281

Across1. A metal used in batteries but not pencils.2. This element is found in the most odorous compounds.3. Its aqueous 2+ ion has a characteristic blue color.4. Bananas are rich in its cation.5. The noble gas with the second-lowest density.6. Its hydride is the most common basic gas.7. This metal forms a yellow oxyanion in basic solution.8. A gaseous nonmetal, X, that forms a tetraoxide, XO4.9. A transition metal, M, that forms a tetraoxide, MO4.10. In a flame, its compounds produce a red-violet color.11. Its diatomic molecule has the highest bond energy of any halogen.12. Named after Professor "e = mc2.''13. A semimetal that forms a common solid dioxide.14. The metal used in the preparation of Grignard reagents.15. This element, X, forms such species as XF7 and X3

.16. The element first identified from the Sun's spectrum.17. The 3 + ion of this rare earth element has the same electron con figuration as xenon.18. Other than xenon, it is the only non-radioactive noble gas which is known to form chemical

compounds.19. Napoleon may have been poisoned by this element.20. This metal forms a colorless +1 aqueous ion that gives a white precipitate with aqueous

chloride ion.21. Its oxide is a good diamond substitute.22. This transition metal forms compounds that have anti-cancer activity.23. The alkali metal that resembles the alkaline earth metals in its chemistry.24. Its sulfate is used for stomach X-rays.25. One of the allotropes of this nonmetal conducts heat five times better than copper.26. The densest gaseous element.27. This transition metal forms a very hard carbide.28. Its common 4+ ion has the electron configuration [Rn]5f4.

29. The "weak" metal of Group 15.30. Among the alkali metals, this clement has the most soluble fluoride and the least soluble

iodide.31. The sulfide of this transition metal is an excellent lubricant.32. Emperor Napoleon III used tableware of this metal for special state occasions.

Down1. This member of Group i3 melts at only 30℃.2. This nonmetal forms ionic, metallic, and covalent compounds.3. The 2 + ion of this rare earth metal has a half-filled set of f orbitals.4. The "Tyrannosaurus rex" of the elements.

282

5. Its compounds were once used to produce glow-in-the-dark watches.6. This rare earth element was very difficult to separate from its neighbor, praseodymium.7. Named after the "father" of the periodic table.8. The bottom member of Group 2, alphabetically.9. An organometallic compound of this main group metal is used in the preservation of books.10. The only metal to commonly form a diatomic cation in solution.11. This metal forms a magnetic oxide of formula M3O4.12. This gaseous element was once known as "dephlogisticated air."13. One allotrope is stored under water.14. Its hexaaqua ion in the +2 oxidation state is pink.15. This actinoid is usually sold as a compound known as "yellow cake."16. Xerography would be impossible without this element.17. Its common oxyanion has a characteristic purple color.18. The densest non-radioactive metal of Group 9.19. The highest atomic number element for which stable isotopes are known.20. The only liquid nonmetal at SATP.21. Its carbonate is one of the common minerals on the surface of the Earth.22. The least electronegative of the halogens.23. A "borderline" metal that has a high transparency to X-rays.24. A purification process for this metal uses a tetracarbonyl compound.25. The atmospheric gas with the third highest concentration.26. Its simplest hydride is a dimer while its common fluoride is electron deficient.7. This metal suffers from a plague at low temperatures.28. A compound of this metal, auranofin, is used in the treatment of arthritis.29. The sulfide of this metal has an intense yellow color, hence its use as a pigment.30. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy.

283

As thermodynamic data are experimental, their values differ from one source to another. A consistent set of values have been used here, summarized from G. Aylward and T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3rd ed., New York: Wiley, 1994.

Compound H ~ S ~ G

Name Formula (kJ·mol1) (J·moll·K1) (kJ·mol1)

