ACRONYMS - ecavic.org.au...a wetland is the volume at which water enters the wetland. Competition. In the context of forest growth, the contest between plants of the same or different

310 River Red Gum Forests Investigation > 2006

AAV Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, a division of theDepartment for Victorian Communities

ABS Australian Bureau of StatisticsAIATSIS Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres

Strait Islander StudiesAEMP Asset Environmental Management Plan (for

The Living Murray Icon Sites)ANZECC Australian and New Zealand Environment and

Conservation CouncilARIER Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental

ResearchATSIC Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

CommissionCAR Comprehensive, Adequate and Representative

(conservation reserve systems)CD Census Collection DistrictCFA Country Fire AuthorityCFI Continuous Forest Inventory (forest survey plots)CMA Catchment Management AuthorityCOAG Council of Australian GovernmentsCRG Community Reference Group for the River

Red Gum Forests InvestigationCSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research OrganisationDBH Diameter at breast heightDCE the former Department of Conservation and

EnvironmentDCFL the former Department of Conservation,

Forests and LandsDCNR the former Department of Conservation and

Natural ResourcesDEH Department of Environment and Heritage

(Federal Government)DHS Department of Human ServicesDIIRD Department of Industry Innovation and

Regional DevelopmentDIPNR Department of Infrastructure, Planning and

Natural Resources (New South Wales)DNRE the former Department of Natural Resources

and Environment recently split into DPI, DSEand DVC

DOI Department of InfrastructureDOJ Department of JusticeDPI Department of Primary IndustriesDSE Department of Sustainability and EnvironmentDVC Department of Victorian CommunitiesDWLBC Department of Water, Land, Biodiversity and

Conservation (South Australia)ECC Environment Conservation CouncilEPA Environment Protection AuthorityESD Ecologically Sustainable DevelopmentEVC Ecological Vegetation ClassEWA Environmental Water AllocationEWG Environmental Watering GroupEWR Environmental Water ReserveFFG Flora and Fauna GuaranteeFMA Forest Management AreaFRB Fuel Reduction BurningFSD First Step DecisionGBCMA Goulburn Broken Catchment Management

Authority

GIS Geographic Information SystemGL GigalitresGMW Goulburn–Murray WaterGMZ General Management Zone in state forestsIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIUCN International Union for the Conservation of

Nature and Natural Resources now generallyreferred to as the World Conservation Union

JANIS Joint ANZECC / MCFFA National Forest PolicyStatement Implementation Sub-committee

LCC Land Conservation CouncilLGA Local Government AreaLMEWP Living Murray Environmental Watering PlanMa Millions of yearsMCMA Mallee Catchment Management AuthorityMDB Murray-Darling BasinMDBC Murray-Darling Basin CommissionMDB-IGA Murray-Darling Basin Intergovernmental

AgreementMDBMC Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial CouncilML MegalitresMLDRIN Murray-Lower Darling Rivers Indigenous

NationsMSS Municipal Strategic StatementNAP National Action Plan for Salinity and Water

QualityNCCMA North Central Catchment Management

AuthorityNECMA North East Catchment Management

AuthorityNHT Natural Heritage TrustNNTT Natural Native Title TribunalNSW New South WalesNTSV Native Title Services VictoriaPPA Pest Plant and/or AnimalPV Parks VictoriaQLD QueenslandRCS Regional Catchment StrategyRFA Regional Forest AgreementRMW River Murray WaterRRG River Red GumSA South AustraliaSAMLIV Strategy for Aboriginal Managed Land In

VictoriaSAP Special Area PlanSEA Significant Ecological Asset (under The Living

Murray initiative)SES State Emergency ServiceSFRI State Forests Resource InventorySLA Statistical Local AreaSMZ Special Management Zone in state forestSQ Site Quality (of areas in terms of forest

growth capability)SPZ Special Protection Zone in state forestTLM The Living MurrayTFN Trust For NatureVCMC Victorian Catchment Management CouncilVEAC Victorian Environmental Assessment CouncilWUP Wood Utilisation Plan

ACRONYMS

311Discussion Paper

Adaptive management. Adaptive management is asystematic process of continually improving managementpolicies and practices by learning from the outcomes ofoperational programs by employing managementprograms that are designed to compare selected policiesand practices, by evaluating alternatives about thesystem being managed.

Aeolian. Wind blown sediments such as sand dunes.

Aggradation. Accumulation or raised level of sedimentacross a floodplain, river valley or stream bed.

Alluvial. Deposited by running water.

Anabranch. A secondary channel of a river or streamthat leaves the main stream and re-joins it downstream.

Apiculture. The raising and tending of bees forcommercial or agricultural purposes.

Aquifer. A rock, gravel or sand layer that holds waterand through which water can move.

Aquatard. A rock layer that does not allow the flow ofwater.

Avulsion. A sudden change in a river course or cut-offof a meander, typically during a flood.

Bankfull. The capacity of a channel without spillingonto the surrounding floodplain.

Bank slumping. The falling or slumping of a riverbankinto the river. May occur due to removal of riparianvegetation, erosion or bank destabilisation. The term isoften used in connection with slumping resulting from arapid decrease in river height, in which water drainsmore quickly from the river than it does from the banks,which then collapse under their own weight.

Bar. Well formed ridge or deposit of sand or gravel in astream bed.

Barrage. A construction across the mouth of a riverthat prevents the entry of seawater; freshwater liesupstream of a barrage.

Basalt. Volcanic rock erupted onto the Earth’s surfaceusually from volcanoes. Also known as blue metal whencrushed into pebble or cobble size pieces as aconstruction material.

Baseflow. The sustained flow in a river, not the directresult of runoff from a rainfall event.

Base metals. Minerals extracted for resource use suchas copper, lead and zinc.

Bedload. The soil mineral material transported on thebed of a river, usually during flood events, which maycome from catchment slopes or channel banks.

Bedrock. Well consolidated rocks typically much olderthan overlying sequences. Sometimes also calledbasement.

Bendigo-style gold deposits. Orogenic goldmineralisation linked to the Benambran Orogeny,predominantly deposited along major structures such asthe apex of folds (saddle reefs) and fault planes.

Benthic. Living on or near the bottom of a body ofwater.

Billabong. A backwater channel, often formed by acut-off river bend, that forms an ox bow lake, lagoon orpool when river levels fall.

Biodiversity. The variety of all life: the different plants,animals and micro-organisms; the genes they contain;and the ecosystems they form. Biodiversity is usuallyconsidered at three levels: genetic diversity, speciesdiversity, and ecosystem diversity.

Biodiversity Strategy. Victoria’s Biodiversity Strategyfulfils commitments in the national Strategy for theConservation of Biodiversity and requirements under theVictorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. It detailsstrategic frameworks to prevent further loss of habitat,and a focus for better management of existing habitatsand the continuation of natural ecological processes.

Biomass. The weight of living material in a unit volumeor area at a given time.

Biolinks. See ‘habitat links’.

Bioregion. A region determined by vegetation coverand the earth’s physical features and climate.

Biota. All living things, including micro-organisms,plants and animals.

Blue-green algae. Naturally occurring, microscopic,primitive photosynthetic bacteria. Under certainconditions, including high nutrients, warm still water,strong sunlight into the water, they can bloom into adense and visible growth and may become toxic.

Blue metal. See ‘basalt’.

Buffer (strip). Under the terms of the Code of ForestPractices for Timber Production, a protective margin ofvegetation abutting a stream, spring, wetland, body ofstanding water or swampy ground, which protects itfrom potentially detrimental disturbances in thesurrounding forest. Buffer width is defined as thehorizontal distance from which various harvestingoperations are excluded.

Cap. An upper limit on the amount of water thatmaybe diverted from a river system for human uses. Themost notable being the Cap introduced by the MurrayDarling Basin Ministerial Council in 1995 for the entireMurray-Darling Basin.

CaLP Act. Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994.This Act establishes ten catchment regions andcatchment management authorities across Victoria.Their role is to provide strategic advice on naturalresource management through the development of acommunity based Regional Catchment Strategies.

CAR reserve system. A system of forest reservesestablished by agreement between Commonwealth,State and Territory governments to provide forbiodiversity protection. The system is based on theprinciples of comprehensiveness, adequacy andrepresentativeness.

Catchment. The area of land drained by a river and itstributaries.

Catchment Management Authority (CMA). Regionalstatutory authorities established under the Land andCatchment Protection Act, 1994 and who are

GLOSSARY


responsible for the strategic planning and coordinationof natural resources, including land water andbiodiversity within their catchment region. Catchmentmanagement authorities also have floodplainmanagement functions under the Water Act 1989.

Channel capacity. The volume of water that can passalong the river channel at a certain point and timewithout spilling over the tops of the banks.

Chert. Hard, fine-grained silicic sedimentary rock,formed by chemical or biological processes sometimes innodules in other sediments and is known as flint.

Choke or Barmah Choke. A narrow section of theRiver Murray near Barmah, Victoria, that constrains theflow of the River Murray.

Clastic rock. Any rock or sediment that is composed ofparticles (clasts). Particle size is not important—examples include sandstone, mudstone andconglomerate.

Code of Forest Practice. A set of principles andminimum standards adopted by Government for theconduct of timber harvesting and associated works onpublic land in Victoria. The Code aims to ensure thatimpacts on environment and heritage values areminimised.

Commence to flow. Volume at which flow spills into achannel or wetland. For instance, commence to flow fora wetland is the volume at which water enters thewetland.

Competition. In the context of forest growth, thecontest between plants of the same or different speciesfor limited resources, such as water, nutrient and light,producing differential growth.

Connectivity. The extent of connection between theriver and its floodplain and from the floodplain back tothe river by overbank flows or through flood runners.

Confluence. The place where two or more streamsflow together.

Conservation reserve system. The system of reservesbased on public land that are managed primarily fornature conservation. This system aims to represent allvegetation types and land systems in permanentlyprotected reserves via dedicated reserves, informalreserves and protection by prescription. In Victoria, thereserve system is generally considered to consist ofnational, state and wilderness parks, reference areas andnature conservation reserves (including flora, flora andfauna, and non-hunting wildlife reserves).

Conservation status. An assessment of thesusceptibility of a biological entity (usually a species orecological unit such as an ecosystem or vegetation type)to changes in abundance and extinction. In Victoria, theWorld Conservation Union (IUCN 2000) classification isused to describe the conservation status of vertebrates.In order to qualify for a threatened category, a taxonmust meet one or more assessment criteria, based onfeatures such as numbers of individuals and populations,previous or projected declines in numbers or habitat,extent of occurrence, area of occupancy and extremefluctuations in numbers or habitat. The categories, in

descending level of threat are critically endangered,endangered and vulnerable. Other categories areextinct, near-threatened and data deficient (seeAppendices 4 and 5).

Conversion: firewood cubic metres to tonne. 1 m3

of firewood equals about 700 kg (0.7 tonne) oven dryweight (weight would vary with the species and densityof the particular sample of wood).

Conversion: railway sleeper volume. Sleepers usuallymeasure 2.7 m x 25 cm x 13 cm, a volume of about0.09 cubic metres. Eleven sleepers thereby equal aboutone cubic metre of sawn timber. However, conversionof round logs to sleepers produces waste.

Coupe. An area of forest of variable size, shape andorientation from which logs for sawmilling or otherprocessing are harvested.

Coppice (ing). Regrowth (adventitious) stemsoriginating from dormant buds on the stump or the baseof the trunk of a damaged eucalypt; the process ofremoving coppice (usually to reduce the number ofstems on a stump).

‘Country’. Indigenous people regularly refer to theland and natural resources of an area as ‘country’. Theland and waters of Australia have sustained Indigenouspeoples for many thousands of years. This longoccupation has resulted in a profound cultural andspiritual relationship between indigenous people andcountry.

Crossing timbers. Large, 30 cm x15 cm, sections inlengths from 2.7 m up to 8 m, used as sleepers tounderpin converging or diverging rail tracks, such as atstations and passing places.

Crown land. At the time of European settlement, alllands in Victoria were claimed as Crown land. Crownland is a class of public land that includes unreservedland, land temporarily and permanently reserved underthe Crown Land (Reserves) Act 1978, state forest withinthe meaning of the Forests Act 1958 and park, withinthe meaning of the National Parks Act 1975. It ismanaged and held in trust by the Government for thebenefit of the Victorian community. Crown lands maybe licensed or leased or vested. Crown land does notinclude freehold land whether or not owned by a publicauthority.

Cultural heritage value. Historic, scientific, social oraesthetic value for past, present or future generations.

DBH (Diameter at breast height). The diameter of atree trunk at 1.3 m above the ground.

Declared water supply catchment areas. Under theCatchment and Land Protection Act 1994, watercatchments can be declared as ‘special water supplycatchment areas’—a mechanism that identifies theimportance of the area for water supply. ‘Special areaplans’ can be prepared for such areas to guide land use.

Dedicated reserve. A term used in the CAR reservesystem to describe reserves that are equivalent to theIUCN Protected Area Management Categories I, II, III orIV as defined by the International Commission forNational Parks and Protected Areas (IUCN 1994) and

313Discussion Paper

have secure tenure that requires action by a Parliamentto be revoked. In practice such reserves include naturalfeatures reserves (such as bushland reserves and scenicreserves), historic and cultural feature reserves andregional parks, as well as national, state and wildernessparks, reference areas and nature conservation reserves.See also ‘informal reserves’.

