grow certain crops
Gave relief to unemployed and needy
Built dams to provide cheap electric power to sevenSouthern states; set up schools and health centers
Provided jobs for young men to plant trees, build bridgesand parks, and set up flood control projects
Initials Begun
1938
1937
1935
1935
1935
1933
1933
Helped devise standards for production, prices, and wages
CCC
TVA
FERA
AAA
PWA
FDIC
REA
WPA
SSA
FSA
FLSA
NRA 1933
1933
1933
1933
1933
Fair Labor Standards Act
Farm Security Administration
Social Security Act
Works Progress Administration
Rural ElectrificationAdministration
Federal Deposit InsuranceCorporation
Public Works Administration
National Recovery Administation
Agricultural AdjustmentAdministration
Federal Emergency ReliefAdministration
Tennessee Valley Authority
Civilian Conservation Corps
The New Deal
60 The American Journey
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B 5. In June 1932 the Bonus Army marched on Washington, D.C., to demand theA. annual bonuses promised by their bosses.B. early payment of the bonuses that Congress had agreed to give them in 1945.C. bonuses promised for their community volunteer work.D. bonuses promised by President Herbert Hoover.
D 6. In the 1930s the southern Great Plains suffered an environmental disaster. Thearea, known as the Dust Bowl, included parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, A. Texas, Colorado, and Nebraska. C. Missouri, Nebraska, and Iowa.B. Texas, Missouri, and Nebraska. D. Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.
A 7. Thousands of Dust Bowl farmers went bankrupt and had toA. give up their farms. C. get jobs on neighboring farms.B. take out more bank loans. D. get jobs in town.
D 8. The Civilian Conservation Corps, set up in 1933, provided jobs for young men toA. plant trees. C. set up flood control projects.B. build bridges and parks. D. all of the above
A 9. Most of the New Deal programs on the chart on page 59 were begun inA. 1933. B. 1935. C. 1937. D. 1938.
C 10. The ������������������ set up pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled.A. Federal Emergency Relief AdministrationB. Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationC. Social Security ActD. Fair Labor Standards Act
C 11. The ������������������ employed artists, writers, and musicians. A. Public Works Administration C. Works Progress AdministrationB. Fair Labor Standards Act D. Civilian Conservation Corps
B 12. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration paid farmersA. for their work. C. to grow certain crops.B. not to grow certain crops. D. for the use of their land.
D 13. The ������������������ built dams to provide cheap electric power to sevenSouthern states.A. Rural Electrification AdministrationB. Civilian Conservation CorpsC. Public Works AdministrationD. Tennessee Valley Authority
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 25★
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World War IIDIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the maps and use the information to answerthe questions.
1. The British beatthe German tank division at El Alamein. Inwhich countrydid this battletake place?
Egypt
2. On July 10, 1943,Allied forces leftTunisia, crossed the
,and landed onthe shores of
.
3. Supply shipsfrom the UnitedStates reachedthe northerncoast of theSoviet Unionafter sailingaround thenorthern tips of whichScandinaviancountries?
.Finland
Sweden,
Norway,
Sicily
Sea
Mediterranean
Workbook Activity 26★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
1944
1944–451945
1942
–43
1942
SOVIETUNION
CHINA
MONGOLIAMANCHUKUOMANCHUKUO(MANCHURIA)(MANCHURIA)
BURMABURMA
THAILAND
FRENCHINDOCHINA
KOREA JAPAN
NagasakiNagasaki
HiroshimaHiroshima
ManilaManila
MANCHUKUO(MANCHURIA)
NEPAL
INDIA
BURMA
THAILAND
MALAYA
FRENCHINDOCHINA
KOREA JAPAN
BORNEO
NEWGUINEA
SingaporeSingapore
SUMATRASUMATRA
NEWGUINEA
Guadalcanal
Solomon Is.
Caroline IslandsCaroline Islands
Mariana Is.Mariana Is.
SaipanSaipan
BismarckBismarckArch.Arch.
FormosaFormosa
KyushuKyushu
PhilippinePhilippineIs.Is.