Aluminum Al(s) 0 +28 0

Al(g) +330 +165 +290

Al3+(aq) 538 325 492

aluminate ion Al(OH)4 (aq) 1502 +103 1305

bromide AlBr3(s) 511 +180 489

carbide Al4C3(s) 209 +89 196

chloride AlCl3(s) 704 +111 629

chloride hexahydrate AlCI3·6H20(s) 2692 +318 2261

fluoride AlF3(s) 1510 +66 1431

iodide AlI3(s) 314 +159 301

nitride AlN(s) 318 +20 287

oxide Al2O3(s) 1676 +51 1582

phosphate AlPO4(s) 1734 +91 1618

sulfate Al2(SO4)3(s) 3441 +239 3100

Ammonium NH4+(aq) 133 +111 79

bromide NH4Br(s) 271 +113 175

chloride NH4CI(s) 314 +95 203

fluoride NH4F(s) 464 +72 349

iodide NH4I(s) 201 +117 113

284

nitrate NH4NO3(s) 366 +151 184

sulfate (NH4)2SO4(s) 1181 +220 902

vanadate NH4VO3(s) 1053 +141 888

Antimony Sb(s) 0 +46 0

Sb(g) +262 +180 +222

pentachloride SbCl5(l) 440 +301 350

pentaoxide Sb2O5(s) 972 +125 829

tribromide SbBr3(s) 259 +207 239

trichloride SbCl3(s) 382 +184 324

trihydride SbH3(g) +145 +233 +148

triodide SbI3(s) 100 +215 99

trioxide Sb2O3(s) 720 +110 634

trisulfide Sb2S3(s) 175 +182 174

Arsenic As(s) (grey) 0 +35 0

As(g) +302 +174 +261

pentafluoride AsF5(g) 1237 +317 1170

pentaoxide As2O5(s) 925 +105 782

tribromide AsBr3(s) 130 +364 159

trichloride AsC13(l) 305 +216 259

trifluoride AsF3(l) 786 +289 771

trihydride (arsine) AsH3(g) +66 +223 +69

triiodide AsI3(s) 58 +213 59

trioxide As2O3(s) 57 +107 576

trisulfide As2S3(s) 169 +164 169

Barium Ba(s) 0 +63 0

Ba(g) +180 +170 +146

Ba2+(aq) 538 +10 561

bromide BaBr2(s) 757 +146 737

carbonate BaCO3(s) 216 +112 1138

chloride BaCl2(s) 859 +124 810

chloride dihydrate BaCl2·2H2O(s) 1460 +203 1296

fluoride BaF2(s) 1207 +96 1157

hydroxide Ba(OH)2(s) 945 +101 856

hydroxide octahydrate Ba(OH)2·8H2O(s) 3342 +427 2793

285

iodide BaI2(s) 605 +165 601

nitrate Ba(NO3)2(s) 992 +214 797

nitride Ba3N2(s) 363 +152 292

oxide BaO(s) 554 +70 525

peroxide BaO2(s) 634

sulfate BaSO4(s) 1473 +132 1362

sulfide BaS(s) 460 +78 456

Beryllium Be(s) 0 +9 0

Be(g) +324 +136 +287

Be2+(aq) 383 130 380

bromide BeBr2(s) 356 +100 337

chloride BeCl2 (s) 490 +83 445

fluoride BeF2(s) 1027 +53 979

hydroxide Be(OH)2(s) 903 +52 815

iodide BeI2(s) 189 +120 187

oxide BeO(s) 609 +14 580

Bismuth Bi(s) 0 +57 0

chloride BiCl3(s) 379 +177 315

oxide Bi2O3(s) 574 +151 494

oxide chloride BiOCl(s) 367 +120 322

sulfide Bi2S3(s) 143 +200 141

Boron B(s) 0 0 6

B(g) +565 +153 +521

boric acid H3BO3(s) 1095 +90 970

carbide B4C(s) 71 +27 71

decaborane(14) B10H14(g) +32 +353 +216

diborane B2H6(g) +36 +232 +87

nitride BN(s) 254 +15 228

pentaborane(9) B5H9(l) +43 +184 +172

tribromide BBr3(1) 240 +230 238

trichloride BCl3(g) 404 +290 389

trifluoride BF3(g) 1136 +254 1119

trioxide (di-) B2O3(s) 1273 +54 1194

trisulfide (di-) B2S3(s) 252 +92 48

286

Bromine Br2(l) 0 +152 0

Br2(g) +31 +245 +3

Br(g) +112 +175 +82

Br(aq) 121 +83 104

bromate ion BrO3 (aq) 67 +162 +19

hypobromite ion BrO(aq) 94 +42 3

monochloride BrCl(g) +15 +240 1

monofluoride BrF(g) 94 +229 109

pentafluoride BrF5 (g) 429 +320 351

trifluoride BrF3(g) 256 +293 229

Cadmium Cd(s) 0 +52 0

Cd(g) +112 +168 +77

Cd2+(aq) 76 73 78

bromide CdBr2(s) 316 +137 296

carbonate CdCO3(s) 751 +92 669

chloride CdCl2 (s) 391 +115 344

fluoride CdF2 (s) 700 +77 648

hydroxide Cd(OH)2(s) 561 +96 474

iodide CdI2(s) 203 +161 201

nitrate Cd(NO3)2(s) 456

oxide CdO(s) 258 +55 228

sulfate CdSO4(s) 933 +123 823

sulfide CdS(s) 162 +65 156

Calcium Ca(s) 0 +42 0

Ca(g) +178 +155 +144

Ca2+(aq) 543 56 553

bromide CaBr2(s) 683 +130 664

carbide CaC2(s) 60 +70 65

carbonate CaCO3(s) (calcite) 1207 +93 1129

chloride CaCl2(s) 796 +105 748

