Acronyms

AGI American Geological InstituteAramco Arabian American Oil Company (now Saudi Arabian Oil

Company)ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection

RadiometerAVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution RadiometerBP Before PresentBRGM Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et MinièresCNES Centre National d’Etudes SpatialesCOMPAS Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction SystemDEM Digital Elevation ModelDLR Deutsche Forschunsanstalt für Luft- und RaumfahrtFAA Food and Agricultural Organization (United Nations)ETM Enhanced Thematic MapperGloVis USGS Global Visualization ViewerGRSL Green Light Stimulated LuminescenceGPR Ground-Penetrating RadarICS International Commission on StratigraphyIRSL Infra Red Stimulated LuminescenceITCZ Inter Tropic Convergenceka (Ka) thousand yearsLANDSAT Land SatelliteLGM Last Glacial MaximumMa million yearsMEPA Meteorology and Environmental Protection Agency

(Saudi Arabia)MMN Makkah–Madinah RiftMODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectrometerMrSID Multi-resolution Seamless Image DatabaseMSS Multispectral Scanner

513

NASA National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNCAR National Centre for Atmospheric ResearchNDVI Normal Difference Vegetative IndexNIMA National Imagery and Mapping AgencyNIR Near Infra RedNOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric AdministrationOSL Optically Stimulated LuminescencePADIA Public Affairs Digital Image Archive (Aramco Services)PCGN Permanent Committee for Geographic NamesQRA Quaternary Research AssociationSGS Saudi Geological SurveySIR-C Shuttle Imaging Radar band-CSPOT Systéme Probatoire d’Observation de la TerreTapline Trans Arabian Pipe LineTIMS Thermal Imaging Mass SpectrometerTOMS Total Ozone Mapping SpectrometerTOMSAAI Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Atmospheric Aerosol

IndexTM Thematic MapperUAE United Arab EmiratesUCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric ResearchUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

OrganisationUSGS United States Geological SurveyVI Vegetative IndexVSMOW Vienna Standard Mean Ocean WaterWWF World Wildlife FundX-SAR X Band Synthetic Aperture Radar

Acronyms514

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A Glossary of Arabic Terms forArabian Deserts

Abyad. white (e.g. Jabal Abyad.)Aflaj underground irrigation channels [pl. of falaj]Aghwar caves, or caverns in mountains [pl. of ghar]Ahl extended family, or people of (as in Ramlat Ahl Wahıbah mean-

ing the ‘sands of the tribal family of Wahıbah’, usually used fortribe as Al as in Ramlat Al Wahıbah)

Ah.mar red (e.g. Jabal al Ah.mar)Ahwar marshes, lakes, low-lying areas near rivers [pl. of hawr]Akhwar coastal inlets (pl. of khawr)‘Ain a spring, or pool (e.g. ‘Ain Sarit) [strictly ‘Ayn]Akhd.ar green, or verdant (e.g. Jabal al Akhd.ar)Al prefix for a tribe (e.g. Al Murrah, or Al Wahıbah)Amarah stones, or stones erected as a landmark (e.g, Al Amarah)Anfad large areas of sand dunes [plural of nafud]‘Aqıq a channel caused by a torrent (e.g. Al ‘Aqıq)Ara a hard, raised, open plain, or region (e.g. Wadi Ara)‘Arid. a mountain [literally an obstacle in the way] (e.g. Al ‘Arid. )As.far yellow (e.g. Jabal al As.far)Asfila the point where a wadi becomes lost in the sands‘Asır an area of rough terrain (e.g. ‘Asır Highlands)Aswad black, or dark-coloured (e.g. Ra’s al Aswad)‘Ayn a spring, pool where water collects (e.g. Al ‘Ayn)Azraq blue, or dark-coloured (e.g. Qa‘ al Azraq)Bab an entrance, door, gateway (e.g. Bab al Manbab)Badiyah a desert, or empty land (e.g. Badiyat ash Sham)Bah.r a sea, a large expanse of water (e.g. Al Bah.r al Ah.mar)Bah. riyah a small inland sea, or lake (e.g. Bah. riyat al Hijanah)Balad a village, town, or region (e.g. Balad Seet)Bandar a harbour, port, or anchorage (a Persian word used in Gulf)

575

Barr land as opposed to sea (e.g. Barr al Hikman)Barchan a crescentic dune [a non-Arab word from E. Turkic barghan mean-

ing progressing]Bat.in a depression, a shallow valley, interior (e.g. Wadi al Bat.in)Bat.n a hollow or depression (e.g. Bat.n at Tarfa)Bayd. a’ a desert, wilderness, wasteland, uninhabited [white] (e.g. Al

Bayd. a’, Syria)Bayad.ah white, buff, or pale gold sands [term used by Bedouin]Bıh. a desert (in Eastern Arabic, as in Wadi Bıh. )Bilad village, town, or region (e.g. Bilad as Sayt) [pl. of balad]Bi’r a well, or a spring (e.g. Bi’r Hayzan)Bi’rkhah a small well, pool, or cistern (e.g. Bi’rkhat al Mawz)Bitara’ the downwind, usually SW end of an ‘irq [Bedouin term]Biyar wells, or springs (e.g. Biyar Shiqqatal)D. ah. l a sinkhole, a cavity in the ground (e.g. D. ah. l Hit)Dahna’ desert, desert of reddish sand (e.g. Ad Dahna’ Desert)Darb an entrance, road (e.g. Darb as Salabikh)Dawh. ah a bay, inlet, or harbour (e.g. Dawh. at Zalum)Dayr a village (e.g. Dayr az Zawr) [literally a monastery]Dikakah hillocks of sand anchored by clumps of vegetationDraa a large, linear, sand dune (forearm=straight)[North African]Duh. ul sinkholes, cavities in the ground [plural of d.ah. l] (e.g. Rujim

Duh. ul, Syria)Erg a North African pronunciation of the Arabic term ‘irqFalaj underground irrigation channel, running waterFalakhah a hollow along the top of an ‘irq (falaqah) [Eastern Arabic]Falq a horse-shoe shaped depression in the sand dunes of northern

Saudi Arabia (e.g. northern and central An Nafud)Fasht a reef of rock or coral (e.g. Fasht al Jarim) [also fisht]Fayd.ah a depression often filled by widyan (e.g. Fayd.at al Mislah)Fiyad. several depressions into which widyan flow [pl. of fayd.ah]Ghaba’ a low depression in the ground (e.g. Fayd.at al Ghaba’)Ghadır a depression, in which water lies for a long period (e.g. Ghadır ‘Aftan)Ghar a cave or cavern in mountains (e.g. Ghar al Kahfah)Gharamıl a dome dune or conical sand hill [Central Arabia] (e.g. Gharamıl

