Active Reading Note-Taking Guide · PDF fileChapter 10: The Age of Jackson Section 10-1: ... Section 10-2: The Removal of ... I believe that this Active Reading Note-Taking Guide

Active Reading Note-Taking GuideSTUDENT WORKBOOK

DOUGLAS FISHER, PH.D.SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproducethe material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use;be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with The American Journey to World War I. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without writtenpermission from the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN 0-07-870384-0

Printed in the United States of America.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 09 08 07 06 05

Douglas Fisher, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department ofTeacher Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipientof an International Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Awardas well as a Christa McAuliffe award for excellence in teacher edu-cation. He has published numerous articles on reading and literacy,differentiated instruction, and curriculum design as well as books,such as Improving Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work and ResponsiveCurriculum Design in Secondary Schools: Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught a variety of courses in SDSU’s teacher-credentialing program as well as graduate-level courses on Englishlanguage development and literacy. He has also taught classes in English, writing, and literacy development to secondary school students.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

iii

Letter to the Student. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Chapter 1: Expanding HorizonsSection 1-1: Age of Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Section 1-2: Rise of Modern Capitalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Section 1-3: The Enlightenment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Chapter 2: Road to IndependenceSection 2-1: Founding the American Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Section 2-2: Life in Colonial America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Section 2-3: Trouble in the Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Section 2-4: War of Independence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Chapter 3: A More Perfect UnionSection 3-1: The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Section 3-2: Convention and Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Section 3-3: A New Plan of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Chapter 4: The ConstitutionSection 4-1: Goals of the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Section 4-2: The Federal Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Section 4-3: Citizens’ Rights and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Chapter 5: The Federalist EraSection 5-1: The First President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Section 5-2: Early Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Section 5-3: The First Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Chapter 6: The Age of JeffersonSection 6-1: The Republicans Take Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Section 6-2: The Louisiana Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Section 6-3: Daily Life in Early America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Chapter 7: Foreign Affairs in the Early RepublicSection 7-1: A Time of Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Section 7-2: The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Section 7-3: Foreign Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Chapter 8: The Northeast: Building IndustrySection 8-1: Economic Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Section 8-2: A System of Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Section 8-3: The North’s People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Section 8-4: Reforms and Reformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Section 8-5: The Women’s Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Chapter 9: The SouthSection 9-1: Southern Cotton Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Section 9-2: Life in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Section 9-3: The Peculiar Institution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

iv

Chapter 10: The Age of JacksonSection 10-1: Jacksonian Democracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Section 10-2: The Removal of Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Section 10-3: Jackson and the Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Chapter 11: Manifest DestinySection 11-1: Westward to the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Section 11-2: Independence for Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Section 11-3: War With Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Section 11-4: New Settlers in California and Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Chapter 12: Road to Civil WarSection 12-1: Abolitionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Section 12-2: Slavery and the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Section 12-3: A Nation Dividing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Section 12-4: Challenges to Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220Section 12-5: Secession and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Chapter 13: The Civil WarSection 13-1: The Two Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Section 13-2: Early Years of the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234Section 13-3: A Call to Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Section 13-4: Life During the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Section 13-5: The Way to Victory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Chapter 14: ReconstructionSection 14-1: Reconstruction Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Section 14-2: Radicals in Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Section 14-3: The South During Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Section 14-4: Change in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Chapter 15: The Western FrontierSection 15-1: The Mining Booms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Section 15-2: Ranchers and Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Section 15-3: Native American Struggles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Section 15-4: Farmers in Protest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Chapter 16: The Growth of IndustrySection 16-1: Railroads Lead the Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297Section 16-2: Inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302Section 16-3: The Age of Big Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Section 16-4: Industrial Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Chapter 17: America Enters a New CenturySection 17-1: The New Immigrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Section 17-2: Moving to the City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Section 17-3: A Changing Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Section 17-4: The Progressive Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Section 17-5: A Changing Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

v

To the StudentTo the Student

Can you believe it? The start of another school year is uponyou. How exciting to be learning about different cultures,historical events, and unique places in your social studiesclass! I believe that this Active Reading Note-Taking Guidewill help you as you learn about your community, nation,and world.

Note-Taking and Student Success

Did you know that the ability to takenotes helps you become a better student?Research suggests that good notes help youbecome more successful on tests becausethe act of taking notes helps you rememberand understand content.This Active ReadingNote-Taking Guide is a tool that you canuse to achieve this goal. I’d like to sharesome of the features of this Active ReadingNote-Taking Guide with you before youbegin your studies.

The Cornell Note-Taking System

First, you will notice that the pages in theActive Reading Note-Taking Guide arearranged in two columns, which will helpyou organize your thinking.This two-columndesign is based on the Cornell Note-Taking System, developed at CornellUniversity.The column on the left side ofthe page highlights the main ideas andvocabulary of the lesson.This column willhelp you find information and locate thereferences in your textbook quickly.Youcan also use this column to sketch drawingsthat further help you visually remember thelesson’s information. In the column on theright side of the page, you will write detailednotes about the main ideas and vocabulary.

The notes you take in this column will helpyou focus on the important information inthe lesson.As you become more comfort-able using the Cornell Note-TakingSystem, you will see that it is an importanttool that helps you organize information.

The Importance of Graphic Organizers

Second, there are many graphic organiz-ers in this Active Reading Note-TakingGuide. Graphic organizers allow you to seethe lesson’s important information in a visu-al format. In addition, graphic organizershelp you understand and summarize infor-mation, as well as remember the content.

Research-Based Vocabulary Development

Third, you will notice that vocabulary isintroduced and practiced throughout theActive Reading Note-Taking Guide.Whenyou know the meaning of the words usedto discuss information, you are able tounderstand that information better.Also,you are more likely to be successful inschool when you have vocabulary knowl-edge.When researchers study successfulstudents, they find that as students acquirevocabulary knowledge, their ability to learnimproves.The Active Reading Note-Taking

vi

To the StudentTo the Student

Guide focuses on learning words that arevery specific to understanding the contentof your textbook. It also highlights generalacademic words that you need to know sothat you can understand any textbook.Learning new vocabulary words will helpyou succeed in school.

Writing Prompts and Note-Taking

Finally, there are a number of writingexercises included in this Active ReadingNote-Taking Guide. Did you know thatwriting helps you to think more clearly? It’strue.Writing is a useful tool that helps youknow if you understand the information inyour textbook. It helps you assess what youhave learned.

You will see that many of the writingexercises require you to practice the skillsof good readers. Good readers make con-

nections between their lives and the textand predict what will happen next in thereading. They question the information andthe author of the text, clarify informationand ideas, and visualize what the text issaying. Good readers also summarize theinformation that is presented and makeinferences or draw conclusions about thefacts and ideas.

I wish you well as you begin anotherschool year. This Active Reading Note-Taking Guide is designed to help youunderstand the information in your socialstudies class. The guide will be a valuabletool that will also provide you with skillsyou can use throughout your life.

I hope you have a successful school year.

Sincerely,

Douglas Fisher

Chapter 1, Section 1 1

Chapter 1, Section 1

Age of Exploration(Pages 80–89)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What ideas led Europeans to explore overseas?• How did the Portuguese start a new era of exploration?• What rival countries explored North America?

As you read pages 81–89 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show the

causes of European exploration.

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Causes of EuropeanExploration

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As you read, complete the following sentences. Doing sowill help you summarize the section.

1. Marco Polo inspired a new European age of .

Merchants soon realized they could make a fortune selling goods from

.

2. Merchants along the Atlantic Ocean looked for new routes to East Asia

that would the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle

East. Strong sought ways to increase trade and

make their countries stronger.

3. Accurate were necessary for European voyages of

exploration.The , a Chinese invention, allowed

sailors to determine their location when they were far from land.

Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.

Explain why this person is important.

2 Chapter 1, Section 1

technology

astrolabe

Marco Polo

Europe Gets Ready to Explore (pages 81–83)

Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

Why were Marco Polo’s travels to China important?

As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Reviewyour statement when you have finished reading and reviseas needed.

Define or describe the following term from this lesson.


circumnavigate

design

culture

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Exploring the World (pages 84–85)

Briefly describe the following place.

Explain why these people are important.

How did the success of Portugal’s voyages of explorationinfluence Spain?

To preview this section, first skim the section. Then write asentence or two explaining what you think you will learn.After you have finished reading, revise your statements asnecessary.


Christopher Columbus

Vasco da Gama

Portugal

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Bartholomeu Dias

Building Empires (pages 86–89)





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conquistador

pueblo

mission

presidio

encomienda

Northwest Passage

Tenochtitlán

Montezuma

How were the Spanish able to defeat the mighty Aztec andInca empires?

Now that you have read the section, write the answers tothe questions that were included in Setting a Purpose forReading at the beginning of the lesson.

What ideas led Europeans to explore overseas?

How did the Portuguese start a new era of exploration?

What rival countries explored North America?

Advances in sailing technology enabled explorers to sailfarther from land than ever before. Research the astrolabeor another advancement mentioned in the text. On a sepa-rate sheet of paper, write an expository essay explaininghow the device was used.


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Rise of Modern Capitalism(Pages 90-97)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How were businesses able to finance trade?• Why was it important for nations to establish new colonies?• Why were exploration and trade important?

As you read pages 91–97 in your textbook, complete the chart identifying

changes in trade, banking, and settlement that occurred during this period.

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Trade

Banking

Settlement

Changes

The Commercial Revolution formed the basis for modernfinancial and business life. As you read, identify some ofthe changes that made the Commercial Revolution possible.




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The Commercial Revolution (pages 91–93)

Commercial

Revolution

capitalism

joint-stock company

entrepreneur

The Fugger Family

The Medici Family


What was the advantage of investing in a joint-stock company?

As you read, consider whether mercantilism would encour-age nations to get along, or increase rivalries. Summarizeyour thoughts in a paragraph.


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finance

funds

assist

Government and Trade (pages 94–95)


Briefly describe the following places.

Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson.

How did mercantilism increase the wealth of countries likeSpain?


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mercantilism

bullion

colony

Venice

Genoa

export

Complete this outline as you read.

I. What goods were traded as part of the Columbian Exchange?

A. From Europe

__________________________________________________________

B. From the Americas

__________________________________________________________

II. What cultural influences were spread by the Europeans?

A. __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

III. Identify some of the crops raised on plantations using slave labor.

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________




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Global Exchange (pages 95–97)

Columbian Exchange

Bartolomé de Las Casas

How did the slave trade come into being?


How were businesses able to finance trade?

Why was it important for nations to establish new colonies?

Why were exploration and trade important?

Capitalism is the basis of the economic system in theUnited States and in most parts of the industrialized worldtoday. On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparativeessay describing both the advantages and disadvantagesof the capitalist system.


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The Enlightenment(Pages 98-107)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Where did many of our modern ideas and beliefs originate?• How did the Renaissance change learning?• In what ways was political thought influenced by science and reason?

As you read pages 99–107 in your textbook, list changes in politics, religion,

and science.

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Changes

Politics

Religion

Science

As you read, fill in the chart below to identify one importantidea that came from each of the main groups discussed inthe text.




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Europe’s Heritage of Ideas (pages 99–101)

Group Idea

Greeks

Romans

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

rule of law

covenant

theology

Greece

Rome


What was the importance of the Ten Commandments?

As you read, place the following events in the correct orderby numbering them in the spaces provided.

1. English Bill of Rights

2. Renaissance begins

3. Locke writes Two Treatises of Civil Government

4. Puritans establish colonies in North America

5. Henry VIII replaces the pope as head of the church in England

6. Luther breaks from the Catholic Church




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Thomas Aquinas

New Ideas (pages 102–103)

Renaissance

Martin Luther


You used this term earlier. Now use it in a sentence thatreflects the term’s meaning in this lesson.

How did religious changes affect the governments ofEurope?


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John Calvin

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

pursue

document

contract

colonies(Chapter 1, Section 2)


1. Scientific thought was influenced by the English thinker

. He established the that is still

the process used in scientific research today.

2. The Age of led to the belief that

was a better guide than or .

3. Montesquieu believed that government was best when there was

. By separating government into three branches,

, , and , he

believed that government could not become too powerful.





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A New View of the World (pages 105–107)

scientific method

philosophe

Charles de Montesquieu

major

What were the ideas of Charles de Montesquieu?


Where did many of our modern ideas and beliefs originate?

How did the Renaissance change learning?

In what ways was political thought influenced by science and reason?

The Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights introducedmany important ideas about government. Research thedetails of how one of these important agreements cameabout. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrativeessay explaining how ideas from this important documentmay have influenced colonial leaders.