fluoride CaF2(s) 1220 +69 1167

hydride CaH2(s) 186 +42 147

hydroxide Ca(OH)2(s) 986 +83 898

iodide CaI2(s) 533 +142 529

287

nitrate Ca(NO3)2(s) 938 +193 743

oxide CaO(s) 635 +38 603

phosphate Ca3(PO4)2(s) 4121 +236 3885

silicate CaSiO3(s) 1567 +82 1499

sulfate CaSO4(s) 1434 +107 1332

sulfate hemihydrate CaSO4·1/2H2O(s) 1577 +131 1437

sulfate dihydrate CaSO4·2H2O(s) 2023 +194 1797

sulfide CaS(s) 482 +56 477

Carbon C(s) (graphite) 0 +6 0

C(s) (diamond) +2 +2 +3

C(g) +717 +158 +671

carbonate ion CO32(aq) 675 50 528

chloride (-yl) (phosgene) COCl2(g) 219 +284 205

cyanide ion CN(aq) +151 +94 +172

dioxide CO2(g) 394 +214 394

dioxide CO2(aq) 413 +119 386

disulfide CS2(l) +90 +151 +65

ethane C2H6(g) 85 +230 33

hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3(aq) 690 +98 587

methane CH4(g) 75 +186 51

monoxide CO(g) 111 +198 137

tetrabromide CBr4(s) +19 +213 +48

tetrachloride CCl4(l) 135 +216 65

tetrafluoride CF4(g) 933 +262 888

thiocyanate ion NCS(aq) +76 +144 +93

Cesium Cs(s) 0 +85 0

Cs(g) +76 +176 +49

Cs+(aq) 258 +132 291

bromide CsBr(s) 406 +113 391

carbonate Cs2CO3(s) 1140 +204 1054

chloride CsCl(s) 443 +101 415

fluoride CsF(s) 554 +93 526

iodide CsI(s) 347 +123 341

nitrate CsNO3(s) 506 +155 407

288

sulfate Cs2SO4(s) 1443 +212 1324

Chlorine Cl2(g) 0 +223 0

C12(aq) 23 +121 +7

Cl(g) +121 +165 +105

Cl(aq) 167 +57 131

chlorate ion ClO3(aq) 104 +162 8

dioxide ClO2(g) +102 +257 +120

hypochlorite ion ClO(aq) 107 +42 37

monofluoride CIF(g) 54 +218 56

oxide (di-) C12O(g) +80 +266 +98

perchlorate ion ClO4(aq) 128 +184 8

trifluoride ClF3(g) 163 +282 123

Chromium Cr(s) 0 +24 0

Cr(g) +397 +175 +352

Cr2+(aq) 139 165

Cr3+(aq) 256 205

(II) chloride CrC12(s) 395 +115 356

(III) chloride CrCl3(s) 556 +123 486

chromate ion CrO4(aq) 881 +50 728

dichromate ion Cr2O72(aq) 1490 +262 1301

(III) oxide Cr2O3(s) 1140 +81 1058

(VI) oxide CrO3(s) 580 +72 513

(III) sulfate Cr2(SO4)3(s) 2911 +259 2578

Cobalt Co(s) 0 +30 0

Co(g) +425 +180 +380

Co2+(aq) 58 113 54

Co3+(aq) +92 305 +134

(II) carbonate CoCO3(s) 713 +89 637

(II) chloride CoCl2(s) 313 +109 270

(II) chloride

hexahydrate COC12·6H2O(s) 2115 +343 1725

(II) hydroxide Co(OH)2(s) (pink) 540 +79 454

(II) oxide CoO(s) 238 +53 214

(II) sulfate CoSO4(s) 888 +118 782

289

(II) sulfate heptahydrate CoSO4·7H2O(s) 2980 +406 2474

Copper Cu (s) 0 +33 0

Cu(g) +337 +166 +298

Cu+(aq) +72 +41 +50

Cu2+(aq) +65 98 +65

(I) chloride CuCl(s) 137 +86 120

(II) chloride CuCl2(s) 220 +108 176

(II) chloride dihydrate CuCl2·2H2O(s) 821 +167 656

(II) hydroxide Cu(OH)2(s) 450 +108 373

(I) oxide Cu2O(s) 169 +93 146

(II) oxide CuO(s) 157 +43 130

(II) sulfate CuSO4(s) 771 +109 662

(II) sulfate pentahydrate CuSO4·5H2O(s) 2280 +300 1880

(I) sulfide Cu2S(s) 80 +121 86

(II) sulfide CuS(s) 53 +67 54

Fluorine F2(g) 0 +203 0

F(g) +79 +159 +62

F(aq) 335 14 281

Gallium Ga(s) 0 +41 0

Ga(g) +277 +169 +239

Ga3+(aq) 212 331 159

bromide GaBr3(s) 387 +180 360

chloride GaCl3(s) 525 +142 455

fluoride GaF3(s) 1163 +84 1085

iodide GaI3(s) 239 +204 236

oxide Ga2O3(s) 1089 +85 998

Germanium Ge(s) 0 +31 0

Ge(g) +372 +168 +331

dioxide GeO(s) 262 +50 237

tetrachloride GeCl4(g) 496 +348 457

tetraoxide GeO2(s) 580 +40 521

Hydrogen H2(g) 0 +131 0

H(g) +218 +115 +203

H+(aq) 0 0 0

290

bromide HBr(g) 36 +199 53

chloride HCl(g) 92 +187 95

fluoride HF(g) 273 +174 275

hydrobromic acid HBr(aq) 122 +82 104

hydrochloric acid HCl(aq) 167 +56 131

hydrofluoric acid HF(aq) 333 14 279

hydroiodic acid HI(aq) 55 +111 52

iodide HI(g) +26 +207 +2

oxide (water) H2O(1) 286 +70 237

H2O(g) 242 +189 229