Caroline Islands
EniwetokKwajalein
Marshall Is.
Wake Island Wake Island Wake IslandMariana Is.
GilbertIs.
Saipan
Guam
BismarckArch. Tarawa
Iwo JimaHongKong(Br.)
Singapore
Chungking TokyoNagasaki
Hiroshima
Manila
LuzonFormosa
OkinawaKyushu
Kurile Is.Kurile Is.
SakhalinSakhalin
KiskaKiska
AttuAttuAleutianAleutianIslandsIslands
HawaiianHawaiianIslandsIslands
Kurile Is.
Sakhalin
Kiska
AttuAleutianIslands
PhilippineIs.
MidwayIsland
HawaiianIslands
ElliceIslands
SUMATRA
AUSTRALIA
NNEETTHHEERRLLAANNDDSS EEAASSTT IINNDDIIEESS
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES
PACIFICOCEAN
INDIANINDIANOCEANOCEANINDIANOCEAN
BeringSea
CoralSea
160160°°EE
180180°°EE
100100°°EE 160°E
180 °E
100°E
N
40°N40°N
20°N
00°°0°
2020°°SS20°S
40
MidwayJune 3-6, 1942 Pearl Harbor
Dec. 7, 1941
Coral SeaMay 7-8, 1942
Leyte GulfOct 23-24, 1944
Japanese Empire, 1936
Extent of Japanese control, 1942
Allied troop movements
Major battles
Atomic bomb explosions
World War II in the Pacific
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��������������������������������������������������������������
���SUPPLY LINE
TO SOVIETUNION
Aug. 15, 1944
July 10, 1943
Nov. 8, 1942
FINAL SOVIET DRIVEJuly-August, 1944
D-DAYJune 6, 1944
Supply linesfrom U.S.
1942 The British beat the German tank division at El Alamein
GERMANYGERMANY
FRANCEFRANCE
LUX.LUX.
SWITZ.SWITZ.
ESTONIAESTONIA
LATVIALATVIA
LITHUANIALITHUANIASOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION
FINLANDFINLAND
ICELANDICELAND
ITALYITALY
SPANISHSPANISHMOROCCOMOROCCO
FRENCHFRENCHMOROCCOMOROCCO ALGERIAALGERIA
(France)TUNISIATUNISIA(France)
LIBYALIBYA(Italy)
ROMANIAROMANIA
BULGARIABULGARIAYUGOSLAVIAYUGOSLAVIA
GREECEGREECE
EGYPTEGYPT SAUDISAUDIARABIAARABIA
TRANSJORDANTRANSJORDAN
IRAQIRAQ
IRANIRAN
KUWAITKUWAIT
SYRIASYRIA
TURKEYTURKEY
AUSTRIAAUSTRIA
ALBANIAALBANIA
BELG.BELG.
Moscow
London
Rome
Stalingrad
Cairo
Paris
Dunkirk
Leningrad
Vienna
WarsawBerlin
HUNGARYHUNGARY
CZECH.CZECH.
POLANDPOLAND
NORW
AY
Normandy
GERMANY
FRANCE
NETH.
LUX.
SWITZ.
UNITEDKINGDOMIRELAND
ESTONIA
LATVIA
LITHUANIASOVIET UNION
FINLAND
ICELAND
ITALY
SPAIN
SPANISHMOROCCO
FRENCHMOROCCO ALGERIA
(France)TUNISIA(France)
LIBYA(Italy)
PORTUGAL
ROMANIA
BULGARIAYUGOSLAVIA
GREECESicily
EGYPT
PALESTINE
SAUDIARABIA
LEBANON
TRANSJORDAN
IRAQ
IRAN
KUWAIT
SYRIA
TURKEY
AUSTRIA
ALBANIA
BELG.
Moscow
London
RomeNaples
Stalingrad
CairoEl Alamein
Paris
Dunkirk
Leningrad
Vienna
WarsawBerlin
HUNGARY
CZECH.