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Founding the American Colonies(Pages 116–124)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What nations founded colonies in North America?• Where was the first permanent English settlement in North America?• What were the names of some of the thirteen English colonies?

As you read pages 117–124 in your textbook, complete this diagram with

the name of three different colonies and details on why or how each colony

was settled.

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Colony Reasons the colony was settled

North America provided new opportunities for Europeannations. Before you read, skim the passage. Make a note ofany points that support this statement. After you read, fillin additional information that supports this statement.


Name several early Spanish settlements in North America.

As you read about the first settlements in Virginia, recordyour responses to the following questions. Why do youthink the story of Roanoke was so discouraging? What doyou imagine life was like in Jamestown? How would youfeel if your family moved to a new place where you had tobuild your house and grow your own food?


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Settlements in America (page 117)

Samuel de Champlain

The Virginia Colony (page 119)



Who was John Smith? How did he help the Virginia settlers?

As you read, select three of the colonies discussed in thispassage. Record the name of each colony and identify sev-eral unique characteristics about each colony in a chartlike the one below.


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charter

burgess

survive

Colony Characteristics

The 13 English Colonies (pages 120–124)




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Mayflower Compact

constitution

toleration

dissenter

persecute

diversity

debtor

New England Colonies

Middle Colonies

Southern Colonies



What was Maryland’s Act of Toleration, and why was itimportant?


What nations founded colonies in North America?


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Roger Williams

William Penn

military

Where was the first permanent English settlement in North America?

What were the names of some of the thirteen English colonies?

Many of the early settlers in North America were fleeingreligious persecution. Research one of the groups, such asthe Quakers or the Puritans. Then on a separate sheet ofpaper, write a descriptive paragraph that explains thebeliefs and practices that made this group unique.


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Life in Colonial America(Pages 125–133)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How were the colonies able to grow?• What influenced the development of American culture?• Why did the British seek to control the American colonies?

As you read pages 126–133 in your textbook, use a chart like the one below to

describe the differences in the economies of New England, the Middle Colonies,

and the Southern Colonies.

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Economic Development

New England Middle Colonies Southern Colonies

As you read, write three questions about the main ideaspresented in this passage. After you have finished reading,write the answers to these questions.

1.

2.

3.



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The Colonies Grow (pages 126–127)

subsistence farming

triangular trade

cash crop

indentured servant

overseer


Why were the Southern Colonies especially well suited forgrowing cash crops?

As you read, write three details about how the newAmerican culture developed. Then write a general state-ment summarizing this new culture.

1.

2.

3.


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New York City

Philadelphia

An Emerging Culture (pages 128–129)


What was the Enlightenment, and what effect did it have inthe colonies?

Fill in unique characteristics or information about eachtype of colony as you read.

I. Charter Colonies

A.

__________________________________________________________

B.

__________________________________________________________

II. Proprietary Colonies

A.

__________________________________________________________

B.

__________________________________________________________

III. Royal Colonies

A.

__________________________________________________________

B.

__________________________________________________________


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adapt

Colonial Government (pages 130–131)



How did charter colonies and proprietary colonies differ?


How were the colonies able to grow?


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charter colony

proprietary colony

royal colony

principle

What influenced the development of American culture?

Why did the British seek to control the American colonies?

The early American colonies enjoyed some self-government,but they were mainly controlled by Britain. On a separatesheet of paper, write a persuasive essay as if you were amember of Britain’s government, explaining why it isimportant for Britain to retain control over the colonies.


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Trouble in the Colonies(Pages 134-141)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why did the British government prevent colonists from moving west after

the French and Indian War? Why did they tax the colonists to pay for thewar?

• How did the colonists respond to the new tax laws and increased militarypresence of the British government?

• Where were the first battles of the American Revolution? Why was theBritish military on the march?

As you read pages 135–141 in your textbook, create a diagram like the one

below to describe how the Intolerable Acts affected Massachusetts colonists.

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Intolerable Acts


1. Proclamation of 1763

2. Townshend Acts

3. Sugar Act

4. French and Indian War

5. Stamp Act




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New British Policies (pages 135–136)

import

smuggling

boycott

repeal

convince

violate

What was the Proclamation of 1763, and why did it angerAmerican colonists?

As you read, consider how you would have felt if you had been a tea merchant in colonial Boston. What mightyour reaction to the Tea Act have been? Summarize yourthoughts in a paragraph below.




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Tax Protests Lead to Revolt (pages 137–138)

Crispus Attucks

Samuel Adams

correspond

Why were American colonists especially angry with the Tea Act?

As you read, complete the following sentences. Doing sowill help you summarize “A Call to Arms.”

1. The consisted of major political leaders from each

of the .

2. Congress called for a of the thirteen acts passed by

Parliament.They also decided to form to protect

the colonies in case of war.

3. The British marched to to seize

and that were stored there.They met resistance

from the who were prepared to fight them.



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A Call to Arms (pages 139–141)

resolution

militia

minutemen


What is a militia?


Why did the British government prevent colonists from moving west afterthe French and Indian War? Why did they tax the colonists to pay for thewar?


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John Adams

Patrick Henry

George Washington

King George III

Paul Revere

How did the colonists respond to the new tax laws and increased militarypresence of the British government?

Where were the first battles of the American Revolution? Why was theBritish military on the march?

Though many colonists were outraged by the actions of the British government, they faced many potential dangersin going to war. On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparative essay describing the advantages and disad-vantages of fighting against Britain.


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War of Independence(Pages 149-157)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did colonial leaders plan to fight against the British military?• What specific rights did the Declaration of Independence cite as the basis

for colonial independence?• What impact did the American victory in the Revolutionary War have

around the world?


below. List the reasons why the Americans were able to defeat the British in the

Revolutionary War.

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Reasons for the British defeat

As you read, list the actions of the Continental Congressand those of King George III. Based on the actions you list,write a short paragraph on another sheet of paper evalu-ating the actions of each group. Use specific examplesfrom your list to support your opinion.



How did the Battle of Bunker Hill change British expecta-tions about the war?


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Continental Congress King George III

Moving Toward Independence (page 150)

petition

Thomas Paine

The Declaration of Independence drew many of its ideasfrom earlier documents and writings. As you read, recordthese influential documents on a web like the one below.


What does the preamble to the Declaration of Independencestate?

To preview this section, first skim the section. Then write a sentence or two explaining what you think you willlearn. After you finish reading, revise your statements asnecessary.


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The Colonies Declare Independence (page 152)

Influential

documents for

the Declaration

of Independence

preamble

The American Revolution (pages 153–157)





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Patriots

neutral

Loyalists

guerrilla warfare

Bernardo de Gálvez

Marquis de Lafayette

John Paul Jones

challenge

secure

Why was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the war?


How did colonial leaders plan to fight against the British military?

What specific rights did the Declaration of Independence cite as the basisfor colonial independence?


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technique

occupy

What impact did the American victory in the Revolutionary War havearound the world?

Research the winter encampment at Valley Forge in 1777.On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrative essayfrom the viewpoint of someone who lived through thesedifficult conditions.


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The Articles ofConfederation(Pages 178-185)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What happened to the states after signing the Declaration of

Independence?• Why was it important for the states to have a central government?• What problems were created by weaknesses in the Articles of

Confederation?

As you read pages 179–185 in your textbook, draw a diagram like the one below.

In each oval, list a power you think a national government should have.

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nc. Powers of

Government

As you read the story of Quock Walker, record yourresponses. What do you think about the story? What questions do you have? After reading the section, write a paragraph summarizing your response to the story.





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Thirteen Independent States (page 179)

popular sovereignty

bicameral

interpret

constitution(Chapter 2, Section 1)

Describe the branches of the new state government.

Why was the Confederation of States considered a weakgovernment? As you read, look for hints or ideas that sup-port this idea. Record the hints you find in the web below.



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Forming the New Government (pages 180–182)

Was the

Confederation weak?

confederation

sovereignty

ratify

ordinance



What was the purpose of the Northwest Ordinance?

As you read, write three details about the troubles facedby the Confederation government. Then write a generalstatement on the basis of these details.

1.

2.

3.


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Appalachian Mountains

Northwest Territory

authority

Trouble on Two Fronts (pages 183–185)




Why did Spain close the lower Mississippi River to Americantrade?


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right of deposit

Robert Morris

John Jay

Loyalists(Chapter 2, Section 4)


What happened to the states after signing the Declaration ofIndependence?

Why was it important for the states to have a central government?

What problems were created by weaknesses in the Articles ofConfederation?

Although the Articles of Confederation had many weak-nesses, it did manage to tie together the individual statesat a critical time in our nation’s history. On a separatesheet of paper, write a comparative essay highlighting the strengths and the weaknesses of the Articles ofConfederation.


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Convention and Compromise(Pages 193-201)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What were some of the problems facing the Confederation?• Who were some of the leaders who worked to produce a new

Constitution?• Why was there a deadlock over the form of the new government? How

did the Constitutional Convention break that deadlock?


below. Describe the role each individual played in creating the new plan

of government.

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Person Roles

Edmund Randolph

James Madison

Roger Sherman


1.

2.

3.




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Troubles Under the Articles (pages 194–196)

depression

manumission

Daniel Shays


You used these terms earlier. Now use them in a sentencethat reflects the term’s meaning in this lesson.

Why did Madison and Hamilton call for a convention in 1787?


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James Madison

Alexander Hamilton

participate

currency

levy

sovereignty(Chapter 3, Section 1)

Confederation(Chapter 3, Section 1)

As you read, in the table below list the key points of eachplan proposed during the Constitutional Convention. Basedon those key points, write a short paragraph on a sepa-rate sheet of paper evaluating the strengths of each plan.





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Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan

The Constitutional Convention (pages 197–199)

proportional

Gouverneur Morris

Edmund Randolph

regulate

Why did some delegates criticize the Virginia Plan?


1. The Great proposed a two-house .

The lower house, called the , gave each state

a number of seats that varied in proportion to the state’s

.

2. The Three-Fifths Compromise counted each

as three-fifths of a for and

representation.

3. George Mason wanted a included to

the rights of individuals.




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Compromise Wins Out (pages 199–201)

compromise

Roger Sherman


Who refused to sign the Constitution? Explain why.


What were some of the problems facing the Confederation?

Who were some of the leaders who worked to produce a newConstitution?

Why was there a deadlock over the form of the new government? Howdid the Constitutional Convention break that deadlock?

Compromise is an important part of politics, and manycompromises were necessary to write the Constitution.Select a side in the argument over state representation(that is, equal representation or representation propor-tional to each state’s population). On a separate sheet ofpaper, write a persuasive essay explaining why you thinkyour plan is the best course of action.


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adequate



A New Plan of Government(Pages 202-207)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What ideas influenced the creation of the Constitution?• What is the purpose of the Constitution?• How did Americans react to the Constitution?


below to explain how the system of checks and balances works.

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Has check or

balance over Example

President

Congress

Supreme Court




What is a republic?


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Roots of the Constitution (page 203)

Enlightenment

promote


I. Executive Branch Powers

A.

__________________________________________________________

B.

__________________________________________________________

II. Legislative Branch Powers

A.

__________________________________________________________

B.

__________________________________________________________

III. Judicial Branch Powers

A.

__________________________________________________________

B.

__________________________________________________________



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The Federal System (pages 204–205)

federalism

article

legislative branch


Why does the Constitution divide government poweramong the legislative, executive, and judicial branches?

Some Americans were opposed to the proposedConstitution. Before you read, skim the passage. Make anote of any points that support this statement. After youread, go back and fill in additional information.


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executive branch

judicial branch

checks and balances

conduct

The Debate Over Ratification (pages 206–207)



According to the Antifederalists, why was a bill of rightsimportant?


What ideas influenced the creation of the Constitution?


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ratify

Federalist

Antifederalist

John Jay

Mercy Otis Warren

What is the purpose of the Constitution?

How did Americans react to the Constitution?

The United States Constitution established one of the mosteffective and enduring forms of government ever known.On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essaythat explains why the Constitution is so unique.


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Goals of the Constitution(Pages 218-225)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What six goals are identified by the Preamble to the Constitution?• What are the seven major principles upon which the Constitution is

based?• Why did the Framers purposely allow for the Constitution to be altered?

As you read pages 219–225 in your textbook, use a diagram like the one below

to list the seven major principles on which the Constitution is based.

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Major PrinciplesBehind the

Constitution

The Preamble of the Constitution is important because itestablishes six goals for the government. As you read,record each of the six goals on a web like the one below.



What is the purpose of the Preamble?