Ruwala’)Gharb west (e.g. Fayd.at al Gharb ash Shamali)Gharbı western (e.g. Al Hajar al Gharbı); also a west windGhawar caves or caverns in mountains (e.g. Ghawar Plateau) (pl. of ghar)

[more correctly Aghwar when not many]Ghubbah a gulf or deep-water bay (e.g. Ghubbat al Ghazirah)Habab fine dustH. abl a long tract of high sand dunes (literally rope)Haboob a strong wind, or gale (strictly habub)

Glossary576

H. add end, terminus, limit, bar (e.g. Ra’s al H. add, the easternmost endof Arabia)

H. adıd iron (as in Al Hadıdah, the locality of the iron-nickel meteoritecraters in the north-central Rub‘ al Khalı)

Hafar a very wide well (e.g. Hafar al Batin)H. afr a place, which has been dug, a well (e.g. H. afr al ‘Atk)H. ajar a rock, or stone (e.g. Jibal Wabar al H. ajar)H. ala’ a volcano (N. Arabia); basalt, lava (central Arabia)H. alat a lava field accessible along tracks (e.g. Halat ‘Ammar)H. amad a dry, barren, desert region of limestone with earth ± flint

(e.g. Al Hamad)H. amadah a barren, stony plateau or plain (e.g. Al Hamadah)H. amarur red, or deep golden coloured sands (Bedouin term)Haradıb coarse sand waves on a zibar [pl. of hardub]Hardub a coarse sand wave, as found on a zibarH. arrah broken-up lava flows & volcanic debris (e.g. H. arrat Rahat)Hawr a marsh, or lake (e.g. Hawr al Hammar, southern Iraq)Hawtah a low area, or a depressed area (e.g. Al Hawtah)H. azm an area of rough stony ground, or a rocky mound or ridge exposed

in the sands (e.g. H. azm al Jalamid)H. ibak a steak or line in the sands (e.g. Al Hibak area)Hilalı with crescentic dunes (e.g. Qa‘ al Hilalı, near Buraydah)H. issı a low point in stony outcrops, where rain collectsH. uqnah a crescent-shaped sand duneH. uqunah a crescent-shaped hollow in a large sand dune, or barchanHutah a gorge between sand ridges, generally with vegetation

(cf. shiqq)Idamah hard, level, stony ground (e.g. Wadi Idamah)‘Irq a long, linear, sand dune (e.g. ‘Irq Banban)Jabal a mountain, or mountain range (e.g. Jabal Tuwayq)Jadwal a small stream (e.g. Wadi al Jadwal)Jal a steep slope, an escarpment, a ridge (e.g. Jal az Zor)Jandal stone, or stones (e.g. Dumat al Jandal, Al Jawf, NW Arabia)Janub the direction SouthJanubi southern (e.g. Al Faw al Janubi)Jarf a cave, or grotto (e.g. Jarf al ‘Ajla, Syria)Jawb a depression, or hollow (e.g. Al Jawb, southern Al Jafurah)Jawf a large, open plain, depressed tract, hollow (e.g. Al Jawf in

northern Saudi Arabia)Jawl a plateau (e.g. northern Jawl, Hadramawt)Jaza’ir islands (e.g. Jaza’ir Farasan) [pl. of Jazırah]Jazırah an island, rarely a peninsula (Jazırat Das)Jibal mountains (e.g. Ru’us al Jibal) [pl. of Jabal]Jiban hollows (e.g. Al Jiban, east of Al Jafurah) [pl. of Jawb]

Glossary 577

Jubayl a small mountainKahf a cave, grotto, or cavern (e.g. Kahf al Najmah)Kawr a flat-topped mountain, or mountain (e.g. Al Kawr)Khabb soft tract of sand between two rugged tracts in a sand massifKhabara level areas where water collects and stagnates [pl.of khabra]

(e.g. Khabara al Mahas)Khabra’ a level area where water collects (e.g. Khabrat al Hawar) [pl. of

khabir]Khabub hollows down the sides of a sand massif or star duneKhıfqah a sort of smooth desert ± mirage (e.g. Qa’ al Khafqah)Khait. term for barchans with a steep stoss (Holm 1961) [string]Khalı empty, uninhabited, deserted (e.g. Rub‘ al Khalı)Khalıj a gulf, or bay (e.g. Khalıj al Bahrain)Kharayim a gravel surface between ‘uruq and qa ‘a’id (i.e. between high,

long, linear dunes and sand massifs). Also khara’im (e.g.Khara’im al Khaw‘a’)

Kharıf the South-West Monsoon wind, a flowing well dug in stones; alsoAutumnal rains

Khashm a promontory on a cliff or mountain (e.g. Khasm Mutarim)Khawr an inlet, bay (e.g. Khawr al ‘Udayd); also a brackish wellKhiran a region of shallow, brackish wells (e.g. Al Khiran)Khuff a long, rugged tract of ground (e.g. Jibal Khuff)Khuyut strings, as in strings of barchans with steep back slopes [pl. of khait.]Kuhuf caves, caverns [pl. of kahf]Liwa’ a district, (e.g. Al Liwa’) [used in Iraq for province]Ma’ waterMada’in cities (e.g. Mada’in Salih)Ma‘din a mine (e.g. Ma‘din al ‘Atiq, Syria)Madınah a city (e.g. Al Madınah al Munawwarah)Mafraq a crossroads, junction (e.g. Al Mafraq, Jordan)Mah.d.ar a place with permanent water supply where people stay [literally

‘a place where people stay’] (e.g. Mah.d.ar Qutuf)Majma‘ah sands collected together, a barren land (e.g. Al Majma‘ah)Makhtum a wall of sand lying transversely across a shiqq, or al hutahMamlah.ah a salt-works, or saline spring (as in Qurayyah sabkhah, or

Sabkhat Mamlah.ah)Mashbak a saddle between two adjoining sand massifs, or star dunesMasılah a place of a flash flood, or sayl (e.g. Wadi Masılah)Masqat. a waterfallMawarid watering places (e.g. ‘Uruq al Mawarid)Maydan a square, open space, field (e.g. Maydan Mahzam)Milh. salt (e.g. Tall al Milh. , Jordan)Miyah waters [pl. of ma’] (e.g. Wadı al Miyah)

