Activities of Ethiopian R&D Survey 2007

Presented at

Harmonization workshop

Nov. 30-3, 2009

Johannesburg, South Africa

1. Uses of R&D Survey

• STPs primarily a policy making and management tool in R&D and STS

• Monitor the evolving scientific and technological potential at the institutional or individual R&D level

• Gathers information at micro level and thereby supply accurate information for policy makers

• Explore the characteristics of the national scientific and technological potential

• The flow of national S&T budget from the sources to end users

• The scientific research activities• The requirements for scientific and technological

research based on priority objectives• Indicate coherence of research activities in line

with the socioeconomic development• The production of R&D and STS units

2. Status of Ethiopia S&T Information

oChallenges Organizational Set-up

• Low status of national S&T information systemNo organizational set up was in place till recently (no national

coordination body in the country).

• Regional institutions are not available.• Human and financial resources are scarce.• Laws governing S&T information are limited.• Low level of awareness of the need of S&T

information.• Cultural limitation in keeping and updatingS&T information &

• Opportunities• The need for S&T information is being felt (S&T

information users are increasing) • Institutional set-up is in place.• Laws are being issued

• Policy• Mandate

• Available International collaboration like ASTII & UNESCO

• Budget• Government is allocating budget.• Investment is on the rise requiring S&T information

3. Preliminary Activities• This challenges and opportunities has given rise to

undertake S&T survey in Ethiopia for the 1st time.• Experts in the area are scarce• We had to start from the scratch.• We started low with Government institutions.• Proposal development and management approval• Government budget secured• Hiring of personnel• Identification of institutions

– Government higher learning institution– Government R&D institutions & centers– Government S&T service institutions

Contd.

• Questionnaire design as per international standards

• Guideline development

• Logistics for the survey secured

• Undertake the survey with what we had at hand and learn in the process.

4. Performed Activities

1. Survey Details1.1 Sampling

• Datas were obtained from Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and registered governmental institutions.

• Since the frame is very low census method was followed.

1.2 How the survey was undertakenData collection was undertaken through direct interview

& filling of questionnaire by the responsible personnel.

1.3 Response rate Type of Institutions Surveyed Response Perc. Government Higher learning institutions 9 9 100. Government R&D centers 55 55 100. Gov’t S&T Centers 43 43 100 Total 107 107

1.4 None responsive surveyNone

1.5 Edit and amputation practice None

2. Questionnaire design (Amharic English)

2.1 Topics covered ( Hyperlink questionnaire)

• Human Resource in Governmental Institutions

– By level of education (PhD, 1st degree,

2nd degree tech, Aux)– By field of specialization– By sex

• R&D expenditure in Governmental Institution– Government– Foreign grant– Own fund

2.2 Consultation during question development

• International standards (Frascati manual)• Country experience (bench marks)• Other ministries

2.3 Questionnaire design• Respondent guideline development

(Hyperlink the guideline)

2.4 Questionnaire testing• None

3. Reporting plans. Descriptive statistics - Human Resource in Government Institutions Table 1

Human Resource Profile by Level of Education in S&T Service Centers

PhD 2nd Deg

1st Deg

Tech Aux Total

Federal STS Centers

12 178 390 917 1956 3453

Regional STS Centers

- 46 80 172 441 739

Total 12 224 470 1089 2397 4192

Summary of Human Resources of Higher Learning Institution

No

Higher Learning

Institutes

PhD 2nd degree 1st degree Technician Auxiliary Total

M F M F M F M F M F

1 Universities 94 2.75 107.5 9.5 25.75 3.25 34.75 5.75 18.5 23.25 325

2 Colleges 3.5 - 4.25 - 0.75 0.75 - - - 0.25 9.5

Total 98 3 112 10 27 4 35 6 19 24 335

Table 2

Contd.