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Goals of the Constitution (pages 219–221)

Preamble

Six goals for the

United States

Government

function

cooperate

As you read this passage, write down why each of the sevenmajor principles outlined in the Constitution is important.

1. popular sovereignty

2. republicanism

3. limited government

4. federalism

5. separation of powers

6. checks and balances

7. individual rights



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Major Principles (pages 221–223)

popular sovereignty

republicanism

federalism


What is popular sovereignty and why is it important?


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reserved powers

concurrent powers

amendment

checks and balances

(Chapter 3, Section 3)

enumerated powers

As you read, write three details that explain how theConstitution is a “living” document. Then write a generalstatement on the basis of these details.

1.

2.

3.




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A Living Constitution (pages 224–225)

implied powers

judicial review

anticipate

You used these terms earlier. Now use each in a sentencethat reflects the term’s meaning in this lesson.

What are implied powers?


What six goals are identified by the Preamble to the Constitution?

What are the seven major principles upon which the Constitution is based?


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ratify(Chapter 3, Section 3)

executive branch


judicial branch


Why did the Framers purposely allow for the Constitution to be altered?

The Preamble to the Constitution establishes six goals of the government. Read those goals, then on a separatesheet of paper, write a persuasive essay explaining how well you think the government meets those goals. If possible, provide examples that support your premise.


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The Federal Government(Pages 226-233)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Which branch of the government is responsible for making laws?• What are the responsibilities of the executive branch?• How is the judicial branch composed?


to list some of the responsibilities and powers of Congress.

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Congress


I. Composition of Congress

A. House of Representatives

B. Senate

II. Role of Congress

A.

B.

C.

D.

III. Approval Process of a Bill

A.

B.

C.

D.



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appropriate

impeach

constituent

The Legislative Branch (pages 227–228)


List the basic steps of how a bill becomes a law.


1. The president acts as chief diplomat, directing and

negotiating .

2. The president can use the at home or around the

world, but he cannot declare .This power is granted

to .

3. The Department of is responsible for planning

and carrying out .The Department of the

is responsible for the nation’s public lands

and .



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monitor

The Executive Branch (pages 229–230)

intervene

What is the president’s cabinet?

As you read, write one question about each level of thejudicial branch. When you have finished reading, write theanswer to each of your questions.

1.

2.

3.


How is the court system organized?


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The Judicial Branch (pages 230–233)

assume


Which branch of the government is responsible for making laws?

What are the responsibilities of the executive branch?

How is the judicial branch composed?

Research a recent bill that has been made into law. On aseparate sheet of paper, write an expository essay thatexplains the law, who introduced the bill, and the processit went through to become law.


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Citizens’ Rights andResponsibilities(Pages 234-239)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What rights do Americans have?• What is the difference between a duty and a responsibility?

As you read pages 235–239 in your textbook, draw a chart like the one below

and fill in some of the rights, duties, and responsibilities of American citizens.

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Rights Duties Responsibilities




What is due process of law?


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Rights of American Citizens (pages 235–236)

due process of law

involve

To preview this section, first skim the section. Next, writea sentence or two explaining what you think you willlearn. After you have finished reading, revise your state-ments as necessary.



What is naturalization?


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Citizen Participation (pages 236–239)

citizen

naturalization

diminish

environment


What rights do Americans have?

What is the difference between a duty and a responsibility?

Everyone over the age of eighteen has the right to vote, yetfew young people exercise their right to vote. On a sepa-rate sheet of paper, write a persuasive essay explainingwhy it is important to vote.


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The First President(Pages 278-284)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What was accomplished during Washington’s administration?• How did Alexander Hamilton try to fix the financial problems of the new

government?


to list the actions taken by Congress and Washington’s first administration.

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Actions

Washington’s First Administration Congress

Washington’s administration was important to the newnation for many reasons. Before you read, skim the pas-sage. Make a note of any points that support this state-ment. After you read, go back and fill in additionalinformation about this administration.




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President Washington (pages 279–281)

precedent

cabinet

Thomas Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton

Henry Knox



Why was the Bill of Rights created?


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Edmund Randolph

John Jay

ultimate

structure

confirm

amendment(Chapter 4, Section 1)

In what ways did Hamilton try to strengthen the economy?As you read, look for hints or ideas that support this idea.Record the hints you find in the web below.





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Strengthening the

economy

Strengthening the Economy (pages 281–284)

national debt

bond

speculator

unconstitutional

tariff

Washington,D.C.

revenue


Summarize the arguments for and against protective tariffs.


What was accomplished during Washington’s administration?

How did Alexander Hamilton try to fix the financial problems of the newgovernment?

The Bill of Rights is an essential means of protecting indi-vidual rights. Research the Bill of Rights and on a sepa-rate sheet of paper, write an expository essay of three to four paragraphs explaining how two or more of theseimportant amendments directly affect your life.


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compromise(Chapter 3, Section 2)



Early Challenges(Pages 285-289)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What resulted from Hamilton’s taxes?• What problems did the new government face in the West?• What was President Washington’s stance on American involvement in for-

eign affairs? Why?

As you read pages 286–289 in your textbook, re-create the diagram below and

list results of government actions during the early Republic.

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Government Action Results

Treaty of Greenville

Proclamation of Neutrality

Jay’s Treaty

Pinckney’s Treaty

As you read about the Whiskey Rebellion, record yourresponses. What do you think of this incident? What ques-tions do you have? After reading the section, write a shortparagraph summarizing your response to the story.



How did the Whiskey Rebellion affect the way governmenthandled protesters?


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The Whiskey Rebellion (page 286)

transport

maintain

national debt(Chapter 5, Section 1)


1. Native Americans who lived between the and

the were armed and encouraged to fight by the

and the .

2. Over 600 American soldiers were defeated in a battle near the

. The Battle of saw the defeat of

over Native Americans and crushed their hopes

of keeping their .



Why did President Washington send troops to the NorthwestTerritory?


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Struggle Over the West (page 287)

Fallen Timbers

Anthony Wayne


1.

2.

3.




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Problems With Europe (pages 288–289)

neutrality

impressment

New Orleans


What was the impact of Washington’s Farewell Address?


What resulted from Hamilton’s taxes?

What problems did the new government face in the West?


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Thomas Pinckney

Edmond Genêt

What was President Washington’s stance on American involvement in for-eign affairs? Why?

Despite Washington’s warning against political parties,our government continues to be dominated by them today.Research the platforms of the present-day Democratic andRepublican parties, then on a separate sheet of paper, writea comparative essay contrasting their different views onhow government should serve the people.


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The First Political Parties(Pages 290-297)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why did political parties emerge in America?• What was the result of the dispute with France during John Adams’s

presidency?

As you read pages 291–297, create a diagram like the one below. List important

issues and the different viewpoints of the Federalists and the Democratic-

Republicans.

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Issue Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Role of federal government

As you read, take notes describing how Americans viewedPresident Washington. Use your notes to answer this question: Was George Washington criticized as president?Explain your answer.




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Opposing Views (pages 291–293)

partisan

implied powers

caucus

Philip Freneau



Which political party would a Boston factory owner mostlikely support?


1. France agrees to a treaty ending attacks on American ships

2. Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Congress

3. The XYZ Affair causes the president to urge Congress to preparefor war

4. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799 declareAlien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional


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distinct

contrast

Federalist(Chapter 3, Section 3)

President John Adams (pages 293–297)






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alien

sedition

nullify

states’ rights

Charles de Talleyrand

accompany

assign

naturalization(Chapter 4, Section 3)

How did the peace agreement with France affect theFederalists?


Why did political parties emerge in America?

What was the result of the dispute with France during John Adams’s presidency?

In 1796, the runner-up in the presidential election becamethe vice-president. Do you think this is a good idea? On aseparate sheet of paper, write a persuasive essay arguingfor or against this policy.


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The Republicans Take Power(Pages 306-309)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What did the election of 1800 prove?• What did Jefferson work to do during his presidency?

As you read pages 307–309, use a diagram like the one shown here to identify

actions the Democratic-Republicans took once they gained the presidency.

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Democratic-RepublicanActions

As a Republican, Jefferson brought new ideas about gov-ernment to the office of the president. As you read, lookfor Jefferson’s views on government. Record the hints youfind on the web below.





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Jefferson Becomes President (page 307)

Jefferson’s ideas

about government

laissez-faire

Washington,D.C.

Potomac River

Thomas Jefferson

Aaron Burr


What does the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitutionrequire?

As you read about judicial review, write down its threeprinciples. After you are finished reading, write a sum-mary statement explaining why this was important to thejudicial branch.


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require

philosophy

Jefferson’s Policies (pages 308–309)




How did the changes that Jefferson made reflect his viewsabout government?


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AlbertGallatin

John Marshall

significant

ensure

judicial review


What did the election of 1800 prove?

What did Jefferson work to do during his presidency?

Jefferson believed in a small government. To reduce thenational debt, he scaled down the military. On a separatesheet of paper, write a comparative essay examining thepros and cons of this action at that time in U.S. history.


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The Louisiana Purchase(Pages 312-317)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What agreement was reached between France and Spain, and how did it

affect American trade?• What was the importance of the Louisiana Purchase?

As you read pages 313–317, re-create the diagram below and describe the areas

that Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike explored.

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Explorer Region explored

Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark

Zebulon Pike

As you read, write three details about the American pushinto the West. Then write a general statement about whythe Mississippi River was so important to Americans livingin the West.

1.

2.

3.




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Western Territory (page 313)

Conestoga wagon

Louisiana Territory

New Orleans


Why was the Mississippi River important to western farmers?


1. Lewis and Clark begin expedition

2. Aaron Burr shoots and kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel

3. Pike begins exploration of the upper Mississippi River valley

4. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory is ratified by the Senate

5. Lewis and Clark return from their expedition



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enormous

The Nation Expands (pages 314–317)

secede




Why did France sell the Louisiana Territory to the UnitedStates?


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St. Louis

Missouri River

Meriwether Lewis

William Clark

Sacagawea

Zebulon Pike

generation


What agreement was reached between France and Spain, and how did itaffect American trade?

What was the importance of the Louisiana Purchase?

Research the Lewis and Clark expedition. On a separatesheet of paper, write a narrative essay from the vantagepoint of one of the expedition members describing some ofthe discoveries made during the expedition.


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Daily Life in Early America(Pages 320-329)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why did nationalism begin to grow among Americans?• What was unique about American culture?• How did people live in different regions of the nation?• Why did settlers want to move west?

As you read pages 321–329, use a diagram like the one shown to list achieve-

ments in these fields.

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Achievements

Literature Art Music Architecture


1. A feeling of pride, called swept through the United

States. American society grew more as the ideas of

and influenced American life.

2. In Massachusetts and , public

provided free .

3. A religious revival called the encouraged people to

society.



What message was stressed by preachers during the SecondGreat Awakening?


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Creating a Democratic Society (pages 321–322)

nationalism

available

As you read, write three questions about the main ideaspresented in this passage. After you have finished reading,write the answers to your questions.

1.

2.

3.



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An American Culture (pages 322–325)

Washington Irving

James Fenimore

Cooper

George Caleb Bingham

Stephen C.Foster


What qualities did James Fenimore Cooper give his maincharacter?

As you read, list words and phrases that help you picturewhat life was like in either the North or the South. Imaginethat you lived in that region during the early 1800s. Writea short paragraph in your own words describing whatyou see around you.



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unique

A Rural Nation (pages 326–327)

planters


What crop was shipped from Southern ports?

As Americans moved west, Native Americans felt pushedout of their lands. Before you read, skim the passage.Make a note of any points that support this statement.After you read, go back and fill in additional information.



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occupy

contrary

conflict

migrate

Westward Movement (pages 328–329)

Why were people eager to move west?


Why did nationalism begin to grow among Americans?

What was unique about American culture?

How did people live in different regions of the nation?

Why did settlers want to move west?

Research frontier life in the early 1800s. On a separatesheet of paper, write a descriptive essay about the frontier lifestyle.


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A Time of Conflict(Pages 338-345)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did American trade change during the early 1800s?• What major issues faced James Madison when he was elected president?

As you read pages 339–345, re-create the diagram below and describe in the box

the actions the United States took in each of these situations.

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U.S. actions

Demand for tribute

Attack on Chesapeake

Tecumseh’s confederation

As you read, consider the dangers of sailing during theearly 1800s. Summarize your thoughts in a paragraph.




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Freedom of the Seas (pages 339–340)

tribute

neutral rights

impressment

embargo

Barbary Coast states

Virginia



How effective was the Embargo Act? Would such an act worktoday?

