ACTIVITIES REPORT 01/01/12 10/12/12 - OLADE · activities report 01/01/12 ... aea energy and environment alliance aladi latin american integration association lac latin america and

ACTIVITIES REPORT

01/01/12 – 10/12/12

V EXTRAORDINARY MINISTERS MEETING

VICTORIO OXILIA - DAVALOS

Executive Secretary

May 17, 2013

Quito, ECUADOR

ACTIVITIES REPORT

3

CONTENT

1. Strategic Objectives And Programs

2. Implementation of Monitoring System for the Projects

3. Progress Report of 2012 Projects

4. Technical Aspects

5. OLADE-CIDA Project

6. Relevant Projects

7. Administrative And Financial Matters

ACRONYMS

4

CA CENTRAL AMERICA CIDA CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY ADA AUSTRIAN DEVELOPMENT AGENDA AEA ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT ALLIANCE

ALADI LATIN AMERICAN INTEGRATION ASSOCIATION LAC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

APEC ASIA - PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION ARPEL REGIONAL ASSOCIATION OIL, GAS AND BIOFUELS SECTOR IN LAC

IDB INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK WB WORLD BANK CAF DEVELOPMENT BANK OF LATIN AMERICA

CARICOM SECRETARIAT OF THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY CC CLIMATE CHANGE

CEIS ENERGY INFORMATION OF THE CARIBBEAN CELAC COMMUNITY OF LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN STATES ECLAC ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR CENTRAL AMERICA

CIEMAT ENERGY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER CIER REGIONAL ENERGY INTEGRATION COMMISSION

COICA COORDINATOR OF INDIGENOUS ORGANIZATIONS OF THE AMAZON BASIN CYTED IBERO-AMERICAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

EE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

ER RENEWABLE ENERGY EUROSTAT STATISTICS PROGRAMME OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION

ACRONYMS

5

FIESP FEDERATION OF INDUSTRIES OF THE STATE OF SAO PAULO IAEA INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY IDAE INSTITUTE FOR DIVERSIFICATION AND ENERGY SAVING IN SPAIN IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY IEF INTERNATIONAL ENERGY FORUM IICA INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR COOPERATION ON AGRICULTURE

IRENA INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY CDM CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

UNIDO UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION OAS ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES

OPEC ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES MC MEMBER COUNTRIES CSR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY SICA CENTRAL AMERICAN INTEGRATION SYSTEM

UNASUR UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS UNEP UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME WEC WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL

6

IMPLEMENTATION FOR MONITORING SYSTEM PROJECTS

7

ADVISORY BOARD MEETINGS: MINUTES AVAILABLE ON LINE http://www.olade/consejo.asesor

47

COORDINATION MEETINGS: 5

PROJECTS 212 55

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET: AVAILABLE ON LINE FOR ALL MEMBER COUNTRIES

http://www.olade.org/reunion-de-comite-directivo-codi-77

Projects 2011: 36 2012: 55 2013: 64

8

PROGRESS REPORT. PROJECTS 2012

A. SUPPORT INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING OF THE

ENERGY AUTHORITIES OF THE MEMBER COUNTRIES

PROJECT PROGRESS

A.I Energy Information Systems 98,4

A.I.1 Energy-Economic Information System-SIEE 100,00

A.I.2 National Energy Information System-SIEN 94,00

A.I.3 Legal Energy Information System-SIEL 100,00

A.I.4 Regional Energy Information System-SIER 100,00

A.I.5 State of the Art of Information on energy end uses in LAC 96,00

A.I.6 State of the Art of Foresight Energy Information in LAC 100,00

A.II Methods and Tools for Energy Planning 71,95 A.II.1 SUPER OLADE 100,00 A.II.2 Virtual Simulation of the Energy Matrix 95,00 A.II.3 Capacity Building for Energy Planning in LAC 20,00

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PROJECT: PROGRESS A.III Institutional Capacity Building and HR 85,05