Glossary578

Nabi’ name of prophet (e.g. Jabal an Nabi’ Shu‘ayb, Yemen) [namedafter pre-Islamic prophet Shu ‘ayb]

Nabkha’ a hillock, or mound (often of sand anchored by vegetation)[similar to dikakah]

Nafd a large sand duneNafud a large area of sand dunes (e.g. Nafud al Mazhur)Nahr a stream, or river (e.g. Nahr al Khabur)Najaf a sand dune, or sand-hillNajd an upland plateau; hard, rugged or stony tableland (e.g. Najd of

central Arabian Shield, or najd of interior Dhofar, Oman)Nuhayd a small dome-shaped hill (N. Arabia) [e.g. Jabal Nuhaydah]Qa‘ a depression, claypan, level enclosed plain (e.g. Qa‘ al Jafr)Qa‘a’id large sand dunes; term for star dunes [pl. of qa ‘ıdah]Qa‘ıdah a large, sand dune (of star dune type); a sand massif, more

usually detached, from 90 to 200 m highQarn a steep, isolated hill, a horn-shaped peak (e.g. Qarn Alam)Qas.r a fort, mansion, stone house (e.g. Qas.r Kharana)Qa’uz a high, round sand-hillQızan high, round, sand hills [pl. of qa‘uz]Qu‘ the end of a wadi where it empties into sandsQuz a sand ridge (also qa’uz) [Bedouin term]Rabad. an area of similar crescentic dunes, or barchansRadfah a gentle slope of firm sand on the side of a dune [E. Arabia]Rakib a plateau-like area of elevated sand [S. E. Arabia]Ramlah a tract of sand (e.g. Ramlat as Sab’atayn)Ra’s a headland, promontory, cape (e.g. Ra’s al Hadd) [head]Rawd.ah an area of sand where water collects, verdant land [garden]

(e.g. Al Rawd.ah)Reg a desert pavement of small, rounded pebbles [N. African]Rithima the north-eastern, upwind end of an ‘irq in the Rub‘ al KhalıRiyad. areas of sand where water collects (pl. of rawdah) [gardens]Rızan depressions retaining rainwater [N. Arabia]Rub‘ a quarter (e.g. (Rub‘ al Khalı, literally the Empty Quarter)Ruq‘ah a patch, as in small gypsum patches (e.g. Ar Ruq‘ah)Rut.ubah being moist, humid, moisture (e.g. Kahf al Rut.ubah)Ru’us headlands, capes, promontories (e.g. Ru’us al Jibal) [pl. of ra’s]Sabkhah a salt encrusted tract of land, salt flat, or salt marsh (e.g. Sabkhat

ar Riyas)Sabsab barren desert land (e.g. Dahl Sabsab)Saf ’a stones, or smooth stones (e.g. As Safa)S. afiq a steep slope of a sand dune [used in S.E. Arabia]Safra’ yellow [fem.] (e.g. Safra’ as Sark)S.afwan rock, stone (e.g. Wadi Safwan)

Glossary 579

Sah. il the seashore, coast (e.g. Sah. il Jazir)Sahıl the steep side of a dune with sand at maximum repose angleSah. l a smooth, level, soft plain (e.g. Sah. l Rukbah)Sah.mah a gravel flat among sand dunes (e.g. As Sah.mah, NW Rub‘ al Khalı)S.ah.ra’ a desert, waste, or flat plain (e.g. Sahra’ as Suwan)Sanam a high elevated part of land or sands (e.g. As Sanam)Saruq a low area between sand dunes, interdune [E. Arabia]S.awwan a plain with small, black, gravel stones [used in Syria]S.ayhad an old name for the Ramlat as Sab’atayn DesertSayl a flash flood, or torrent in a wadiSerir a desert pavement of coarse rounded pebbles [N.African]Sha‘ib a small watercourse, ravine (e.g.Sha‘ib al Fulayj al Shamali,

Sha‘ib Nisah) widely used in Saudi Arabia [literally shi‘b]Shamal North; also the northerly windShamali northern (e.g. Jabal Shamali)Shaqra’ reddish coloured (e.g. Ash Shaqra’, N.E. Saudi Arabia)Sharm a creek, or coastal inlet (e.g. Sharm Rabigh)Sharq EastSharqı eastern, easterly (e.g. Al Hajar ash Sharqı)Shat.t. an inlet, bank, salt depression (e.g. Shat.t. al Arab)Shinsub a sand peak, either large or smallShiqq an interdune, a wide, flat area between sand dune ridgesShuqra’ reddish coloured (e.g. Shuqra’, Yemen)Shuquq interdunes [pl. of Shiqq]Shurum coastal inlets [pl. of sharm]Sibakh salt flats, salt encrusted areas (pl. of sabkhah)Sinın conical peaked sand duneSinsin brink, or razor edge along the top of an ‘irq, or khait. duneSıq corridor, passage, strait (e.g. especially the Siq of Petra at Wadi

Musa)Sirr the low part of a valley (e.g. Nafud as Sirr)Suhaili a short-lived, south-westerly wind from AfricaSuhul plains, or soft level ground (e.g. Suhul az Zafra)[pl. of sahl]Summ poison (e.g. Sabkhat as Summ)Sumum poisons (e.g. Umm as Samım, ‘Mother of Poisons’, Oman) [literally

sumum] also for ‘the poison wind’ (commonly referred to as ‘simoom’)T. a‘as a high sand dune, usually crescentic, megabarchanTall a mound, or small hill (e.g. Tall at Tleileh)Tar’awza dominant, single-peaked star dunes, or qa‘ıdah [Bedouin]T. a’us high sand dunes, usually crescentic, or megabarchansTawıl a tall peak forming a landmark (e.g. Qalamat at Tawıl)Tıh a wilderness, desert (e.g. Jabal at Tıh) [literally to get lost]Tihamah a coastal lowland along the Red Sea (e.g. Tihamat Asir)Tulul small hills [pl. of tall] (e.g. Tulul as Safa)