As you read the story of Tecumseh and his brother, theProphet, record your responses. What do you think of the way the Native Americans were treated? After readingthe section, write a short paragraph summarizing yourresponse to the story.


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Stephen Decatur

precedent(Chapter 5, Section 1)

War Fever (pages 341–345)






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War Hawks

nationalism

Ohio

Tecumseh

The Prophet

William Henry Harrison

Henry Clay

John Calhoun

resolve

Why did the War Hawks call for war with Britain?


How did American trade change during the early 1800s?

What major issues faced James Madison when he was elected president?

Research the Embargo Act of 1807 and its consequences.On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essaythat explains why Americans thought it would help andwhy it was ultimately so disastrous.


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guarantee

strategy

conclude



The War of 1812(Pages 353-359)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why was the United States unprepared for war with Britain?• What happened at the Battle of New Orleans?

As you read pages 354–359, re-create the diagram below and describe each

battle’s outcome.

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Battle Outcome

Lake Erie

Washington, D.C.

New Orleans


1.

2.

3.




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War Begins (pages 354–355)

frigate

privateer

Detroit

Lake Erie



Do you think the United States was prepared to wage war?Explain.


I. The British attack Washington, D.C.

A.

B.


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William Hull

Oliver Hazard Perry

Andrew Jackson

consist

assemble

The British Offensive (pages 356–359)

II. Baltimore

A.

B.

III. Plattsburgh

A.

B.

IV. Battle of New Orleans

A.

B.



Did the Treat of Ghent resolve any major issues? Explain.


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Francis Scott Key

economy


Why was the United States unprepared for war with Britain?

What happened at the Battle of New Orleans?

Research the frigates used by the U.S. Navy in the War of1812. On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptiveessay that explains how these and other ships were effec-tive in fighting the British navy.


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Foreign Relations(Pages 362-367)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What led to the spirit of nationalism that followed the War of 1812?• What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine?

As you read pages 363–367, create a diagram like the one below to list three

disputed territories in North America.

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Disputed Territories

As you read, write details about three of the disputed ter-ritories. Then write a general statement about why youthink the United States continued to expand.

1.

2.

3.



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Relations With European Powers (pages 363–365)

disarmament

demilitarize

court-martial




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Louisiana Territory

Oregon Country

Spanish East Florida

Mexico

James Monroe

John Quincy Adams

Andrew Jackson


Why was Andrew Jackson’s action considered by some to be unlawful?


1. controlled a vast empire including what is now the

southwestern United States. Portugal ruled .

2. Miguel Hidalgo led a against the

government of Mexico. He was defeated and .

A few years later, Mexico gained .

3. The declared that the American continents would

no longer be by powers. This

upheld Washington’s policy of avoiding with

European nations.


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The United States and Latin America (pages 366–367)

establish

demonstrate



What event led to the creation of the Monroe Doctrine?


What led to the spirit of nationalism that followed the War of 1812?


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Miguel Hidalgo

Simón Bolívar

José de San Martín

policy

What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine?

The Monroe Doctrine set a bold precedent for the youngnation. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expositoryessay explaining the Monroe Doctrine, its potential risks,and the advantages of such a bold stance againstEuropean nations.


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Economic Growth(Pages 382-387)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What led to changes in the way things were made?• What factors led to the growth of cities?

As you read pages 383–387, re-create the diagram below and describe in the

ovals the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

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Industrial Revolution


1.

2.

3.



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The Growth of Industry (pages 383–385)

free enterprise

technology

Industrial Revolution

capitalism

capital


Why were the first mills in Great Britain built near rivers?


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cotton gin

patent

factory system

interchangeableparts

Eli Whitney

Samuel Slater

Francis Cabot Lowell



Why did cities such as Pittsburgh and Louisville grow?


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A Changing Economy (pages 386–387)

percent

expand

concentrate


What led to changes in the way things were made?

What factors led to the growth of cities?

Research the cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney. On a sep-arate sheet of paper, write a descriptive essay explaininghow the invention worked.


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A System of Transportation(Pages 388-394)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What two important means of transportation improved to help the nation

expand?• How was the Erie Canal constructed?• Why did western settlers tend to settle near rivers?

As you read pages 389–394, re-create the diagram below and describe why each

was important to the nation’s growth.

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Significance

National Road

David Fitch

Erie Canal






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census

turnpike

Moving West (pages 389–390)

Hudson River

Albany

Robert Fulton


What advantages did steamboat travel have over wagon andhorse travel?

Canals had a major impact on the development of theUnited States. Before you read, skim the passage. Make anote of any points that support this statement. After youread, go back and fill in additional information.


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undertake

equip

Canals (pages 392–393)



What two cities did the Erie Canal connect?

As you read, list words and phrases that help you picturewhat life was like for pioneer families. Write a short paragraph in your own words describing what you seearound you.


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canal

lock

Lake Erie

Erie Canal

Western Settlement (pages 393–394)

Which states were formed between 1791 and 1803?


What two important means of transportation improved to help the nation expand?

How was the Erie Canal constructed?

Why did western settlers tend to settle near rivers?

Canals played an important role in helping the Americaneconomy grow. On a separate sheet of paper, write anexpository essay that explains why canals were so essen-tial to the growing economy.


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The North’s People(Pages 395-401)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why were reforms in working conditions needed as industrialism grew?• Why were some people opposed to the growing number of immigrants?

As you read pages 396–401, re-create the diagram below and list two reasons for

the growth of cities.

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Growth of Cities

Working conditions in factories during the 1840s wereoften dangerous. As you read, look for hints or ideas that support this idea. Record the hints you find in theweb below.




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Dangerous

working

conditions

Northern Factories (pages 396–397)

trade union

strike

prejudice

discrimination

Henry Boyd

Samuel Cornish



How did conditions for workers change as the factory sys-tem developed?


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John B.Russwurm

Sarah G.Bagley

shift

factory system(Chapter 8, Section 1)

As you read, list the reasons each group of immigrantscame to the United States. Write a short paragraph aboutthe type of life most immigrants found upon arriving.



Which two nations provided the largest number of immi-grants to the United States during this era?


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Irish Germans

famine

nativist

manual

The Rise of Cities (pages 398–401)


Why were reforms in working conditions needed as industrialism grew?

Why were some people opposed to the growing number of immigrants?

Research the potato famine in Ireland that led to a waveof immigration from 1846 to 1860. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write a descriptive essay explaining what life waslike in Ireland during this terrible famine.


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Reforms and Reformers(Pages 402-407)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What were some of the movements or ideas that inspired reform

movements?• Why was it important for all citizens to have access to education?• Who were some of the important American writers of this period?

As you read pages 403–407, re-create the diagram below and identify these

reformers’ contributions.

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Contributions

Horace Mann

Thomas Gallaudet

Dorothea Dix

As you read about utopias and the Second GreatAwakening, record your responses. What questions do you have? What did you learn about how the religiousmovement encouraged a spirit of reform? After reading the section, write a short paragraph summarizing yourresponse to the story.




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The Reforming Spirit (page 403)

utopia

revival

temperance

founded

What were the effects of the Second Great Awakening?

Though most states accepted three basic principles of public education by 1850, it took much longer to put theseprinciples into effect. As you read, record the reasons why it took time for public education to really becomeeffective.




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Reforming Education (page 405)

Reasons why

states could not

apply principles

of public

education

normal school

Horace Mann

Thomas Gallaudet


How did Dr. Samuel Howe help visually impaired people?

As you read, write three details about American writers.Then write a general statement about why transcenden-talism was influential.

1.

2.


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Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe

Dorothea Dix

focus

Cultural Trends (pages 406–407)

3.




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Margaret Fuller

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

Emily Dickinson

transcendentalist


What was one of the subjects that Margaret Fuller wroteabout?


What were some of the movements or ideas that inspired reform movements?

Why was it important for all citizens to have access to education?


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publish

Who were some of the important American writers of this period?

Research the utopian community begun by Robert Owen inNew Harmony, Indiana in 1825. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write an expository essay to explain the purposeof this community and its successes and failures.


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The Women’s Movement(Pages 408-413)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Who were some of the women involved in working for women’s rights

during the 1800s? • What progress did women’s rights make during the 1800s?

As you read pages 409–413, use a chart like the one below to identify the contri-

butions these individuals made to women’s rights.

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Contributions

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B. Anthony


1. Lucretia Mott was a . In her society, women enjoyed

more than women in other communities did. Mott

worked for and .

2. The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions called for an end to

against .

3. Susan B.Anthony called for ,

training for women, and .




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Women and Reform (pages 409–410)

suffrage

coeducation

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B.Anthony

What is suffrage?


I. Beecher and Willard believed

A.

B.

II. Early schools for women taught

A.

B.

III. Barriers for women in the workplace included

A.

B.



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Progress by American Women (pages 411–413)

Mary Lyon

Elizabeth Blackwell


Who established the Troy Female Seminary?


Who were some of the women involved in working for women’s rightsduring the 1800s?

What progress did women’s rights make during the 1800s?

Select one of the women discussed in this section who ledthe struggle for women’s rights, and then research her lifeand accomplishments. On a separate sheet of paper, writea narrative essay that tells the story in your own words.


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ministry

goal



Southern Cotton Kingdom(Pages 422-426)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why did the South remain mainly agrarian?• Why was industry slow to catch on in the South?

As you read pages 423–426, re-create the diagram below. In the ovals, give rea-

sons why cotton production grew but industrial growth was slower.

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Cotton Production Industry

As you read, fill in the table below. List the states of eachregion in the South. After you finish reading, identify themain differences between each region.





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Upper South Deep South

Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (page 423)

cotton gin

Upper South

Deep South

Eli Whitney

What effect did the cotton gin have on the South’s economy?

As you read, write three details about industry in theSouth. Then write a general statement about why it wasdifficult for industry to gain a foothold in the South.

1.

2.

3.



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capital

Industry in the South (pages 424–426)



What is capital? Why is it important for economic growth?


Why did the South remain mainly agrarian?


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William Gregg

Joseph Reid Anderson

predominant

sum

Why was industry slow to catch on in the South?

On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparative essaycontrasting the reasons the South relied so heavily on agriculture while the North was able to develop an indus-trial economy.


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Life in the South(Pages 427-431)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Were most Southern farmers wealthy slave owners? Explain.• What types of jobs did enslaved people do on large plantations?• What was the state of education like in the South during the mid-1800s?

As you read pages 428–431, re-create the diagram below and describe the work

that was done on Southern plantations.

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Working on a Plantation


1. Farmers who did not have were called

.They usually their land but

could not afford slaves.

2. Farmers who could not afford their own land could

or work someone else’s land.These people were known as

.


What group made up the largest number of whites in theSouth?

As you read, take notes describing the life of a plantationwife. Use your notes to answer this question: What did thewife of a plantation owner typically do?


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Life on the Small Farms (page 428)

yeoman

tenant farmer

Plantations (pages 429–430)





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fixed cost

credit

overseer

New Orleans

Charleston

Mobile

Savannah

purchase

Why were so many slaves needed on a plantation?





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City Life and Education (pages 430–431)

Columbia

Chattanooga

Montgomery

Atlanta

exceed

What Southern city had surpassed 200,000 in population bythe year 1860?


Were most Southern farmers wealthy slave owners? Explain.

What types of jobs did enslaved people do on large plantations?

What was the state of education like in the South during the mid-1800s?

Research education in the South before the Civil War andon a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essaythat explains the attitudes toward education and describesthe education system.


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The Peculiar Institution(Pages 432-437)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How were enslaved African Americans able to create family lives?• In what ways did enslaved people fight against slavery?

As you read pages 433–437, create a chart like the one below to list aspects of

African American life in the South.

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Way of Life Aspects

Family Life

Culture

Religion

Despite the hardships of slavery, African Americans wereable to develop their own culture. As you read, look forhints or ideas that support this idea. Record the hints youfind in the web below.



How did the African American spiritual develop?


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African American

Culture

Life Under Slavery (pages 433–434)

spiritual

constant

communicate

Slave codes were enacted in the South to control enslavedpeople. Make a note of any points that support this statement. After you read, go back and fill in additionalinformation.



Besides rebellions, what other forms did resistance to slaverytake?


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slave codes

Nat Turner

Harriet Tubman

Frederick Douglass

Resisting Slavery (pages 434–437)


How were enslaved African Americans able to create family lives?

In what ways did enslaved people fight against slavery?

Research the Underground Railroad. Try to find accountsof people who escaped slavery using this network. On aseparate sheet of paper, write a narrative essay explain-ing what it was like for an enslaved person on the run.