POLAND
SWED
EN
NORW
AY
Normandy
ATLANTICOCEAN
NorthSea
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
Balti
cSe
a
AralSea
MediterraneanSea
N
E
SW
Allied forcesSupply lines
0 500 miles250
500 kilometers2500
Neutral nations
Greatest extent of Axis control
�Major Axis Powers�Allied or Ally-controlled�y
World War ll in Europe and Africa
62 The American Journey
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4. In the summer of 1944, Allied forces converged on Berlin from which directions?
from the west and from the east
5. After crossing the English Channel, Allied forces taking part in the D-Day invasion
of June 6, 1944, landed on the French coast at .
6. Which Soviet city on this map is closest to the Caspian Sea? Stalingrad
7. On their final drive of July–August 1944, Soviet forces had to cross the countries of
in order to reach Germany.
8. What event occurred on December 7, 1941? The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
in Hawaii.
9. Where did the battle of the Coral Sea take place? the Solomon Islands
10. When the Japanese took over the northern part of China known as Manchuria, they
changed its name to Manchukuo .
11. The battle of Leyte Gulf took place in
which country? the Philippine Islands
12. Allied forces sailing from Australia toGuadalcanal traveled in which direction?
northeast
13. What is the closest island to Hawaii onwhich a major battle took place?
Midway Island
14. What happened to the Japanese cities of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki? The United
States dropped atomic bombs on
both cities.
Poland and Czechoslovakia
Normandy
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 26★
SOURCE: Culver Pictures
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The Cold War EraAs soon as World War II ended, the wartime cooperation between the
United States and the Soviet Union turned to mutual distrust. The two formerallies became enemies almost overnight, with each nation viewing the other asan evil force striving for world domination. As a climate of fear and intoler-ance took hold in the United States, certain politicians took advantage of thesituation by persecuting those who held different political ideas, in this wayruining the lives of many innocent Americans.
DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words thatbest complete the sentence.
Warsaw Pact United Nations Fair Deal Winston Churchill
Taft-Hartley Chiang Kai-shek George F. Kennan Douglas MacArthur
Berlin Yalta Marshall Plan Mao Zedong
Joseph McCarthy Truman Doctrine demilitarized zone NATO
1. The contributed nearly $13 billion to the rebuilding of thecountries of Western Europe after World War II.
2. In 1949 led Communist forces to victory in a long civil warin China.
3. The agreement of July 27, 1953, ending the Korean War, created a
between North and South Korea.
4. In 1946 declared that an “iron curtain” haddescended on Europe.
5. was established in April 1949 by the United States, Canada, and 10 Western European nations to defend against a possible Soviet invasion ofWestern Europe.
6. On April 11, 1951, President Harry Truman relieved General of his command because the general was opposed to negotiating an end to theKorean War.
Douglas MacArthur
NATO
Winston Churchill
demilitarized zone
Mao Zedong
Marshall Plan
Workbook Activity 27★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
64 The American Journey
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7. From June 1948 until May 1949, the Soviets maintained a blockade of .
8. believed that the United States should follow a policy ofcontainment regarding the Soviet Union.
9. President Harry S Truman’s legislation raised the minimumwage, expanded Social Security benefits for senior citizens, and provided funds forhousing for low-income families.
10. In February 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin met at
, a Soviet port on the Black Sea.
11. The was a commitment to help nations threatened by com-munism and Soviet expansion.
12. On June 26, 1945, in San Francisco, 50 nations signed the charter creating the
.
13. The Soviet Union and the Communist governments of Eastern Europe established a
military alliance in 1955, known as the .
14. Republican Senator of Wisconsin publicly attacked manypeople alleged to be Communists.
15. In 1949 retreated with his forces to the islandof Taiwan after being defeated in thecivil war in China.
16. In 1947 Congress introduced the
bill, whichlimited the actions workers could takeagainst their employers.
Taft-Hartley
Chiang Kai-shek
Joseph McCarthy
Warsaw Pact
United Nations
Truman Doctrine
Yalta
Fair Deal
George F. Kennan
Berlin
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 27★
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America in the 1950sAlthough the 1950s was a period of international cold war tensions,
it was also a time of prosperity for many Americans. Economic growth meant more jobs, higher salaries, and greater educational opportunities.
