Actions - Civil Procedure

8/11/2019 Actions - Civil Procedure

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Actions

Actions .................................................................................................................................1

1. 1. Meaning of ordinary civil actions .............................................................................2

2. 2. Meaning of special civil actions................................................................................23. 3. Meaning of criminal actions .....................................................................................3

4. 4. Civil actions versus Special proceedings ..................................................................4

5. 5. Personal actions and real actions.............................................................................8

6. 6. Local and transitory actions ...................................................................................14

7. 7. Actions in rem, in personam and quasi in rem ......................................................17


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1. 1. Meaning of ordinary civil actions

1.1. Q: What is an ordinary civil action?

1.1.1. A: It is a formal demand of ones legal rights in a court of justice in the

manner prescribed by the court or by law. It is governed by ordinary rules

2. 2. Meaning of special civil actions


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2.1. Q: What is a special civil action?

2.1.1. A: It has special features not found in ordinary civil actions. It is governed by

ordinary rules but subject to specific rules prescribed in Rules 62-71.

3. 3. Meaning of criminal actions

3.1. Q: What is a criminal action?

3.1.1. A: It is one by which the state prosecutes a person for an act or omission

punishable by law (Sec.3 (b), Rule1).


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4. 4. Civil actions versus Special proceedings

4.1. Q: Distinguish action from special proceeding.

4.1.1. A:Action

4.1.1.1. Purpose


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4.1.1.2.1. Where a party litigant seeks to recover property from another, his

remedy is to file an action.

4.1.1.3. Governing Law

4.1.1.3.1. Ordinary rules supplemented by special rules

4.1.1.4. Court

4.1.1.4.1. Heard by courts of general jurisdiction

4.1.1.5. Procedure

4.1.1.5.1. Initiated by a pleading and parties respond through an answer

4.1.2. Special Proceeding


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4.1.2.1. Purpose

4.1.2.1.1. To establish a status, a right or a particular fact (Sec. 3 Rule 1).

Specific kinds of special proceedings are found in Rule 72 Rule 109.

Examples: settlement of estate, escheat, guardianship, etc. (Riano, Civil

Procedure: A Restatement for the Bar, p. 121, 2009 ed.)

4.1.2.2. Application

4.1.2.2.1. Where his purpose is to seek the appointment of a guardian for an

insane person, his remedy is a special proceeding to establish the fact or


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status of insanity calling for an appointment of guardianship. (Herrera, Vol. I,

p. 370, 2007 ed.

4.1.2.3. Governing Law

4.1.2.3.1. Special rules supplemented by ordinary rules

4.1.2.4. Court

4.1.2.4.1. Heard by courts of limited jurisdiction

4.1.2.5. Procedure

4.1.2.5.1. Initiated by a petition and parties respond through an opposition

5. 5. Personal actions and real actions


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5.1. Q: Distinguish real actions from personal actions.

5.1.1. A:Real Action

5.1.1.1. Scope


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5.1.1.1.1. When it affects title to or possession of a real property, or an

interest therein (Sec. 1, Rule 4)

5.1.1.2. Basis

5.1.1.2.1. When it is founded upon the privity of a real estate. That means

that realty or interest therein is the subject matter of the action.

5.1.1.2.2. Note: It is important that the matter in litigation must also involve

any of the following issue:


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5.1.1.2.2.1. 1. Title to property

5.1.1.2.2.2. 2. Ownership

5.1.1.2.2.3. 3. Possession

5.1.1.2.2.4. 4. Partition

5.1.1.2.2.5. 5. Foreclosure of mortgage

5.1.1.2.2.6. 6. Any interest in real property.

5.1.1.3. Venue

5.1.1.3.1. Venue of action shall be commenced and tried in the proper court

which has jurisdiction over the area wherein the real property involved, or a

portion thereof is situated. (Rule 4, Sec. 1)

5.1.1.4. Example


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5.1.1.4.1. An action to recover possession of real property plus damages

5.1.1.4.2. Note: An action to annul or rescind a sale of real property has as its

fundamental and prime objective the recovery of real property (Emergency

Loan Pawnshop, Inc. vs. Court of appeals, 353 SCRA 89; Riano, p. 122, 2009

ed.)