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Jacksonian Democracy(Pages 446-451)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What new ways of campaigning were introduced in 1824 and 1828?• How did the political system become more democratic under Andrew

Jackson?• Why did the issue of states’ rights versus the rights of the federal govern-

ment divide the nation?

As you read pages 447–451, create a chart to describe the political parties

in 1828.

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Candidate Views

Democratic-

Republicans

National

Republicans

As you read, write three questions about the main ideaspresented in this passage. After you finish reading, writethe answers to your questions.

1.

2.

3.



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The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (pages 447–448)

favorite son

plurality

mudslinging

landslide




Why were Adams and Clay accused of making a “corruptbargain”?


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Henry Clay

Andrew Jackson

John Quincy Adams

John C.Calhoun

role

states’ rights(Chapter 5, Section 3)


1. During President Jackson’s first term, a spirit of

spread through American politics. Many people who had not been

allowed to were finally able to.

2. The Democrats’ goal was to shake up the . Many

federal workers were replaced with Jackson’s .

This practice is called the .

3. The political system became more as well. The

system was replaced by in

which delegates from the selected the party’s

presidential candidate.



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Jackson as President (pages 448–449)

suffrage

bureaucracy

spoils system

caucus


Compare the caucus system and nominating conventions.Why was the new system more popular with the people?

As you read, list the reasons the North and the South differed in their opinion of the tariffs of 1828 and 1832.Then, write a short summary paragraph explaining whatthe South attempted to do.


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patriot(Chapter 2, Section 4)

North South

The Tariff Debate (pages 450–451)




Why did South Carolina pass the Nullification Act?


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tariff

nullify

secede

Daniel Webster

Robert Hayne

issue


What new ways of campaigning were introduced in 1824 and 1828?

How did the political system become more democratic under AndrewJackson?

Why did the issue of states’ rights versus the rights of the federal govern-ment divide the nation?

Andrew Jackson introduced the spoils system intoAmerican politics. On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparative essay weighing the pros and the cons of this system.


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The Removal of Native Americans(Pages 452-457)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why were Native Americans forced off their lands?• How did some groups resist relocation? Were they successful?

As you read pages 453–457, create a chart like the one below that describes

what happened to each group of Native Americans as the United States

expanded.

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Description

Cherokee

Sauk/Fox

Seminole




What was the purpose of the Indian Removal Act?


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Moving Native Americans (pages 453–454)

relocate

federal

remove

As you read, take notes describing how other NativeAmericans resisted relocation. Use your notes to answerwhether any of these groups were successful.



How was the response of the Seminole different from that ofthe Cherokee when they were removed from their lands?


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Native American Resistance (pages 455–457)

guerrilla tactics

Black Hawk

Osceola


Why were Native Americans forced off their lands?

How did some groups resist relocation? Were they successful?

Suppose a new group of people moved into your neighbor-hood and tried to push you and your family from yourhome. What would you do? On a separate sheet of paper,write a narrative essay explaining how you would reactand why. Compare this situation to the predicament facedby Native Americans in the early 1800s.


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Jackson and the Bank(Pages 458-461)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What factors caused the Democratic Party to split?• Why did the Whigs lose in 1844?

As you read pages 459–461, recreate the diagram below. In the spaces provided,

describe the steps Andrew Jackson took that put the Bank of the United States

out of business.

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Jackson stops bank

As you read, look for reasons why Andrew Jackson was soopposed to the Bank of the United States. Record the hintsyou find in the web below.





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Jackson’s

opposition to

the Bank of the

United States

War Against the Bank (pages 459–460)

veto

depression

laissez-faire

Nicholas Biddle

Martin Van Buren

contribute


What was the new treasury system supposed to prevent?

As you read, write two details about why the Whig Partyfell from power after only four years. Then write a generalstatement about the Whig Party.

1.

2.


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charter(Chapter 2, Section 1)

The Whigs Come to Power (page 461)



How did John Tyler become president?


What factors caused the Democratic Party to split?


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William Henry Harrison

John Tyler

symbol

Why did the Whigs lose in 1844?

Research economic depressions and their causes. Create a time line that identifies major economic depressions in U.S. history. On a separate sheet of paper, write adescriptive paragraph explaining why they happen andwhat role government plays in helping correct them.


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Westward to the Pacific(Pages 470–475)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why was control of Oregon important to the American people?• How did the United States and Britain divide Oregon?

As you read pages 471–475, re-create the diagram below and in the boxes list

key events that occurred.

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1819 1825 1836 1846


I. Oregon Country

A. Covered these modern day states:

B. Claimed by these countries:

II. Facts about Adams-Onís Treaty

A.

B.

III. Facts about mountain men

A.

B.



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Rivalry in the Northwest (pages 471–472)

joint occupation

mountain men

rendezvous





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Oregon country

Columbia River

John Jacob Astor

Jim Beckwourth

Jedediah Smith

access

annual

route

Why did trading posts develop in Oregon country?


1.

2.

3.



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Settling Oregon (pages 473–475)

emigrant

Manifest Destiny





What did some Americans see as the purpose of ManifestDestiny?


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Oregon Trail

Dr. Marcus Whitman

Narcissa Whitman

James K. Polk

sole

mission(Chapter 1, Section 1)


Why was control of Oregon important to the American people?

How did the United States and Britain divide Oregon?

Research the lives of mountain men. On a separate sheetof paper, write a descriptive essay of three or four para-graphs that shows what their lives were like.


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Independence for Texas(Pages 480-487)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why was there cultural tension in Texas?• Why did Texans want to be independent from Mexico?

As you read pages 481–487, re-create the diagram below. In the boxes, list key

events that occurred in Texas.

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1835 1836

Oct. Dec. Mar. May

Feb. Apr. Sept.






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A Clash of Cultures (pages 481–482)

Tejano

empresario

decree

Texas

Mexico

Davy Crockett


Why was colonization by U.S. settlers into Texas failing?


1. The Alamo falls to the Mexican army

2. Santa Anna signs treaty recognizing the independence of Texas

3. Texans win battle at Gonzales

4. San Antonio liberated from the Mexican government

5. Santa Anna captured at the battle of San Jacinto

6. American settlers and tejanos declare independence from Mexico


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Stephen F.Austin

General Antonio López de Santa Anna

status

The Struggle for Independence (pages 483–487)





How has early history influenced the reputation of Texas asa land of rugged individualists?


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annex

Alamo

similar

ratify(Chapter 3, Section 1)


Why was there cultural tension in Texas?

Why did Texans want to be independent from Mexico?

Research the battle at the Alamo. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write a narrative essay as though you were areporter covering the battle.


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War With Mexico(Pages 490-497)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why was the Santa Fe Trail important? What areas did the territory of

New Mexico cover?• What groups settled and populated California?• Why did the United States and Mexico go to war?

As you read the section, use the table to record descriptions of the actions and

achievements of each of the individuals.

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Actions Taken

William Becknell

Jedediah Smith

John C. Frémont


1. The area known as New Mexico included present-day

, and .

Spanish had founded settlements in the region

in the late .

2. The first American trader to reach was

. His route crossed the and

became known as the .





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The New Mexico Territory (page 491)

Santa Fe

William Becknell

concept


Where did the Santa Fe Trail end? What was it used for?

As you read, consider the idea of Manifest Destiny. Do you think it was a good policy? What about the decision to go to war in order to acquire additional territorieswhen other nations did not want to give up the region?Summarize your thoughts in a paragraph.


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California’s Spanish Culture (pages 492–494)

conquistador(Chapter 1, Section 1)






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ranchero

rancho

El Camino Real

Jedediah Smith

John C.Frémont

devote

What made California attractive for U.S. expansion?

As you read, write three details about the war with Mexico.Then write a general statement about why Americans weredivided in their feelings about the war.

1.

2.

3.



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Californio

cede

War With Mexico (pages 495–497)


What lands did Mexico cede to the United States?

Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purposefor Reading at the beginning of the lesson.

Why was the Santa Fe Trail important? What areas did the territory of NewMexico cover?

What groups settled and populated California?


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Nueces River

Bear Flag Republic

Why did the United States and Mexico go to war?

Americans were divided in their feelings about the waragainst Mexico. On a separate sheet of paper, write acomparative essay that examines both sides of the issue.


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New Settlers in Californiaand Utah(Pages 500-506)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did the discovery of gold impact California’s settlement and

economy?• Why did the Mormons settle in Utah?

As you read this section, re-create the diagram below. In the boxes, describe who

these groups and individuals were and what their role was in the settlement of

California and Utah.

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What was their role?

Forty-niners

Mormons

Brigham Young

As you read, list words and phrases that help you picturewhat life was like as a forty-niner. Write a short para-graph in your own words describing what you imagineyour life would have been like as a forty-niner.




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The California Gold Rush (pages 501–505)

forty-niner

boomtown

vigilante

James Marshall


Why did the forty-niners come to California?

As you read, identify characteristics of the Mormon people.Record these items on a web like the one below.


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range

community

item

pose

Characteristics

of the

Mormon people

A Religious Refuge in Utah (pages 505–506)



Why was Deseret able to grow economically?


How did the discovery of gold impact California’s settlement and economy?

Why did the Mormons settle in Utah?

Research the California Gold Rush. On a separate sheet ofpaper, create a list of the equipment a miner usually tookto find and mine gold.


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Joseph Smith

Brigham Young

vision



Abolitionists(Pages 528–534)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why were many Americans calling for the end of slavery?• How did the issue of slavery became the most important social issue

in the 1830s?• How were enslaved African Americans able to escape slavery in the South?

Create a diagram like the one below.As you read pages 529–534, identify five

abolitionists.Write their names in the circles and then, write a sentence below

describing his or her role in the movement.

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Abolitionists

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

In the early 1800s, many Americans demanded an end toslavery in the South. Make a note of any points that sup-port this statement. After you read, go back and fill inadditional information.




How did the American Colonization Society fight slavery?


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Early Efforts to End Slavery (page 529)

abolitionist

notion

revival(Chapter 8, Section 4)

Many abolitionists worked in different ways to end slavery.As you read, create a web like the one below to identify thenames of important individuals and a brief description ofwhat he or she did to fight slavery.




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Important

abolitionists

The New Abolitionists (pages 530–532)

William Lloyd Garrison

Sarah and Angelina

Grimké

David Walker

Frederick Douglass

Sojourner Truth

publication

Why did Frederick Douglass return to the United States?

As you read, write three details about the Fugitive SlaveAct. Then write a general statement about why this Act hadan important effect on the growing split between the Northand the South.

1.

2.

3.



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The Underground Railroad (pages 533–534)

Underground Railroad

What groups made up the Underground Railroad?


Why were many Americans calling for the end of slavery?

How did the issue of slavery became the most important social issue inthe 1830s?

How were enslaved African Americans able to escape slavery in the South?

The abolitionist movement grew heated in the 1830s. On aseparate sheet of paper, write a persuasive essay arguingagainst slavery.


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Slavery and the West(Pages 535–542)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did the Missouri Compromise help resolve the issue of whether

new states would be slave states or free states?• What was the Kentucky Resolution, and what did it have to do with the

doctrine of nullification?• Why did the issue of slavery come up again in the 1840s?• What was Clay’s plan to settle the slavery debate?

As you read pages 536–542, describe how these compromises dealt with the

admission of new states.

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Admission of New States

The Missouri Compromise The Compromise of 1850


1.

2.

3.





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The Missouri Compromise (page 536)

sectionalism

Missouri

debate

How did sectionalism contribute to the ongoing debate aboutthe admission of states?





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Nullification (pages 537–538)

nullify

protective tariff

controversy


How did the South and the Northeast try to use nullification?



How was John C. Calhoun’s proposal different from theWilmot Proviso?


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tariff(Chapter 5, Section 1)

New Western Lands (pages 539–540)

James K. Polk

As you read, take notes describing the Compromise of1850. Use your notes to answer this question: Why did the compromises throughout the 1800s fail to resolve theproblem of slavery?




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The Search for Compromise (pages 541–542)

fugitive

secede

abstain

Millard Fillmore

Stephen A.Douglas


How did the Compromise of 1850 affect the New MexicoTerritory? What role did California play in this?


How did the Missouri Compromise help resolve the issue of whether newstates would be slave states or free states?

What was the Kentucky Resolution, and what did it have to do with thedoctrine of nullification?


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collapse

Why did the issue of slavery come up again in the 1840s?

What was Clay’s plan to settle the slavery debate?

