Actinopterygian Relationships IVBiology of Fishes

10.11.12

Presentation Topics Review (Actinopterygian Relationships III) Actinopterygian Relationships IV : Percomorpha

Overview

Actinopterygian Relationships

Actinopterygian Relationships

Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes)

- Mugilomorpha (mullets)

- Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.)

-Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Acanthopterygii

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) Most diverse group of bony fishes; ~15,000 species Two major synapomorphies

Ascending process – dorsal extension of premaxilla Most highly developed pharyngeal dentition and function based

on new muscle and bone attachments Ctenoid scales Physoclistous gas bladder 2 dorsal fins (1 spiny-rayed, 1 soft-rayed) Pelvic and anal fin spines Pelvic fins forward, pectoral fins laterally positioned

Actinopterygian Relationships

Acanthopterygii

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) Most advanced fishes, dominate shallow productive

habitats of marine and many freshwater environments Controversial phylogeny (follow Nelson 2006)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes)

- Mugilomorpha (mullets)

- Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.)

-Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Actinopterygian Relationships

pumpkinseed sunfish

Actinopterygian Relationships

Percomorpha (“perch-shaped” fishes) Most advanced clade of fishes ~13,000 species; primarily marine, many successful

freshwater Primary synapomorphy is anteriorly placed pelvic girdle

attached to pectoral girdle directly or via ligament Pelvic fin with anterior spine and 5 soft rays (typically)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Stephanoberyciformes (whalefishes) Beryciformes (squirrelfishes) Zeiformes (dories) Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks, seahorses) Synbranchiformes (swamp eels) Scorpaeniformes (scorpionfishes, sculpins, relatives)

Percomorpha(basal groups)

Percomorpha

Percomorpha(basal groups)

whalefishes

squirrelfishesdories

seahorses, sticklebacksswamp eels

scorpionfishes, sculpins

Stephanoberyciformes (whalefishes) ~75 species Deepsea marine fishes Primitive percomorphs, more caudal fin rays (18-19) than

other percomorphs (typically 17)

Percomorpha

Beryciformes (squirrelfishes) ~144 species Nocturnal marine fishes Large eyes, head; also primitive caudal fin ray number (18-

19) Includes commercially important orange roughy (mature in

20-30 years, live past 150 years)

Percomorpha

Zeiformes (dories) ~75 species Primitive marine percomorphs Protrusible mouths Not well-classified in percomorpha based on morphologies

Percomorpha

Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks, seashorses) ~280 species, primarily marine, small fishes Dermal armor plates, small mouths Sticklebacks very intensely studied (behavior, physiology,

ecology, evolution) Unique reproductive behavior – “pregnant males”

Percomorpha

Synbranchiformes (swamp eels) ~100 species Primarily freshwater, eel-like fishes Air-breathers Lack most fins, in some cases all fins Invasive species from pet trade

Percomorpha

Scorpaeniformes (scorpionfishes, sculpins, relatives) ~1500 species, primarily marine fishes Phylogenetic placement in percomorpha debated Many lack scales, possess numerous spines Venomous lionfishes and stonefishes Freshwater sculpins Lumpfish (Cyclopterus) is most advanced

Percomorpha

Perciformes (perch-like fishes) Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, relatives)

Percomorpha(advanced groups)

Percomorpha

Percomorpha(advanced groups)

Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes

yellow perch

parrotfish flounders & halibuts ocean sunfish

triggerfish

Perciformes (perch-like fishes) Largest order of vertebrates – 160 families and over 10,000

species; more than 2/3 of all fishes Rapid evolution ~20 million years Marine (gobies, wrasses, seabasses) and freshwater

success (cichlids, croakers, perches/darters) Some of the most recognizable fishes

Percomorpha

Perciformes

Pleuronectiformes (flounders, halibuts, relatives) Asymmetrical morphology – both eyes on one side of head Teeth, scales, fins, pigmentation differ between sides Benthic, carnivorous, primarily marine; ~680 species Important food fishes

Percomorpha

Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, relatives) “four teeth”; many lack true teeth (possess modified jaw bone) Most derived fishes, reduced bones, fins, morphology; ~360

species Trigger mechanism in trigger/filefishes Cartilaginous elements re-evolved (“come full circle”) tetraodotoxin

Percomorpha