Glossary580

T. u‘us variant of T. a‘us (e.g. Tu‘us Turabah, E. An Nafud Desert)T. us a high sand dune (central Arabia)Umm Mother, the greatest, or a desert (e.g. Umm az Zimal, UAE)‘Urayq a small sand dune ridge (e.g. ‘Urayq as Subay)‘Uruq long, high, linear sand dunes (e.g. ‘Uruq al Qa‘amiyat)‘Uyun springs (e.g. ‘Uyun al Aflaj)Wadı a non-perennial watercourse (e.g. Wadı ar Rimah)Widyan non-perennial watercourses (as in Al Widyan Plateau)Yamın the location on the right; the SouthYanbu‘ a spring, source, or well (e.g. Yanbu‘ al Bahr)Zarqa‘ fem. of azraq [blue] (e.g. Wadi az Zarqa‘)Zawr a peninsula; a long range of hills (e.g. Ra’s az Zawr)Zibar low ridges of coarse sand with hard surface, 8–10 per km, forming

rolling terrain (often found in interdunes of Rub‘ al Khalı Desert[also zibarah, zabarrah, zabbarat]

Glossary 581

Index of Geographical Names

A

Abd al Kuri Is., 423Abha, 89, 90, 437, 454Abqaiq, 110, 154, 155, 204, 466Abu Ali Is., 417, 418Abu Bahr, 140, 315, 317Abu Dhabi, 101, 242, 246, 294, 392,

394, 409–411Abu Hadriyah, 79, 234Abu Musa Is., 417, 419–22Ad Dafiya sabkhah, 384Ad Dahna, 20, 27, 36, 53, 80–83, 125,

144, 147, 150–154, 167, 173, 214,215, 235, 236, 247, 254, 442, 472,499, 576

Ad Dabtiyah, 488, 495Ad Daww, 24, 457Ad Dhamar, 342Ad Dhahran, 154, 155, 157, 204, 205,

257Aden, 388, 340–343, 403, 477Aftun River, 78, 97, 99, 110, 371,

507Ahmadi, 414Ain, Abdallah ibn ‘Asa 112, al Asad 491,

al Azraq, 111, Arzat 110, Sarit 118Al ‘Arid, 129, 175, 213, 234, 274, 275,

317, 375, 455, 466Al Aqiq, 348Al Azraq, 111, 121, 353–56, 363Al Bahr al Mayyit, 361Al Ghanim, 137, 139, 224, 227Al Ghubbah Is., 417, 422

Al Hajar, 32, 34, 36, 49, 76, 87, 91, 101,102, 115–117, 127, 240, 248, 290,310–314, 379, 409, 447–49, 475,496

Al Hajar al Gharbi, 117Al Hajar ash Sharqi, 18, 38, 162, 292Al Hamad, 325Al Hamadah, 319Al Harmaliyah, 65, 320, 474, 505Al Hasa, 56, 78, 97Al Hasa, 251, 323, 371Al Hawa, 161, 377, 466, 487Al Hibak, 136, 221, 222Al Hufuf (Hofuf), 97, 317, 371–72Al Jafr, 323–324, 362Al Jafurah, 56, 61, 125, 154–56, 206,

211, 235, 237, 255, 257, 272, 273,281, 283, 286, 289, 293, 294, 301,499

Al Jawf, 106, 370Al Kawr, 24, 34, 36, 105, 257, 292, 349,

493Al Kharj, 84, 110, 112, 455Al Labbah, 16, 82, 279Al Lith, 267, 281, 284, 385, 387Al Liwa, 52, 113, 204Al Madinah, 46, 49, 110, 111, 167, 306,

331Al Mahakik, 140, 211, 238Al Mudawarrah, 15, 167, 192, 326, 351,

352, 364, 383, 500Al Mukha, 109, 385, 404Al Munajjar, 135, 208, 210, 238

583

Al Mundafan, 129, 140, 212, 237, 316,358

Al Qa’amiyat, 142, 155Al Qamishli, 343Al Qashaniyah, 193, 194, 283Al Qurnah, 405Al Qunfudhah, 279, 281, 284Al ‘Ula, 110, 112Al ‘Uqayr, 237, 396, 408Al Wajh, 385Al Zahra, 401An Najaf, 195, 429An Nafud, 16, 17, 20, 21, 27, 36, 38, 39,

43, 56, 65, 72, 80–82, 125, 143–51,235, 237, 248–54, 501, 506

An Nasariyah, 195, 196, 405Anti–Lebanon, 23, 447, 456, 460Arabian Sea, 259, 294, 407, 503Arayn, 158Arzaneh Is., 417, 422Ash Shamiyah Desert, 27, 92, 167, 194,

260, 284, 296Ash Sharawrah, 84, 134Ash Shaybah, 51, 53, 84, 123, 136, 236Ash Shifa’, 23, 24Ash Shuqqan, 135, 216, 236Ash Shuwayhitiyah, 370Asir, 17, 21, 49, 69, 89, 125, 254, 263,

337, 385, 433As Sawdah Desert, 178As Sayhad, 157As Seeb, 453As Sulayyil, 110, 112, 183, 376As Sulb, 443, 466, 505As Summan, 16, 19, 150, 301, 319, 322,

427, 442, 466, 510‘Ataq, 161At Ta’if, 438, 496Auhha Is., 415, 419Ayadim, 158Ayn al Juwayri, 105, 167, 185–87Ayn Khuddud, 110Az Zallaq, 396Az Zubbarah, 396

B

Bab al Mandab, 59, 341, 497Badiet ash Sham, 22

Baiji Desert, 167, 196, 260, 284Bahla, 115, 116Bahra, 415Bahrain, 396, 417, 419Bahriyat al Aateibah, 365Bahriyat al Hijaneh, 365Balad Sayt, 117Bandar Abbas, 504Bani Khatmah–Al Munbatih scarp, 127Barr al Hikman, 401–02Barqan, 425Batinah coast, 26, 47, 78, 102Beersheeba (Bir as Saba), 189, 305Beka’a, 25Bidbid, 116Bi’r Hayzan, 380Birkhat al Mawz, 115Bubiyan Is., 241, 402, 416, 417Bu Hasa, 237Buraimi, 113, 114Buraydah, 112, 253, 319, 381

C

Central Arabian escarpments, 263, 319,505

Chami Plateau, 22, 441

D

Dahaq, 102, 104, 119Dahl Hit, 20Dalma Is., 422Damascus (Dimashq), 365, 367, 371Dank, 115Das Island, 14, 417Dawkhah (Dauka), 102, 279Dawmat al Jandl, 112, 370Dawhat Bilbul, 416Dawhat ad Dafi, 399Dawhat Manifa, 416Dawhat ash Shusha, 425Dawhat Sulayq, 417Dawhat as Sumaira, 94, 98, 318Dawhat az Zalum, 98, 154, 204, 257,

397Dead Sea, 65, 93, 108, 361, 362Deir az Zor (Zawr), 346, 457Dhahaban, 389Dhaid, 113, 114