Deep leads. A miner’s term for buried river gravelswhere mining is needed to win gold. They occur whereancient gold-bearing gravels are buried by younger rivergravels, or by basalt flows.

Demographic. The description of communities andtheir population’s social, economic and socialcharacteristics.

De-snagging. The removal of fallen trees and deadbranches from a watercourse.

Diversion. Transferral of water from a river, usually intoa storage system or for direct use.

Diversion weir. A structure built across a river toenable water flow to be diverted into a water supplysystem.

Dry Sheep Equivalent (DSE). Level of stock grazingequivalent to a two-year old wether weighing 45kilograms and maintaining its weight.

ECC – Environment Conservation Council. VEAC’spredecessor from 1997 to 2001. See also ‘LandConservation Council (LCC)’.

Ecological Vegetation Classes (EVCs). Componentsof a vegetation classification system derived fromgroupings of vegetation communities based on floristic,structural and ecological features (see Appendix 6).

Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD).Development which aims to meet the needs ofAustralians today, while conserving our ecosystems forthe benefit of future Australians (see Introductionchapter).

Ecology. The study of the interrelationship betweenliving organisms and their environment.

Ecosystem. A community of naturally co-occurring andinteracting species and their physical environment inwhich they live and with which they also interact.

Ecosystem services. The services or benefits humansderive from the interactions of the elements ofecosystems. This might be in the form of production ofgoods, regeneration of services, stabilising services, life-fulfilling services (e.g., spiritual inspiration) orpreservation of options.

Effluent creek. A creek that leaves a watercourse anddoes not return to it.

Endemic species. Species confined to a particularregion or locality.

Environmental Water Entitlement. A waterentitlement held by the Victorian Minister forEnvironment that permits the use of water in a river orstorage for a purpose that benefits the environment.

Environmental flows. Any managed river flow patternprovided with the intention of maintaining or improving

river health. These flows ensure that the key chemical,geomorphological, and ecological processes necessaryfor healthy river ecosystems are kept functioning.

Environmental value. A particular value or use of theenvironment that is conducive to public welfare, safetyor health.

Environmental Water Allocation. An amount ofwater allocated to the environment under anenvironmental entitlement.

Environmental Water Reserve. The share of waterresources set aside to maintain the environmental valuesof a water supply system and other water services thatare dependent on the environmental condition of thesystem.

Ephemeral stream. A stream that flows for only shortperiods and then dries up.

Eutrophication. Excessive levels of aquatic plantgrowth (including algae) resulting from raised levels ofnutrients and other factors.

Evaporation. The process by which atoms or moleculesin a liquid state gain sufficient energy to enter thegaseous state.

Evapo-transpiration. The process of water beingtranspired by vegetation.

Even-aged stand. A forest stand where all or most ofthe trees are of the same age, that is, they haveregenerated from the same event (e.g. a particular floodor fire).

EVC complex. A vegetation unit where two or moreEVCs are unable to be distinguished in an area but areknown to exist discretely elsewhere.

EVC mosaic. A vegetation unit consisting of two ormore discrete EVCs, which were unable to bedistinguished in mapping processes because of the scaleused.

Exempt Crown land. Crown land which, under theMineral Resources Development Act 1990, is in a publicland-use category in which exploration or mining is notpermitted. Exempt Crown land includes national, stateand wilderness parks, and reference areas. Exceptions toallow mining exist under Section 40 of the NationalParks Act 1975 which provides for the continuance of anexploration or mining licence current at the time theland is declared in one of those public land-usecategories.

Exploration licence. A licence under the MineralResources Development Act 1990, issued by the Ministerfor Energy and Resources, entitling the holder to carryout exploration on the land covered by the licence,subject to satisfying the criteria for commencement ofwork.

Extant. Still existing.

Extraction. In the context of water, is where water istaken from rivers or streams for off-stream use orconsumption.

Facies. The primary characteristic of a sedimentary rock.

Fault. A fracture in the Earth’s crust accompanied by a


displacement of one side of the fracture.

Fold belt. A series of rocks formed during a mountainbuilding tectonic episode or orogeny.

Filter strip. Under the terms of the Code of ForestPractices for Timber Production, a narrow strip of groundretained either side of a drainage line or temporarystream. In the strip, trees may be felled subject tocertain conditions and machinery entry is only permittedin certain circumstances.

Fire protection plan. Plans prepared within thecontext of the Code of Practice for Fire Management onPublic Land. They define fire protection strategiesadopted to achieve those objectives. Each FireProtection Plan has four main strategies: wildfireprevention, wildfire preparedness, wildfire suppressionand wildfire recovery.

First Step Decision. A decision announced by theMurray–Darling Basin Ministerial Council in November2003 to address the decline in health of the RiverMurray system.

Fish ladder or fishway. A structure designed to enablefish to move over a physical barrier (dam or weir) in awaterway.

Flood. Flows that are high enough at their peak tooverrun river banks or cause flow through high-levelanabranches, floodrunners or to wetlands.

Flood channel. A natural channel in a floodplain,which carries flowing water only during a flood.

Floodplain. Flat land beside a river that is inundatedwhen the river overflows its banks during a flood.

Flora and Fauna Guarantee (FFG) Action Statement.Documents prepared for selected species, ecologicalcommunities and potentially threatening processes listedunder the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.

Flow regimes. The spatial and temporal pattern offlows in the main river bed and the floodplain areassurrounding the river. Natural flows refer to a floodregime unaffected by any form of flow modification.Regulated flow refers to artificial control of dams, weirs,diversions or other structures or practices.

Fluvial. A geomorphic process whereby sediments aretransported and deposited by flowing water.

Forest. Vegetation formation with the tallest stratumcomprising trees which project a foliage cover forgreater than 30 percent of the site (cf. woodland).

Forest management area (FMA) plan. A plandeveloped to address the full range of values and uses instate forest, including nature conservation and timberproduction. There are 14 forest management areas inVictoria, and a plan is produced for each FMA.

Forest structure. The main physical features of theforest—such as the density and height of vegetationlayers (e.g. canopy, shrub layer, ground layer), and sizeand density of trees.

Fresh. A flow pulse in a river which is higher than themedian flow at that time of the year. It may occurnaturally or be the result of a decision to release water

from a reservoir. A fresh can occur at any time of year.Also known as flush.

Fuel reduction burning (FRB). The use of lowintensity fires as a management tool to remove the moreflammable fuel from parts of forests and parks, with thepurpose of reducing flame height, fire intensity andslower spreading patterns of any potential bushfire andmaking firefighting easier.

Geographic Information System (GIS). A systemwhich holds spatially referenced data which can beclassified, overlaid, analysed and presented in map,tabular or graphic form.

Geomorphology. The study of the arrangement andform of the Earth’s crust and of the relationship betweenthese physical features and the geologic structuresbeneath.

Geomorphological. Pertaining to the development ofpresent landforms and the history of changes in theearth’s structure as recorded by surface features.

Gigalitres. A measurement of water equivalent to onebillion litres.

Glauconitic. Sediments containing a greenishmicaceous mineral (glauconite).

Golden Triangle. Area of western and central Victoriaencompassing the rich gold fields between Bendigo,Ballarat and Stawell.

Grey water. Household (including caravan andhouseboat) water which has not been contaminated bytoilet discharge and includes water from bathtubs,dishwashing machines, clothes washing machines andkitchen sinks.

Groundwater. Underground water filling the voids inrocks, often between mineral grains in sedimentaryrocks. Water in the zone of saturation in the Earth’scrust.

Group selection system. An uneven-aged silviculturalsystem, involving the felling of all trees in small patches(or groups) at intervals (generally every 10-15 years) overthe rotation. The gaps created are scattered over thecoupe. Gap size is usually no more than about two treeheights in diameter, so that seedfall from surroundingtrees can be used to regenerate the gap. Deliberateseedbed preparation is generally required, involving soildisturbance or burning of slash.

Geographic Representation Units (GRU).Subdivisions created to help analyse the distribution ofthe reservation system across the region and the degreeto which values are represented in that reserve system.

Gypsum/Gypseous. Mineral derived from evaporationof salty water (CaSO4.2H2O).

Habitat. The place or environment in which anorganism naturally occurs.

Habitat links. Areas of often linear remnant or plantedvegetation that connect two or more patches ofvegetation. These links may be continuous ordiscontinuous strips and patches of vegetation. Oftenreferred to as corridors.

315Discussion Paper

Headwaters. The small streams on the higher groundof a catchment, which flow into a river.

Heavy mineral sands. Sediments that containeconomic concentrations of heavy minerals such asilmenite, rutile and zircon rich in the elements titaniumand zirconium.

Heritage. All those things which we have inheritedfrom previous generations and which we value.Heritage includes places, things (movable objects) andfolklore (customs, songs and sayings).

Heritage River. Rivers or reaches of rivers designatedunder the Heritage Rivers Act 1992, managed primarilyto protect their significant nature conservation,recreation, scenic or cultural heritage values.

Hinterland. The area within the sphere of influence ofa large town, city, river or coastline.

Human settlement and patterns. Where and howpeople live and work in rural areas, towns and cities.

Hydraulic. Refers to the local dynamic aspects of flow,usually measured in terms of shear stress, water depth,flow velocity.

Hydrological system. Includes streams, wetlands,billabongs, floodplains, swamps, ground water rechargeareas, ephemeral lakes, estuaries and the sea.

Hydrology. The science that deals with surface andgroundwaters of the earth; their occurrence, circulationand distribution; their chemical and physical propertiesand their reaction with the environment.

Hydrological system. This includes streams, wetlands,billabongs, floodplains, swamps, groundwater rechargeareas, ephemeral lakes, estuaries and the sea.

Igneous. Rock formed from crystallisation of moltenmagma either slowly at depth (granite) or rapidly at thesurface (basalt, rhyolite).

Indigenous vegetation. Vegetation native to aparticular location.

Industrial minerals. Minerals such as gypsum and claythat are largely used for construction and industrialpurposes.

Informal reserve. A term used in the CAR reservesystem to describe areas clearly identified inmanagement plans suitable for and set aside forconservation purposes. See also ‘dedicated reserves’.

Interpretation. Information, signage, nature trails andguided nature walks, aimed at providing insight andawareness of natural features, ecological systems,cultural heritage, and park management.

Introduced species. Species of plants or animals thatare not native to Australia (also referred to as exotic oralien species).

Indigenous vegetation. Vegetation native to a specificlocation.

Inundation. To cover with water, usually by the processof flooding.

JANIS criteria. Criteria defined by the JointANZECC/MCFFA National Forest Policy Statement

Implementation Sub-committee for the establishment ofthe CAR system of forest reserves (see chapter 10).

Lacustrine. Pertaining to a lake; sediment formed atthe base of a lake; organisms living or growing in a lake.

LCC – Land Conservation Council. VEAC’spredecessor from 1971 to 1997. See also ‘EnvironmentConservation Council (ECC)’.

Levee. A natural levee is a deposit of alluvium, which israised above the general level of the banks of a streamand its floodplain. Man-made levees may beconstructed along the course of a river or stream inorder to contain flood waters.

Lignotuber. A woody swelling, partly or whollyunderground at the base of the stem of many eucalypts.It is composed of food reserves and dormant shoots thatcan emerge for survival if the plant’s aerial parts aredestroyed.

Lithology. A physical characteristic of a rock formationor stratigraphic unit.

Lock. A rectangle chamber of concrete within a riverwith gates each end that enables boats to move fromone water level to another.

Long-term sustainable yield. The theoretical rate ofharvest that can be maintained in perpetuity; i.e. whenthe condition of the available forest is equal to thetheoretical yield of the normal forest. It is a general goalfor forest managers to work towards (cf sustainableyield).

Lunette. Crescent or semicircular shaped aeoliandeposits of fine sediment located on the eastern (or lee)side of lake beds or playas in semi-arid areas.

Marls. A marine sediment consisting of calcareousmudstone.

Mature forest. Forest stands and/or individual treeswhere the tree crowns are well foliated and rounded.Trees have reached maximum height and crowns havereached full lateral development. Branch thickening canoccur. The height and crown development of the treeshas effectively ceased (compared with regrowth) butdecline of the crown (loss of limbs, development ofepicormic growth) has not yet significantly begun (as inthe senescent or over-mature growth stage).

Meander. A curve in the course of a river, alwayspresent in a series.

Megalitre (ML). One million litres (one Olympic sizedswimming pool is approximately 2 ML).

Merchantable. Used to describe trees suitable forprocessing into forest produce and for which a marketexists.

Micaceous. Containing mica minerals.

Mineral sands. See ‘Heavy mineral sands’.

Mining licence. A licence under the Mineral ResourcesDevelopment Act 1990, issued by the Minister forEnergy and Resources, entitling the holder to carry outexploration and mining on the land covered by thelicence, subject to receiving an authority to commencework.


National Water Initiative. The Council of AustralianGovernments (29 August 2003) agreed to theestablishment of a National Water Initiative to improvethe security of water entitlements for ecosystem healthand consumptive uses through expanding water tradingpractices, encouraging water conservation in cities, andimprovements in irrigation practices.

Natural flow regime. The likely pattern of water flowbefore European settlement in Australia. Natural flowregime refers to the flow patterns without anyregulation or water extraction.

Oceanic arc. A volcanic arc situated in an oceansetting. Indonesia is a modern example.

Old-growth forest. Forest that contains significantamounts of its oldest growth stage in the upperstratum—usually aging trees—and which has been notbeen disturbed or, only experienced disturbance theeffect of which is now negligible.