A.III.1 Regional and Subregional Training 100,00 A.III.2 Network of Energy Documentation Centers in LAC 100,00

A.III.3 ER Training Program for Sustainable Rural Development in Central America

100,00

A.III.4 Certificate on Energy and Social Inclusion 71,00 A.III.5 Executive Development Programme for the Caribbean Energy Planning 47,00

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B. CONSOLIDATE A REGIONAL PLATFORM OF KNOWLEDGE

MANAGEMENT IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

PROJECT PROGRESS B.I South-South Cooperation 96,5 B.I.1 South-South Cooperation 96,50

B.II Network of Experts 59,15 B.II.1 Regional Knowledge Platform: Network of Experts 27,50 B.II.2 Energy Efficiency Network for LAC 90,80

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PROJECT PROGRESS B.III Regional Events 92,76 B.III.1 LAC Biofuels Seminar 97,00 B.III.2 LAC Electricity Seminar 100,00 B.III.3 LAC Energy Efficiency Seminar 100,00 B.III.4 LAC Oil and Gas Seminar 100,00 B.III.5 Latin American and the Caribbean Carbon Forum 33,00 B.III.6 Regional Energy Integration Forum 100,00

B.IV Technical Studies 97,25 B.IV.1 Energy Statistics Report 100,00 B.IV.2 Situation and Outlook for Energy Sector in LAC 89,00 B.IV.3 Energy Sector Analysis 100,00

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C. DISSEMINATE GOOD PRACTICE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF

OIL AND ELECTRICITY SECTORS

PROJECT PROGRESS C.I Policies and Regulation in the Oil Sector 96,625

C.I.1 Developed policies for the abatement of Informal Cross-Border Fuels Trade 97,00

C.I.2 Developed Trends in Upstream Agreements in the Regional Oil Industry 95,50

C.I.3 Hydrocarbons Cooperation between Member Countries 98,00 C.I.4 Technical Assistance Mechanism of the Hydrocarbon sector/Electric power sector 96,00

C.II Policies and Regulation in the Electricity Sector 58,45

C.II.1 Preparation of the LAC Distribution Networks for Smart Grid Technology 100,00

C.II.2 Evaluation Study of Conventional and Distributed Generation in LAC 43,50

C.II.3 Study on Economic Regulation and Rates in LAC 63,00

C.II.4 Technical Assistance in Policies and Regulatory Frameworks on Electricity 55,00

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D. CONTRIBUTING TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

PROJECT PROGRESS D.I Social Responsibility in the Energy Sector 96,75 D.I.1 Dialogue on hydropower development and society 93,50 D.I.2 Promotion of Corporate Social Responsibility in Central America 100,00

D.II Energy and Environment 57,22 D.II.1 Renewable Energy Observatory in LAC 70,00 D.II.2 Overview of Solar Thermal Energy in LAC 71,30 D.II.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework for RE and EE 74,00 D.II.4 Programmatic CDM 67,00 D.II.5 Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in the Energy Secto r 3,80

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Project: PROGRESS D.III Energy and Social Inclusion 80,63 D.III.1 Electric Coverage Rates 100,00 D.III.2 Energy and Access 63,50 D.III.3 Energy, Environment and Population - Phase 3 62,00 D.III.4 CSR Energy Systems in isolated areas 58,00 D.III.5 Energy and Gender Equality 100,00

D.IV Energy Efficiency 48,91 D.IV.1 LAC Program for Energy Efficiency - PALCEE 35,80 D.IV.2 Specific Energy Consumption in Industry 79,50

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E. PROMOTE REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND ENERGY

SECURITY PROJECT: PROGRESS E.I Electricity Sector Vulnerability 97 E.I.1 Vulnerability Study of hydropower systems in Central America 97,00

E.II Sub-regionalization 96,4 E.II.1 Sustainable Energy Development Plan for the Caribbean 100,00

E.II.2 Strengthening and improving subregional energy integration (Caribbean) 94,00

E.III Technical Assistance to Integration Processes 96,53

E.III.1

Energy Integration Observatory in LAC: Studies on alternative solutions to barriers in

Energy Integration 97,80

E.III.2 Development of South American Energy Balance -UNASUR 91,00

E.III.3 Energy Sector Report for Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards a New Energy Agenda for the Region.