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement.
B 1. In November 1952, Americans elected Dwight D. Eisenhower to thepresidency, the first Republican to win the White House sinceA. 1918. B. 1928. C. 1938. D. 1948.
A 2. ������������������ ran against Eisenhower in 1952 on the Democratic ticket.A. Adlai Stevenson C. Richard M. NixonB. John J. Sparkman D. none of the above
C 3. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 funded the construction of more than
������������������ miles of highway.A. 4,000 B. 14,000 C. 40,000 D. 400,000
C 4. In 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower named Oveta Culp Hobby as the firstsecretary of the ������������������ of the United States.A. Treasury C. Department of Health, Education, and WelfareB. Department of Energy D. Women’s Air Corps
D 5. Alaska and Hawaii, which entered the Union in 1959, were the only statesA. without highway systems. C. with rainforests.B. with volcanoes. D. not bordering on other states.
B 6. When the first American space satellite was launched in December 1957, itA. orbited the earth. C. crashed into the Atlantic Ocean.B. exploded. D. linked up with the Soviet Sputnik.
A 7. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles believed that the best foreign policy forthe United States regarding the Soviet Union was a policy ofA. brinkmanship. C. isolationism.B. peaceful coexistence. D. massive nuclear attack.
C 8. When fighting broke out in the Middle East in 1956, the United Statessponsored a United Nations resolution calling forA. Israeli control of the Suez Canal.B. British and French control of Egypt.C. British and French withdrawal from Egypt.D. none of the above
Workbook Activity 28★
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C 9. When Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian revolt in 1956, Dwight EisenhowerA. called for a military intervention by NATO forces.B. advised the Hungarians to cooperate with the Soviets.C. condemned the Soviet crackdown.D. threatened an American nuclear attack on the Soviets.
B 10. When 13,000 French troops were trapped by Vietminh forces in Vietnam,Eisenhower refused to send American military aid because he believed thatA. every nation should fight its own battles.B. it would be tragic if the United States became involved in a war
in Indochina.C. the French had no business being there in the first place.D. it was always wrong to try to solve political problems with military force.
B 11. When Fidel Castro overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and formed anew government in January 1959, the United StatesA. cut diplomatic ties with Cuba. C. set up a naval blockade of Cuba.B. supported Castro at first. D. planned an invasion of Cuba.
D 12. American and Soviet hopes for peaceful coexistence ended in 1960 whenA. the Soviets invaded Hungary.B. Fidel Castro invited Soviet officials to Cuba.C. President Eisenhower insulted Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.D. the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union.
C 13. In the mid-1950s, Dr. Jonas Salk developed an effective vaccine againstA. diphtheria. C. polio.B. influenza. D. typhoid fever.
D 14. The suburbs appealed to many Americans because they offeredA. affordable homes. C. isolation from urban problems.B. privacy. D. all of the above
A 15. Developers of the United States’ postwar suburbsA. often refused to sell homes to minorities.B. were eager to sell homes to minorities.C. reduced the prices of their homes for minorities.D. refused to use precut and preassembled building materials.
C 16. Between 1940 and 1960, more than three million African Americans movedfrom the rural South to cities in the North and the Midwest becauseA. they liked city life. C. they were looking for work.B. they liked snowy winters. D. all of the above
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The Civil Rights EraMinority groups who did not share in the general prosperity of the 1950s organized mass
protest movements. African Americans, women, Hispanics, and Native Americans wereamong those who took part in the struggle for civil rights.
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. Why did the Supreme Court rule in favor of Brown in the case of Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka, Kansas? Linda Brown, an African American student, had been
prevented from attending an all-white elementary school near her home. Thurgood
Marshall argued that segregated schools were not as good as white schools, and
therefore segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
2. What happened in 1957 when a federal judge ordered all-white Central High School
in Little Rock, Arkansas, to admit African American students? Arkansas Governor
Orval Faubus called out the state’s National Guard to prevent the students from
entering the school. A federal judge ruled that Faubus had violated federal law, and
President Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students.