Orogeny. A major mountain-building event.

Overmature. See ‘senescent’.

Overwood. Trees left after harvesting that competewith regeneration for light, water and nutrients (mayinclude trees retained for habitat or seed supply andunmerchantable trees).

Peri-urban. Low density development on the edge ofurban areas. It is characterised by a mixture of rural andresidential land uses and may be the location ofcommuters who live in a rural setting while travelling towork in the nearby urban centre.

Phytoplankton. Plant plankton, usually algae.

Planform. A bird’s eye view of a river channel. In otherwords, the shape of a river from the air or as seen on amap.

Playa. A shallow, salty desert lake. May bepredominantly dry and hold water only after prolongedor heavy rain.

Point bar. Deposit of sand or gravel on the inside of ameander or river bend.

POMA – Powerful Owl Management Area.Designated areas containing suitable habitat forpowerful owls based on confirmed records of breedingsites, roosts and sightings.

Pool. A body of water in a river that is relatively deepand slow moving.

Pool-riffle morphology. A type of three dimensionalstream bed morphology characterised by fairly regularly-spaced alternating pool and riffles. Not all streams havethis morphology.

Porphyry. Igneous intrusive rock consisting of a finegrained matrix with larger crystals.

Potentially Threatening Process. A process that hasthe potential to pose a significant threat to flora orfauna and is listed under the Flora and Fauna GuaranteeAct 1988. The Commonwealth equivalent is a KeyThreatening Process.

Precautionary principle. The principle that the lack ofscientific certainty should not be the reason to postponepreventative measures to avert threats of serious orirreversible damage.

Pre-1750 EVC. The extent of an ecological vegetationclass (EVC) prior to the year 1750 as defined by existingvegetation supplemented by predictions and modellingof vegetation that has been cleared since Europeansettlement.

Prior stream. The course of a former streamresponsible for the nearby sediments that did not carrywater other than local drainage. A low ridge built upfrom materials deposited by stream flow along a formerstream channel.

Prospecting. The use of metal detectors, hand tools,pans or simple sluices to search for minerals, such asgold and gemstones.

Protected area. Park or reserve with the primary aim ofbiodiversity conservation.

Public land. Under the Victorian EnvironmentalAssessment Council Act 20001 public land refers to (a)any unalienated land of the Crown, including landtemporarily or permanently reserved under the CrownLand (Reserves) Act 1978; (b) state forest within themeaning of the Forests Act 1958; (c) park, within themeaning of the National Parks Act 1975; (d) land underthe ownership or control of Melbourne Parks andWaterways, established under the Water Industry Act1994; (e) land vested in any public authority, otherthan—(i) a municipal council; or (ii) an Authority underthe Water Act 1989, to the extent that the land vestedin the Authority is within a sewerage district listed incolumn 3 of Schedule 12 of that Act.

Public land use categories. A classification of publiclands into major land-use categories such as parks,nature conservation reserves, state forest and so forth.Each land-use category in essence defines the primarypurpose of the land. For many of the land-usecategories a range of additional purposes are alsodefined. Each land-use category is generally subject toparticular legislation and management arrangements(see chapter 9).

Pugging. The compaction and rutting of soil throughtrampling by hard-hoofed animals, particularly duringwet conditions, leading to reduced water infiltration intosoils and damage to plants.

Rain rejection flows/floods. Water that is ordered butnot used because rain subsequently falls. Currently thiswater is not debited on the water-user’s account.

Ramsar convention. Lists of wetlands of internationalimportance. To be placed on the register a wetland hasto fulfil certain criteria such as being important to thesurvival of migratory birds or endangered animals andplant species.

Ramsar site. A wetland of international significanceunder the Ramsar Convention.

Reach. A relatively homogenous section of a river.

Recharge. Water that infiltrates through the soilsurface to the watertable.

317Discussion Paper

Regeneration (noun). The young regrowth of forestplants following disturbance of the forest such as timberharvesting or fire includes juvenile and sapling stageswhere the tree is very small and the crown exhibitsapical dominance.

Regeneration (verb). The renewal of forest by naturalor artificial means.

Regime. For water, the prevailing pattern of flows.

Regional Forest Agreement (RFA). An agreementbetween the Commonwealth and a State or TerritoryGovernment, for the long-term management and use offorests in a particular region.

Regional water authority. Statutory authorityresponsible for supplying water primarily to urbanconsumers and the disposal of waste-water from towns.

Regrowth. (a) a forest stand regenerated eithernaturally or by seeding following death or removal ofthe forest overstorey; (b) a growth stage of a foreststand or individual tree in which the tree is activelygrowing, has a well developed stem with crown and anarrow conical form of small branches, but is below themaximum height for the stand. Apical dominance isapparent in vigorous trees.

Regulated river/stream. Controlled flows within ariver system resulting from the influence of a regulatingstructure such as weir or dam.

Regulator. Structural works that control water flow.

Residual logs. Produced as a by-product of sawlogharvesting and regrowth management operations.Comprises a log too small to meet sawlog or sleeperspecifications or may meet sawlog specifications for sizebut with greater than 50 percent defect. Includes lowquality logs suitable for conversion into sawn productsor those unsuitable for sawing, such as firewood orpulpwood. Utilised for a variety of products where shortlengths are suitable and the appearance and strength ofthe timber are less important. My be harvested underannual licence or tender from areas not required forproduction of commercial and domestic firewood.

Restricted Crown land. Land owned by the Crownupon which, under the Mineral Resources DevelopmentAct 1990, any exploration or mining requires theconsent of the Minister for Environment; includes natureconservation reserves, regional parks and naturalfeatures reserves.

Retained trees. Trees retained on a coupe duringharvesting operations to provide habitat for wildlife, orto grow on after thinning.

Riffle. A shallow area of a river in which water flowsrapidly over stones or gravel.

Rill erosion. The development of numerous minuteclosely spaced channels resulting from the unevenremoval of surface soil by running water.

Riparian. The area of land along the bank of a river orstream.

Riparian rights. The rights to water use possessed by aperson owning land containing or bordering a watercourse or lake.

Riverine. Relating to a river.

Salinity. A measure of the total soluble salts in a soil.A saline soil is one with an accumulation of free salts atthe soil surface and/or within the profile affecting plantgrowth and/or land use. It is generally attributed tochanges in land use or natural changes in drainage orclimate, which affects the movement of water throughthe landscape. Salinity levels of soil or water can betested using Electrical Conductivity (EC). Theconcentration of various salts dissolved in a volume ofwater or soil.

Sediment load. The mass of sediment transported pasta point in a river over a given time period.

Senescent. A growth stage of a forest stand orindividual tree that is characterised by declining crownleaf area and crown diameter and irregular crown shapedue to the loss of branches and epicormic growth. Thisterm is interchangeable with overmature or veteran intimber-production terms, but from a nature conservationpoint-of-view the tree is regarded as a large old (habitat)tree.

Shales. Sedimentary rocks formed from muds andclays, usually with fine even layers.

Significant ecological asset (SEA). These assets areselected for their regional, national and internationalimportance because of their ecological values, and thebelief that they are at risk of ongoing environmentaldegradation because of changes in water flow regimesbecause of river regulation. The six significantenvironmental assets are: Barmah-Millewa Forest,Gunbower and Koondrook-Perricoota Forests, HattahLakes, Chowilla Floodplain, Murray Mouth, Coorong andLower Lakes and the River Murray Channel.

Siltation. The process of deposition of material whichcan be clay, silt, or sand-sized material on the base of ariver or lake.

Siltstones. Similar to mudstones but composed ofslightly coarser grade of sediment.

Silviculture. The theory and practice of managingforest establishment, composition and growth, toachieve specified objectives (a harvesting andregeneration system).

Silvicultural system. A planned program of forestmanagement that includes tending, harvesting andregeneration.

Site quality. A measure of the growth potential of aforest site (as determined by soils and climate). Oftenexpressed in terms of the dominant height of trees at aparticular age.

Snag. Large woody debris in rivers that impacts onhuman use of rivers. Provides habitat for plants andanimals.

Source bordering dune. Sand and clay rich dunesformed on the downwind side of sandbars or wide riverchannels during dry or low water periods.

Southern 80. An annual high speed water-ski race heldon the River Murray between Torrumbarry and Echuca.


Special area plan (SAP). A plan developed under theCatchment and Land Protection Act 1994 that detailsspecific conditions on land-use and land managementpractices. To date most Special Area Plans deal withland-use in declared water supply catchments.

Special Management Zone (in FMA plans).Delineates an area that is managed to maintain specifiedvalues, such as flora and fauna habitat or catchmentvalues, while catering for timber production undercertain conditions.

Special Protection Zone (in FMA plans). Delineatesan area that is managed for the conservation of naturalor cultural values and where timber harvesting isexcluded. It forms part of a network designed to linkand complement conservation reserves. An informalreserve.

Species. A group of similar organisms generally capableof interbreeding only with each other to produce fertileoffspring. For clarity, the term ‘species’ is frequentlyused in this Discussion Paper when, technically, ‘taxon’or ‘taxa’(see below) would more accurate.

Stand. A group of trees in a forest that can bedistinguished from other groups by their age, speciescomposition and condition.

Stand condition. The health, age and size-classdistribution and stocking of a forest stand.

Statistical Local Area. A subdivision of a municipalityused by the Australian Bureau of Statistics for thepurposes of collection and analysis of census data.

Stratification. Distinct layers of water in a dam or weirpool, formed when there is little movement to causeintermixing, usually in summer when deeper layers ofwater become cold and deoxygenated.

Stressed river. An evaluation approach used in theassessment of appropriate management strategies forwater allocation and flow management in uncontrolledstreams. A classification based on environmental andwater-use criteria, hence a stressed river is one that hashigh levels of water diverted and is often associated withdeclining water quality and biodiversity.

Stocking. Density of any given forest stand, usuallyexpressed in terms of the number of trees per hectare.

Surface water. Water on the surface of the land, forexample in rivers, creeks, lakes and dams.

Sustainable yield. Rate of harvest of timber that canbe maintained for a defined period. This figure mayincrease in the future if the condition of the forest isimproved but should not decrease except in the case ofa catastrophic event such as fire (cf long-termsustainable yield).

Swale. A long, narrow trough or depression, oftenbetween sand dunes or ridges. May be a marsh orswamp when the depression carries water.

Taxon (plural: taxa). The named classification unit towhich individuals or sets of species are assigned, such assubspecies, species, genus or family.

Terrane. Sections of rock with different geologicalhistories that come together as a single landmass,

typically during orogenesis as fold belts.

Terrestrial. On land, pertaining to the earth and its dryland.

Timber production. Growing and harvesting of timberfrom native forests.

Thinning. The removal of a proportion of trees from a(usually even-aged) stand, with the aim of increasing thegrowth rate and/or health of the retained trees. Noregeneration is required or implied.

Threatened community. An ecological association ofplants and/or animals interacting within a commonenvironment that is listed as threatened under theVictorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 orCommonwealth Environment Protection and BiodiversityConservation Act 1999.

Threatened species. A term for a plant or animalgenerally listed under the Flora and Fauna GuaranteeAct 1988 or the Commonwealth Environment Protectionand Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Species may befurther categorised depending on the level of threat(e.g. critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable).Species may also be classed as near threatened whenthey are close to qualifying for a threatened category, ordata deficient when it is believed a species should be ina threatened category but sufficient data to make anassessment is lacking (see Appendices 4 and 5).

Tributary. A creek or river flowing into a larger river.

Trigger. In relation to water, triggers relate to when aflow of a particular size and duration is likely to initiatepart or all of an ecological response to theenvironmental flow.

Turbidity. A measure of the light scattering propertiesof water, indicating how much silt, algae and othermaterial is suspended in water. Highly turbid waterlooks muddy.

Ultra-mafic (also ultrabasic). Igneous rocks thatconsist mostly of iron, magnesium and chromiumminerals and virtually no quartz or feldspars.

Uneven-aged (forest or stand). Forest or stand whichcontains a continuum of age classes resulting from moreor less continuous regeneration over a number of years.

Unrestricted Crown land. Land owned by the Crownthat, under the Mineral Resources Development Act1990, can generally be prospected, explored or mined,but over which conditions may apply.

Veteran tree. Formerly used to describe a tree more orless at the senescent stage of growth.

Visitor days. Accumulated number of visits to a siteincluding overnight stays.

Volcanogenic. Sediment derived in part from volcanicmaterial.

Wake boarding. A sport similar to water-skiing basedon a down-sized board, similar to a surf board. Therider is towed behind a boat and attempts to do trickssuch as jumps and flips using the wake of the boat.

Water entitlement. The volume of water authorised tobe taken and used by an irrigator or water authority.

319Discussion Paper

Water entitlements include bulk entitlements,environmental entitlements, water rights, sales water,surface water and groundwater licences.

Water right. Rights to water held by irrigators in anirrigation district.

Watertable. The upper surface of a groundwater body.

Weir. A structure that transverses the river to regulatewater flow and provide a relatively constant pool level tofacilitate pumping or gravity feeding for irrigation andwater supply purposes.

Weir pool. The water held back by a weir, forming astill pool.

Wetland. The Ramsar Convention has adopted thefollowing definition of wetlands: areas of marsh, fen,peatland, or water, whether natural or artificial,permanent or temporary, with water that is static orflowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marinewater at the depth of water at low tide does not exceedsix metres. It includes the community of plants andanimals that lives in it.