Index584

Dhofar, 49, 57–58, 73, 75, 298–301interior plains, 298mountains, 219, 224, 231

Diret at Touloul, 345Douara Cave, 491Dubai, 282, 290Dukhan, 396, 419Duhul, 18

E

Eastern Desert ( Jordan), 362, 364East Jordanian Plateau, 227, 302–08El Arish, 189Elphinstone Inlet, 413, 450El Qatrana, 325El Tih Plateau, 350

F

Failakah Is., 14, 414, 415, 417–19Farasan islands, 14, 423Faydat al Mislah, 358Feiran Oasis, 305

G

Garzaz, 118, 119Ghadir Burqu, 364Gharandal–Taba dunefield, 191Gharzawt, 423Ghawar, 38, 154, 317, 416, Ghawar–Shedgum Plateau, 443, 445Ghubbat al Ghazirah, 413, 450Ghubbat ash Shabus, 414Greater Burgan, 415Great Nafud, see An Nafud 20–22, 65,

125, 143, 144, 147, 150, 152, 161,173, 193, 194, 229, 248, 251–53,325

Gulf of Aqaba, 150, 349, 384, 390Gulf of Bahrain, 242, 391Gulf of Salwah, 95, 243, 318Gulf of Suez, 284, 305

H

Hadabat Qudhlah, 319Hadramawt, 73, 119, 257, 291, 349, 377

–Plateau, 158, 257, 310, 430–34–Dhofar Arch, 18, 21, 22–Dhofar Plateau, 21, 25

Hadrukh Formation, 244, 251, 401,415

Hafar al ‘Atk, 322Hafr al Batin, 322Halab (Aleppo), 25, 346, 381Hallaniyah Is., 423Hama, 25Hamad, 99Hamadah, 20, 67, 121, 309Ha’il, 110, 442Hamasa, 115Hamran, 119Hanash al Kabir, 423Hanash as Saghir, 423Hanun, 74, 118Ha Rikat, 184Harrah of Jordan, 347Harrah of Saudi Arabia, 327Harrah of Syria, 343Harrah of Yemen, 338Harrat Arhab, 342Harrat Bai Abdallah, 306Harrat al Birk, 337Harrat al Buqm, 335Harrat ad Dhamar, 20, 342Harrat Hadan, 334Harrat al Hayil, 337Harrat Hirmah, 332Harrat Hutaymah, 252, 307Harrat al Ithnayn, 331Harrat Khaybar, 319, 327–332Harrat Khisb, 306, 319, 333–36,

358Harrat Kura, 331Harrat Kurama, 332, 357Harrat Lunayyir, 330Harrat an Nawasif, 178Harrat ar Rahah, 329, 439Harrat Rahat, 100, 306–334, 357Harrat Rashid, 334Harrat ash Shaba, 347Harrat ash Shamah (Harrah), 22, 27, 34,

123, 325, 327, 329, 356, 364, 428,429

Harrat as Sarat, 337Harrat as Sawad, 341Harrat Sirwah–Ma’rib, 343Harrat al Uwayrid, 329, 330

Index 585

Hasik, 118Hauran, 21, 343, 346–47, 361Hawmat an Niqan, 153Hawr al Hammar, 96, 322, 368Hawr al Hawizeh, 78Hazm al Jalamid, 443Hilli, 114Hishmah Plateau, 21, 439Hofuf River, 78, 97–99, 371Holot Aghur, 190Holot Haluza, 190Hoti Cave, 499, 501Hovav Plateau, 305Huqqa flow, 307

I

Ibra, 115Ibri, 101‘Igma Plateau, 241‘Irq Banban, 169‘Irq al Mazhur, 174, 252‘Irq al Kharaym, 251‘Irq as Subay, 178‘Irq al Wadi, 167, 183, 255Izki, 102

J

Jabal ‘Abd al ‘Aziz, 23, 430, 447, 460Jabal Abayd, 331–32Jabal at Tayr, 425Jabal Akhdar, 23, 102, 115, 291, 448Jabal Ansariyeh (see Jabal Nusayriyah) 23Jabal Areys, 76Jabal Barakah, 234Jabal Barouk, 24, 460Jabal Bil’as, 457Jabal Bishri, 346, 457Jabal Buweida, 457Jabal ad Dukhan, 15, 419Jabal ad Druze, 325, 343, 345, 347, 429Jabl ad Druze–Hauran Plateau, 21, 22Jabal ad Druze–Harrat al Harrah, 34Jabal Fru Talat al Olab, 346Jabal Hafit, 113Jabal Haggier, 423Jabal Halwa (Hilwa), 419Jabal Hirmah, 312Jabal ‘Igma,440

Jabal ‘Ja’alan, 101Jabal Jeribe, 458Jabal Katherina, 350Jabal Khamis, 101Jabal Khatariq, 175–76Jabal Kum, 455Jabal al Lawz, 23, 74, 439, 452Jabal Ma’alula, 457Jabal al Maqawi, 175Jabal an Nabia Shu’ayb, 23, 450Jabal an Nasrani, 457Jabal Niha, 460Jabal an Nusayriyah, 23, 24JabalQamar, 58, 103, 118, 432, 436Jabal Qara, 3, 57, 58, 75, 247, 308Jabal Qaraqir, 113Jabal Qidr, 331, 332, 336Jabal Salman, 15Jabal Samhan, 22, 26, 58, 103, 118,

432, 434, 435, 493–94Jabal as Sarat, 17, 20, 337, 338, 495Jabal as Sawdah, 23, 178, 433, 452, 454Jabal Sha’ir, 457Jabal Shamah, 347Jabal Shamali, 495Jabal ash Shayk, 367, 460, 462Jabal ash Shumariyeh, 457Jabal Sinjar, 23, 25, 447, 458–60Jabal Tuwayq, 94, 319, 371, 380, 407,

447, 453Jabal Umm Himar, 17Jal az Zor, 12, 14, 358, 360, 402Jazair Farasan, 14, 389Jazirah Plains, 17, 23, 298, 326Jordanian Highlands, 193Jordanian Plateau, East, 441–42Jordan River, 93–94, 361Jerf al Ajla Cave, 490Jurf ad Darawish, 18

K

Kamaran Is., 14, 385, 387, 423Karan Is., 14Karun River, 241, 242, 405Khabb Sahha, 237Khabra’ al Arn, 358Khabra’ al Hawar, 358Khabra’ Khafta, 361