100,00

E.III.4 Good Offices facilitator Mechanism 100,00

PROGRESS 81% EXECUTION 59,37%

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Memorandum of Understanding was signed between OLADE and the Government of Jamaica (Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mines), in the city of Kingston, Jamaica, on 8/14/12 to host the headquarters of the Caribbean Sub-regional Office. A consultant was hired who acts as a Sub-regional Coordinator. He presented the work plan for the Office 2012. Activities udnertaken:

• Caribbean Sub-regional Workshop on Capacity Building in Programmatic CDM and NAMAs (25-27/09/12)

• Inter-Agency Meeting on Cooperation for the Caribbean (09/28/12)

• First proposed Energy Agenda for the Caribbean.

CARIBBEAN SUBREGIONAL OFFICE

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Guatemala until December 2013 It was extended until March 31.

A.III.3 Training Program in Renewable Energy. D.I.2 Promotion of CSR in Central America EI1 Vulnerability Study of Hydropower Production Systems in Central America against Climate Change E.II.2 Strengthening and improving subregional energy integration E.III.1 Energy Integration Observatory in LAC

PROJECTS

ADDITIONAL Study on Current Wind Energy Status and Development in Central America

CENTRAL AMERICAN SUBREGIONAL OFFICE

VENUE

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OLADE – CIDA PROJECT

Sustainable Energy Access for Latin America and the Caribbean

03/30/12 Cooperation Agreement for $ 9.2 million Canadian dollars for the implementation of 12 sub-projects, with the unprecedented administration by OLADE (Activities to conclude on 12/31/17).

TEAM WORK •Manager / Administrator •Canadian Technical Advisor •Adviser on Gender Equality •Assistant Manager • Computer technitians support

I Social and Environmental Aspects •Promotion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). •Implementation of CSR in rural energy systems in isolated areas. •Development of Gender Equality in Decision Making in the Energy Sector and the Energy Access. •Diploma on Energy and Social Issues

Components Objectives % Progress

2 The impact of climate change on key climate variables in CA.

3: Case Studies. Vulnerability of Hydropower plants to Climate Change

4: Analysis of Cost / Benefit of adaptation to climate change

5: Developing a replicable methodology

6: Dissemination of Results

100%

100%

50%

20%

0% (Stars on 2013)

10% (Workshop in El Salvador)

1: Compilation, Review and Analysis of Information

Search for information and data necessary for the

development of the work.

Simulation of the anticipated impacts to C.C. on key

climate variables (precipitation and temperature) and

its influence on hydropower generation

Detailed analysis of vulnerability to CC, a hydropower

system by country.

Evaluate possible adaptation options in an economic

context and the economic impacts of potential changes

in hydropower production due to CC.

Replicate the assessment of vulnerability to climate

change in other hydropower plants,

considering climate, water and economic implications.

Workshops for training and socialization of results

Belice

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Nicaragua

Panama

HIDROELECTRICITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

RELEVANT PROJECTS

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Ranges of variation for the input *

Up to -25%

Up to 50%

• We have studied the hydrological impact of Climate Change of the 573 basins in Central America, in order to analyze the vulnerability of hydropower power plants of the 7 countries involved

• Water resources, can be reduced to between 25% and 50% of the current water contribution for 2050 (calculations referenced data on emission scenario A2 and projection to 2050)

• The impact on hydropower production is estimated as high (as a general criterion) in Central America unless we don’t take any measures to adapt to climate change and in the worse case scenario

* Image showing contribution variation in%

calculated for the A2 scenario and projections

2050 (between 2040 and 2060)

RELEVANT PROJECTS

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RELEVANT PROJECTS

• We have selected seven hydropower plants in 7 countries of Central America to the detailed study thereof

• The selection of these plants has been made to take into account power plants with Pacific and Atlantic slope, types with and without regulation, available water resources, degree of involvement of climate change on the basin, etc..