World Conservation Union (IUCN). The WorldConservation Union was created in 1948. It is theworld’s largest conservation-related organisation andbrings together 76 states, 111 government agencies aswell as a large number of non-governmentorganisations, and some 10,000 scientists and experts,from 181 countries. Through various programs itsupports the conservation of natural heritage—forinstance the work of the IUCN World Commission onProtected Areas aims to promote the establishment andeffective management of a worldwide, representativenetwork of terrestrial and marine protected areas.

Yorta Yorta Co-operative Management Agreement.A formal agreement between Yorta Yorta NationAboriginal Corporation and the State of Victoria relatingto management of Crown land and waters over a totalarea of approximately 50,000 ha in northern Victoria.


AAV (Aboriginal Affairs Victoria) (2003). Aboriginal Freshwater Middens: Site Identification Mini Poster 3. The Stateof Victoria, Department of Victorian Communities, Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, Victoria.

AIATSIS (2004). Overturning the Doctrine of Terra Nullius: The Mabo Case Native Title Research Unit, AustralianInstitute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra, viewed 29/08/06. http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/last updated 19 August 2006.

Allen, G.G., G. Barrow, V. Hurley and P. Robertson (2003). Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 175:Inland Carpet Python Morelia spilota metcalfei. Biodiversity and Natural Resources Division, Department ofSustainability and Environment, East Melbourne.

Allom Lovell & Associates (2003). Greater Shepparton Heritage Study: Stage 2. Victoria. Report to GreaterShepparton City.

Alpine Grazing Taskforce (2005). Report of the investigation into the future of cattle grazing in the Alpine NationalPark. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

Andrew C. Ward and Associates (1986). Mallee Area Review: Study of Historic Sites. ANZECC (Australian and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council) (2001). A national approach to firewood

collection and use in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council, Canberra,Australia.

Arbuthnot Sawmills Pty Ltd (2006). Arbuthnot Sawmills Pty. Ltd. Est. 1889, viewed 29/08/06.http://www.arbuthnotsawmills.com.au/index.php.

ARIER, AcroMap and Land Information Group (Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research) (2004). Modellingthe Condition of Native Vegetation in Northern Victoria: A Report to the Northern Victorian CatchmentManagement Authorities. Department of Sustainability and Environment, AcroMap Pty Ltd; and Land InformationGroup, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne. Mallee, North Central, Goulburn Broken andNorth East Catchment Management Authorities: Victoria, Melbourne. A report to the Northern CatchmentManagement Authorities.

Arnold, R.J., M.J. Bacca and N. Clark (1999). Commercial irrigated E. camaldulensis plantations - a Californianexperience and its applicability in Australia. Australian Forestry 62:154-159.

Atkinson, W. (2005). Yorta Yorta occupation & ‘the search for common ground’. Proceedings of the Royal Society ofVictoria 117:1-22.

Atkinson, W. and A. Berryman (1983). Aboriginal Association with the Murray Valley Study Area. Report to the LandConservation Council, Melbourne, Australia.

Australian Academy of Science (2002). El Nino- riding the climate roller coaster Australian Academy of Science,viewed 18/8/06. http://www.science.org.au/nova/028/028key.htm last updated October 2002.

Australian Government (2004). Securing Australia’s Energy Future. Australian Government, Canberra. Australian Hardwood Network (2006). Species Guide: River Red Gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis, viewed September

2006. http://www.hardwood.timber.net.au/species/redgum.htm.Australian Weeds Committee (2006). Draft Australian Weeds Strategy: A National Strategy for Weed Management in

Australia. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Canberra. Bacon, P.E., D.J. Leslie and A.J. Sharley (1993a). River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) forests: Managing for

both ecological and productive sustainability. J.A. Duggin, ed. Sustainable Forestry in Australia: Future Directions.University of New England, Armidale.

Bacon, P.E., C. Stone, D.L. Binns, D.J. Leslie and D.W. Edwards (1993b). Relationships between water availability andEucalyptus camaldulensis growth in a riparian forest. Journal of Hydrology 150:541-561.

Baker-Gabb, D. (1995). Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 66: Plains Wanderer Pedionomustorquatus. Biodiversity and Natural Resources Division, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

Ballinger, A. and R. Mac Nally (2005). Flooding in Barmah-Millewa Forest: Catastrophe or Opportunity for non-aquatic fauna? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 117:111-115.

Ballinger, A., R. Mac Nally and P.S. Lake (2005). Immediate and longer-term effects of managed flooding onfloodplain invertebrate assemblages in south-eastern Australia: generation and maintenance of a mosaiclandscape. Freshwater Biology 50:1190-1205.

Ballinger, A. and A.L. Yen (2002). Invertebrates of the River Red Gum Forests of the Murray River. Victorian Naturalist119:174-179.

Balmford, A., A. Bruner, P. Cooper, R. Costanza, S. Farber, R.E. Green, M. Jenkins, P. Jefferiss, V. Jessamy, J. Madden,K. Munro, N. Myers, S. Naeem, J. Paavola, M. Rayment, S. Rosendo, J. Roughgarden, K. Trumper and R.K. Turner(2002). Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Science 297:950-953.

Balmford, A., N. Leaderwilliams and M.J.B. Green (1995). Parks or Arks - Where to Conserve Threatened Mammals.Biodiversity and Conservation 4:595-607.

Barberis, C. (1983). The geology and geomorphology of the Barmah State Forest. BSc Honours project report. TheUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Bassett, O.D. and G. White (2001). Review of the impact of retained overwood trees on stand productivity. AustralianForestry 64:57-63.

Belperio, A.P. (1995). Chapter 11 Quaternary. In The Geology of South Australia Volume 2. The Phanerozoic. J.F.Drexel, and W.V. Priess, eds. South Australian Geological Survey, Adelaide.

Bennett, A.F., L. Lumsden and A.O. Nicholls (1994). Tree hollows as a resource for wildlife in remnant woodlands:spatial and temporal patterns across the northern plains of Victoria, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 1:222-235.

REFERENCES

321Discussion Paper

Bennett, S., R. Brereton and I. Mansergh (1992). Enhanced Greenhouse and the wildlife of south eastern Australia.Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Melbourne. Tech Rep. No. 127.

Bernecker, T., M.A. Smith, K.A. Hill and A.E. Constantine (2003). Chapter 15 Oil and Gas: fuelling Victoria’s economy.Pages 469-487 In Geology of Victoria. B. W.D., ed. Special Publication 23, Geological Society of Australia (VictoriaDivision), Victoria.

Birch, W.D., ed (2003). Geology of Victoria Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 23. Geological Societyof Australia (Victoria Division), Melbourne, Australia.

Blood, K. and CRC Weed Management Systems (2001). Environmental Weeds: A field guide for SE Australia. C HJerram Science Publishers, Mt Waverley, Australia.

Bonhomme, T. (1990). An Archaeological Survey of the Barmah Forest. Victorian Archaeological Survey, Departmentof Conservation and Environment, Melbourne, Australia. Occasional Report No. 34.

Borch, M. (2001). Rethinking the origins of terra nullius (Australia). Australian Historical Studies 32:222-239.Borrini-Feyerabend, G. (1996). Collaborative Management of Protected Areas: tailoring the approach to the content.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland. Bowdler, S. (1983). Archaeological investigation of a threatened Aboriginal burial site near Robinvale, on the Murray

River, Victoria. A report to the Victorian Archaeological Survey.Bowler, J.M. (1978). Quaternary climate and tectonics in the evolution of the Riverine Plain, southeastern Australia.

Pages 70-112 In Landform Evolution in Australasia. J.L. Davies, and M.A.J. Williams, eds. Australian NationalUniversity Press, Canberra.

Bowler, J.M., H. Johnston, J.M. Olley, J.R. Prescott, R.G. Roberts, W. Shawcross and S. N.A. (2003). New ages forhuman occupation and climatic changes at Lake Mungo, Australia. Nature 421:837-840.

Bowler, J.M. and J.W. Magee (1978). Geomorphology of the Mallee Region in Semi-arid Northern Victoria andWestern New South Wales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 90:5-26.

Bowler, J.M., E. Stockton and M.J. Walker (1978). Quaternary Stratigraphy of the Darling River Near Tilpa, NewSouth Wales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 90:79-88.

Bren, L.J. (1987). The duration of inundation in a flooding river red gum forest. Australian Forestry Research 17:191-202.

Bren, L.J. (1992). Tree Invasion of an Intermittent Wetland in Relation to Changes in the Flooding Frequency of theRiver Murray, Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 17:395-408.

Bren, L.J. (2001). Estimates of loss of growth due to habitat tree retention in riparian river red gum forests.Unpublished consultant’s report to the Victorian Association of Forest Industries.

Bren, L.J. (2005). The changing hydrology of the Barmah-Millewa Forests and its effects on vegetation. Proceedingsof the Royal Society of Victoria 117:61-76.

Brennan, G.K., R.A. Hingston and M. R.W. (2004). Processing 17-year-old Tasmanian blue gum sawlogs grown atwide spacing. Australian Forestry 67:240-246.

Brereton, R., S. Bennett and I. Mansergh (1995). Enhanced greenhouse climate-change and its potential effect onselected fauna of south-eastern Australia - a trend analysis. Biological Conservation 72:339-354.

Brett Lane & Associates Pty Ltd (2005). Survey of River Red Gum and Black Box Health Along the River Murray inNew South Wales, Victoria and South Australia - 2004. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra. No. 06/05.

Bromham, L., M. Cardillo, A.F. Bennett and M.A. Elgar (1999). Effects of stock grazing on the ground invertebratefauna of woodland remnants. Australian Journal of Ecology 24:199-207.

Brooks, T.M., G.A.B. da Fonesca and A.S.L. Rodrigues (2004). Protected areas and species. Conservation Biology18:616-618.

Broome, R. (1984). The Victorians: Arriving. Fairfax, Syme and Weldon Associates, McMahons Point, NSW.Brown, C.M. and A.E. Stephenson (1991). Geology of the Murray Basin southeastern Australia. Bureau of Mineral

Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Department of Primary Industries and Energy, Canberra. Bulletin 235.Brunckhorst, D.J., P. Bridgewater and P. Parker (1997). The UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Program comes of age:

learning by doing; landscape models for sustainable conservation and resource use. Pages 176-182 InConservation Outside Nature Reserves. P. Hale, and D. Lamb, eds. Centre for Conservation Biology, University ofQueensland, Brisbane.

Bruner, A.G., R.E. Gullison, R.E. Rice and G.A.B. da Fonseca (2001). Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropicalbiodiversity. Science 291:125-128.

Buchan, B. and M. Heath (2006). Savagery and civilization - From terra nullius to the ‘tide of history’. Ethnicities 6: 5-26.

Buckley, R. (2003). Mineral Notes: Gypsum (MNI008). Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne. Burbidge, A.A. and N.L. McKenzie (1989). Patterns in the Modern Decline of Western-Australia Vertebrate Fauna -

Causes and Conservation Implications. Biological Conservation 50:143-198.Bureau of Meteorology (2006). Bureau of Meteorology website Australian Government, Canberra, viewed

September 2006. http://www.bom.gov.au/index.shtml.Burger, J., C. Jeitner, K. Clark and L.J. Niles (2004). The effect of human activities on migrant shorebirds: successful

adaptive management. Environmental Conservation 31:283-288.Bush, M.D., R.A. Cayley, S. Rooney, K. Slater and M.L. Whitehead (1995). The geology and prospectivity of the

southern margin of the Murray Basin. The State of Victoria, Department of Natural Resources and Environment,Melbourne, Australia. VIMP Report 4.


BusinessVictoria (2006). Natural Gas Extension Program The Department of Innovation, Industry and RegionalDevelopment (DIIRD), Melbourne, viewed September 2006.http://www.business.vic.gov.au/BUSVIC/STANDARD/1001/PC_60302.html last updated 23 August 2006.

Campbell, I.B., G.W. Cochrane, M.J. Hughes, D. Judkins, S. Lynn, A. Kotsonis, A. Olshina, J.A. Ferguson, T.J.Summons, I.W. McHaffie and R.L. King (2003). Chapter 14 Other non-energy resources: materials in abundance.Pages 435-467 In Geology of Victoria. B. W.D., ed. Special Publication 23, Geological Society of Australia (VictoriaDivision), Victoria.

Catling, P.C. and R.J. Burt (1995). Why Are Red Foxes Absent from Some Eucalypt Forests in Eastern New-South-Wales. Wildlife Research 22:535-546.

Catrice, D. (2002). National Parks and Reserves on the Murray River: an Historical Perspective. Victorian Naturalist119:88-94.

Cayley, R.A. and D.H. Taylor (1997). Grampians special map area geological report. Report 107. Geological Survey ofVictoria, East Melbourne.

Centre for International Economics (2005). Future Directions for the Australian Honeybee Industry. Centre forInternational Economics, Canberra. Report prepared for the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Fisheriesand Forestry.

Cheal, D.C. and O. Carter (2006). Fire ecology Vital Attributes project report. Arthur Rylah Institute for EnvironmentalResearch, Heidelberg. Internal report to the Fire Ecology Scientific Expert Group, within DSE.

Chesterfield, E.A. (1986). Changes in the vegetation of the river red gum forest at Barmah, Victoria. AustralianForestry 49:4-15.

Chesterfield, E.A., R.H. Loyn and M.A. MacFarlane (1984). Flora and Fauna of the Barmah State Forest and TheirManagement. Biological Survey Branch, Forest Commission, Victoria. Research Branch Report No. 240.

