ACSM - April 20041 Implementation of The National Map Road Database Bryan Weaver Masters of Science Candidate Department of Geography University of Georgia

ACSM - April 2004 1

Implementation of Implementation of The National Map The National Map Road DatabaseRoad Database

Bryan WeaverBryan WeaverMasters of Science CandidateMasters of Science Candidate

Department of GeographyDepartment of Geography

University of GeorgiaUniversity of Georgia

Project ReportProject Report

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Project ReportProject Report

Internship – Summer 2003Internship – Summer 2003

U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey

Mid-Continent Mapping CenterMid-Continent Mapping Center

Rolla, MissouriRolla, Missouri

This report was funded by a grant from the U.S. Geological Survey to the University of GeorgiaThis report was funded by a grant from the U.S. Geological Survey to the University of Georgia

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IntroductionIntroduction

Define Define The National Map (TNM) The National Map (TNM) and describe the push-pull and describe the push-pull factors for spatial data consolidation.factors for spatial data consolidation.

Present technical and institutional challenges facing Present technical and institutional challenges facing The The National Map National Map road implementation.road implementation.

Describe the United States Geological Survey (USGS) plan Describe the United States Geological Survey (USGS) plan for for The National MapThe National Map road data implementation. road data implementation.

Weight the plan against these challenges.Weight the plan against these challenges. Recommend strategies that may best address such Recommend strategies that may best address such

challenges.challenges.

Goal Goal : To provide guidance in the responsible : To provide guidance in the responsible development of development of The National Map The National Map road database.road database.

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MethodologyMethodology

Three basic methods for developing a recommended Three basic methods for developing a recommended implementation strategy.implementation strategy.

1. Professional Interaction with TNM personnel and literature review of TNM and push/pull factors to spatial information partnering.

2. Visual analysis of road data from various government entities.

3. Assumptional analysis of TNM road data alternative implementation strategies.

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The National MapThe National Map - Defined - Defined

TNM will be a seamless, geographically complete, and continuously maintained set of geographic base information for the entire nation. It will rely on the collaboration of multiple government (federal, state, and local) and private mapping organizations.

http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/

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The National MapThe National Map - Defined - Defined

Geographical data themes:

High-resolution digital orthorectified imagery High-resolution surface elevation data Vector feature data for transportation

(roads, railways, and waterways), hydrography (rivers and water bodies), structures, government unit boundaries, and publicly owned lands boundaries.

Geographic names for physical and cultural features

Land cover data

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The Need for Spatial Data ConsolidationThe Need for Spatial Data ConsolidationRise of Spatial Information RedundancyRise of Spatial Information Redundancy

Rapid adoption of GIS

Organizational isolation.

Lack of coordination between and within public and private entities.

Distinct missions and budgets.

Legacy spatial information systems and data models.

In sum, rapid, independent, and ubiquitous adoption of GIS yields spatial information redundancy.

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The Need for Spatial Data ConsolidationThe Need for Spatial Data Consolidation

Existing Public Road Databases:

USGS: Digital Line Graphs (DLG), and Digital Raster Graphics (DRG)

U.S. Bureau of Census: Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER)

U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics: National Transportation Atlas Database

State, regional, county, and city road databases

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Federal Initiatives to Reduce RedundancyFederal Initiatives to Reduce Redundancy

USGS: The National Map (TNM)

USGS next generation topographic mapping via distributed partner-based content structure.

U.S. Bureau of Census: TIGER Enhancement Program

Spatial and a-spatial road data enhancement ($200 million with Harris Corp.)

FGDC: Geospatial-One-Stop

Federal geospatial data portal - “Two clicks to Data”

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Integrating Disparate Networks Integrating Disparate Networks

Conceptual Data FlowConceptual Data Flow::

Federated Database design – Local schemas mapped to a Federated Database design – Local schemas mapped to a global schema for attribute conflation and maintenance. global schema for attribute conflation and maintenance.

Physical Integration ProcessesPhysical Integration Processes::

Vertical Integration = Cross-thematic topological integrity Vertical Integration = Cross-thematic topological integrity

Horizontal Integration = Same-theme edge-matchingHorizontal Integration = Same-theme edge-matching


Integration of Integration of TNMTNM Road Data Road Data


Challenges Facing Challenges Facing TNM: TNM: TechnicalTechnical

Most public datasets are Outdated and inaccurate:Most public datasets are Outdated and inaccurate:


Challenges Facing Challenges Facing TNM: TNM: TechnicalTechnical

Horizontal data integration:Horizontal data integration:


Challenges Facing Challenges Facing TNM:TNM:Multi-Institutional GIS DevelopmentMulti-Institutional GIS Development

Integration in a heterogeneous environment;Integration in a heterogeneous environment;

Institutional and technical impediments will contribute to Institutional and technical impediments will contribute to the complexity of implementation;the complexity of implementation;

How will these factors influence the requirements and How will these factors influence the requirements and

expectations of expectations of TNMTNM??