Research the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of1798–1799 and the later controversy over protective tar-iffs. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expositoryessay explaining the circumstances behind each of the resolutions and the potential drawbacks if nullificationwere carried to the extreme.


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A Nation Dividing(Pages 543–547)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What dispute did the Kansas-Nebraska Act resolve? Was it successful?• What happened in Kansas when a proslavery legislature was elected?

As you read pages 544–547, re-create the table below and describe how

Southerners and Northerners reacted to the Kansas-Nebraska act.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

Southern Reaction Northern Reaction

As you read about the Kansas-Nebraska Act, record yourresponses. What questions do you have? Do you think thecompromise to abandon the Missouri Compromise and leteach state decide on its own was a good one? After readingthe passage, write a short paragraph summarizing yourresponse to the story.





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The Kansas-Nebraska Act (page 544)

popular sovereignty

Kansas

Nebraska

Harriet Beecher Stowe



Write a definition of popular sovereignty in your own words.

As you read, consider the election in Kansas. How couldthe federal government have done anything to resolve theissue another way? Write a short paragraph explainingyour answer.


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reveal

repeal(Chapter 2, Section 3)

Conflict in Kansas (pages 546–547)




Who do you predict will be the combatants if the UnitedStates is torn apart by Civil War?


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border ruffians

civil war

John Brown

Charles Sumner

Preston Brooks

inevitable


What dispute did the Kansas-Nebraska Act resolve? Was it successful?

What happened in Kansas when a proslavery legislature was elected?

Was the Civil War inevitable? Was there a way that the warcould have been avoided through compromise? On a sepa-rate sheet of paper, write a persuasive essay explainingyour answer to this question.


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Challenges to Slavery(Pages 548–553)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What was the Supreme Court’s decision in the Dred Scott case?• How did the debates between Lincoln and Douglas help Lincoln emerge

as a leader?

As you read pages 549–553, re-create the diagram below and list major events

that occurred in each year.

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1846 1854 1856 1858


I. Republican Party formation

A.

B.

II. 1856 Election and its effect on the issue of slavery

A.

B.

III. How the Dred Scott decision affected the issue of slavery

A.

B.


Define this vocabulary word from this lesson.


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The Dred Scott Decision (pages 549–550)

John C.Frémont

James Buchanan

Dred Scott

Roger B.Taney

restrict


How did the Dred Scott decision regulate the spread of slavery?

As you read, list the arguments each candidate raised dur-ing the debates between Douglas and Lincoln during theIllinois campaign for congressional election. Write a shortparagraph explaining how Lincoln gained importantnational recognition.




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popular sovereignty


Lincoln Douglas

Lincoln and Douglas (pages 552–553)

arsenal

martyr

Abraham Lincoln


What was John Brown’s goal when he led a raid on HarpersFerry?


What was the Supreme Court’s decision in the Dred Scott case?

How did the debates between Lincoln and Douglas help Lincoln emergeas a leader?

Research the life of Dred Scott. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write a narrative essay that tells about his life andhow he became the central figure in one of the mostfamous Supreme Court decisions in U.S. history. Explainwhat happened to him after the decision.


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topic



Secession and War(Pages 554–559)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:How was Lincoln able to win the election of 1860?• Which state seceded from the Union first?• What incidents led to the attack on Fort Sumter?

As you read pages 555–559, re-create the time line below and list the major

events at each time.

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Dec. 1860 Mar. 1861

Feb. 1861Nov. 1860 Apr. 1861


1. Southerners were angry about the raid on . They

felt that the “day of ” had passed.

2. Republicans nominated as their candidate for presi-

dent.Their platform stated that slavery should be left

wherever it existed, but from new territories.



What caused the split in the Democratic Party in 1860?


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The Election of 1860 (page 555)

border states

eventual


1. Six other states secede from the Union

2. President Lincoln takes office

3. South Carolina secedes from the Union

4. The Confederacy is formed





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The South Secedes (pages 556–557)

secession

states’ rights

South Carolina

John Crittenden

Jefferson Davis


How did the seceding states justify leaving the Union?

Civil war over the issue of slavery seemed inevitable oncethe Confederacy was formed. Make a note of any pointsthat support this statement. After you read, go back andfill in additional information.



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justify

theory

Fort Sumter (pages 558–559)

Fort Sumter

What action did Lincoln take after the attack on Fort Sumter?


How was Lincoln able to win the election of 1860?

Which state seceded from the Union first?

What incidents led to the attack on Fort Sumter?

On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essaythat explains the justifications used by the South forseceding from the Union.


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The Two Sides(Pages 570–575)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What were the war strategies for the North and the South?• Where did each side get recruits to fight the war?

As you read pages 571–575, complete a chart like the one shown here by listing

the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and the Confederacy.

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Union Confederacy

Strengths

Weaknesses

As you read, list the war strategy for each side in thecolumns below. Then, based on the things you listed, writea short paragraph explaining why you think each sidedecided on that particular strategy.




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North South

Comparing North and South (pages 571–573)

border states

blockade

offensive

Richmond,Virginia




What advantages and disadvantages did each side possess?


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Jefferson Davis

obvious

sufficient

primary

secession(Chapter 12, Section 5)

As you read about the American people preparing to fightone another, record your responses. What questions doyou have? How do you think you would have felt if yourown brother went off to fight for the other side? Afterreading the section, write a short paragraph summarizingyour response to the story.




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American People at War (pages 574–575)

Rebel

Yankee

Robert E. Lee

William Tecumseh Sherman

Mary Todd Lincoln

Which side had the larger fighting force?


What were the war strategies for the North and the South?

Where did each side get recruits to fight the war?

Research the advantages and disadvantages of the Northand the South at the beginning of the Civil War. On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparative essay thatexamines each side. Based on this information, predictwhich side you think will win.


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Early Years of the War(Pages 576–583)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did the first major battle of the Civil War change the North’s expec-

tations about the war?• What action did the North take to cause serious problems for the South?• To what region did the war effort shift after the First Battle of Bull Run?• Why was General McClellan removed from his command?

As you read pages 577–583, describe the outcome of each battle on a chart like

the one shown below.

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Battle Outcome

First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

Monitor v. Merrimack

Antietam

As you read, list words and phrases that help you picturewhat it might have been like at the First Battle of Bull Run.Imagine that you lived in Washington, D.C., and went towatch the battle. Write a short paragraph in your ownwords describing what you see around you.



How did the First Battle of Bull Run change expectationsabout the war?


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The First Battle (page 577)

“Stonewall”Jackson

George B.McClellan

reinforce

As you read, take notes describing the war at sea. Useyour notes to answer this question: Was the South success-ful in its war at sea?






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War at Sea (page 578)

ironclad

Norfolk,Virginia

abandon

blockade(Chapter 13, Section 1)

What was the significance of the battle of the ironclads?

Gaining control of the Mississippi River was important for the North. Make a note of any points that support thisstatement. After you read, go back and fill in additionalinformation.



Why was control of the Mississippi River important to theNorth and to the South?


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War in the West (page 579)

casualty

David Farragut

Ulysses S.Grant


1. Battle of Antietam is the single bloodiest day of the war

2. Second Battle of Bull Run takes place

3. Army of the Potomac is ready for action

4. Lee’s army marches into Maryland

5. Lincoln replaces McClellan with Ambrose Burnside

6. Lee pushes Union forces away from Richmond


What was the outcome of the Seven Days’ Battles?


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War in the East (pages 580–583)

prospect

evaluate

encounter


How did the first major battle of the Civil War change the North’s expec-tations about the war?

What action did the North take to cause serious problems for the South?

To what region did the war effort shift after the First Battle of Bull Run?

Why was General McClellan removed from his command?

Research the way battles were fought during the Civil Warand the weapons used. On a separate sheet of paper, writean expository essay that explains why some of the battles,such as the battles of Shiloh and Antietam, produced somany casualties.


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A Call to Freedom(Pages 591–596)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What led to the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment? What did the

Thirteenth Amendment do?• How were African Americans able to contribute to the war?

As you read pages 592–596, complete a table like the own shown describing

what the Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the

Constitution were meant to accomplish.

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Accomplishments

Emancipation Proclamation

Thirteenth Amendment


1. Lincoln considered slavery , but he did not

want to the people and make the war less

.

2. In 1862, Lincoln decided to all enslaved African

Americans. He signed the on January 1, 1863.

3. The British were slavery.After Lincoln proclaimed

emancipation, Britain and withheld recognition of

the . In 1865, Congress passed the

Amendment that truly enslaved Americans.




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Emancipation (pages 592–594)

emancipate

ratify

reluctance

area


What did the Thirteenth Amendment do that theEmancipation Proclamation did not do?

Even though African Americans were not permitted toserve as soldiers for the Union at first, they found otherways to contribute to the war. As you read, look for hintsor ideas that support this idea. Record the hints you findin the web below.


How were African American soldiers treated differently thanwhite soldiers?


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border states(Chapter 12, Section 5)

African American

contributions

to the war

African Americans in the War (pages 595–596)

Harriet Tubman


What led to the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment? What did theThirteenth Amendment do?

How were African Americans able to contribute to the war?

Lincoln wrote that if he could save the Union without free-ing any slave, he would do it. Yet he personally wished thatall men everywhere could be free. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write a persuasive paragraph that argues in favorof or against Lincoln’s public stance.


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Life During the Civil War(Pages 597–603)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What hardships did civilians and soldiers on both sides of the war face?• What new responsibilities did women take on during the war?• Why was there opposition to the war effort?• What economic problems were created by the war?

As you read pages 598–603, complete a table like the one shown by describing

the roles of these individuals during the war.

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Person Role

Loretta Janeta Velázquez

Dorothea Dix

Clara Barton

As you read, write three details about the lives of soldiersduring the Civil War. Then write a general statement aboutthe reality of war.

1.

2.

3.

Why did many soldiers desert from the armies?

As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Reviewyour statement when you finish reading and revise asneeded.


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The Lives of Soldiers (page 598)

Women and the War (pages 599–600)




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Rose O’Neal Greenhow

Belle Boyd

Loretta Janeta

Velázquez

Dorothea Dix

Clara Barton

Sally Tompkins

Mary Chesnut

distribute

What role did Sally Tompkins play in the war effort? Whatother women played a similar role in the North?

As you read, list the reasons some people on both sideswere opposed to the war. Write a short paragraphexplaining how leaders on each side dealt with opposition.



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North South

Opposition to the War (pages 600–602)

habeas corpus

draft

bounty


Why did the governments institute a draft? Why did protestsoccur in some places?

As you read, consider the effect the Civil War had on theSouth. Summarize your thoughts in a paragraph. Be sureto include specific examples that support your thinking.



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War and the Economy (page 603)

inflation

substitute


What is inflation? What hardships did inflation cause in theSouth?

Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purposefor Reading at the beginning of the lesson.

What hardships did civilians and soldiers on both sides of the war face?

What new responsibilities did women take on during the war?


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occur

Why was there opposition to the war effort?

What economic problems were created by the war?

During the Civil War, disease killed twice as many soldiersas the fighting. Research the state of medical knowledgeand care during the Civil War. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write a descriptive essay that explains how awounded person might have been cared for during thisconflict.


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The Way to Victory(Pages 604–613)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What victories marked a turning point for the Union?• How did Sherman’s capture of Atlanta and Grant’s pursuit of the

Confederates in Virginia bring the end of the war within sight?• Why were so many lives lost in the Civil War?

As you read pages 605–613, use a web like the one shown to describe the

strategy Grant adopted to defeat the Confederacy.

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Grant’s Strategy


1. Confederate army is defeated at Gettysburg

2. Stonewall Jackson dies after being wounded in battle

3. Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address

4. Union forces are defeated at Fredericksburg

5. Vicksburg falls to Union army led by Ulysses S. Grant





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The Tide of War Turns (pages 605–607)

entrench

Chancellorsville,Virginia

Vicksburg,Mississippi

Joseph Hooker

Ambrose Burnside

Define this academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

What battle victories gave the Union control of theMississippi River?


1.


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George Meade

outcome

nevertheless

Final Phases of the War (pages 607–609)

2.

3.





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total war

Petersburg,Virginia

Mobile Bay

Savannah,Georgia

William Tecumseh Sherman

What was the “march to the sea”?

To preview, first skim pages 610–613. Then write a sentenceor two explaining what you think you will learn. After youfinish reading, revise your statements as necessary.


When and where did General Lee surrender?


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Appomattox Court House

Victory for the North (pages 610–613)


What victories marked a turning point for the Union?

How did Sherman’s capture of Atlanta and Grant’s pursuit of theConfederates in Virginia bring the end of the war within sight?