Christie, M.F. (1979). Aborigines in Colonial Victoria 1835-36. Sydney University Press, Sydney.Clark, I.D. (1995). Scars in the landscape: A register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803-1859. Australian

Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.Clark, I.D. (1996). Aboriginal Language Areas in Victoria. Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages,

Melbourne, Australia. A report to the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages.Clark, I.D. (1999). A History of the Goulburn River Protectorate Station at Murchison, 1840-1853. Aboriginal Affairs

Victoria, Melbourne. A report to the Heritage Branch at Aboriginal Affairs Victoria.Clode, D. (2006). As If For a Thousand Years: A History of Victoria’s Land Conservation and Environment

Conservation Councils. Victorian Environmental Assessment Council, Melbourne.Cochrane, G.W., G.W. Quick and D. Spencer-Jones, eds (1999). Introducing Victorian Geology. The Geological

Society of Australia Incorporated (Victorian Division), Melbourne.Collett, N.G. (2001). Biology and control of psyllids, and the possible causes for defoliation of Eucalyptus

camaldulensis Dehnh. (river red gum) in south-eastern Australia - a review. Australian Forestry 64:88-95.Commonwealth of Australia (1992). National Forest Policy Statement. Australian Government Publishing Service,

Canberra, Australia.Commonwealth of Australia and State of Victoria (1999). North East Regional Forest Agreement. The

Commonwealth of Australia and The State of Victoria, Canberra. Cook, J. (2003). Horse riding in State forest. Forests Notes. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Portland. Council of Australian Governments (2004). Intergovernmental agreement on a national water initiative. Council of

Australian Governments, Canberra. Craib, J. (1992). An archaeological survey of the Moira State Forests. National Parks and Wildlife Service. Sydney. CSIRO Atmospheric Research (2005). Woodheaters in Launceston – Impacts on Air Quality. Department of the

Environment and Heritage, Aspendale, Victoria. Report to the Natural Heritage Trust.Cuddy, J., A. Maclean, R. Ryan and M. Kelly (1993). Statement of resources, uses and values for the Mid Murray

Forest Management Area. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Melbourne. Cupper, M.L. and S. White (2003). Chapter 11 Quaternary. In Geology of Victoria. W.D. Birch, ed. Geological Society

of Australia Special Publication 23.Curr, E.M. (1883). Recollections of squatting in Victoria. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia.Currey, D.T. and D.J. Dole (1978). River Murray Flood Flow Patterns and Geomorphic Tracts. Proceedings of the Royal

Society of Victoria 90:67-78.DAFFA (Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Australia) (2003). Gone Fishing: Catch all the fishing facts

and figures. Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Australia and Fisheries Research and DevelopmentCorporation, Canberra.

Davidson, I. and D. Robinson (1992). Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 34: Grey-crowned BabblerPomatostomus temporalis. Biodiversity and Natural Resources Division, Department of Sustainability andEnvironment, East Melbourne.

Davison, G., J. Hirst and S. Macintyre (1998). The Oxford Companion to Australian History. Oxford University Press,Melbourne.

DCE (Department of Conservation and Environment) (1992a). Barmah State Park and State Forest Management Plan.Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne, Australia.

DCE (Department of Conservation and Environment) (1992b). Draft Flora and Fauna Guarantee Strategy. Departmentof Conservation and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria.

323Discussion Paper

DCFL (Department of Conservation Forests and Lands) (1986). Defoliation of river red gums by Gum leaf skeletoniser.Von Mueller Institute, State Forest and Lands Service, Melbourne, Victoria. Research Note No.1.

DCNR (Department of Conservation and Natural Resources) (1992). Mildura Region: Fire Protection Plan. State ofVictoria, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Mildura.

DCNR (Department of Conservation and Natural Resources) (1995). Code of Practice for Fire Management on PublicLand. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Melbourne, Australia.

Deayton, G. and L. Deayton (2005). Superb parrot project annual surveys of the Superb parrot population in Victoria1992-2005. Superb Parrot Project, Barmah.

DEH (Department of Environment and Heritage) (2004). National Woodheater Audit Program Report. Department ofEnvironment and Heritage, Canberra.

DEH (Department of Environment and Heritage) (2006). Firewood, Canberra, viewed 29/08/06.http://www.deh.gov.au/land/pressures/firewood/#about last updated 08/11/05.

Dexter, B.D. (1978). Silviculture of the River Red Gum forests of the central Murray floodplain. Proceedings of theRoyal Society of Victoria 90:175-194.

Dexter, B.D. and M. Poynter (2005). Wood, Water and Wildlife. Opportunities for the Riverain Red Gum Forests ofthe Central Murray. Prepared for the National Association of Forest Industries, NSW Forests Products AssociationLtd, Timber Communities Australia Ltd and Victorian Association of Forest Industries, Melbourne. Submission1/471 to the VEAC River Red Gum Forests Investigation.

Di Stefano, J. (2002). River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), a review of ecosystem processes, seedlingregeneration and silvicultural practice. Australian Forestry 65:14-22.

Diez, S. and P. Foreman (1996). Practical Guidelines for the management of Native Grasslands on the Riverine Plainof South-eastern Australia. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bendigo. Draft Report.

DIIRD (Department of Innovation Industry and Regional Development) (2005). Moving Forward: Making ProvincialVictoria the Best Place to Live, Work and Invest. Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development,Melbourne.

Dingle, A. (1984). The Victorians: Settling. Fairfax, Syme and Weldon Associates, McMahons Point, NSW.DITR (Department of Industry Tourism and Resources) (2005). TTF Australia Victorian Tourism Employment Atlas

2005. Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources.DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (1996a). Code of Forest Practices for Timber Production,

Revision 2. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne. DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (1996b). IUCN Categories and Other Key Data for Parks

and Reserves in Victoria. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Australia. DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (1997a). Eucalyptus stocking surveys, Native Forest

Silvicultural Guideline No 10. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne. DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (1997b). Victoria’s Biodiversity Strategy. Department of

Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne. DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (1997c). Victoria’s Biodiversity: Directions in Management.

Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Australia. DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (1999). Victorian Goldfields Project: Historic Goldmining

Sites in the North East Region. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Government of Victoria,Melbourne.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2000). Salinity Management in Victoria: FutureDirections. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Australia.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2001). Forest Management Plan for the North East.Department of Natural Resources and Environment, East Melbourne.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002a). Forest Management Plan for the Mid-MurrayForest Management Area. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, East Melbourne.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002b). Mid-Murray Forest Management Area: Estimateof Sawlog Resource. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, East Melbourne.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002c). Victorian Firewood Strategy Discussion Paper.Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Australia.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002d). Victorian Pest Management - A Framework forAction. East Melbourne.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002e). Victorian Pest Management - A Framework forAction: Fox Management Strategy. East Melbourne.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002f). Victorian Pest Management - A Framework forAction: Rabbit Management Strategy. East Melbourne.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002g). Victorian Pest Management - A Framework forAction: Weed Management Strategy. East Melbourne.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002h). Victorian River Health Strategy: Healthy Rivers,Healthy Communities & Regional Growth. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne,Australia.

DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002i). Victoria’s Native Vegetation Management. Aframework for action. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Australia.


DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2002j). Wur-cum barra strategy 2002-2005. Wur-cumbarra: Creating employment opportunities in the Victorian Public Sector for Indigenous People. The State ofVictoria, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, East Melbourne.

DoI (Department of Infrastructure) (2005). River Red Gum Forests Investigation submission. Melbourne. Submission1/170 to the VEAC River Red Gum Forests Investigation.

DoJ (Department of Justice) (2000). Protocol for the negotiation of Native Title Framework Agreement for Victoria (3November 2000). Department of Justice, Output Group: Legal Services, State of Victoria, Melbourne.

DoJ (Department of Justice) (2001). Guidelines for Proof of Native Title. Native Title Unit, Department of Justice,State of Victoria, Melbourne.

Dorrough, J., A. Yen, V. Turner, S.G. Clark, Crosthwaite J. and J.R. Hirth (2004). Livestock grazing management andbiodiversity conservation in Australian temperate grassy landscapes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research55:279-295.

DPI (Department of Primary Industries) (2005). A report to each House of Parliament on the disbursement ofRecreational Fishing Licence Revenue from the Recreational Fishing Licence Trust Account, 2004/2005.Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne.

DPI (Department of Primary Industries) (2006a). DPI Horticulture website, viewed September 2006.http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nrenfa.nsf/childdocs/-DC504F7CB84A48A64A2567D80005AD73?open last updated24/08/2004.

DPI (Department of Primary Industries) (2006b). DPI website, viewed September 2006.http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/index.htm.

Driscoll, D., G. Milkovits and D. Freudenberger (2000). Impact and Use of Firewood in Australia. CSIRO SustainableEcosystems, Canberra.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2003a). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria- 2003. Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, Australia.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2003b). Barmah Forest Ramsar Site: Strategic ManagementPlan. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, Australia.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2003c). Enhanced Fox Management Program. Department ofSustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2003d). Gunbower Forest Ramsar Site: Strategic ManagementPlan. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, Australia.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2003e). Hattah-Kulkyne Lakes Ramsar Site: StrategicManagement Plan. Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2003f). North West Region: Bendigo Fire District Fire ProtectionPlan. The State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2003g). Southern Ark Project: Benefiting the biodiversity of EastGippsland through fox control. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2003h). Victoria’s Forests - A Brief History. Forests fact sheet.Department of Sustainability and Environment, Alexandra.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2004a). Climate change in the Goulburn Broken RegionDepartment of Sustainability and Environment, The State of Victoria.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2004b). Climate change in the Mallee Region Department ofSustainability and Environment, The State of Victoria.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2004c). Climate change in the North Central RegionDepartment of Sustainability and Environment, The State of Victoria.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2004d). Climate change in the North East Region Departmentof Sustainability and Environment, The State of Victoria.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2004e). Fire and Victoria’s parks and forests Department ofSustainability and Environment, State of Victoria.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2004f). Forest Management Plan for the Floodplain StateForests of the Mildura Forest Management Area. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2004g). Indigenous Land Management Framework DiscussionPaper. Department of Sustainability and Environment, State of Victoria, East Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2004h). Kerang Wetlands Ramsar Site: Strategic ManagementPlan. Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2004i). Victorian Government White Paper, Securing Our WaterFuture Together. Victorian Government, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005a). Advisory List of Rare or Threatened Plants in Victoria -2005. Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, Australia.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005b). BushTender website. DSE (2005) BushTender website.Available: http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrence.nsf/LinkView/15F9D8C40FE51BE64A256A72007E12DC8062D358172E420C4A256DEA0012F71C.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005c). Directions Paper: Public land tour operator and activityprovider licence reform project. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005d). Domestic Firewood Charges - 2005/2006. Departmentof Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, Australia.

325Discussion Paper

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005e). Management Procedures for Timber HarvestingOperations and Associated Activities in State Forests in Victoria. Department of Sustainability and Environment.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005f). Red Gum log grading Guidelines, Mid-Murray ForestManagement Area. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005g). Regional Matters. An Atlas of Regional Victoria 2005.Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005h). Victoria’s State of the Forests Report. SustainableForests Management Group, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006a). Considerations for the 2006 duck season. Departmentof Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006b). Corporate Geospatial Data Library. Department ofSustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006c). Horsham Forest Management Area Proposed WoodUtilisation Plan 2006/7 to 2008/9. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006d). Interim guidelines and procedures for managing theenvironmental impacts of weeds on public land in Victoria. Department of Sustainability and Environment,Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006e). Mid-Murray Forest Management Area East WoodUtilisation Plan 2006/7 to 2008/9. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006f). Mid-Murray Forest Management Area West ProposedWood Utilisation Plan 2006/7 to 2008/9. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006g). Mildura Forest Management Area Proposed WoodUtilisation Plan 2006/7 to 2008/9. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006h). Project Deliverance: The response of ‘critical-weight-range’ mammals to effective fox control in mesic forest habitats in far East Gippsland, Victoria. Department ofSustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006i). State Water Report 2004/05, A statement of Victorianwater resources. Victorian Government, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2006j). Victorian Hunting Guide. Department of Sustainabilityand Environment, East Melbourne.

DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (in prep). Code of Practice for Fire Management on Public Land(Revision No 1). Department of Sustainability and Environment, State of Victoria.

DSE and Parks Victoria (Department of Sustainability and Environment and Parks Victoria) (2005). Post WildfireIndigenous Heritage Survey - Summary Report. Melbourne.

Dunlop, M., M. Howden and L. Hughes (2003). Biodiversity and Climate Change in Australia. DVC (Department for Victorian Communities) (2005). Indicators of Community Strength at the Local Government

Area. Strategic Policy and Research Branch, Melbourne. ECC (Environment Conservation Council) (1997). Box-Ironbark Investigation Resources and Issues Report.

Environment Conservation Council, Melbourne. ECC (Environment Conservation Council) (2001). Box-Ironbark Forests and Woodlands Investigation Final Report.

Environment Conservation Council, Melbourne, Australia. Ecosystems Services Project (2001). Ecosystems Services: Natural assets - An inventory of ecosystems good and

services in the Goulburn Broken Catchment. CSIRO, Canberra. Eken, G., L. Bennun, T.M. Brooks, W. Darwell, L.D.C. Fishpool, M. Foster, D. Knox, P. Langhammer, P. Matiku, E.