3. What event led to the bus boycott by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama,
and what was the result of the boycott? When African American Rosa Parks
refused to give up her seat on a bus and move to the rear, she was arrested. Martin
Luther King, Jr., and other leaders boycotted the buses for more than a year, and the
bus company lost thousands of dollars. The boycott ended when the Supreme Court
ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional.
4. Why did Martin Luther King, Jr., admire Mohandas Gandhi? Gandhi had used
nonviolent protest to help India gain independence from Great Britain. King
hoped to use Gandhi’s methods to win equality for African Americans.
5. How did the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) prepare African
Americans for the struggle for equal rights? SCLC taught people how to react to
taunts and jeers, how to protect themselves from violent attacks, how to identify
targets for protest, and how to organize people for support.
Workbook Activity 29★
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6. Who were the Freedom Riders, and why did they travel through the South?
The Freedom Riders were members of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
who traveled through the South by bus to see whether the 1960 Supreme Court
ruling against segregated bus facilities was being enforced.
7. What did President Lyndon B. Johnson do to bring about progress in civil rights?
President Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which
prohibited discrimination in employment, voting, and public accommodations, and
the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited poll taxes, literacy tests, and other
methods of reducing minority voter registration.
8. What did Malcolm X believe was the best way for African Americans to achieve
justice, and how did his ideas change in the early 1960s? At first Malcolm X thought
African Americans would be better off separated from whites. He later came to
believe that a society of true brotherhood between African Americans and whites
would be the best way to achieve justice for all.
9. What was the meaning of “Black Power,” as advocated by Stokely Carmichael?
Black Power was a philosophy of racial pride that said African Americans should
create their own culture and political institutions.
10. How did President John F. Kennedy help women in the United States in their struggle
to achieve equal rights? President Kennedy created the Commission on the Status of
Women in 1961, and convinced Congress to pass the Equal Pay Act in 1963, prohibiting
employers from paying women less than men for the same work.
11. What did César Chávez do to try to improve the lives of Mexican American migrant
farmworkers? César Chávez organized the United Farm Workers (UFW) to fight for
better wages and working conditions.
12. How did the federal government respond to the demand by Native Americans for
greater political power? Congress passed the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, which
recognized the right of Native American nations to make laws on their reservations.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 29★
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The Vietnam EraThroughout the 1960s and early 1970s, the continuing rivalry between the United States
and the Soviet Union led to confrontations in Berlin, Cuba, and Vietnam. The Vietnam Warcaused many Americans to question the foreign policy goals of the United States. As casu-alties mounted, opposition to the war led to antiwar protests.
DIRECTIONS: Cause and Effect Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. What were the results of the failed invasion of Cuba by CIA-backed Cuban exiles
at the Bay of Pigs in 1961? President John Kennedy lost confidence in his military
and intelligence advisers; other Latin American nations lost trust in Kennedy; and
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev concluded that Kennedy could be bullied.
2. What caused the Soviets and East Germans, in August 1961, to build a wall along the
border between East and West Berlin? A large number of East Germans had fled to
the West during the summer of 1961, and the Soviets wanted to prevent more people
from escaping.
3. What discovery caused President John F. Kennedy to become alarmed about Soviet
activities in Cuba? Photographs from an American spy plane showed that the Soviets
were secretly building launching sites for nuclear missiles in Cuba.
4. What effect did coming close to nuclear war have on relations between the United
States and the Soviet Union? The United States and the Soviet Union worked to
establish better relations. They set up a hot line, a direct telephone link between
Moscow and Washington, and they signed a nuclear test ban treaty.
5. What effect did Soviet achievements in space have on the United States?
Soviet and United States rivalry on Earth extended into space. The United States
started a major effort to land men on the moon by the end of the 1960s.