• For each of the plants involved in the case studies, detailed analysis is made of their potential vulnerability to climate change, and adaptation measures.

Hydropower plants

Chixoy (Guatemala)

Mollejón (Belize)

Cerron Grande (El Salvador)

Lindo – Cañaveral

(Honduras)

Central America (Nicaragua)

Reventazon (Costa Rica)

Bayano (Panama)

CASE STUDIES

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RELEVANT PROJECTS

Annual production in different case studies (GWh / year - Projection)

Impact 2050*

Chixoy: -19%

Mollejón: -32%

Cerrón Grande: -

29%

Lindo-Cañaveral:

-11%

Central America -

29%

Reventazón: -8%

Bayano: -25%

* Considering the A2

emission scenario without

adaptation measures.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Obs 2010 2030 2050Chixoy Mollejón

Cerrón Grande Lindo - Cañaveral

Centroamérica Reventazón

Case Studies Conclusions Reviewing

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RELEVANT PROJECTS

The development of this platform has the support of the Inter American Development Bank, through a Non- Reimbursable technical cooperation (No. ATN/OC-11258-RG); specialized coaching by experts from the Ministries of Energy of the Member Countries and the execution by OLADE.

RELEVANT PROJECTS

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RELEVANT PROJECTS

25

RELEVANT PROJECTS

GRACIAS - THANKS

26

RELEVANT PROJECTS

Platform of knowledge

Thematic Networks Renewable energy

Hydrocarbons

Energy Integration

Climate Change

Energy and Access

Developing a knowledge-sharing platform,

lessons learned and successful experiences in order

to promote the formation and consolidation of networks of experts

in the region in the areas of climate change, renewable energy

, oil and energy integration.

OBJECTIVE

Collection of information Preparation of discussion paper "Social Tariff of Energy in Latin America and the Caribbean» Identification of experts Preliminary design of the thematic network Structure Graphic design

27

RELEVANT PROJECTS

28

RELEVANT PROJECTS

COMPARED BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION AS OF DECEMBER

2010 2011 2012

TOTAL INCOME 1.690.608 1.529.511 1.803.158

TOTAL EXPENSES 1.840.071 1.743.147 1.608.932

LATIN AMERICAN ENERGY ORGANIZATION

1.690.608

1.529.511

1.803.1581.840.071

1.743.147

1.608.932

1.000.000

1.100.000

1.200.000

1.300.000

1.400.000

1.500.000

1.600.000

1.700.000

1.800.000

1.900.000

2010 2011 2012

TOTAL INCOME

TOTAL EXPENSES

2010 2011 2012

TOTAL INCOME 1.124.515 731.000 1.690.863

COOPERATION PROGRAMAS 577.444 1.079.357 1.387.295

LATIN AMERICAN ENERGY ORGANIZATION

COMPARED INCOME AND EXPENSES

REGIONAL COOPERATION PROGRAMS

1.124.515

731.000

1.690.863

577.444

1.079.357

1.387.295

0

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1.200.000

1.400.000

1.600.000

1.800.000

2010 2011 2012

TOTAL INCOME

• Expenses were reduced in the Functional Programs

• OLADE's own income significantly increased in 2012.

• Income from external resources (2012/2011) increased by 131%.

• Investments in projects increased by 140% (2012/2010)

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ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS

Pursuant to the Ministerial Decision XLII/D/480 adopted by

the Audit of the Balance Sheet and the Report of the

implementation of the Latin American Organization

projects of 2011 by the selected firm Russell Bedford

Mexico. This review was conducted in the last week of

February and early March and the report was submitted on

April 10 which reflects the following opinion "In our opinion,

the financial statements referred to above, fairly express, in

all material respects the financial situation of the Latin

American Energy Organization as of December 31, 2011,

and their activities, changes in equity and cash flows for

the year ended on that date."