Index586

Khabra’ Mechqaiqa, 361Khabra’ Merfia, 361Khabra’ Mredifa, 361Khabra’ al Mutla, 360Khabra’ az Za’qlah, 360Khabra’ Saryed, 361Khabra’ as Sib, 361Khabra’ Tennf, 361Khabarat al Burgur, 359, 360Khabarat Abd Al Husain, 382, 383Khabur area, 92, 323Khamsin, 53, 56, 65, 144, 299Kharif, 51, 52, 54, 57–59, 65, 118, 119,

423Khasab, 102Khashm Birk, 320Khasm al Juwayfah, 180Khasm Mutarim, 183Khasm Umm Humaidh, 318Khawr Abdallah, 416, 418Khawr Abu Karwa, 410Khawr Abu as Saba, 408Khawr Ajman, 411Khawr Amaya, 242Khawr Baghl, 410Khawr Barr al Hikman, 401Khawr al Batin, 410Khawr Bubiyan, 418Khawr Dhirif, 390, 391Khawr Dubai, 101, 411Khawr Fakkan, 49, 101Khawr Faridah, 410Khawr Ghalifiqah, 403Khawr Ghubb Ali, 414Khawr al Khaimah, 100, 101, 409–410Khawr Khasaibi, 411, 413Khawr Habalayn, 413, 414, 450Khawr Mugsayl, 407, 408Khawr Musharrabah, 416, 417Khawr Qantur, 410Khawr Qidah, 413Khawr Qirqishan, 410Khawr Ruri (Rori), 407–08Khawr as Sabiyah, 418Khawr as Sa’diyat, 410Khawr ash Shamm, 413, 453Khawr ash Sharjah, 411Khawr al Udayd, 187, 188, 394

Khawr Umm Qasr, 416Khawr Umm al Quwain, 101, 411Kuwait, 85, 154, 260, 283, 295, 301,

391, 414Kuwait–Al Hasa coastal plain, 154Kuwait Bay, 391

L

Laawan, 57Lake Lisan, 361, 501, 502Lake Tiberias, 93, 94Lidam escarpment, 444Little Aden, 341, 342Liwa’ (see Al Liwa), 51, 63, 113, 114,

117, 136, 137, 141, 204, 206, 222,231, 234, 235, 237, 241, 248, 275,282, 474, 500–502, 506, 507

M

Ma’amourah, 119Ma’aqala, 16, 152, 154, 236, 251, 444,

466Machghara, 462Mada’in Salih, 66, 67Majlis al Jihn Cave, 18Magwa, 414Mahattat ar Ramlah, 192Mahra, 25, 27, 73, 74, 105, 119Makran, 32Manah, 115Manifa, 415–17Manik, 287Mahram Bilqis, 161, 162Mamlaha, 396, 500Mamlahat al Mumattalah, 396Marbakh, 208Ma’rib, 26, 27, 119, 121, 127Ma’rib–Al Jawaf Basin, 106Ma’rib–Al Jawaf Plateau, 26Marmul, 311Marrah, 453Masafi, 101Masirah Is., 14, 379, 401, 423, 424Mataradh, 114Mediterranean coast ranges, 24Mesopotamia, 65, 308Mesopotamian alluvial plain, 260, 297Mi’achan Is., 415

Index 587

Midyan mountains, 23, 326, 349, 439,452

Mirbat (Murbat, Marbat), 434Murbat Formation, 434Milh Kharwan, 158Misfaq, 189, 190Mocha (see Al Mukha), 109, 385, 386Moomi Caves, 18Moscha Limen, 102Mount Hermon (see Jabal ash Shaykh),

367, 462, 476Mount Lebanon, 23, 447, 460, 461,

476Mount Uludoruk, 476Mudawarrah (see Al Mudawarrah), 15,

167, 192, 326, 351–54, 364, 383,500

Mugshin, 102, 118–19, 279Mulwah al ‘Aud, 119Musandam Peninsula, 77, 102, 411,

413, 450–53Muwaiqih, 114

N

Nabq sabkhah, 401Nafud Buraydah, 167, 168Nafud ad Dahi, 38, 131, 144, 151, 167,

175, 180, 236, 254, 255, 317Nafud al Ghamis, 112, 168, 172–73,

253–54Nafud al Ghuwaytah, 193–94, 325 Negev Desert, 65, 91Nafud Hanjaran, 167, 182, 255Nafud al Khulayfah,254Nafud al Malha’, 253Nafud al Mazhur, 27, 38, 147, 167,

173, 174, 237, 247, 252–54,290, 292

Nafud Rumhat, 38, 167, 181, 255, 281,284

Nafud ash Shuqayyiqah, 167–68, 171,253, 276, 320

Nafud as Sirr, 38, 72, 80, 81, 84, 97, 144,167–71, 180–82, 219, 221, 225,229, 253, 255, 276, 281, 319, 381

Nafud as Sirrah, 167, 180–82, 225, 255,276

Nafud at Tarifiyah, 119, 120, 178

Nafud ath Thuwayrat, 38, 80, 81, 82, 84,97, 144, 167–69, 173–74, 225

Nafud al ‘Urayq, 38, 167, 175–76, 254,465

Nahr al Asi, 108, 430, 498–99, 506Nahr al Balikh, 92, 108, 323Nahr al Barada, 108Nahr ad Dijlah, 92, 416Nahr al Frat, 92, 108, 195, 199,

323–24, 346, 368, 381–82, 405,416

Nahr al Hasbani, 93,Nahr al Khabur, 92, 108, 323, 346Nahr Quwaiq, 71Najd, Arabian Shield, 21, 347, 349Najd, interior Dhofar, 215–16Najd, interior Yemen, 215Najran Dam, 106, 108Negev Desert, 65, 91Netivot, 305Nile, 92, 260, 503Nisah–Durma Graben, 33, 455Nizwa, 102, 115Nizzazana, 122, 213, 343North Yemen Volcanic Plateau, 26

O

Oman Mountains (see Al Hajar), 12, 23,32, 49, 63, 115–16, 127, 291, 310,379, 409, 447, 467, 475, 496

Orontes River (see Nahr al Asi), 430

P

Palmyra, 15, 80, 123, 211–12, 234,325, 359, 457, 491

Palmyra lake basin, 366Palmyrides, 23, 24, 212, 366, 367,

428–29, 441, 447Perim Is., 341, 386Persian Gulf, 63, 188, 235, 241–48, 257,

290, 294, 297, 299, 322–23, 371,390

Petra, 89, 121

Q

Qa‘ Abu Trifaya, 352Qa‘ al Azraq, 353–56, 363Qa‘ Butm, 354

Index588

Qa‘ Disa, 364Qa‘ al Ghazzi, 383Qa‘ al Hafira, 383Qa‘ Hazawa, 357Qa‘ al Jafr, 15, 34, 122, 323, 351–52,