6. According to the domino theory, what would happen to the rest of Southeast Asia
if the Communists took South Vietnam? According to this view, if the Communists
took control of South Vietnam, the other countries of Southeast Asia would also
fall to communism, one by one, like a row of dominoes.
Workbook Activity 30★
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(continued)
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7. What caused a group of South Vietnamese army officers to overthrow the government
of South Vietnam and assassinate its leader, Ngo Dinh Diem? The Kennedy
administration had ended its support of Diem because Buddhist monks protested by
setting themselves on fire when Diem took away their rights. When the army officers
realized that Diem had lost the support of Washington, as well as losing the support
of many of the people of South Vietnam, they acted.
8. What caused Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave President
Lyndon B. Johnson broad authority to use American forces in Vietnam? In August
1964 North Vietnamese patrol boats allegedly attacked American destroyers in the
Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam.
9. What effect did the Vietnam War have on Americans at home, as the fighting
continued in Vietnam? The war caused a deep division, with mounting anger on
both sides, between antiwar protesters and supporters of the war who called the
protesters “traitors.” Opposition to the war increased as the war dragged on.
10. What was the effect of draft boards giving military deferments to full-time college
students, who were mainly from the middle class? An increasing percentage of
soldiers came from poor or working-class families.
11. What effect did the Vietnam War have on President Lyndon B. Johnson’s popularity?
As anger and frustration over the war mounted, Lyndon B. Johnson’s approval
rating declined dramatically, and on March 31, 1968, he announced that he would
not accept the nomination for another term as president.
12. In May 1970 what caused a wave of antiwar protests on college campuses thatresulted in 4 students being shot to death and at least 9 others wounded by theNational Guard at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, and 2 students being killed
by the police at Jackson State in Mississippi? On April 30, 1970, President Richard
Nixon announced that he had authorized a United States attack on Cambodia,
a Southeast Asian nation that had been neutral up to that point.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 30★
FACT BANK★
1. shuttle diplomacy2. the National Energy Plan3. a presidential pardon4. Middle East peace negotiations5. Iran hostage crisis6. progress on détente7. the Watergate scandal8. emphasis on human rights
9. arms reduction talks10. New Federalism11. energy problems and conservation12. resignation of a president13. Panama Canal agreement14. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan15. inflation
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Search for StabilityTwo Republicans and a Democrat served as president between 1968 and 1980.
Certain issues challenged all three presidents; other issues arose only during theperiod that one party or the other controlled the White House. The three presi-dents sometimes pursued similar policies; at other times, the approach taken bythe president differed depending on which party was in office.
DIRECTIONS: Completing and Analyzing a Venn Diagram The Venn diagrambelow includes the Republican and Democratic presidents who held officebetween 1968 and 1980. Examine the setup of the diagram and study the listof issues/policies beneath the diagram. Review this period in your textbookand write the numbers of the correct information in the appropriate spaces inthe diagram. Use what you learn to answer the essay questions that follow.
SEARCH FOR STABILITY
Workbook Activity 31★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
Republicans(Nixon/Ford)
Democrat(Carter)
Both
1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 4, 9, 11, 15
2, 5, 8, 13, 14
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1. Why did Richard Nixon believe that reestablishing trade and diplomatic relations
with China was important to détente? Answers may vary. One possible
response: Nixon knew the Soviet Union would fear a Chinese-American alliance.
He hoped that improving relations with China would make the Soviet Union more
willing to cooperate with the United States to reduce cold war tensions.
2. How did New Federalism fulfill one of Nixon’s campaign promises? Answers may
vary. One possible response: Nixon promised to reduce the role of the federal
government in people’s lives. New Federalism tried to reverse the flow of resources
by giving some of the revenue from federal taxes back to the states for use at the state
and local levels.
3. What revelation on secret White House tapes led directly to Nixon’s resignation?A conversation on one tape revealed that the president had ordered a cover-up of the
Watergate break-in just a few days after it happened.
4. How was the effect of Gerald Ford’s presidential pardon different from what he intended? Answers may vary. One possible response: Ford hoped that the pardon would help
heal the wounds of Watergate. Instead it stirred controversy, and he never fully
regained the trust he enjoyed in his first weeks in office.