hydroxide ion OH(aq) 230 11 157

peroxide H2O2(l) 188 +110 120

selenide H2Se(g) +30 +219 +16

sulfide H2S (g) 21 +206 34

telluride H2Te(g) +100 +229 +85

Indium In(s) 0 +58 0

In(g) +243 +174 +209

In3+(aq) 105 151 98

(I) chloride InCl(s) 186 +95 164

(III) chloride InC13(s) 537 +141 462

oxide In2O3(s) 926 +104 831

Iodine I2(s) 0 +116 0

I2(g) +62 +261 +19

I(g) +107 +181 +70

I(aq) 55 +106 52

iodate ion IO3(aq) 221 +118 128

heptafluoride IF7(g) 944 +346 818

monochloride ICl(g) +18 +248 5

triodide ion I3(aq) 51 +239 51

Iron Fe(s) 0 +27 0

Fe(g) +416 +180 +371

Fe2+(aq) 89 138 79

Fe3+(aq) 49 316 5

(II) carbonate FeCO3(s) 741 +93 667

291

(II) chloride FeCl2(s) 342 +118 302

(III) chloride FeCl3(s) 399 +142 334

(II) disulfide FeS2(s) (pyrite) 178 +53 167

(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2(s) 569 +88 487

(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3(s) 823 +107 697

(II) oxide FeO(s) 272 +61 251

(II)(III) oxide Fe3O4(s) 1118 +146 1015

(III) oxide Fe2O3(s) 824 +87 742

(II) sulfate FeSO4(s) 928 +108 821

(II) sulfate heptahydrate FeSO4·7H2O (s) 3015 +409 2510

(III) sulfate Fe2(SO4)3(s) 2582 +308 2262

(II) sulfide FeS(s) 100 +60 100

Lead Pb(s) +65 0

Pb(g) +196

Pb2+(aq) +1 +18 24

(II) carbonate PbCO3(s) 699 +131 626

(II) chloride PbCl2(s) 359 +136 314

(IV) chloride PbC14(g) 552 +382 492

(II) oxide PbO(s) 217 +69 188

(IV) oxide PbO2(s) 277 +69 +217

(II) sulfate PbSO4(s) 920 +149 813

(II) sulfide PbS(s) 100 +91 99

Lithium Li(s) 0 +29 0

Li(g) +159 +139 +127

Li+(aq) 278 +12 293

bromide LiBr(s) 351 +74 342

carbonate Li2CO3(s) 1216 +90 1132

chloride LiCl(s) 409 +59 384

fluoride LiF(s) 616 +36 588

hydride LiH(s) 91 +20 68

hydroxide LiOH(s) 479 +43 439

iodide LiI(s) 270 +87 270

nitrate LiNO3(s) 483 +90 381

nitride Li3N(s) 164 +63 128

292

oxide Li2O(s) 598 +38 561

sulfate Li2SO4(s) 1436 +115 1322

sulfide Li2S(s) 441 +61 433

tetrahydridoaluminate LiAlH4(s) 116 +79 45

Magnesium Mg(s) 0 +33 0

Mg(g) +147 +149 +112

Mg2+(aq) 467 137 455

bromide MgBr2(s) 524 +117 504

carbonate MgCO3(s) 1096 +66 1012

chloridc MgCl2(s) 641 +90 592

chloride hexahydrate MgC12·6H2O(s) 2499 +366 2115

fluoride MgF2(s) 1124 +57 1071

hydride MgH2(s) 75 +31 36

hydroxide Mg(OH)2(s) 925 +63 834

iodidc MgI2(s) 364 +130 358

nitrate Mg(NO3)2(s) 791 +164 589

nitrate hexahydrate Mg(NO3)2·6H2O (s) 2613 +452 2080

nitride Mg3N2(s) 461 +88 401

oxide MgO(s) 602 +27 569

sulfate MgSO4(s) 1285 +92 1171

sulfate heptahydrate MgSO4·7H2O(s) 3389 +372 2872

sulfide MgS(s) 346 +50 342

Manganese Mn(s) 0 +32 0

Mn(g) +281 +174 +238

Mn2+(aq) 221 74 228

(II) carbonate MnCO3(s) 894 +86 817

(II) chloride MnC12(s) 481 +118 441

(II) fluoride MnF2(s) 803 +92 761

(III) fluoride MnF3(s) 1004 +105 935

(II) hydroxide Mn(OH)2(s) 695 +99 615

(II) oxide MnO(s) 385 +60 363

(III) oxide Mn2O3(s) 959 +110 881

(IV) oxide MnO2(s) 520 +53 465

permanganate ion MnO4(aq) 541 +191 447

293

(II) sulfate MnSO4(s) 1065 +112 957

(II) sulfide MnS(s) 214 +78 218

Mercury Hg(l) 0 +76 0

Hg(g) +61 +175 +32

Hg22+(aq) +167 +66 +154

Hg2+(aq) +170 36 +165

(I) chloride Hg2Cl2(s) 265 +192 211

(II) chloride HgCl2(s) 224 +146 179

(II) oxide HgO(s) 91 +70 59

(I) sulfate Hg2SO4(s) 743 +201 626

(II) sulfate HgSO4(s) 708 +140 595

Nickel Ni(s) 0 +30 0

Ni(g) +430 +182 +385

Ni2+(aq) 54 129 46

(II) bromide NiBr2(s) 212 +136 198

(II) carbonate NiCO3(s) 681 +118 613

(II) chloride NiCl2(s) 305 +98 259

(II) chloride hexahydrate NiCl2·6H2O(s) 2103 +344 1714

(II) fluoride NiF2(s) 651 +74 604

(II) hydroxide Ni(OH)2(s) 530 +88 447