Summary of Human Resource of Government R&D CentersNo Research

InstitutePhD 2nd Deg 1st Deg Tech

nAux. Total

M F M F M F

1 EIAR 91 4 187 31 215 13 298 1527 2369

2 ARRARI 10 - 63 5 134 9 137 537 895

3 ORARI 14 - 62 2 117 1 180 715 1091

4 TARI 5 - 27 - 29 5 37 35 138

5 SRARI 11 - 24 - 48 4 83 233 403

6 SORPARI - - 11 - 34 - 17 45 107

7 MoARD 8 - 22 1 10 2 41 96 180

8 GARI/C 1 - 3 1 13 1 13 5 37

9 Inst in around A.A

21 - 56 14 37 13 131 222 497

TOTAL 161

7 455 54 637 47 937 3415 5717

Contd. Table 3

Field of Science

PhD 2nd Deg 1st Deg Sub TotalTotalM F M F M F M F

Natural Science

21 1 63 10 43 7 127 18 145

Engineering & Technology

2 - 7 - 13 1 22 1 23

Medical Science

4 2 15 5 8 4 27 11 38

Agricultural Science

132 4 358 38 560 34 1050 76 1126

Social Science 2 - 12 1 13 1 27 2 29

Humanities - - - - - - - - -

Others/not specified

- - - - - - - - -

Total 161 7 455 54 637 47 1253 108 1361

Table 4

Human Resources in Gov’t R&D Centers by field of studies

Field of Sciences

PhD 2nd Deg 1st Deg Sub totalTotalM F M F M F M F

Natural Science 76 3 49 3 5 - 130 6 136

Engineering & Technology

73 2 45 1 13 - 131 3 134

Medical Science 15 1 84 8 30 4 129 13 142

Agricultural Science 101 - 110 10 41 3 252 13 265

Social Science 39 2 84 6 14 6 137 14 151

Humanities 8 0 27 1 0 0 35 1 36

Others/not Specified - - - - - - - - -

Total 312 8 399 29 103 13 814 50 864

Summary of Human Resources by Field of Sciences of Higher Learning Institutions

Table 6

- Government R&D Expenditure (Birr)

R&D Expenditure of Government S&T Service Institutions

Government Foreign Grant

Own Fund Total

Federal STS Centers

448,875,653.15 8,524,651.45 21,807,500.00 479,207,804.6

Regional STS Centers

18,350,899.00 3,116,888.51 - 21,467,787.51

Total 467,226,552.15 11,641,539.96 21,807,500.00 500,675,592.11

Table 7

Summary of Financial Resources of R & D and Higher Learning Organization

NO

R & D Institutions

Government

Foreign grant

Foreign loan

Own fund Others Total

1 R & D org. 199,707,738.89

46,826,648.69 1,579,739.46

570,000.00 1,306,773.00

249,990,900.04

2 Higher Learning

12,781,750.69

33,128,774.17 - 125,000.00 148,042.96 46,183,567.82

Total 212,489,489.58

79,955,422.86

1,579,739.46

695,000.00

1,454,815.96

296,174,467.86

Contd.

Table 8

Government R&D Expenditure (comparison with Previous Year)

No Research Institute

Source of Finance

Year 2005 Year 2007 Perc

Total Government 123,522,576.00 199,707,737.00

Foreign 36,053,890.00 47,850,841.00

Own fund 0 570,000.00

Others 0 1,836,318.41

Total 159,576,466.00

249,954,898.00

Contd.

Table 9

• Analysis of key issues (what are they)None

International comparisons

4. Principal Findings

• Government R&D expenditure/GDP = 0.2%

• No. of researchers/million = 20

ConclusionOutput of the Survey • Updated information collected • Developed R&D profiles, STS and higher education• Comparison of R&D 2007 data with 2005 was made• Awareness creation and raising• draft of the report developed• First draft of the report developed

Challenges • Shortage of trained personnel to interpret the result of the

survey.

Table 10

The Way forward• Identify the number of researchers by their field of

specialization• Profile of lab equipment • Inclusion of Development institutions, Private sector,

NGOs.• Regular budget allocation for the Survey• Employing professionals on permanent basis• Updating the information regularly • Profile of S&T activities• Create mechanisms of incentive for surveyor and data

supplier to increase the availability & allocability of S&T information.

• Avail the analyzed of the survey for the meaningful\ decision of policy makers.

• Analysis of key issues (what are they)None

• International comparisonsNone

4. Principal Findings• Government R&D expenditure/GDP =

0.2%• No. of researchers/million = 20

5. Resource Allocation for the survey• Over 200,000.00 Birr