Why were so many lives lost in the Civil War?

Select one of the decisive battles of the Civil War andresearch how the battle unfolded. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write a descriptive essay that tells the sequentialstory of the battle. Use specific details from your research.


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Reconstruction Plans(Pages 624–628)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What were the differences over Reconstruction that caused a division in

the government after the Civil War?• How did Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction differ from Lincoln’s?

As you read pages 625–628, re-create the diagram below and describe each of

the Reconstruction plans.

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Plan Description

Ten Percent Plan

Wade-Davis Plan

Restoration

As you read, write the main points of the Lincoln plan andthe Wade-Davis bill for Reconstruction in a chart like theone below. Then, based on the things you listed, write ashort paragraph explaining which plan you think wouldhave been better.



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Lincoln Plan Wade-Davis Bill

Reconstruction Debate (pages 625–626)

Reconstruction

amnesty

radical

freedmen



What was the goal of Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan?


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Thaddeus Stevens

Charlotte Forten

period

approach

deny

aid

As you read about Lincoln’s assassination, record yourresponses. What questions do you have? How do you thinkpeople in the North and the South felt? After reading thesection, write a short paragraph summarizing yourresponse to the story.


How did President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction differfrom that of the Radical Republicans?


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John Wilkes Booth

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln Is Assassinated (pages 626–628)


What were the differences over Reconstruction that caused a division inthe government after the Civil War?

How did Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction differ from Lincoln’s?

On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparative essay that examines both sides of the debate aboutReconstruction. Which do you feel was the betterapproach? Explain your answer to this question in your essay.


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Radicals in Control(Pages 629-634)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What solution did Congress use to help African Americans who were

being mistreated in the South?• What was the Radical Republicans’ version of Reconstruction?

As you read pages 630–634, re-create the diagram below and provide informa-

tion about impeachment.

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Impeachment

What is it?

Who was impeached?

Outcome of the trial?


1.

2.

3.


What does the Fourteenth Amendment provide?


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African Americans’ Rights (pages 630–631)

black codes

override


1. Johnson suspends Secretary of War Edwin Stanton withoutSenate’s approval

2. Congress passes the Reconstruction Act

3. Senate fails to convict Johnson

4. Mississippi,Virginia, and Texas are restored to the Union





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Radical Reconstruction (pages 631–634)

impeach

Edwin Stanton

Ulysses S.Grant

prohibit

enable

What two presidents have been impeached by Congress?


What solution did Congress use to help African Americans who werebeing mistreated in the South?

What was the Radical Republicans’ version of Reconstruction?

Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only two presi-dents who have been impeached, yet neither was removedfrom office. Research the impeachments of both presidentsand on a separate sheet of paper, write a comparisonessay that examines the reasons each was impeached.


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The South DuringReconstruction(Pages 635-639)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What happened to African Americans and their white supporters during

Reconstruction?• What were some of the structures in the South that had to be rebuilt after

the Civil War?

As you read pages 636–639, re-create the diagram below and describe improve-

ments in the South in the field of education.

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Improvements in education

As you read, write three details about the new groups thatcame to prominence during Reconstruction. Then write ageneral statement summarizing what you learned.

1.

2.

3.



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New Groups Take Charge (pages 636–638)

scalawag

carpetbagger

corruption



Why did laws to control the Ku Klux Klan have little effect?


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Hiram Revels

Frederick Douglass

Blanche K.Bruce

dominate

brief

During Reconstruction, some important advances weremade. Make a note of any points that support this state-ment. After you read, go back and fill in additional information.



How did sharecroppers get land to farm?


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Some Improvements (pages 638–639)

integrate

sharecropping

region

create


What happened to African Americans and their white supporters duringReconstruction?

What were some of the structures in the South that had to be rebuilt afterthe Civil War?

Research the life of Hiram Revels or Blanche K. Bruce, theAfrican Americans from Mississippi who became senatorsafter the Civil War. On a separate sheet of paper, write anarrative essay about the life of the person you chose.


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Change in the South(Pages 640-649)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did the Democrats regain control in the South?• What changes took place in the South when Reconstruction ended?• What happened to African Americans as Reconstruction came to an end?

As you read pages 641–649, re-create the diagram below and list the advantages

and disadvantages of an agricultural economy.

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Agricultural Economy

Advantages Disadvantages

The Republican Party suffered from its own mistakes, aswell as a resurgent Democratic Party movement in theSouth. As you read, look for hints or ideas that supportthis idea. Record the hints you find in the web below.




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The Republican

hold weakens

Reconstruction Ends (pages 641–644)

reconciliation

commission

Horace Greeley

Rutherford B. Hayes

Samuel Tilden



What effect did the Compromise of 1877 have onReconstruction?



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exploit

enforce

amnesty(Chapter 13, Section 1)

The South After Reconstruction (pages 645–646)




What happened to prices when too much cotton was produced?


1. As Reconstruction ended, became firmly

entrenched.African Americans were increasingly

from whites and denied their basic .


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cash crop

Henry Grady

James Duke

eliminate

A Divided Society (pages 647–649)

2. Southern leaders found ways around the

Amendment, which prohibited states from denying any individual the

right to based on his . They insti-

tuted poll and tests which pre-

vented poor, uneducated African Americans from voting.

3. The laws required African Americans and whites

to be in almost every place.

“Separate but ” became legal doctrine in the South

for the next fifty years.




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poll tax

literacy test

grandfather clause

segregation

lynching

W.E.B.Du Bois


What is segregation? How was segregation carried out?


How did the Democrats regain control in the South?

What changes took place in the South when Reconstruction ended?

What happened to African Americans as Reconstruction came to an end?

Research the Jim Crow laws, and on a separate sheet ofpaper, write an expository essay explaining several of these laws and what they were intended to accomplish.


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commit



The Mining Booms(Pages 666-671)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What discoveries in the 1850s sent miners to the American West?• Why did boomtowns occur?• Who built the transcontinental railroad?

As you read pages 667–671, re-create the diagram below and explain why these

places were significant to the mining boom.

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Significance

Pikes Peak

Comstock Lode

Promontory Summit





What was the Comstock Lode?


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Mining Is Big Business (page 667)

lode

ore

Pikes Peak

extract




Why did the population drop in many boomtowns?


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The Mining Frontier (page 668)

boomtown

vigilante

Virginia City,Nevada


1.

2.

3.




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Railroads Connect East to West (pages 669–671)

subsidy

transcontinental

Promontory Summit



To what California city did the transcontinental railroadextend?


What discoveries in the 1850s sent miners to the American West?

Why did boomtowns occur?


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Leland Stanford

obtain

Who built the transcontinental railroad?

Research to learn what techniques were used to mine goldand other minerals during the 1800s. On a separate sheetof paper, write an expository paragraph describing thesemethods and how well they worked.


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Ranchers and Farmers(Pages 672-679)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What business became more profitable once the railroad reached the

Great Plains?• What was dangerous about driving cattle from Texas to the railroads

farther north?• What brought settlers to the Great Plains?

As you read pages 673–679, re-create the diagram below and list the challenges

settlers faced on the Great Plains.

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Challenges

Cattle ranching became big business once the railroadsreached the Great Plains. Make a note of any points thatsupport this statement. After you read, go back and fill inadditional information.




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open range

brand

Sedalia,Missouri

Abilene,Kansas

Dodge City,Kansas

Cheyenne,Wyoming

Cattle on the Plains (page 673)

Why did the value of cattle increase in the mid-1860s?


II. Spanish Influence

A.

B.

II. Hazards

A.

B.

C.

D.

III. End of the Cattle Kingdom

A.

B.




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vaquero

derive

Life on the Trail (pages 674–675)

How did Hispanics influence life in the West?


1. The Act gave 160 free of land to

settlers who agreed to live on the land for years.

2. The Plains were challenging to . Most years there was

little , but other years there was .

was another enemy that destroyed

, and .

3. was opened to homesteaders in 1889. On the offi-

cial opening day, more than people raced across

the border to their .



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Farmers Settle the Plains (pages 676–679)

homestead

sodbuster

dry farming


Why was the Homestead Act important to settlers?


What business became more profitable once the railroad reached theGreat Plains?

What was dangerous about driving cattle from Texas to the railroads far-ther north?

What brought settlers to the Great Plains?

Research the Scandinavian influence in Minnesota and theDakotas. On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptiveparagraph identifying some of the ways that influence isstill evident.


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acquire



Native American Struggles(Pages 685-692)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why did the Native Americans of the Great Plains live a nomadic lifestyle?• Why did Native Americans fight against American settlers?

As you read pages 686–692, re-create the diagram below and describe how

Western settlement affected Native Americans.

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Western Settlement

As you read, list words and phrases that help you imaginethe nomadic life of Native Americans. Imagine you were apart of one of those tribes. Write a paragraph in your ownwords explaining what a typical day might be like for you.




What is a nomadic way of life?


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Following the Buffalo (page 686)

nomadic

Red Cloud

William Cody

despite


1. The Nez Perce travel more than 1,000 miles to escape removal

2. Crazy Horse ambushes eighty soldiers from a fort on the Bozeman trail

3. Indian Territory created

4. Custer is defeated by Sitting Bull

5. Dawes Act is passed by Congress




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Conflict (pages 687–692)

reservation

Oklahoma

Dakota Territory

Black Hills

Little Bighorn River

Wounded Knee



What was the purpose of the Dawes Act?


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Crazy Horse

Black Kettle

Sitting Bull

George Custer

Geronimo

Helen Hunt Jackson

achieve


Why did the Native Americans of the Great Plains live a nomadic lifestyle?

Why did Native Americans fight against American settlers?

Native Americans of the Great Plains relied on the buffalofor much more than just food. Do research to find out thedifferent ways buffalo were used by these nations. On aseparate sheet of paper, write a descriptive paragraphdescribing these uses.


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Farmers in Protest(Pages 693-697)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What caused farmers to organize politically in the late 1800s?• What were the main goals of the Populist Party?

As you read pages 694–697, re-create the diagram below and identify the prob-

lems farmers faced in the late 1800s.

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Farmers’ Problems

As you read, write three details about farmers organizinginto political groups. Then write a general statement aboutfarmers organizing on the basis of these details.

1.

2.

3.




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The Farmers Organize (pages 694–695)

National Grange

cooperative

decline

What is the purpose of a cooperative?

The Populist Party appealed to the common people. As youread, look for hints or ideas that support this idea. Recordthe hints you find in the web below.





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Goals of the

Populist Party

A Party of the People (pages 695–697)

Populist Party

free silver

Omaha,Nebraska

James B.Weaver

Grover Cleveland


Why did the Republican candidate win the presidential elec-tion of 1896?


What caused farmers to organize politically in the late 1800s?

What were the main goals of the Populist Party?

The election of 1896 was important for supporters of thePopulist Party. On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparative essay comparing the campaign platform of William Jennings Bryan to that of William McKinley.


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William Jennings Bryan

William McKinley

dynamic



Railroads Lead the Way(Pages 706-711)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Who were the railroad barons and why were they important?• What were some of the innovations that made railroad travel more

efficient and profitable?

As you read pages 707–711, complete a diagram like the one shown by describ-

ing the contributions of the railroad to the growth of industry.

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The role of the railroad


1. became a driving force behind America’s

growth. Large railroad companies consolidated to

become more . A small number of railroad

controlled the nation’s rail traffic.

2. gained control of the New York Central line. James

J. Hill built the line. These and other railroad barons

lived in an age when few had been passed to

business.




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consolidation

Cornelius Vanderbilt

James J. Hill

Collis P.Huntington

Leland Stanford

Railroad Expansion (page 707)

What did consolidation mean for many small companies?


I. Railroads help other industries thrive

A.

B.

C.

II. Technology improves railroad transportation

A.

B.

C.

III. How railroads changed America

A.

B.

C.



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standard gauge

Railroads Spur the Economy (pages 709–711)




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George Westinghouse

Eli H. Janney

Gustavus Swift

George M.Pullman

technology

convert

network

rebate

pool


Why was adopting standard-gauge tracks important for therailroad industry?


Who were the railroad barons and why were they important?

What were some of the innovations that made railroad travel more efficient and profitable?

Research any of the technical innovations made to railwaysor railcars mentioned in the text (or another innovationfrom the same period). On a separate sheet of paper, writean expository essay that explains how the item worksand why it was important to the railroad industry.


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ore(Chapter 15, Section 1)



Inventions(Pages 712-717)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did new inventions in communications change the way of life in

America?• What other developments were created to support the lightbulb?• How did improvements in transportation improve personal life and busi-

ness operations?