354Qa‘ Kafqah, 357Qa‘ Khanna (Qa’ Hanna), 364Qa‘ as Sabiyah, 402Qa‘ al Umari, 354, 383Qarashuk (Qarachok), 343Qarn al Khabra, 419Qarnein Is., 14, 417, 422Qarnum, Qaryat al Fau, 475, 491, 507Qaryat al ‘Ulya, 83Qasr Kharana, 67Qasr al Sabiyah, 402Qatar Peninsula, 291Qatar south–east dunefield, 258, 390Qatif, 110, 273, 399, 418Qazfeh, 335Qi’an Ibn al Ghazzi, 383Qi’an as Sibhi, 383Qibliyah Is., 423Qishn, 105, 119, 186, 436Qishn dunefield, 186–87Qunf Cave, 505–07Qurmidah,

R

Rada, 342Ramlat ad Dima, 101Ramlat al Ghanim, 139Ramlat Hazar, 136Ramlat ibn Su’aydan, 226Ramlat al Mitan, 217Ramlat as Sab’atayn, 20–22, 27, 36, 49,

104, 106, 121, 125, 156–162, 238,247, 257–58, 273, 288, 292, 307,377, 431–32, 499, 505

Ramlat Umm Gharib, 139, 229Ramlat Umm al Hait, 238Ramlat Al Wahı-bah, 20, 21, 27, 72, 77,

91, 115, 125, 162, 164, 166, 236,313, 474, 501, 511

Ra’s Abu Fasma, 426Ra’s Abu Jraydit, 396

Ra’s al Barr, 396Ra’s Darja, 186Ra’s Fartaq dunefield, 186Ra’s al Hadd, 77, 78, 101, 447Ra’s Hasik, 423, 494Ra’s Karmah, 416Ra’s al Khaimah, 60, 100, 308, 394,

409, 410, 450, 487, 491Ra’s Madrakah, 47Ra’s Muhammad, 404Ra’s al Musandam, 411Ra’s al Qasbah, 390, 405Ra’s Sadiyat, 394Ra’s Sayyah 408Ra’s Tanaqib, 416, 417Ra’s Tarfa, 389Ra’s Umm Heish, 396Rawdah sabkhah, 381–82Rayda, 315Red Sea, 23, 24, 106, 284, 337, 349,

357, 379, 385Rub‘ al Khali Basin, 34, 36, 63, 91, 94,

127, 407, 494, 497, 498, 510Rub‘ al Khali Desert, 6, 11, 13, 27, 36,

45, 56, 84, 91, 102, 143, 166, 202,227, 239, 244, 267, 273, 299, 307,310, 511

Ru’us al Jibal, 23, 24, 77, 78, 102, 413,450, 452

S

Sabkhah areas Barr al Hikman, 401–03Sabkhah areas near Buraydah, 381Sabkhah areas, An Nafud, 263Sabkhah areas, ‘Uruq al Mu’taridah,

278, 294, 379–80Sabkhah Albu Ghars, 382Sabkhah Batn at Tarfa, 379Sabkhat al Bardawil, 190, 404Sabkhat al Bogharz, 263–64Sabkhat al Budu, 379Sabkhat al Barghuth, 381, 382Sabkhat al Buwarah, 382Sabkhat ad Dabbiyah, 154, 156,

399Sabkhat al Fasl, 399, 400Sabkhat Fuwat ash Sham, 379Sabkhat al Hadaruk, 415

Index 589

Sabkhat al Hazim, 383Sabkhat al Jabbul, 381Sabkhat al Jabrin, 379Sabkhat al Milh, 380, 396Sabkhat al Maknuq, 403Sabkhat Matti, 13, 97, 135, 137, 140,

206–207, 234, 379, 474, 500Sabkhat Muh, 80, 212, 366–68Sabkhat al Murayr, 400Sabkhat Ra’s al Qurayyah, 396Sabkhat ar Regasser, 381, 382Sabkhat ar Riyas, 396, 398–400, 579Sabkhat as Sikuk, 396Sabkhat at Tawil, 381–82Sabkhah al ‘Uqayr, 398Sadh, 415–16Safaniyah–Manifa area, 401Safir, 158Safra as Sark, 456Safwa, 101, 358, 398, 579Sahalnaut, 118, 119Sahil Jazir, 167, 184, 312Sahil Jinawt, 167, 185, 390Sahl Rukbah, 319Sahra al Musalla, 193Sahra as Suwan, 193Sajid Is., 425Sakakah, 24, 35, 36, 110, 112Salalah, 51, 118, 119, 407Salif, 385, 387, 423Salmani dunefield, 190, 191, 261Sama’il Gap, 102, 117, 449Sana’a, 307, 342, 439Sanam al Khaboura, 117Sawqirah Bay, 184Sayh al Ahmar, 312Sayh ad Dubul, 319Sayh Hajmah, 312Sayun (Saiwan, Seyun), 84, 104, 106,

431Selma Plateau, 18Shabwa, 258Sha’ib al Awsat, 317, 320Sha’ib al Fulayj al Jinubi, 322Sha’ib al Fulayj al Shamali, 322Sha’ib Nisah, 317, 320Shalil al ‘Ud, 411Shamat al Akbad, 173

Shanidar Cave, 484, 485Sharm Abhur (Obhur), 405Sharm Bureika, 408Sharm al Kharrar, 281Sharm Rabigh, 408, 409, 580Sharma, 424Sharqiyyah, 56, 114Shatt al Arab delta, 9, 12, 14, 27, 241,

242, 243, 301, 401, 405, 406Shibam, 103, 104, 119, 120, 161, 257Shield volcanoes, 331, 332Shinas, 117Shiqq, 124Shuqra, 341, 344Shuquq, 45, 123, 127, 129, 130, 132,

135, 136, 139, 216, 234, 251, 275,278, 379, 506

Shusha, 425Sinafir Is., 425Sinai Desert, 50, 66, 83, 167, 189, 190,

202, 203, 260, 281, 285–289, 296,297, 302, 305, 364, 404, 503

Sinai Peninsula, 53, 65, 71, 72, 86, 167,189, 202, 284, 301, 305, 327, 349,403, 440