(II) iodide NiI2(s) 78 +154 81

(II) oxide NiO(s) 240 +38 212

(II) sulfate NiSO4(s) 873 +92 760

(II) sulfate heptahydrate NiSO4·7H2O(s) 2976 +379 2462

(II) sulfide NiS(s) 82 +53 80

tetracarbonyl (0) Ni(CO)4(l) 633 +313 588

Nitrogen N2(g) 0 +192 0

N(g) +473 +153 +456

ammonia NH3(g) 46 +193 16

azide ion N3(aq) +275 +108 +348

dinitrogen oxide N2O(g) +82 +220 +104

dinitrogen pentaoxide N2O5(g) +11 +356 +115

dinitrogen tetraoxide N2O4(g) +9 +304 +98

dinitrogen trioxide N2O3(g) +84 +312 +139

294

hydrazine N2H4(l) +51 +121 +149

hydrogen azide HN3(l) +264 +141 +327

hydrogen nitrate HNO3(l) 174 +156 81

nitrate ion NO3(aq) 207 +147 111

nitrite ion NO2(aq) 105 +123 32

nitrogen dioxide NO2(g) +33 +240 +51

nitrogen monoxide NO(g) +90 +211 +87

Oxygen O2(g) 0 +205 0

O3(g) +143 +239 +163

O(g) +249 +161 +232

O(g) +102 +158 +92

difluoridc OF2(g) +25 +247 +42

Phosphorus P4(s) (white) 0 +41 0

P(s) (red) 18 +23 12

P4(g) +59 +280 +24

P(g) +317 +163 +278

hydrogen phosphate H3PO4(s) 1279 +110 1119

pentachloridc PCl5(g) 375 +365 305

pentafluoride PF5(g) 1594 +301 1521

phosphatc ion PO43(aq) 1277 220 1019

phosphoryl chloride POCl3(l) 597 +222 521

tetraphosphorus decaoxide P4O10(s) 2984 +229 2700

trichloride PCl3(l) 320 +217 272

trifluoride PF3(g) 919 +273 898

trihydride (phosphine) PH3(g) +5 +210 +13

Potassium K(s) 0 +65 0

K(g) +89 +160 +61

K+(aq) 252 +101 284

bromide KBr(s) 394 +96 381

carbonate K2CO3 (s) 1151 +156 1064

chlorate KClO3(s) 398 +143 296

chloride KCl(s) 437 +83 409

chromate K2CrO4(s) 1404 +200 1296

cyanide KCN(s) 113 +128 102

295

dichromate K2Cr2O7(s) 2062 +291 1882

dioxide(2-) (peroxide) K2O2(s) 494 +102 425

dioxide(1-) (superoxide) KO2(s) 285 +117 239

fluoride KF(s) 567 +67 538

hydride KH(s) 58 +50 53

hydrogen carbonate KHCO3(s) 963 +116 864

hydrogen sulfate KHSO4(s) 1161 +138 1031

hydroxide KOH(s) 425 +79 379

iodide KI(s) 328 +106 325

nitrate KNO3(s) 495 +133 395

nitrite KNO2(s) 370 +152 307

oxide K2O(s) 363 +94 322

perchlorate KC1O4(s) 433 +151 303

permanganate MnO4(s) 837 +172 738

peroxodisulfate K2S2O8(s) 1916 +279 1697

pyrosulfate K2S2O7(s) 1987 +225 1792

sulfate K2SO4(s) 1438 +176 1321

sulfide K2S(s) 376 +115 363

tetrafluoroborate KBF4(s) 1882 +152 1786

Rubidium Rb(s) 0 +77 0

Rb(g) +81 +170 +53

Rb+(aq) 251 +122 284

bromide RbBr(s) 395 +110 382

carbonate Rb2CO3(s) 1179 +186 1096

chloride RbCl(s) 435 +96 408

fluoride RbF(s) 558 +75 521

iodide RbI(s) 334 +118 329

nitrate RbNO3(s) 495 +147 396

sulfate Rb2SO4(5) 1436 +197 1317

Selenium Se(s) (grey) 0 +42 0

Se(g) +227 +177 +187

hexafluoride SeF6(g) 1117 +314 1017

selenate ion SeO42(aq) 599 +54 441

tetrachloride SeCl4(s) 183 +195 95

296

Silicon Si(s) 0 +9 0

Si(g) +450 +168 +406

carbide SiC(s) 65 +17 63

dioxide (quartz) SiO2(s) 911 +41 856

tetrachloride SiCl4 (l) 687 +240 620

tetrafluoride SiF4(g) 1615 +283 1573

tetrahydride (silane) SiH4(g) +34 +205 +57

Silver Ag(s) 0 +43 0

Ag(g) +285 +173 +246

Ag+(aq) +106 +73 +77

bromide AgBr(s) 100 +107 97

carbonate Ag2CO3(s) 506 +167 437

chloride AgCl(s) 127 +96 110

chromate Ag2CrO4(s) 732 +218 642

cyanide AgCN(s) +146 +107 +157

fluoride AgF(s) 205 +84 187

iodide AgI(s) 62 +115 66

nitrate AgNO3(s) 124 +141 33

oxide Ag2O(s) 31 +121 11

sulfate Ag2SO4(s) 716 +200 618

sulfide Ag2S(s) 33 +144 41

Sodium Na(s) 0 +51 0

Na(g) +107 +154 +77

Na+(aq) 240 +58 262

azide NaN3(s) +22 +97 +94

bromide NaBr(s) 361 +87 349

carbonate Na2CO3(s) 1131 +135 1044

carbonate monohydrate Na2CO3·H2O(s) 1431 +168 1285

carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3·10H2O(s) 4081 +563 3428