EXTERNAL AUDIT

30

WORKING PLAN 2013



PROJECT A.I Energy Information Systems

A.I.1 Energy-Economic Information System-SIEE A.I.2 National Energy Information System-SIEN A.I.3 Legal Energy Information System-SIEL A.I.4 Sistema de Información Energética Regional- SIER

A.I.5 State of the art of information on energy end uses in LAC

A.I.6 State of the art of forecast energy information in LAC

A.II Methods and tools for energy planning

A.II.1 SUPER OLADE

A.II.2 Virtual Simulation of the Energy Mix

A.II.3 Capacity Building for Energy Planning in LAC

A.III Institutional and HR Capacity Building A.III.1 Regional and Subregional Training A.III.2 Energy Documentation Networks in LAC

A.III.3 Diploma in Social Inclusion Energy A.III.4 Executive Development Programme for the Caribbean on Energy Planning

31

WORKING PLAN 2013



PROJECT B.I South-South Cooperation

B.I.1 South-South Cooperation

B.II Expert's networks

B.II.1 Regional Platform of Knowledge: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency for LAC

B.II.2 Energy Efficiency Network for LAC

B.III Regional Events B.III.1 LAC Electricity Seminar

B.III.2 LAC Energy Efficiency Seminar / Energy Efficiency Regional Meeting for Industry B.III.3 LAC Oil and Gas Seminar B.III.4 Latin American and Caribbean Carbon Forum B.III.5 Regional Energy Integration Forum - B.IV Technical studies

B.IV.1 Energy Statistics Report B.IV.2 Situation and Outlook for the Energy Sector in LAC B.IV.3 Energy Sector Analysis

32

WORKING PLAN 2013

C. DISSEMINATE GOOD PRACTICE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF

OIL AND ELECTRICITY SECTORS

PROJECT C.I Policy and regulation in the oil sector

C.I.1 Policies Developed for the abatement of Informal Cross Border Trade of Fuels

C.I.2 Developed trends in upstream contracts in the regional oil industry

C.I.3 Cooperación en Materia de Hidrocarburos entre los Países Miembros

C.I.4 Technical Assistance Mechanism of the Hydrocarbon C.I.5 Extractive Industries Transparency C.I.6 Local Content in the hydrocarbons industry C.I.7 Natural Gas in Central America C.II Policy and regulation in the electricity sector

C.II.1 Preparation of the LAC Distribution Networks for Smart Grid Technology

C.II.2 Study on Generation in LAC C.II.3 Study on Economic Regulation and Rates in LAC C.II.4 Technical Assistant Mechanism in the Electricity sector C.II.5 Forecast of Demand for Power and electricity C.II.6 Investment Plan in Electricity Generation

33

WORKING PLAN 2013



PROJECT

D.I Social Responsibility in the Energy Sector. D.I.1 Dialogue on Hydropower Generation and Society D.I.2 Promotion of Corporate Social Responsibility in Central America

D.I.3 Dissemination of CSR principles in the Energy Sector

D.II Energy and Environment D.II.1 Renewable Energy Observatory in LAC

D.II.2 Perspective of Solar Thermal Energy in LAC

D.II.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework for RE and EE

D.II.4 Programmatic CDM D.II.5 Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in the Energy Sector D.II.6 IRENA - OLADE Cooperation

D.II.7 IRENA- OLADE D.II.8 UNEP - OLADE Cooperation D.III Energy and Social Inclusion

D.III.1 Electric Coverage rates D.III.3 Energy, Environment and Population - Phase 3

D.III.4 CSR in Energy Systems in isolated areas D.III.5 Energy and Gender Equality

D.III.6 Analysis of generation with unmanaged resources (renewable) D.IV Energy Efficiency