As you read pages 713–717, re-create the diagram below to list each person’s

invention and to explain the significance of each invention to industrial growth.

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Invention Significance

Samuel Morse

Alexander Bell

Thomas Edison


1.

2.

3.




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Communication Changes (page 713)

Samuel Morse

Alexander Graham Bell

unify

How did the telegraph affect communications?




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transmit

device

The Genius of Invention (pages 714–715)

Thomas Edison


Which of Edison’s inventions do you think is the most valu-able to our world? Explain your reasoning.

As you read, take notes about Henry Ford’s experimentswith the automobile. Use your notes to answer this ques-tion: How did the Model T affect life in America?


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Lewis Howard Latimer

Granville Woods

Menlo Park,New Jersey

A Changing Society (pages 716–717)




What qualities made the Model T popular?


How did new inventions in communications change the way of life inAmerica?


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assembly line

mass production

Henry Ford

Detroit,Michigan

What other developments were created to support the lightbulb?

How did improvements in transportation improve personal life and business operations?

Select an invention mentioned in this section that youbelieve is more important than the others. On a separatesheet of paper, write a persuasive essay explaining whyyou feel that this invention is so important.


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The Age of Big Business(Pages 718–723)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What resources are necessary to help an economy grow?• Who was responsible for creating the first monopoly in the oil industry?• Why was it necessary for the government to regulate business?

As you read pages 719–723, re-create the diagram below and explain the signifi-

cance of each term in business in the late 1800s.

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Significance

Shareholders

Stock exchanges

Mergers

Economists identify several resources that make economicgrowth possible. As you read, look for these resources.Record them in a web like the one shown below.




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Resources for

economic growth

Foundations for Growth (page 719)

corporation

stock

shareholder

dividend

resource

invest


What happens to dividends when a company does well?

To preview, first skim page 720. Then write a sentence ortwo explaining what you think you will learn. After youfinish reading, revise your statements as necessary.



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capital(Chapter 8, Section 1)

The Oil Business (page 720)

horizontal integration

trust

monopoly


What method did Rockefeller use to build his oil empire?

As you read, write three details about the steel business,as explained in this passage. Then write a general state-ment explaining why the government felt it was necessaryto regulate business.

1.

2.

3.


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John D.Rockefeller

The Steel Business (pages 721–723)




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vertical integration

philanthropy

merger

Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania

Cleveland,Ohio

Chicago,Illinois

Detroit,Michigan

Birmingham,Alabama


How does vertical integration differ from horizontal integration?


What resources are necessary to help an economy grow?

Who was responsible for creating the first monopoly in the oil industry?


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Andrew Carnegie

J. Pierpont Morgan

Why was it necessary for the government to regulate business?

Research to learn about the Standard Oil Company and theCarnegie Steel Company. On a separate sheet of paper,write a comparative essay contrasting the different wayseach company built a monopoly.


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Industrial Workers(Pages 724-729)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What were some of the hazardous working conditions created by

industrialization?• Why were labor unions formed?• What caused the nation to turn against labor unions?

As you read pages 725–729, re-create the diagram below and list actions labor

unions took to improve working conditions.

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Labor Unions

Working conditions during the late 1800s were hazardousand unfair to laborers. Make a note of any points that sup-port this statement. After you read, go back and fill inadditional information.



How did mass production change the size of factories?


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Working Conditions (page 725)

sweatshop

job

labor

As you read, list some unique characteristics of the laborunions discussed in this passage in the columns below.Then, based on the things you listed, write a short para-graph evaluating the effectiveness of each of these organizations.




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Knights of Labor American Federation of Labor

Labor Unions Form (pages 726–727)

trade union

collective bargaining

Philadelphia,Pennsylvania

New York City,New York


Who was eligible for membership in the AFL? In the Knightsof Labor?

As you read about the Haymarket Square incident and thePullman strike, record your responses. What questions doyou have? After reading the section, write a short para-graph summarizing your response to the story.


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Terence V.Powderly

Samuel Gompers

Mary Harris Jones

The Unions Act (pages 727–729)




Why did many railroad workers go on strike in 1894?


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strikebreaker

injunction

Homestead,Pennsylvania

Eugene V.Debs

Grover Cleveland


What were some of the hazardous working conditions created by industrialization?

Why were labor unions formed?

What caused the nation to turn against labor unions?

Research to learn about working in a coal mine during thelate 1800s. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrativeessay describing the methods used to mine the coal, safetymeasures employed to protect miners, and the workingconditions in the mines.


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The New Immigrants(Pages 740–747)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What were some of the countries from which immigrants in the late

1800s came to America?• What were the working conditions like for most immigrants?• What was the reaction of native-born Americans to the immigrants?

As you read pages 741–747, re-create the diagram below and write the reasons

immigrants came to America.

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Reasons for Immigrating

As you read this passage, list characteristics of the “old”immigrants and the “new” immigrants in a chart like theone below. Then, write a short paragraph that summarizeswhy the “new” immigrants wanted to come to America.



Who were the “new” immigrants?


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“Old” Immigrants “New” Immigrants

A Flood of Immigrants (pages 741–742)

emigrate

ethnic group

persecute(Chapter 2, Section 1)


I. Where did immigrants find work?

A.

B.

II. How did immigrants adjust?

A.

B.

III. Where did immigrants settle?

A.

B.




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The Journey to America (pages 742–745)

steerage

sweatshop

assimilate

New York City



What is assimilation?


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Ellis Island

Angel Island

Emma Lazarus

register

process

aspect

Native-born Americans did not always welcome new immi-grants. As you read, look for some of the reasons whynativists felt that immigrants did not fit into American society. Record the reasons you find in the web below.



What was the nativist movement?


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Reasons nativists

were opposed to

immigrants

Nativist Movement (pages 746–747)

nativist

Grace Abbott

Julia Clifford Lathrop


What were some of the countries from which immigrants in the late1800s came to America?

What were the working conditions like for most immigrants?

What was the reaction of native-born Americans to the immigrants?

Research one of the countries identified as a source of the“new” immigrants during the mid-1880s. On a separatesheet of paper, write an expository essay describing whatlife was like for people in that country, and why many peo-ple felt compelled to immigrate to America.


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Moving to the City(Pages 750–756)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What were some of the contrasts between rich and poor people living

in American cities?• What problems did American cities face?• What improvements in transportation led to even more people living in

or near cities?

As you read pages 751–756, re-create the diagram below and list three serious

problems facing American cities in the late 1800s.

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Urban Problems

As you read, list words and phrases that help you picturewhat it might have been like to live in a tenement. Write ashort paragraph in your own words describing what yousee around you.




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Growth of Cities (pages 751–752)

tenement

slum

suburb

Gilded Age

accommodate

professional


Why was tenement living difficult?

To preview, first skim the passage. Then write a sentenceor two explaining what you think you will learn. After youfinish reading, revise your statements as necessary.



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discrimination(Chapter 8, Section 3)

Cities in Crisis (page 753)

settlement house


What purpose did settlement houses serve?


1. Brooklyn Bridge opens in New York

2. Boston opens the first subway system in the United States

3. Richmond,Virginia, pioneers use trolley cars

4. Woolworth building becomes the tallest building in the world

5. World’s first skyscraper is built in Chicago

6. World’s Fair is hosted in Chicago



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The Changing City (pages 754–756)

Central Park

Jane Addams


What new forms of urban transportation were developed?


What were some of the contrasts between rich and poor people living inAmerican cities?


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Louis Sullivan

Frederick Law Olmsted

Elisha Otis

William LeBaron Jenney

What problems did American cities face?

What improvements in transportation led to even more people living in ornear cities?

Research to learn more about life in tenements. On a sepa-rate sheet of paper, write a descriptive essay explainingwhat the living conditions were like for many immigrantsin large cities.


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A Changing Culture(Pages 757–763)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did the expanding educational system provide new opportunities

for minorities?• What did Americans increasingly do with their leisure time?• What were some of the characteristics of American art, music, and leisure

activities that made them uniquely American?

As you study pages 758–763, re-create the diagram below and describe the

achievements of the persons listed.

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Achievements

John Dewey

George Washington Carver

Mary Cassatt

Scott Joplin

As you read, write three details about changes to educa-tion in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Then write a generalstatement about the opportunities for minorities in educa-tion during this period.

1.

2.

3.





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Expanding Education (pages 758–760)

land-grant college

Tuskegee Institute

John Dewey


What did the colleges Bryn Mawr, Vassar, and Smith have in common?

Reading became a popular pastime in America. Make anote of any points that identify why this was true. Afteryou read, go back and fill in additional information.


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Booker T.Washington

George Washington

Carver

benefit

isolate

A Nation of Readers (page 761)




What is regionalism?


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yellow journalism

realism

regionalism

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph

Hearst

ethnic


1.

2.

3.



What elements made up jazz music?


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Art, Music, and Leisure (pages 762–763)

ragtime

vaudeville

Thomas Edison


How did the expanding educational system provide new opportunities for minorities?

What did Americans do increasingly with their leisure time?

What were some of the characteristics of American art, music, and leisureactivities that made them uniquely American?

Authors such as Mark Twain and Jack London were able to convey to their readers a sense of what the people of a particular region were like and what it was like to live in the area they were writing about. On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptive paragraph that describessomething unique about your town or area or a personyou know who exhibits characteristics unique to yourtown or area.


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The Progressive Movement(Pages 764-771)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What did Americans do to fight against corruption in business and

government?• How did reporters help new calls for reform?• What group of people gained the right to vote during the early 1900s?

As you read pages 765–771, re-create the diagram below and list reforms for

each category.

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Reforms

Government Business Voting


1. Political reformers in the late 1800s were called .

They focused on problems, government, and

.

2. Powerful organizations linked to were known

as political machines. These groups were able to control

and . Many times, their leaders

were .

3. The rewarded political with

jobs and . President Chester A.

helped pass the , which set up examinations for

jobs.




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Call for Reform (page 765–766)

political machine

trust

oligopoly

William M.Tweed

Why did many people want lower tariffs?

Readers of Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle were shocked by his descriptions of the meatpacking industry.Think of a book you have read that provoked a strongreaction in you. Write a brief statement about the book and the feelings it caused you to have.




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The New Reformers (page 767)

muckraker

Jacob Riis

Eugene V.Debs


Who wrote about unfair practices in the oil industry?

The state of Oregon made important changes that gave voters more power. These changes were later adopted byother states. As you read, write down each of these impor-tant changes on a web like the one pictured below.


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Lincoln Steffens

Ida Tarbell

Upton Sinclair

underlie

Oregon

System

Expanding Democracy (pages 769–771)





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primary

initiative

referendum

recall

laissez-faire

conservation

Robert La Follette

Theodore Roosevelt

inspect

What reform allowed voters to place a measure on the ballot?


What did Americans do to fight against corruption in business and government?

How did reporters help new calls for reform?

What group of people gained the right to vote during the early 1900s?

Research to learn about the major railroad companies of the late 1800s. On a separate sheet of paper, write apersuasive essay that argues against the InterstateCommerce Act.


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A Changing Nation(Pages 774-783)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did the United States demonstrate its power in Latin America and

the Pacific?• Why did ethnic and religious groups face discrimination in America?• How were some groups able to gain more equal rights?

As you read pages 775–783, re-create the diagram below and describe the poli-

cies listed.

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Description

Roosevelt Corollary

Dollar Diplomacy

Moral Diplomacy


1.

2.

3.




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American Foreign Policy (pages 775–777)

isthmus

Alaska

Hawaiian Islands


On what principles did Wilson base his foreign policy?


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Cuba

Guam

Philippines

Panama

reject

modify

As you read, write three details about racial prejudiceduring the late 1800s and early 1900s. Then write a sum-mary statement about the reforms that tried to help the situation.

1.

2.

3.




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Facing Prejudice at Home (pages 778–780)

discrimination

bias

You used these terms earlier. Now use each in a sentencethat reflects the term’s meaning in this lesson.

What Supreme Court decision legalized segregation?




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prejudice(Chapter 8, Section 3)

segregation(Chapter 14, Section 4)

Struggle for Equal Opportunity (pages 780–783)

ward

barrio

What were mutualistas?


How did the United States demonstrate its power in Latin America and thePacific?

Why did ethnic and religious groups face discrimination in America?

How were some groups able to gain more equal rights?

The construction of the Panama Canal is one of the great-est engineering feats of all time. Research to find out how this was accomplished and what difficulties had to be overcome. On a separate sheet of paper, write anexpository essay describing what you learned.


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