chlorate NaClO3(s) 366 +123 262

chloride NaCl(s) 411 +72 384

cyanide NaCN(s) 87 +116 76

dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4(s) 1537 +127 1386

dioxide(2- ) (peroxide) Na2O2(s) 511 +95 448

297

fluoride NaF(s) 574 +51 544

hydride NaH(s) 56 +40 33

hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3(s) 951 +102 851

hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4(s) 1748 +150 1608

hydrogen sulfate NaHSO4(s) 1126 +113 993

hydroxide NaOH(s) 425 +64 379

iodide NaI(s) 288 +99 286

nitrate NaNO3(s) 468 +117 367

nitrite NaNO2(s) 359 +104 285

oxide Na2O(s) 414 +75 375

perchlorate NaClO4(s) 383 +142 255

phosphate Na3PO4(s) 1917 +174 1789

silicate Na2SiO3(s) 1555 +114 1463

sulfate Na2SO4(s) 1387 +150 1270

sulfide Na2S(s) 365 +84 350

sulfite Na2SO3(s) 1101 +146 1012

tetrahydroborate NaBH4(s) 189 +101 124

thiosulthte Na2S2O3(s) 1123 +155 1028

thiosulfate pentahydrate Na2S2O3·5H2O(s) 2608 +372 2230

Strontium Sr(s) 0 +52 0

Sr(g) +164 +165 +131

Sr2+(aq) 546 33 559

carbonate SrCO3(s) 1220 +97 1140

chloride SrCl2(s) 829 +115 781

oxide SrO(s) 592 +54 562

sulfate SrSO4(s) 1453 +117 1341

Sulfur S8(s) (rhombic) 0 +32 0

S8(s) (monoclinic) +0.3 +33 +0.1

S8(l) +102 +431 +50

S(g) +227 +168 +236

dichloride SCl2(l) 50 +184 28

dichloride (disulfur) S2C12(l) 58 +224 39

dioxide SO2(g) 297 +248 300

hexafluoride SF6(g) 1209 +292 1105

298

hydrogen sulfate H2SO4(l) 814 +157 690

hydrogen sulfide ion HS(aq) 16 +67 +12

peroxodisulfate ion S2O82(aq) 1345 +244 1115

sulfate ion SO42(aq) 909 +19 744

sulfide ion S2(aq) +33 15 +86

sulfite ion SO32(aq) 635 29 487

thiosulfate ion S2O32(aq) 652 +67 522

trioxide SO3(g) 396 +257 371

Thallium Tl(s) 0 +64 0

Tl(g) +182 +181 +147

Tl+(aq) +5 +125 32

Tl3+(aq) +197 192 +215

(I) chloride TICl(s) 204 +111 185

(III) chloride T1Cl3(s) 315 +152 242

Tin Sn(s) (white) 0 +51 0

Sn(s) (grey) 2 +44 +0.1

Sn(g) +301 +168 +266

(II) chloride SnCl2(s) 331 +132 289

(IV) chloride SnCl4(l) 551 +259 440

hydride SnH4(g) +163 +228 +188

(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)2(5) 561 +155 492

(II) oxide SnO(s) 281 +57 252

(W) oxide SnO2(s) 578 +49 516

(II) sulfide SnS(s) 100 +77 98

(IV) sulfide SnS2(s)154

+87145

Titanium Ti(s) 0 +31 0

Ti(g) +473 +180 +428

(II) chloride TiC12(s) 514 +87 464

(III) chloride TiCl3(s) 721 +140 654

(IV) chloride TiCl4(l) 804 +252 737

(W) oxide TiO2(s) (ruffle) 944 +51 890

Vanadium V(s) 0 +29 0

V(g) +514 +182 +469

(II) chloride VCl2(s) 452 +97 406

299

(III) chloride VCl3(s) 581 +131 511

(IV) chloride VCl4(l) 569 +255 504

(II) oxide VO(s) 432 +39 404

(III) oxide V2O3(s) 1219 +98 1139

(IV) oxide VO2(s) 713 +51 659

(V) oxide V2O5(s) 1551 +131 1420

Xenon Xe(g) 0 +170 0

difluoride XeF2(g) 130 +260 96

tetrafluoride XeF4(g) 215 +316 138

trioxide XeO3(g) +502 +287 +561

Zinc Zn(s) 0 +42 0

Zn(g) +130 +161 +94

Zn2+(aq) 153 110 147

carbonate ZnCO3(s) 813 +82 732

chloride ZnCl2(s) 415 +111 369

hydroxide Zn(OH)2(s) 642 +81 554

nitride Zn3N2(s) 23 +140 +30

oxide ZnO(s) 350 +44 320

sulfate ZnSO4(s) 983 +110 872

sulfate heptahydrate ZnSO4·7H2O(s) 3078 +389 2563

sulfide ZnS(s) (wurtzite) 193 +68 191

sulfide ZnS(s) (sphalerite) 206 +58 201

300

All values are in volts at SATP and have been summarized from Inorganic Chemistry by D.F. Schriver, P. Atkins, and C.H. Langfbrd, 2nd ed., New York: Freeman, 1994.

HydrogenAcidic solution Basic solution

H+ H2 H2O H2

Group 1: The Alkali MetalsAcidic solution

Li+ Li

Na+ Na

K+ K

Rb+ Rb

Cs+ Cs

Group 2: The Alkaline Earth MetalsAcidic solution Basic solution

Be2+ Be

Mg2+ Mg Mg(OH)2 Mg

Ca2+ Ca

Sr2+ Sr

301

Ba2+ Ba

Group13Acidic solution Basic solution

Al3+ Al Al(OH)4 Al

Tl3+ Tl+ Tl

Group14Acidic solution

CO2 HCOOH HCHO CH3OH CH4

CO C

Basic solution

CO32 HCO2

HCHO CH3OH CH4

C

Acidic solution Basic solution

SiO2 (quartz) Si SiO32 Si

SnO2 (white) SnO (black) Sn Sn(OH)62 SnOOH Sn

Sn4+ Sn2+

-PbO2 Pb2+ Pb PbO2 PbO (red) Pb

PbSO4

Group 15Acidic solution

NO3 N2O4 HNO2 NO N2O N2 NH3OH N2H5

+ NH4+

Basic solution

NO3 N2O4 NO2

NO N2O N2 NH2OH N2H4 NH3

302

Acidic solution

H3PO4 H4P2O6 H3PO3 H3PO2 P PH3

Basic solutionPO4

3 HPO32 H2PO2

- P PH3

Group 16Acidic solution

HO2

O2 H2O2 H2O

HSO4 S2O6

2 H2SO3 S2O32 S H2S

S2O82 SO4

2

Basic solutionO2

O2 HO2 OH

SO42 SO3

2 S2O32 S HS

Acidic solutionF2 HF

HF2

ClO2

ClO4 ClO3

HClO2 HClO Cl2 Cl

BrO4 BrO3

HBrO Br2(l) Br

Br2(aq)H5IO6 IO3

IO I2 I

I3

Basic solutionF2 F

ClO2

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO Cl2 Cl

BrO4 BrO3

BrO Br2 Br

H3IO62 IO3

IO I2 I

303

Group 18: The Noble GasesAcidic solutionH4XeO6(aq) XeO3(aq) Xe(g)

Basic solutionHXeO6

3 HXeO4 Xe(g)

The Transition MetalsAcidic solution Basic solution

TiO2+ Ti3+ Ti2+ Ti TiO2 Ti2O3 TiO Ti

Acidic solutionVO2

+ VO2+ V3+ V2+ V

Basic solution

VO43 HV2O5

V2O3 VO V

Acidic solutionCr2O7

2 Cr(V) Cr(IV) Cr3+ Cr2+ Cr

Basic solutionCrO4

2 Cr(OH)3(s) CrCr(OH)4

Acidic solution

MnO4 HMnO4

(H3MnO4) MnO2 Mn3+ Mn2+ Mn

Basic solution

MnO4 MnO4

2 MnO43 MnO2 Mn2O3 Mn(OH)2 Mn

304

Acidic solutionFe3+ Fe2+ Fe

[Fe(CN)6]3 [Fe(CN)6]4

Basic solutionFeO4

2 Fe2O3 Fe(OH)2 Fe

Acidic solutionCoO2 Co3+ Co2+ Co

Neutral solution[Co(NH3)6]3+ [Co(NH3)6]2+

Basic solutionCoO2 Co(OH)3 Co(OH)2 Co

Acidic solution Basic solution

NiO2 Ni2+ Ni NiO2 NiOOH Ni(OH)2 Ni

Acidic solution Basic solution

Cu2+ Cu+ Cu Cu(OH)2 Cu2O Cu

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ [Cu(NH3)2]+ CuCu2+ [Cu(CN)2] Cu

Acidic solution Basic solution

Ag2O3 AgO Ag+ Ag Ag2O3 AgO Ag2O Ag[Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag[Ag(CN)2] Ag

Group 12Acidic solutionZn2+ Zn

Basic solution[Zn(OH)4]2 ZnZn(OH)2 Zn

305

Acidic solution

Hg2+ Hg22+ HgHg2Cl2

Basic solutionHgO Hg

The Lanthanons and ActinonsAcidic solutionCe4+ Ce3+ Ce

Acidic solution

UO22+ UO2

+ U4+ U3+ U2+ U

306

Charge densities (C·mm3) are calculated according to the formula ne (4/3) r3 where the ionic radii r are the Shannon-Prewitt values in millimeters (Acta Cryst., 1976, A32, 751), e is the electron charge (1.60×1019C), and n represents the ion charge. The radii used are the values for six-coordinate ions except where noted by (T) for four-coordinate tetrahedral ions; (HS) and (LS) designate the high spin and low spin radii for the transition metal ions.