5.1.2. Personal Action

5.1.2.1. Scope


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5.1.2.1.1. Personal property is sought to be recovered or where damages for

breach of contract are sought

5.1.2.2. Basis

5.1.2.2.1. Founded on privity of contract such as damages, claims of money,

etc.

5.1.2.3. Venue

5.1.2.3.1. Venue of action is the place where the plaintiff or any of the

principal plaintiffs resides or any of the defendants resides, at the election of

the plaintiff (Rule 2 Sec. 2)

5.1.2.4. Example

5.1.2.4.1. An action for sum of money


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6. 6. Local and transitory actions

6.1. Q: Distinguish local action from transitory actions.

6.1.1. A: Local Action

6.1.1.1. Venue


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6.1.1.1.1. Must be brought in a particular place where the subject property is

located, unless there is an agreement to the contrary.

6.1.1.2. Privity of contract

6.1.1.2.1. No privity of contract and the action is founded on privity of estate

only

6.1.1.3. Example

6.1.1.3.1. Action to recover real property

6.1.2. Transitory Action


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6.1.2.1. Venue

6.1.2.1.1. Dependent on the place where the party resides regardless of where

the cause of action arose subject to Sec. 4, Rule 4

6.1.2.2. Privity of contract

6.1.2.2.1. Founded on privity of contract between the parties whether debt or

covenant (Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines v. Samson, G.R. No.

L-30175, Nov. 28, 1975).

6.1.2.3. Example


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6.1.2.3.1. Action to recover sum of money

7. 7. Actions in rem, in personam and quasi in rem

7.1. Q: Distinguish actions in rem, in personam and quasi in rem

7.1.1. A:Action In Rem


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7.1.1.1. Nature

7.1.1.1.1. A proceeding to subject the property of such persons to the

discharge of the claims assailed.

7.1.1.2. Purpose

7.1.1.2.1. A proceeding to determine the state or condition of a thing

7.1.1.3. Scope


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7.1.1.3.1. Directed against the thing itself Directed against the whole world

7.1.1.4. Required jurisdiction

7.1.1.4.1. Jurisdiction over the person of the defendant is not required.

Jusrisdiction over the RES is required through publication in a newspaper of

general circulation.

7.1.1.5. Effect of judgment

7.1.1.5.1. Judgment is binding upon the whole world.

7.1.1.6. Example


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7.1.1.6.1. 1. Probate proceeding

7.1.1.6.2. 2. Cadastral proceeding

7.1.1.6.3. 3. Land registration proceeding

7.1.2. Action In Personam

7.1.2.1. Nature

7.1.2.1.1. A proceeding to enforce personal rights and obligations brought

against the person


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7.1.2.2. Purpose

7.1.2.2.1. An action to impose a responsibility or liability upon a person

directly

7.1.2.3. Scope

7.1.2.3.1. Directed against particular persons


7.1.2.4.1. Jurisdiction over the person of the defendant is required



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7.1.2.5.1. Judgment is binding only upon parties impleaded or their

successors-in-interest

7.1.2.6. Example

7.1.2.6.1. 1. Action for specific performance

7.1.2.6.2. 2. Action for breach of contract

7.1.2.6.3. 3. Action for ejectment

7.1.2.6.4. 4. Action for a sum of money; for damages (Riano, Civil Procedure:

A Restatement for the Bar,p.130, 2009 ed.)

7.1.3. Action Quasi In Rem


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7.1.3.1. Nature

7.1.3.1.1. A proceeding to subject the property of the named defendant or his

interests therein to the obligation or lien burdening the property

7.1.3.2. Purpose

7.1.3.2.1. Deals with the stauts, ownership or liability of a particular property

but which are intended to operate on these questions only as between the

particular parties to the proceedings and not to ascertain or cut-off the rights

or interests of all possible claimants. (Domagas vs. Jensen, 448 SCRA 663)


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7.1.3.3. Scope

7.1.3.3.1. Directed against particular persons


7.1.3.4.1. Jurisdiction over the person of the defendant is not required as longas jurisdiction over the res is acquired


7.1.3.5.1. Judgment will be binding only upon the litigants, privies, successor

in interest but the judgment shall be executed against a particular property.

The RES involve will answer the judgment.


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7.1.3.6. Example

7.1.3.6.1. 1. Action for partition

7.1.3.6.2. 2. Action to foreclose real estate mortgage attachment

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Actions - Civil Procedure