Radford, P. Salaman, W. Sechrest, M.L. Smith, S. Spector and A. Tordoff (2004). Key biodiversity areas as siteconservation targets. BioScience 54:1110-1118.

Ellemor, H. (2003). White skin, black heart? The politics of belonging and Native Title in Australia. Social & CulturalGeography 4:233-252.

Elliot, H.J., C.P. Ohmart and F.R. Wylie (1998). Insect pests of Australian forests: ecology and management. ReedInternational Books Pty Ltd, Sydney.

Environment Australia (2000). Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) andDevelopment of Version 5.1 - Summary Report. Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra.

Environment Australia (2001). A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia. Environment Australia, Canberra,Australia. third edition.

EPA Victoria (Environment Protection Authority Victoria) (2003a). Environmental Audit: Timber Production on PublicLand 2003: Findings and Recommendations. Environment Protection Authority, Southbank, Australia. Publication932.

EPA Victoria (Environment Protection Authority Victoria) (2003b). Environmental Auditing in Victoria. EnvironmentProtection Authority, Southbank, Australia. Publication 902, Information Bulletin.

EPA Victoria (Environment Protection Authority Victoria) (2006). Environmental Audit: 2005 Special Forest Audit.Environment Protection Authority, Southbank, Australia.

Esplin, B. (2003). Report of the Inquiry into the 2002-2003 Victorian bushfires. State Government of Victoria,Melbourne.

Evans, R., C. Brown and J. Kellett (1990). Chapter 5 Geology and Groundwater. In The Murray. N. Mackay, and D.Eastburn, eds. MDBC, Canberra.


Ewart, A.J. (1925). Handbook of Forest Trees for Victorian Foresters. Government Printer, Melbourne.Eyles, D. (2004). Understanding fire effects in River Red Gum forest. Department of Sustainability and Environment,

Wangaratta. Fahey, C. (1987). Barmah Forest: A History of Barmah Forest. Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands,

Melbourne. Faithfull, I. and D. McLaren (2004). Paterson’s curse - Management. Department of Primary Industries, Frankston.

Landcare Notes.Farley Consulting Group (2003). Indigenous Response to the Living Murray Initiative. Farley Consulting Group. Report

to Murray Darling Basin Commission.Farrow, R.A. (1996). Insect pests of eucalypts on farms and in plantations. CSIRO, Australia. Identification leaflet No

4. Sawflies.Fergusson, C.L. and A.H.M. VandenBerg (2003). Chapter 4 Ordovician. In Geology of Victoria . W.D. Birch, ed.

Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 23, Melbourne.Fisheries Victoria (2000). Get hooked.... It’s fun to fish: National Junior Fishing Codes Education Kit. Department of

Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne. Fitzsimons, J.A. (2004). The contribution of multi-tenure reserve networks to biodiversity conservation. PhD Thesis.

Deakin University, Melbourne.Fitzsimons, J.A. and C. Ashe (2003). Some recent strategic additions to Victoria’s protected area system 1997-2002.

Victorian Naturalist 120:98-108.Fitzsimons, J.A., P. FitzSimons and C. Ashe (2004). Further strategic additions to Victoria’s public protected area

system: 2002 - 2004. Victorian Naturalist 121:214-225.Fitzsimons, J.A. and H.A. Robertson (2005). Freshwater reserves in Australia: directions and challenges for the

development of a comprehensive, adequate and representative system of protected areas. Hydrobiologia 552:87-97.

Fitzsimons, J.A., C. Williams and P. FitzSimons (2006). Ecological attributes of strategic land acquisitions for additionto Victoria’s public protected area estate: 2004-2005. Victorian Naturalist 123:134-145.

Flood, J. (2004). Archaeology Of The Dreamtime - The Story Of Prehistoric Australia and its People. Harpers Collins,South Australia.

Florence, R.G. (1996). Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.Ford, H.A., G.W. Barrett, D.A. Saunders and H.F. Recher (2001). Why have birds in the woodlands of Southern

Australia declined? Biological Conservation 97:71-88.Forest Commission of Victoria (1928). Handbook of Forestry in Victoria: Empire Forestry Conference Australia and

New Zealand. Government Printer, Melbourne.Freedman, L. and M. Lofgren (1979). Human skeletal remains from Cossack, Western Australia. Journal of Human

Evolution 8:98-105.Freudenberger, D., J. Noble and S. Morton (1997). A Comprehensive, Adequate and Representative Reserve System

for the Southern Mallee of NSW: Principles and Benchmarks. CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology, Lyneham, ACT. Aconsultancy report prepared for the NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation and the Southern MalleeRegional Planning Committee.

Garnett, S.T. and G.M. Crowley (2000). The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000. Environment Australia, Canberra.Gaston, K.J., K. Charman, S.F. Jackson, P.R. Armsworth, A. Bonn, R.A. Briers, C.S.Q. Callaghan, R. Catchpole, J.

Hopkins, W.E. Kunin, J. Latham, P. Opdam, R. Stoneman, D.A. Stroud and R. Tratt (2006). The ecologicaleffectiveness of protected areas: The United Kingdom. Biological Conservation 132:76-87.

GBCMA (Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority) (2003). Goulburn Broken Regional CatchmentStrategy. Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority, Shepparton, Victoria.

GBCMA (Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority) (2004). Draft Regional River Health Strategy.Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority, Shepparton.

George, A.K., K.F. Walker and M.M. Lewis (2005). Population status of eucalypt trees on the River Murray floodplain,South Australia. River Research and Applications 21:271-282.

Georges, A. and P. Cottingham (2001). Biodiversity in Inland Waters - Priorities for its Protection and Management:Recommendations from the 2001 Fenner Conference on the Environment. Cooperative Research Centre forFreshwater Ecology, Canberra. Technical Report 1/2002.

Gibbons, P. and D.B. Lindenmayer (2002). Tree Hollows and Wildlife Conservation in Australia. CSIRO, Collingwood,Australia.

Gill, A.M., R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble (1981). Fire and the Australian biota. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.Gillespie, J. and J. Wright (1993). A Fraternity of Foresters. Jim Crow Press, Daylesford.Gippel, C.J. and D. Blackham (2002). Review of Environmental Impacts of Flow Regulation and Other Water

Resource Developments in the River Murray and Lower Darling River System. Fluvial Systems Pty Ltd, Parkville.Final Report to Murray-Darling Basin Commission.

Government of Victoria (2002). Our Forests, Our Future. Government of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. Gradstein, F.M., J.G. Ogg, A.G. Smith, F.P. Agterberg, W. Bleeker, R.A. Cooper, V. Davydov, P. Gibbard, L.A. Hinnov,

M.R. House, L. Lourens, H.P. Luterbacher, J. McArthur, M.J. Melchin, L.J. Robb, J. Shergold, M. Villeneuve, B.R.Wardlaw, J. Ali, H. Brinkhuis, F.J. Hilgen, J. Hooker, R.J. Howarth, A.H. Knoll, J. Laskar, S. Monechi, K.A. Plumb, J.Powell, I. Raffi, U. Röhl, P. Sadler, A. Sanfilippo, B. Schmitz, N.J. Shackleton, G.A. Shields, H. Strauss, J. Van Dam,T. van Kolfschoten, J. Veizer and D. Wilson (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press.

327Discussion Paper

Gray, D.R., D.A. Foster, V.J. Morand, C.E. Willman, R.A. Cayley, C.V. Spaggiari, D.H. Taylor, C.M. Gray, A.H.M.VandenBerg, M.A. Hendrickx and C.J.L. Wilson (2003). Chapter 2 Structure, metamorphism, geochronology andtectonics of Palaeozoic rocks. Pages 15-71 In Geology of Victoria. W.D. Birch, ed. Geological Society of Australia,Melbourne.

Greenslade, P.J.M. and P. Greenslade (1977). Effects of vehicles on arthropods inhabiting the soil surface. Pages 93-98 In The Southern Coorong and Lower Younghusband Peninsula of South Australia. D.D. Gilberson, and M.R.Foale, eds. Nature Conservation Society of South Australia, Inc, Adelaide.

Greenwood, S. (2003). Barmah Island and Richardsons Lagoon Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Investigations. AboriginalAffairs Victoria, Melbourne.

Gross, C.L. and D. Mackay (1998). Honeybees reduce fitness in the pioneer shrub Melastoma affine(Melastomataceae). Biological Conservation 86:169-178.

Harper, M.J., M.A. McCarthy and R. van der Ree (2005). The abundance of hollow-bearing trees in urban drysclerophyll forest and the effect of wind on hollow development. Biological Conservation 122:181-192.

Harris, J.A. (1972). The effect of flooding on population density of the gum leaf skeletonizer moth Uraba lugensWalk. in Barmah State Forest. Forests Commission of Victoria, Melbourne. Victoria Research Branch Report No.25.

Harris, J.A. (1974). Gum leaf skeletonizer Uraba lugens in Victoria. Forests Commission of Victoria, Melbourne.Forestry Technical Papers No. 21.

Harris, J.A., F.G. Neumann and B. Ward (1977). An outbreak of the gum leaf skeletonizer Uraba lugens Walker, inRiver Red Gum forests near Barmah. Forests Commission of Victoria, Melbourne. Victoria Research Branch ReportNo. 87.

Hassall & Associates and Gillespie Economics (2004). Quantifying the Economic Value of River Dependent Industriesin the Southern Murray-Darling Basin. Australian Conservation Foundation, Melbourne, Australia. Report preparedfor the Australian Conservation Foundation.

Hawdon, J. (1952). A Journal of a Journey from New South Wales to Adelaide Performed in 1838 by Mr JosephHawdon. Georgia House, Melbourne.

Heard, G.W., D. Black and P. Robertson (2004). Habitat use by the inland carpet python (Morelia spilota metcalfei :Pythonidae): Seasonal relationships with habitat structure and prey distribution in a rural landscape. AustralEcology 29:446-460.

Hennessy, K., C. Lucas, N. Nicholls, J. Bathols, R. Suppiah and J. Ricketts (2006a). Climate change impacts on fire-weather in south-east Australia. CSIRO, Australia.

Hennessy, K., I. Macadam and P. Whetton (2006b). Climate change scenarios for initial assessment of risk inaccordance with risk management guidance. CSIRO, Australia.

Henry, G.W. and J.M. Lyle (2003). The National Recreational and Indigenous Fishing Survey. Australian GovernmentDepartment of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra. FRDC Project No. 99/158.

Heritage Victoria (2000). Victorian Heritage Strategy 2000-2005: Knowing, communicating, protecting andmanaging Victoria’s diverse cultural heritage. Government of Victoria, Melbourne.

Heritage Victoria (2005). Historic Gold Mining Plotted Histories. Heritage Council Victoria, Government of Victoria,Melbourne.

Hibbins, G.M. (1978). A History of the Nathalia Shire: The Good Helmsmen. The Hawthorn Press, Melbourne.Holdgate, G.R. (2003). Chapter 16 Coal: world-class energy reserves without limits. Pages 489-516 In Geology of

Victoria. B. W.D., ed. Special Publication 23, Geological Society of Australia (Victoria Division), Victoria.Holmes, J.M. (1948). The Murray Valley: A Geographical Reconnaissance of the Murray Valley and a New Design for

Its Regional Organisation. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.Hopkins, P. (Business) (2006). Furniture a big offender in $450M of imports using illegally logged timber. The Age,

Melbourne, 3 February 2006. Business, Page 2.Horton, D. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait

Islander Studies, Canberra.House of Representatives Select Committee into the Recent Australian Bushfires (2003). A Nation Charred: Report on

the inquiry into bushfires. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001). Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptations and Vulnerability.

Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report on the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC). Cambridge University Press UK, London.

Jacobs Lewis Vines and Architects and Conservation Planners (1979). Historic Sites Survey- North Central Study area.South Yarra. Report to the LCC for North Central Investigation.

Jacobs, M.R. (1955). Growth habits of eucalypts. Forestry and Timber Bureau, Department of the Interior, Australia. Jacobs, M.R. (1957). History of the use and abuse of wooded lands in Australia. Australian and New Zealand

Association for the Advancement of Science. Presidential address to Section K: agriculture and forestry,A.N.Z.A.A.S.

James, A., K.J. Gaston and A. Balmford (2001). Can we afford to conserve biodiversity? Bioscience 51:43-52.James, A.N., K.J. Gaston and A. Balmford (1999). Balancing the Earth’s accounts. Nature 401:323-324.JANIS (1997). Nationally Agreed Criteria for the Establishment of a Comprehensive, Adequate and Representative

Reserve System for Forests in Australia. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, Australia. Jansen, A. and M. Healey (2003). Frog communities and wetland condition: relationships with grazing by domestic

livestock along an Australian floodplain river. Biological Conservation 109:207-219.


Jansen, A. and A.I. Robertson (2005). Grazing, ecological condition and biodiversity in riparian river red gum forestsin South-eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 117:85-95.

Johnston, R. and H. Webber (2004). Lake Boort Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Investigation. Aboriginal Affairs Victoria,Melbourne.

Jones, R., P. Whetton, K. Walsh and C. Page (2002). Future impacts of climate variability, climate change and landuse change on water resources in the Murray Darling Basin. Overview and Draft Program of Research. CSIRO,Melbourne.

Jones, R.N. and P.J. Durack (2005). Estimating the Impacts of Climate Change on Victoria’s Runoff using aHydrological Sensitivity Model. CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Melbourne. A Project commissioned by the VictorianGreenhouse Unit, Department of Sustainability and Environment.