CationCharge density

CationCharge density

CationCharge density

At7+609Bk3+86Ac3+Au+11Br7+1796Ag+57Au3+118C4+6265 (T)Ag2+15B3+7334 (T)Ca2+52Ag3+60B3+1663Cd2+59A13+163Ba2+23Ce3+75A13+770 (T)Be2+1108(T)Ce4+148Am3+364Bi3+72Cf3+88As3+82Bi5+262Cl7+3880As5+307

K+11Pu4+153Cm3+884

La3+72Ra2+18Co2+84

Li+98 (T)Rb+8Co2+155 (LS)Li+52Rc7+889Co3+108 (HS)Lu3+115Rh3+224Co3+349 (LS)Mg2+120Ru3+208Co4+272 (H8)

Cr2+508 (HS) 116 (LS) Mn2+ 144 (LS) S4+ 1152Cr2+ 92 (HS) Mn2+ 84 (HS) S6+ 2883

Mn3+307 (LS)Sb3+157Cr3+Mn3+232 (HS)Sb5+471Cr4+261Mn4+508Sc3+163Cr5+465Mn7+1238Sc4+583Cr6+764

Mo3+200Se6+1305Cs+1175

Mo6+589Si4+970Cu+6

NH4

+11Sm3+86Cu2+51Na+24Sn2+54Dy2+116

Nb3+180Sn4+267Dy3+43Nb5+402Sr2+33Er3+99

Nd3+82Ta3+180Eu2+105Ni2+134Ta5+402Eu3+34

No2+40Tb3+96F7+88Np5+271Tc4+310Fe2+25 110Os4+335Tc7+780Fe2+181 (LS)Os6+698Te4+112Fe3+98 (HS)Os8+2053Te6+668Fe3+349 (LS)P3+587Th4+121Fe6+232 (HS)P5+1358Ti2+76Fr+3864

Pa5+245Ti3+216Ga3+5

307

Pb2+32Ti4+362Gd3+261

Pb4+196Ti+9Ge2+91Pd2+76T13+105Ge4+116Pd4+348Tm2+48Hf4+508Pm3+84Tm3+108Hg+409Po4+121U4+140Hg2+16Po6+431U6+348Ho3+49Pr3+79V2+95I7+102Pr4+157V3+241In3+889Pt2+92V4+409Ir3+138

Pt4+335V5+607Ir5+208Y3+102Zn2+112W4+534Yb3+111Zr4+240W6+298

566HS, high spin; LS, low spin; T, four-coordinate tetrahedral ions.

AnionCharge densityAnionCharge density AnionI4O

2219As3-Charge density

MnO44OH23Br12

N350P314CN6CO3

27 17 N3 6 S2 16

NO39SO4

25ClO2

40Se212ClO48

O213Te29F3

24

308

For homonuclear diatomic molecules, such as dihydrogen, precise measured values of bond energies are listed. For most of the heteronuclear bonds, only average values are given and these tend to differ among literature sources. All values here are in units of kJ·mol1.Hydrogen

H—S363H—B389H—HH—C411H—Cl428H—F432H—Br362H—O459H—N565

H—I386 295Group 13B—C372B—F613B—O536B—Cl456B—I377Group 14

C—C 346 C—O 358 C=C 602C C835C O1072C=OC—F485C=N615C—N799

C—Cl305

327 C N 887 C—Br 285

C—I213Si—Si222C—PSi—O452Si—Br310Si—Cl264

Si—F381

565 Si—I 234

Group 15Ｎ—N247N—O201N=N418N=O607N N942N—F278N—Cl192P—F490P—Br264P—Cl326P—I184Group 16

S—F327O=O494O—OS—Cl207

271 O—F 190 S—S 266

O—Br201O—I201O—Cl218Group 17

F—I278F—Cl249F—FF—Br249Cl—Cl240F—Xe155Cl—Br216Br—Br190Cl—I130

Br—I208

175 I—I 149

These ionization energies are in units of MJ·mol1 and they have been summarized from G. Aylward and T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3rd ed., New York: Wiley, 1994. Only selected ionization energies for outer (valence) electrons arc listed.The 1st ionization energy represents the energy required for the process:

M(g) M+(g) + e

while that of the 2nd ionization process represents that for:M+(g) M2+(g) + e

and successive ionization energies are defined similarly as one-electron processes.

309

ElementIonization energy

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

LithiumBeryllium0.526

0.906 1.763

SodiumMagnesium0.5021.763Beryllium0.744

Sodium0.906Magnesium0.502

0.744 1.457

1.8232.751Aluminum

Potassium0.5841.152Calcium0.4251.2412.395Scandium0.5961.3162.6594.181Titanium0.6371.4202.8344.5136.300Vanadium0.6641.5982.993Chromium0.656

Manganese0.659

0.724 1.515 3.255

1.5672.964Iron

Cobalt0.766 0.765 1.652 3.2381.759Nickel1.964Copper0.7431.740Zinc0.7521.457Lead0.913

0.722

These ionization energies are in units of kJ·mol1 and they have been summarized from J.E. Huuhey ct al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., New York: HarperCollins, 1993.The 1st electron affinity represents the energy required for the process:

X(g) + e X(g)

while that of the 2nd electron affinity represents that for:

X(g) + e X2(g)

and that of the 3rd electron affinity represents that for:

310

X2(g) + e X3 (g)

Electron AffinityElement1st2nd3rdNitrogen7+673+1070Oxygen141+744Fluorine328Phosphorus72+46

8+886Sulfur200+456Chlorine349Hydrogen79Bromine331Iodine301

ConfigurationElementZConfigurationElement1s1Ce58[Xe]6s24f15d1*HZ1s2Pr59[Xe]6s24f3He1