Challenges Facing Challenges Facing TNM: TNM: InstitutionalInstitutional

Variation in participant priorities;

Variation in GIS experience among participants;

Differences in spatial data handling;

Disagreements among participants regarding data openness, leadership, standards, and cost sharing.

Masser and Campbell (1995)


Challenges Facing Challenges Facing TNM: TNM: InstitutionalInstitutional continued… continued…

The more participants in a data sharing program, the greater organizational complexity (Meredith, 1995; Fountain, 2001). TNM may have thousands of participants.

Azad et al. (1995) found an inverse relationship between the interdependency of participants and the likelihood of program success. Who will rely on who for what and how frequently?


Technical Factors Complicating Integration:Technical Factors Complicating Integration:

Total length of coincident participant boundaries;Total length of coincident participant boundaries;

Road network feature density at the participant boundaries;Road network feature density at the participant boundaries;

Complexity (attribute precision) of the global schema;Complexity (attribute precision) of the global schema; The number of participant schemas to be unified to The number of participant schemas to be unified to The The

National MapNational Map global schema; global schema;

Degree of participant interdependency.Degree of participant interdependency.


TNMTNM Road Implementation Plan Road Implementation PlanUSGS - U.S. Census Bureau PartnershipUSGS - U.S. Census Bureau Partnership

USGS and U.S. Census have designated the enhanced TIGER database as the primary provider of road data for The National Map.

Schedule completion of positional accuracy enhancement is 2008.

Let’s take a closer look at the MAF/TIGER Enhancement


The USGS / U.S. Census Bureau PartnershipThe USGS / U.S. Census Bureau PartnershipMAF/TIGER EnhancementMAF/TIGER Enhancement

Objectives:

1. Improve TIGER Positional accuracy and implement automated change detection;

2. Implement a new processing environment;

3. Expand and encourage geographic partnerships;

4. Launch the Community Address Updating System;

5. Implement periodic evaluation activities.



Objectives 1 - Improve TIGER Positional accuracy and implement automated change detection.

Completion date of 2008 by way of contract with Harris Corp. includes TIGER roads, boundary information.

A 7.6 meter, or better, positional accuracy requirement. This is well within TNM accuracy standards.



Fred Broom et al. (2003) in PERS October, 2003Fred Broom et al. (2003) in PERS October, 2003

““The USGS’ list of desired features was more extensive The USGS’ list of desired features was more extensive than that needed by the Census Bureau.”than that needed by the Census Bureau.”

The Census Bureau agreed to provide a location within its The Census Bureau agreed to provide a location within its DB structure for State / Local attributes that may be DB structure for State / Local attributes that may be of interest to The National Map. of interest to The National Map. HoweverHowever……

“…“…The Census Bureau (stated that they) would not The Census Bureau (stated that they) would not actively solicit or extract such features.”actively solicit or extract such features.”



Thus, the USGS will need to collect and integrate Thus, the USGS will need to collect and integrate “best available data” to meet its current demand “best available data” to meet its current demand for additional a-spatial attributes.for additional a-spatial attributes.

This IS NOT simply resolved via attribute conflation This IS NOT simply resolved via attribute conflation from local datasets to a federated schema.from local datasets to a federated schema.


Attribute Translation from Local to GlobalAttribute Translation from Local to Global


TNMTNM Recommendation Recommendation

Road data integrationRoad data integration:: Need for an Overarching NSDI authority above USGS for successful Need for an Overarching NSDI authority above USGS for successful

coordination of geospatial data management.coordination of geospatial data management. Coordinate data solicitationCoordinate data solicitation Coordinate and prioritize researchCoordinate and prioritize research Budget AuthorityBudget Authority

Requirements study inclusive of all, major stakeholder communities across Requirements study inclusive of all, major stakeholder communities across all political levels of government.all political levels of government. What minimum set of road attributes are needed across all levels?What minimum set of road attributes are needed across all levels? How might these be standardized to avoid an under-bound participant community? How might these be standardized to avoid an under-bound participant community? Participant accrediting?Participant accrediting?


TNMTNM Recommendation (cont.) Recommendation (cont.)

Private Networks to $ Subscribers


ConclusionsConclusions

The National MapThe National Map road data will leverage the U.S. Census Bureau’s TIGER road data will leverage the U.S. Census Bureau’s TIGER Enhancement Program and local data providers.Enhancement Program and local data providers.

Technical integration (horizontal and vertical) and institutional integration present Technical integration (horizontal and vertical) and institutional integration present many challenges to partnering.many challenges to partnering.

Literature sites the need for Overarching Authorities in complex partnership programs.Literature sites the need for Overarching Authorities in complex partnership programs.

Minimal, core requirements should be defined for global schema. Minimal, core requirements should be defined for global schema.

Minimal standardization of participants should be required.Minimal standardization of participants should be required.

Questions?Questions?

Documents

ACSM - April 20041 Implementation of The National Map Road Database Bryan Weaver Masters of Science Candidate Department of Geography University of Georgia