Joyce, E.B. and R.L. King, eds (1980). Geological Features of the National Estate in Victoria: An inventory compiledfor the Australian Heritage Commission. Geological Society of Australia, Victorian Division, Melbourne, Australia.

Joyce, E.B., J.A. Webb, P.G. Dahlhaus, K.G. Grimes, S.M. Hill, A. Kotsonis, J. Martin, M.M. Mitchell, J.L. Neilson, M.L.Orr, J.A. Peterson, N.J. Rosengren, J.N. Rowan, R.K. Rowe, I. Sargent, T. Stone, B.L. Smith and White S. (2003).Chapter 18 Geomorphology. In Geology of Victoria. W.D. Birch, ed. Geological Society of Australia (VictoriaDivision), Melbourne.

Kanowski, P.J., D.A. Gilmour, C.R. Margules and C.S. Potter (1999). International Forest Conservation: ProtectedAreas and Beyond. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. A discussion paper for the Intergovernmental Forumon Forests.

Keller, G. (2005). Impacts, volcanism and mass extinctions: random coincidence or cause and effect? AustralianJournal of Earth Sciences 52:725-757.

King, A.J. (2005). Fish and the Barmah-Millewa Forest: History, status and management challenges. Proceedings ofthe Royal Society of Victoria 117:117-125.

King, A.R. (1963). The Influence of Colonization on the Forests and the Prevalence of Bushfires in Australia.Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne.

King, R.L. (1988). Geological Features of Significance and their Conservation. Pages 599-601 In Geology of Victoria.J.G. Douglas, and J.A. Ferguson, eds. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 5, Melbourne.

Kingsford, R.T. and J. Nevill (2006). Urgent need for a systematic expansion of freshwater protected areas inAustralia. Pacific Conservation Biology 12:7-14.

Kingsford, R.T., J.L. Porter and S.J. Hunter (2005). Summary of Aerial Survey of Wetland Birds in Eastern Australia -October 2005. The University of New South Wales and NSW Department of Environment and Conservation,Sydney.

Kirkpatrick, J.B. (1999). Developing and applying criteria for forest protected areas - the Australian experience.Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.

Koehn, J.D. (1997). Habitats and movements of freshwater fish in the Murray-Darling Basin. Pages 27-32 In 1995Riverine Environment Research Forum. Proceedings of the inaugural Riverine Environment Research Forum ofMDBC Natural Resource Management Strategy funded projects, held 4-6 October 1995 in Attwood, Victoria. R.J.Banens, and R. Lehane, eds. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.

Koehn, J.D. (2002). Fish of the Murray River. Victorian Naturalist 119:152-159.Koehn, J.D. (2005a). The loss of valuable Murray cod in fish kills: a science and management perspective. Pages 73-

82 In Management of Murray Cod in the Murray-Darling Basin: Statement, Recommendations and SupportingPapers. Proceedings of a workshop held in Canberra, ACT, 3-4 June 2004. M. Lintermans, and B. Phillips, eds.Murray-Darling Basin Commission and Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Canberra.

Koehn, J.D. (2005b). Threats to Murray cod. Pages 30-37 In Management of Murray Cod in the Murray-DarlingBasin: Statement, Recommendations and Supporting Papers. Proceedings of a workshop held in Canberra, ACT, 3-4 June 2004. M. Lintermans, and B. Phillips, eds. Murray-Darling Basin Commission and Cooperative ResearchCentre for Freshwater Ecology, Canberra.

Koehn, J.D., A.R. Brumley and P.C. Gehrke (2000). Managing the Impacts of Carp. Bureau of Resource Sciences,Canberra.

Koehn, J.D. and D.J. Harrington (2006). Environmental conditions and timing for the spawning of Murray cod(Maccullochella peelii peelii) and the endangered trout cod (Maccullochella macquariensis) in southeasternAustralian rivers. River Research and Applications 22:327-342.

Kondinin Group (1996). Watering stock from natural water sources. Farming Ahead 54:38-52.Kotsonis, A., K.J. Cameron, J.M. Bowler and E.B. Joyce (1999). Geomorphology of the Hattah Lakes region on the

River Murray, southeastern Australia: a record of late Quaternary climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Societyof Victoria 3:27-42.

Laginestra, M. (undated). Wastewater and the Murray River – Tales of Contamination, Treatment and Resources inSA. GHD, Adelaide.

Landerfeld, M. and J. Bettinger (2002). Water Effects on Livestock Performance The Ohio State University,Agriculture and Natural Resources, viewed September 2006. http://ohioline.osu.edu/anr-fact/0013.html.

Lawler, J.J., D. White and L.L. Master (2003). Integrating representation and vulnerability: Two approaches forprioritizing areas for conservation. Ecological Applications 13:1762-1772.

Lawrence, A.E., H. Ingram and J. Youl, eds (1979). Early Forest Utilisation. The Victorian Division of the Institute ofForesters, Melbourne.

329Discussion Paper

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1977a). Final Recommendations North-Eastern Study Area Districts 3, 4 and 5.Land Conservation Council, Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1977b). Mallee Study Area Final Recommendations. Land Conservation Council,Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1981a). North Central Area Final Recommendations. Land Conservation Council,Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1981b). North-Eastern Victoria Ovens Softwood Plantation Zone SpecialInvestigation Final Recommendations. Land Conservation Council, Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1983). A report on the Murray Valley Area. Land Conservation Council,Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1985). Murray Valley Area: Final Recommendations. Land Conservation Council,Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1986). North East (Benalla-Upper Murray) Final Recommendations. LandConservation Council, Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1987). Report on the Mallee Area Review. Land Conservation Council, Melbourne,Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1988). Statewide Assessment of Public Land Use. Land Conservation Council,Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1989a). Mallee Area Review: Final Recommendations. Land Conservation Council,Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1989b). Rivers and Streams Special Investigation. Land Conservation Council,Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1991). Rivers and Streams Special Investigation Final Recommendations. LandConservation Council, Melbourne, Australia.

LCC (Land Conservation Council) (1997). Historic Places Special Investigation South-western Victoria FinalRecommendation. Land Conservation Council, Melbourne, Australia.

Leslie, D.J. (1995). Moira Lake - A Case Study of the Deterioration of a River Murray Natural Resource. Master ofForest Science. University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Lindsey, P.A., R. Alexander, J.T. Du Toit and M.G.L. Mills (2005). The cost efficiency of wild dog conservation in SouthAfrica. Conservation Biology 19:1205-1214.

Lovett, S., P. Price and S. Cork (2004). Riparian ecosystem servies. Land and Water Australia, Canberra. Fact Sheet12.

Lumsden, L.F., A.F. Bennett and J.E. Silins (2002). Location of roosts of the lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyiand Gould’s wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii in a fragmented landscape in south-eastern Australia. BiologicalConservation 106:237-249.

Lutze, M.T., R.G. Campbell and P.C. Fagg (1999). Development of silviculture in the native forests of Victoria.Australian Forestry 62:236-244.

Mabo and Others v. QLD (No. 2) (1992). 175 CLR 1 F.C. 92/014.Mac Nally, R., A. Ballinger and G. Horrocks (2002a). Habitat change in River Red Gum floodplains: Depletion of fallen

timber and impacts on biodiversity. Victorian Naturalist 119:107-113.Mac Nally, R., A.F. Bennett, G.W. Brown, L.F. Lumsden, A. Yen, S. Hinkley, P. Lillywhite and D. Ward (2002b). How

well do ecosystem-based planning units represent different components of biodiversity? Ecological Applications12:900-912.

Mac Nally, R. and G. Horrocks (2002). Habitat change and restoration: responses of a forest-floor mammal species tomanipulations of fallen timber in floodplain forests. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 25:41-52.

Mac Nally, R. and A. Parkinson (2005). Fallen-timber loads on southern Murray-Darling Basin floodplains: History,dynamics and the current state of Barmah-Millewa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 117:97-110.

Mac Nally, R., A. Parkinson, G. Horrocks, L. Conole and C. Tzaros (2001). Relationships between terrestrial vertebratediversity, abundance and availability of coarse woody debris on south-eastern Australian floodplains. BiologicalConservation 99:191-205.

Mac Nally, R., A. Parkinson, G. Horrocks and M. Young (2002c). Current loads of coarse woody debris onSoutheastern Australian floodplains: Evaluation of change and implications for restoration. Restoration Ecology10:627-635.

Mackay, N. and D. Eastburn, eds (1990). The Murray. Canberra, Australia.Mackensen, J., J. Bauhus and E. Webber (2003). Decomposition rates of coarse woody debris - A review with

particular emphasis on Australian tree species. Australian Journal of Botany 51:27-37.Macumber, P.G. (1978). Evolution of the Murray River During the Tertiary Period: Evidence from Northern Victoria.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 90:43-52.Mansergh, I. and S. Bennett (1989). ‘Greenhouse’ and Wildlife Management in Victoria. Victorian Naturalist

106:243-252.Mansergh, I., D. Cheal and N. Amos (2005). Biolinks the Journey. in Nature Conservation Council Conference on the

Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management. The Great Greenhouse Gamble –an NCC Conference. Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.


Margules & Partners Pty Ltd, P. & J. Smith Ecological Consultants and Department of Conservation Forests and LandsVictoria (1990). River Murray Riparian Vegetation Study. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra. Report tothe Murray-Darling Basin Commission.

Margules, C.R. and R.L. Pressey (2000). Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405:243-253.Martin, T.G., S. McIntyre, C.P. Catterall and H.P. Possingham (2006). Is landscape context important for riparian

conservation? Birds in grassy woodland. Biological Conservation 127:201-214.Martin, T.G. and H.P. Possingham (2005). Predicting the impact of livestock grazing on birds using foraging height

data. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:400-408.Maunsell Australia Pty Ltd (2003). Mike 11 Hydraulic Model - Gulf Water Management Area Evaluation of Banks for

Localised Flooding. Maunsell Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney. Report prepared for Barmah-Millewa Forum.Mazanec, R. (1999). Nine year results from a Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. provenance trial in the Wellington

catchment of Western Australia. Australian Forestry 62:166-172.McClung, M.R., P.J. Seddon, M. Massaro and A.N. Setiawan (2004). Nature-based tourism impacts on yellow-eyed

penguins Megadyptes antipodes: does unregulated visitor access affect fledging weight and juvenile survival?Biological Conservation 119:279-285.

McGowan, D. (1992). Gunbower Island: An environmental history of the red gum forest and the sawmill industry,1870-1900. La Trobe University College of Northern Victoria, Bendigo. Prepared for Graduate Diploma in RegionalStudies (History).

McHaffie, I.W. and R.W. Buckley (1995). Industrial minerals and rocks of Victoria. Geological Survey of Victoria,Department of Agriculture, Energy & Minerals, Fitzroy. Geological Survey of Victoria Report 102.

McKinney, M.L. (2002). Effects of national conservation spending and amount of protected area on species threatrates. Conservation Biology 16:539-543.

MCMA (Mallee Catchment Management Authority) (2003a). Mallee Regional Catchment Strategy. Mallee CatchmentManagement Authority, Mildura, Victoria.

MCMA (Mallee Catchment Management Authority) (2003b). Murray River Frontage Action Plan: Merbein to SouthAustralian Border. Irymple. Final Report.

McNulty, G. (2005). Red gum - an opportunity to combine timber heritage, tourism, fine furniture and foreststewardship. Ryan and McNulty Pty Ltd, Benalla. Submission 1/313 to the VEAC River Red Gum ForestsInvestigation.

MDBC (Murray-Darling Basin Commission) (1992). Watering the Barmah-Millewa Red Gum Forest: Issues Paper.Canberra.

MDBC (Murray-Darling Basin Commission) (2000). The Barmah-Millewa Forests Water Management Strategy.Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.

MDBC (Murray-Darling Basin Commission) (2001). Rivers as Ecological Systems: The Murray-Darling Basin. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.

MDBC (Murray-Darling Basin Commission) (2002). The Living Murray - A discussion paper on restoring the health ofthe River Murray.

MDBC (Murray-Darling Basin Commission) (2003). Preliminary Investigations into Observed River Red Gum Declinealong the River Murray below Euston. Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra, Australia.

MDBC (Murray-Darling Basin Commission) (2005a). The Living Murray Environmental Watering Plan 2005/2006. inMDBC, editor. MDBC, The Living Murray, Canberra.

MDBC (Murray-Darling Basin Commission) (2005b). The Living Murray: Foundation Report on the significantecological assets targeted in the First Step Decision. Canberra City.

Meeson, N., A.I. Robertson and A. Jansen (2002). The effects of flooding and livestock on post-dispersal seedpredation in river red gum habitats. Journal of Applied Ecology 39:247-258.

Menkhorst, P.W. (1995). Mammals of Victoria: Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Department of Conservationand Natural Resources and Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Inland Press, Washington, DC.Mitchell, T.L. (1839). Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia Volume 2. T. and W. Boone, London.Molloy, M. and C. Fox (2002). Prevention Intervention Postvention Education of Suicide (PIPES): A Rural Youth Suicide

Discussion Paper. University of Ballarat Centre for Rural & Regional Health, Ballarat. Morgan, F.D. (1984). Psylloidea of South Australia. SAGPO, Adelaide.Mulham, W.E. (1994). The Best Crossing Place. Reliance Printing and Stationary, Deniliquin.National Institute of Economic and Industry Research (1997). The Economic Impact of Recreational Fishing in Victoria.