Nd60[Xe]6s24f42[He]2s1Pm61[Xe]6s24f5Li[He]2s2Sm62[Xe]6s24f6Be3[He]2s22p1Eu63[Xe]6s24f7B4[He]2s22p2Gd64[Xe]6s24f75d1*C5[He]2s22p3Tb65[Xe]6s24f9N6[He]2s22p4Dy66[Xe]6s24f10O7[He]2s22p5Ho67[Xe]6s24f11F8[He]2s22p6Er68[Xe]6s24f12Ne9

10 Tm 69 [Xe]6s24f13

[Ne]3s1Yb70[Xe]6s24f14Na

Mg11 12 [Ne]3s2 Lu 71 [Xe]6s24f145d1

[Ne]3s23p1Hf72[Xe]6s24f145d2Al[Ne]3s23p2Ta73[Xe]6s24f145d3Si13[Ne]3s23p3W74[Xe]6s24f145d4P14[Ne]3s23p4Re75[Xe]6s24f145d5S15

Cl16 17 [Ne]3s23p5 Os 76 [Xe]6s24f145d6

[Ne]3s23p6Ir77[Xe]6s24f145d7ArPt78[Xe]6s14f145d9*18[Ar]4s1Au79[Xe]6s14f145d10*K[Ar]4s2Hg80[Xe]6s24f145d10Ca19[Ar]4s23d1Tl81[Xe]6s14f145d106p1Sc20[Ar]4s23d2Pb82[Xe]6s14f145d106p2Ti21[Ar]4s23d3Bi83[Xe]6s14f145d106p3V22

Cr23 24 [Ar]4s13d5* Po 84 [Xe]6s14f145d106p4

311

[Ar]4s23d5At85[Xe]6s14f145d106p5Mn[Ar]4s23d6Rn86[Xe]6s14f145d106p6Fe25

Co26 27 [Ar]4s23d7

[Ar]4s23d8Fr87[Rn]7slNi

Cu28 29 [Ar]4s13d10* Ra 88 [Rn]7s2

[Ar]4s23d10Ac89[Rn]7s2 6d1*Zn[Ar]4s23d104p1Th90[Rn]7s2 6d2*Ga30[Ar]4s23d104p2Pa91[Rn]7s25f26d1*Ge31[Ar]4s23d104p3U92[Rn]7s25f36d1*As32

Se33 34 [Ar]4s23d104p4 Np 93 [Rn]7s25f46d1*[Ar]4s23d104p5Pu94[Rn]7s25f6Br[Ar]4s23d104p6Am95[Rn]7s25f7Kr35

Cm96[Rn]7s25f76d1*36[Kr]5s1Bk97[Rn]7s25f9Rb[Kr]5s2Cf98[Rn]7s25f96d1*Sr37

Es99[Rn]7s25f1138[Kr]5s24d1Fm100[Rn]7s25f12Y[Kr]5s24d2Md101[Rn]7s25f13Zr39[Kr]5s14d4*No102[Rn]7s25f14Nb40

Mo41 42 [Kr]5s14d5* Lr 103 [Rn]7s25f146d1

[Kr]5s24d5or[Rn]7s25f147p1Tc[Kr]5s14d7*Rf104[Rn]7s25f146d2Ru43[Kr]5s14d8*Db105[Rn]7s25f146d3Rh44[Kr]4d10*Sg106[Rn]7s25f146d4Pd45[Kr]5s14d10*Bh107[Rn]7s25f146d5Ag46

Cd47 48 [Kr]5s24d10 Hs 108 [Rn]7s25f146d6

[Kr]5s24d105p1Mt109[Rn]7s25f146d7In[Kr]5s24d105p2Unn110[Rn]7s15f146d9*Sn49[Kr]5s24d105p3Uuu111[Rn]7s15f146d10Sb50[Kr]5s24d105p4Uub112[Rn]7s25f146d10Te51[Kr]5s24d105p5Cs55[Xe]6s1I52[Kr]5s24d105p6Ba56[Xe]6s2Xe53La57[Xe]6s25d1*54

*Elements with configurations that do not follow the simple order of orbital filling. Note: Actinide configurations are from J. J. Katz, G, T. Seaborg, and L. R. Morss, The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements, 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, New York and London, 1986. Configurations for elements 100 to 112 are predicted, not experimental.

312

These lattice energies are in units of kJ·mo1-1 and they have been calculated from Born-Haber cycles. The values are summarized from G. Aylward and T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3rd ed., New York: Wiley, 1994.

Ion Fluoride Chloride Bromide Iodide Oxide Sulfide86281875928062471Lithium

Sodium1047

928 788 751 700 2488 2199

71868964522451986Potassium69366662721701936Rubidium8266686456081899Cesium793

Magnesium756

2961 2523 2434 2318 3800 3323

22552170206534193043Calcium21532070195532222879Strontium263420531980186930342716Barium2496

2357

313

These hydration enthalpies arc in units of kJ·mol1 and the values were obtained from J.G. Stark and H.G. Wallace, Chemistry Data Book, London: John Murray, 1990.

ElementhH (kJ·mol1)Lithium

Sodium519406PotassiumRubidium322Cesium301Mgnesium276Clcium1920

Strontium16501480BariumAluminum1360

Silver4690464Fluorine506

ChlorineBromine364Iodine335

293

314

These values of ionic radii are the Shannon-Prewitt values in pm (Acta Cryst., 1976, A32, 751) for six-coordinate ions except where noted by (T) for four-coordinate tetrahedral ions; (HS) and (LS) designate the high-spin and low-spin radii for the transition metal ions. The values for polyatomic ions arc adapted from Jenkins and Thakur (J. Chem. Educ., 1979, 56, 576).Ion

Ionic radii

Li+ (T)

73

Na+

116

K+

152

Rb+

166

Cs+

Mg2+181 86Ca2+ 114Sr2+

Ba2+132 149A13+

Fe2+68 92Fe3+ (HS)

78

Fe3+ (LS)

Co2+ (HS)69 88Co3+ (LS)

68

Ni2+

Cu+83 91Cu2+

8Zn2+

315

788

F(T)

117

Cl

167

Br

I182 206NH4

+ 151CO3

2

164

NO3

165

OH

119

SO42

244

O2

126

S2

170

316