Sir Bani Yas, 417Sir Bu Nair, 422Sirwah, 343Skhul, 490Soqutra Is., 14, 423, 425Soreq Cave, 520, 553Southern Alluvial Plains Desert,

167, 198–199Strait of Hormuz, 240, 414Syrian Desert, 80, 92, 325, 381, 427Syrian Desert hamadah, 325Syrian Jazirah, 326Syrian Plateau, 429, 430Syrian Steppe, 428, 430

T

Taba sabkhah, 384Tabah, 307Tabuk Basin, 24, 34, 36, 144, 193, 290Tall at Tleileh, 40Tall Leilan, 308Tara’iz al Sanam, 206Tarim, 78, 104, 119

Index590

Tarut Is., 14, 110–13, 408, 417–418Taurus Ranges, 31, 460Tawi Atayr, 18Tell Abraq, 491Teyq, 18Tigris River (see Nahr al Frat)Tihamat Asir, 99, 306, 337, 385Tihamat Hejaz, 387Tihamat ash Sham, 99, 100, 337Tihamat al Yemen, 106, 120, 279, 385,

423Tiran Is., 14, 425Tubayq–Hishmah Plateau, 21Tulu- ul as Safa (Touloul as Safa), 240Tunb islands, 14, 417Tuwayq escarpment, 38, 94, 112, 167,

169, 183, 234, 255, 319, 380, 407,447, 455

U

Umm Lajj, 387, 390, 405Umm Qasr, 83Umm al Qawain, 282, 394Umm Said, 187, 390, 394Umm as Samim, 36, 101, 129, 204, 246,

373, 378, 379Umm az Zimal, 18, 282‘Urayq al Buldan, 168‘Urayq Raghbah, 169‘Uruq al Awarik, 82, 133, 135‘Uruq Bani Ghudayy, 212‘Uruq Bani Ma’arid, 73, 129, 131, 208,

275‘Uruq al Munajjir, 212‘Urayq al Munsarqah, 178Uruq al Muwarid, 132, 229‘Uruq al Mu’taridah, 82, 123, 136, 222,

234, 278, 379, 380, 506‘Uruq ar Rumaylah, 154, 251“Uruq al Qa’amiyat, 133, 135, 216, 217,

237, 562‘Uruq ash Shaybah, 85, 123, 136, 219,

220, 222, 224, 236‘Uruq as Subay, 178, 180, 255‘Uyun al Aflaj, 110, 372, 373

W

Wadi al Abyad, 115

Wadi Aghda, 115Wadi Adanah, 105Wadi Adawnab, 102Wadi Aidim, 102Wadi Araba, 22, 25, 108, 121, 167, 190,

191, 261, 384Wadi Araba dunefields, 190Wadi al Arish, 440Wadi Aswad, 101, 379Wadi al ‘Atk, 310, 322Wadi al Ain, 113, 114Wadi al Ayn (near Ibri), 101Wadi Bahla, 101Wadi al Bahta, 102, 115Wadi Bani Auf, 117Wadi al Batin, 14, 22, 89, 96, 97, 173, 174,

195, 248, 252, 253, 321Wadi Bayhan, 158, 307Wadi Baysh, 99, 113, 387, 408Wadi Bih, 100, 101Wadi Birk, 175, 178, 254, 317, 319, 320Wadi Bishah, 94, 97, 98, 167, 182, 183,

255, 316Wadi Dahyah, 431, 433Wadi Darbat, 102, 118, 119, 407Wadi ad Dawasir, 24, 49, 94, 96, 98,

106, 112, 167, 175, 183, 237, 248,254, 255, 310, 315, 317, 375, 407

Wadi Dawkah, 102Wadi Dhamar, 105Wadi Duhur, 104, 257, 258Wadi Fatimah, 100Wadi Feiran, 65, 305, 364, 476Wadi Ghail, 240Wadi Hadramawt, 21, 22, 103, 104,

106, 119, 120, 157, 161, 257, 377,431, 497

Wadi Halfayn, 102, 145Wadi Haliban, 101, 379Wadi Hanifah, 94, 112, 317, 371, 505Wadi Hazar (Makhya), 136, 139, 431Wadi al Jarir, 175, 254Wadi Jawb, 94, 96, 315Wadi al Jawf, 106Wadi al Jimi, 113, 114Wadi al Jizan, 99Wadi Jizan, 99Wadi Judwal, 94, 96, 315, 318, 319

Index 591

Wadi Juweiza, 101Wadi Khulays, 269, 281, 284Wadi al Luhy, 317, 371, 503Wadi al Maqran, 94, 96, 315, 319Wadi Masilah, 22, 103, 104, 341Wadi Mugshin, 119Wadi al Mujib, 93, 108Wadi Musa, 89, 108, 121, 122Wadi Musallim, 101, 379Wadi Najran, 106, 236, 310, 407Wadi Neqarot, 91Wadi Nisah, 94, 112Wadi Rabkhut (Rakkut), 102, 494Wadi Ranyah, 94, 316, 335Wadi ar Rimah, 14, 22, 38, 89, 94, 96,

112, 167–69, 171, 172, 174, 175,252, 253, 321, 347, 406

Wadi Rum, 108, 167, 192, 362Wadi as Sahba’, 21, 49, 67, 94, 96, 98,

248, 310, 317Wadi Sabya, 20, 306Wadi Sama’il, 102, 117Wadi Siji, 101, 115Wadi as Sirhan, 22, 25, 35, 83, 108,

123, 193, 310, 326, 329, 354, 356,364, 381

Wadi as Subay, 316Wadi Tathlith, 94, 97, 98, 100

Wadi al Tawyen, 409Wadi Tubann, 105Wadi al ‘Ula, 112Wadi Zabid, 120, 279Wadi az Zarqa, 93, 108Wafra, 193, 283Warbah Is., 416–18Wariah ridge, 321, 323Widyan Plateau, 21, 22, 26

Y

Yanbu al Bahr, 330, 390Yarmouk River, 93, 94, 108Yemen Highlands, 23, 57, 58, 105, 109,

120, 161, 257, 386Yemen Plateau, 338, 342, 439, 495Yotvata sabkha, 384

Z

Zabid, 106, 120, 279, 385Zagros Ranges, 57, 80, 129, 241, 243,

244, 248, 294, 450, 460Zallaq Is., 396Zamlat al Bkhila, 343Zard Kuh, 463, 476Zarqa Is., see Zirku, 14, 93, 94, 108, 417Zirku Is., 417, 422Zubair, 167, 406, 429

Index592