5. Why did Jimmy Carter’s approach to dealing with the recession make him seem
indecisive? Answers may vary. One possible response: At first he increased federal
spending and proposed a tax cut to spur growth. When inflation rose, he reversed his
policies by proposing spending cuts and delaying the tax cut.
6. In what ways did Carter demonstrate his belief in human rights as the basis for
foreign policy? Answers may vary. Students can draw from any or all of the
following in their responses: He withdrew economic and military aid from countries
that violated human rights. He condemned apartheid in South Africa. He allowed
Cubans expelled by Fidel Castro to enter the United States. He halted American grain
shipments to the Soviet Union after the invasion of Afghanistan.
7. Which two domestic concerns plagued all three administrations between 1968 and 1980?Energy problems and inflation plagued all three administrations between 1968
and 1980.
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
Workbook Activity 31★
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New ChallengesNew challenges, both foreign and domestic, faced the United States in the
years between 1981 and the present.
DIRECTIONS: Completing and Interpreting a Chart Study the chart and thelist of events that follow, and review the period 1981–present in your textbookto write the information in the appropriate boxes on the chart. Use what youhave learned to answer the questions on the next page.
Workbook Activity 32★
Name ������������������������������������������������������� Date ������������������������� Class ���������������
(continued)
Toward a New Century Terms of Office President Party Affiliation Major Issues/Events
1981–1985 Ronald Reagan Republican taxes lowered; defense spendingincreased
1985–1989 Ronald Reagan Republican perestroika begins; Iran-Contra scan-dal; Intermediate-Range NuclearForces Treaty
1989–1993 George Bush Republican end of the Soviet Union; StrategicArms Reduction Treaty; Persian GulfWar; Americans with Disabilities Act
1993–1997 Bill Clinton Democrat North American Free Trade AgreementMiddle East Peace Accords; ContractWith America; attempts at health-care reform
1997–2001 Bill Clinton Democrat NATO bombing of Serbia; Articles ofImpeachment go to Senate
2001– George W. Bush Republican inauguration of 43rd president; first African American as Secretary of State
FACT BANK★
• taxes lowered • Iran-Contra scandal• Middle East Peace Accords • NATO bombing of Serbia• perestroika begins • defense spending increased• Persian Gulf War • inauguration of 43rd president• attempts at health-care reform • end of the Soviet Union• Contract With America • North American Free Trade Agreement• Americans with Disabilities Act • Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty• first African-American U.S. Secretary • Articles of Impeachment go to Senate
of State
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DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement.
D 1. During Ronald Reagan’s first term, A. taxes were lowered and the government shut down.B. taxes were lowered and perestroika began.C. taxes were raised and defense spending increased.D. taxes were lowered, but defense spending increased.
C 2. Ronald Reagan’s second term was marred by a secret arms deal known asA. the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. C. the Iran-Contra scandal.B. perestroika. D. the Intermediate-Range Nuclear
Forces Treaty.
D 3. One domestic high point of George Bush’s administration was theA. Persian Gulf War. C. end of the Soviet Union.B. banking crisis. D. Americans with Disabilities Act.
C 4. George Bush’s popularity soared after the 1990A. banking crisis. C. Persian Gulf War.B. Iran-Contra scandal. D. Contract With America.
B 5. Bill Clinton achieved domestic successes, but support was lacking for theA. Brady Bill (gun control). C. Family Medical Leave Act.B. health-care reform plan. D. North American Free Trade
Agreement.
A 6. Bill Clinton sounded a hopeful note in hisA. second Inaugural Address. C. Contract With America.B. Middle East Peace Accords. D. government shutdown.
B 7. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), was ratified during thepresidential term ofA. George Bush. C. Ronald Reagan.B. Bill Clinton. D. none of the above
B 8. Bush and Gore needed ������������������ electoral votes in order to win the 2000presidential election.A. California’s C. New York’sB. Florida’s D. Texas’s
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Workbook Activity 32★