D.IV.1 LAC Program on Energy Efficiency - PALCEE

D.IV.2 Specific Energy Consumption in Industry, Energy Efficiency Indicators

34

WORKING PLAN 2013

E. PROMOTE REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND ENERGY

SECURITY

PROJECT

E.I Electricity Sector Vulnerability

E.I.1 Vulnerability Study of Hydropower System in Central America

E.II Sub-regionalization

E.II.1 Sustainable Energy Development Plan for the Caribbean

E.II.2 Strengthening and improvement of the Subregional Energy Integration

E.III Technical support to integration processes

E.III.1

LAC Energy integration Observatory: Studies on Alternative Solution to existing Barriers in energy integration

E.III.2 Preparation of South American Energy Balances-UNASUR

E.III.3

Energy Sector Report for Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards a new Regional Energy Agenda

E.III.4 Good Offices Facilitator E.III.5 Improving access to energy market

E.III.6 ENERGY BALANCES OF OLADE's NON MEMBERS AND MEMBERS OF CELAC

E.III.7 UNASUR- Comparative Law

35


The Directive Committee No. 78 approved the extraordinary and complementary procedure which was applied by the Permanent Secretariat. Responses were received from all the Ministers consulted. The favorable response to the approval of the Budget 2013 was submitted by 18 out of 23 member countries surveyed (78.26%), which is a much higher percentage established by the Regulations for decision making by vote (2/3 of votes ). Responses were received from five Member Countries, among other considerations, they disagreed over the extraordinary procedure. With these results, the Budget 2013 was approved, with increasing contributions of Member Countries and the Implementation Act (attached were recorded all response letters of the Ministers) was prepared and signed by the highest authorities of OLADE's bodies ( Meeting of Ministers, Directive Committee and Permanent Secretariat), which was notified to all Member Countries. It should be noted that the Executive Secretary responded to the Ministers of the five countries that disagreed with the procedure. Of these five Member Countries, Bolivia, through a letter of its Minister, said that, having received the necessary clarifications, agreed with the approval of the 2013 budget and payment. For its part, the National Coordinator of Chile confirmed the position of his country. The 2013 budget is implemented by decision of the Member Countries through an extraordinary procedure as approved under the regulations of the Organization.

BUDGET 2013


36

The legality and legitimacy of the procedure for approval of Budget 2013 are confirmed by the jurisprudence or legal history of OLADE. Indeed, the process of direct consultation with Ministers and the manifestation of their will (OR VOTE) in writing was established for a case of an administrative - financial matter by the II Meeting of Ministers of OLADE (Lima, 6 and 7 March 1981), by REM/D/082 decision, which approved the "Regulations for receipt of gifts, bequests, contributions to OLADE and its use." This regulation provided the written consultation to the members of the Meeting of Ministers and the written response where the Permanent Secretary in the treatment urgently consider the case (receiving donations, bequests and contributions to OLADE). In addition, the Regulation provided affirmative vote seen as administrative silence.

OLADE's overall budget for 2013 approved in the amount of $ 5,637,830.00, of which $ 1,798,130.00 come from OLADE's resources, as contributions from Member Countries, debts and other income, U.S. $ 3,626,200.00 from external financing resources, Multilateral Organizations, events, and; U.S. $ 213,500.00, from the Voluntary Contributions Fund, according to the following breakdown:

BUDGET 2013

INCOME Member Countries' Contributions U.S.$ 1,586,654.00 Arrears Previous Years U.S.$ 80,000.00 Other Income U.S.$ 131,476.00 Multilateral Agencies U.S.$ 67,000.00 Events U.S.$ 60,000.00 Cooperation Resources U.S.$ 3,499,200.00 Voluntary Contributions Fund U.S.$ 213,500.00 TOTAL U.S.$ 5,637,830.00

EXPENSES Functional Programs U.S.$ 1,835,630.00 Regional Cooperation Programs U.S.$ 3,802,200.00 TOTAL U.S.$ 5,637,830.00

Documents

ACTIVITIES REPORT 01/01/12 10/12/12 - OLADE · activities report 01/01/12 ... aea energy and environment alliance aladi latin american integration association lac latin america and