Report prepared for Fisheries Victoria and the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne. NCCMA (North Central Catchment Management Authority) (2003). North Central Regional Catchment Strategy.

North Central Catchment Management Authority, Bendigo, Victoria. NECMA (North East Catchment Management Authority) (2004). North East Regional Catchment Strategy. Wodonga. NECMA (North East Catchment Management Authority) (undated). River Tender Brochure. North East Catchment

Management Authority, Wodonga. Nevill, J. and N. Phillips, eds (2004). The Australian Freshwater Protected Area Resourcebook. OnlyOnePlanet

Australia, Melbourne.Newell, G., P. Griffioen and D. Cheal (2001). The potential effects of ‘Greenhouse’ climate - warming scenarios upon

selected Victorian plant species and vegetation communities. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Researchand Acromap, Heidelberg.

331Discussion Paper

Newspoll (2005). Parks Visitation Monitor Murray River Reserves 2004 / 2005. Newspoll, Melbourne. Nicol, S.J., J.A. Lieschke, J.P. Lyon and J.D. Koehn (2004). Observations on the distribution and abundance of carp

and native fish, and their responses to a habitat restoration trial in the Murray River, Australia. New ZealandJournal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38:541-551.

NNTT (National Native Title Tribunal) (2000). What is native title? Commonwealth of Australia, viewed 28/8/06.http://www.nntt.gov.au/ last updated 30/06/06.

NNTT (National Native Title Tribunal) (2006a). Indigenous Land Use Agreements Update National Native TitleTribunal, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, viewed August 2006. http://www.nntt.gov.au/ last updated30/06/06.

NNTT (National Native Title Tribunal) (2006b). New era for SA national parks. Media Release 29 June 2006 NationalNative Title Tribunal, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, viewed August 2006. http://www.nntt.gov.au/ lastupdated 30/06/06.

NNTT (National Native Title Tribunal) (2006c). Search results: Your search for native title applications using thecriteria: in Victoria lodged between January 1994 and August 2006 returned 73 results, viewed August 2006.http://www.nntt.gov.au/ last updated 30/06/06.

NNTT (National Native Title Tribunal) (2006d). Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagalk native titledeterminations: what they mean for the Wimmera region National Native Title Tribunal, Commonwealth ofAustralia, Canberra, viewed August 2006. http://www.nntt.gov.au/ last updated 30/06/06.

Noble, J.C. and R.O. Slatyer (1980). The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communitiessubject to recurrent disturbance. Vegetation 43:5-21.

NRMMC (Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council) (2004). National Biodiversity and Climate ChangeAction Plan 2004–2007. Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.

NRMMC (Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council) (2005a). Directions for the National Reserve System - APartnership Approach. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Canberra.

NRMMC (Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council) (2005b). Voluntary code of practice for firewoodmerchants. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Canberra.

NSW Department of Primary Industries (2004). Solid fuel fire bans for State forests in the Riverina. NSW Departmentof Primary Industries, Orange, NSW.

NSW Department of Primary Industries (2005a). Go Gas to Avoid Wildfire – Solid Fuel Fire Ban. NSW Department ofPrimary Industries, Orange, NSW.

NSW Department of Primary Industries (2005b). Motorbikes banned from Benarca and parts of Moira State Foreststo protect environment. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (2003). The Bioregions of New South Wales: their biodiversity, conservationand history. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville, NSW.

Office of the Chief Plant Protection Officer (2005). Look out for Eucalyptus (guava) rust. CSIRO, Canberra. Exotic pestplant threat fact sheet.

Olshina, A. (1999). Gypsum prospectivity in northwestern Victoria. Department of Natural Resources andEnvironment, Melbourne. Geological Survey of Victoria Technical Report TR1999/1.

Opie, J.E. (1969). The Individual tree as a sampling unit. PhD thesis. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne.Overton, I.C., I.D. Jolly, P.G. Slavich, M.M. Lewis and G.R. Walker (2006). Modelling vegetation health from the

interaction of saline groundwater and flooding on the Chowilla floodplain, South Australia. Australian Journal ofBotany 54:207-220.

Page, K.J., G.C. Nanson and D.M. Price (1991). Thermoluminescence chronology of late Quaternary deposition onthe riverine plain of south-eastern Australia. Australian Geographer 22:14-23.

Paine, D.W.M. (1982). Bushfires. In Atlas of Victoria. J.S. Duncan, ed. The State of Victoria, Melbourne.Paini, D.R. and J.D. Roberts (2005). Commercial honey bees (Apis mellifera) reduce the fecundity of an Australian

native bee (Hylaeus alcyoneus). Biological Conservation 123:103-112.Parkes, D., G. Newell and D. Cheal (2003). Assessing the quality of native vegetation: The ‘habitat hectares’

approach. Ecological Management & Restoration 4:S29-S38.Parkinson, A., R. Mac Nally and G.P. Quinn (2002). Differential macrohabitat use by birds on the unregulated Ovens

River floodplain of southeastern Australia. River Research and Applications 18:495-506.Parks Victoria (2003). Conservation reserves management strategy. Parks Victoria, Melbourne. Parks Victoria (2004a). Murray River Reserves - Echuca to Robinvale Parks Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.Parks Victoria (2004b). Terrick-Terrick National Park Management Plan. Parks Victoria, Melbourne. Parks Victoria and Four Wheel Drive Victoria (2004). Memorandum of Cooperation between Four Wheel Drive

Victoria and Parks Victoria. Parks Victoria and Four Wheel Drive Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. Parliament of Victoria Environment and Natural Resources Committee (2001). Inquiry into the Allocation of Water

Resources. Melbourne. Paton, D.C. (1993). Honeybees in the Australian Environment. Bioscience 43:95-103.Paton, D.C. (1996). Overview of the impacts of feral and managed honeybees in Australia: distribution, abundance,

extent of interaction with native biota, evidence of impacts and future research. Australian Nature ConservationAgency, Canberra, Australia.

Peacock, G. and C. Reed (1998). Murray River Visitor Survey. Yann Campbell Hoare Wheeler, Melbourne. Pearson, D. (1989). The Natural House Book. Collins Australia, Sydney.Pels, S. (1964). The present and ancestral Murray River System. Australian Geographic Studies 2:111-119.


Pennay, B. and V.J. Pennay (1998). Thematic History. in P. Freeman, editor. Indigo Shire Heritage Study. Indigo Shire,Beechworth.

Peter Freeman and Associates (2005). Wodonga Heritage Study. Wodonga. Report to Wodonga City Council.Phillips, C. (1996). Insects, diseases and deficiencies associated with Eucalypts in South Australia. Department of

Primary Industries, South Australia.Phillips, G.N. and M.J. Hughes (2003). Chapter 13 Gold: historic wealth, future potential. Pages 377-433 In Geology

of Victoria. B. W.D., ed. Special Publication 23, Geological Society of Australia (Victoria Division), Victoria.Pimm, S.L., M. Ayres, A. Balmford, G. Branch, K. Brandon, T. Brooks, R. Bustamante, R. Costanza, R. Cowling, L.M.

Curran, A. Dobson, S. Farber, G.A.B. da Fonseca, C. Gascon, R. Kitching, J. McNeely, T. Lovejoy, R.A. Mittermeier,N. Myers, J.A. Patz, B. Raffle, D. Rapport, P. Raven, C. Roberts, J.P. Rodriguez, A.B. Rylands, C. Tucker, C. Safina,C. Samper, M.L.J. Stiassny, J. Supriatna, D.H. Hall and D. Wilcove (2001). Environment - Can we defy nature’send? Science 293:2207-2208.

Pittock, B. (2003). Climate Change: An Australian Guide to the Science and Potential Impacts. in AustralianGreenhouse Office, editor. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.

Powell, J.M. (1989). Watering the Garden State: Water, Land and Community in Victoria 1834-1988. OxfordUniversity Press, Melbourne.

Powell, J.M. (1993). The Emergence of Bioregionalism in the Murray-Darling Basin. Murray-Darling BasinCommission, Canberra.

Powell, J.M. and J.S. Duncan (1982). 15 History. In Atlas of Victoria. J.S. Duncan, ed. Victorian Government PrintingOffice, Melbourne.

Presland, G. (1981). An archaeological survey of tree planting areas in the Albury Wodonga region. VictorianArchaeological Survey, Victoria. A report to the Albury Wodonga Development Corporation, Occasional ReportSeries No. 3.

Priestley, S. (1984). The Victorians: Making Their Mark. Fairfax, Syme and Weldon Associates, McMahons Point; NSW.Ramsar Convention (undated). The Convention on Wetlands text, as amended in 1982 and 1987 Ramsar

Convention Wetlands, viewed 18/08/06. http://www.ramsar.org/ last updated 16 August 2006.Rees, D. (2000). Land Systems of Victoria. Technical Report No.56. Centre for Land Protection Research, Department

of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne. Ricotta, C. (2005). Through the jungle of biological diversity. Acta Biotheoretica 53:29-38.RMCG and Brett Lane & Associates (2004). Draft Lower Avoca Wetlands Salinity and Water Management Plan.

Bendigo. Prepared for the North Central Catchment Management Authority.Roberts, J. and F. Marston (2000). Water regime of wetland & floodplain plants in the Murray-Darling Basin: A source

book of ecological knowledge. CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra. Technical Report 30/00.Robertson, A.I. and R.W. Rowling (2000). Effects of livestock on riparian zone vegetation in an Australian dryland

river. Regulated Rivers-Research & Management 16:527-541.Robertson, H. and J. Fitzsimons (2005a). Kotta Nature Conservation Reserve Management Statement. Land

Stewardship & Biodiversity, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.Robertson, H. and J. Fitzsimons (2005b). Moodemere Nature Conservation Reserve Management Statement. Land

Stewardship & Biodiversity, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.Robertson, H. and J. Fitzsimons (2005c). Pine Grove Nature Conservation Reserve Management Statement. Land

Stewardship & Biodiversity, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.Robertson, H. and J. Fitzsimons (2005d). Roslynmead Nature Conservation Reserve Management Statement. Land

Stewardship & Biodiversity, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.Robertson, H. and J. Fitzsimons (2005e). Terrick Terrick East Nature Conservation Reserve Management Statement.

Land Stewardship & Biodiversity, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.Robertson, H. and J. Fitzsimons (2005f). Wanurp Nature Conservation Reserve Management Statement. Land

Stewardship & Biodiversity, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.Robertson, H.A. and J.A. Fitzsimons (2005g). Wetland reservation on Victoria’s Northern Plains and riverine forests.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 117:139-148.Robertson, P., A.F. Bennett, L. Lumsden, C.E. Silveira, P.G. Johnson, A.L. Yen, G.A. Milledge, P.K. Lillywhite and H.J.

Pribble (1989). Fauna of the Mallee study area, north-western Victoria. Arthur Rylah Institute for EnvironmentalResearch, Heidelberg. Technical Report Series No 87.

Robinson, D. and S. Mann (1998). Effects of Grazing, Fencing and Licencing on the Natural Values of Crown LandFrontages in the Goulburn-Broken Catchment. Goulburn Valley Environment Group, Shepparton, Australia. Abackground paper to the current CMA review of waterfrontage licences.

Rose, D.B. (1996). Nourishing Terrains: Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and Wilderness. Australian HeritageCommission, Canberra.

Rowan, J. (1990). Land Systems of Victoria. Department of Conservation and Environment and Land ConservationCouncil, Melbourne, Australia.

Rutherfurd, I.D. (1990). Chapter 2 Ancient River Young Nation. In The Murray. D. Mackay, and D. Eastburn, eds.Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.

Rutherfurd, I.D. and C.E. Kenyon (2005). Geomorphology of the Barmah-Millewa Forest. Proceedings of the RoyalSociety of Victoria 117:23-39.

SAMLISA Steering Committee (2000). Sustainable Resource Management: Strategy for Aboriginal Managed Lands inSouth Australia: Part 1 Principles, priorities and strategic directions. Aboriginal Lands Trust, Adelaide.

333Discussion Paper

Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A., C. Quesada-Mateo, P. Gonzalez-Quesada, S. Dayanandan and K.S. Bawa (1999). Protectedareas and conservation of biodiversity in the tropics. Conservation Biology 13:407-411.

Saunders, G.B., B.J. Coman, J. Kinnear and M.L. Braysher (1995). Managing Vertebrate Pests: Foxes. AustralianGovernment Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.

Schwarz, M. and P. Hurst (1997). Effects of introduced Honey Bees on Australia’s native bee fauna. VictorianNaturalist 114:7-12.

Scientific Advisory Committee (2003). Final Recommendation on a nomination for listing: Inappropriate Fire Regimescausing Disruption to Sustainable Ecosystem Processes and Resultant Loss of Biodiversity (Nomination No. 664).Scientific Advisory Committee, Flora and Fauna Guarantee. Department of Sustainability and Environment,Melbourne, Victoria.

Scrougall, S.A., J.D. Majer and R.J. Hobbs (1993). Edge effects in grazed and ungrazed Western Australian wheatbeltremnants in relation to ecosystem reconstruction. Pages 163-178 In Nature Conservation 3: Reconstruction ofFragmented Ecosystems. D.A. Saunders, R.J. Hobbs, and P.R. Ehrlich, eds. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton,NSW.

Shoalhaven City Council (2005). Shoalhaven River Estuary Data Compilation Study. Shoalhaven City Council,Shoalhaven.

Sinclair, P. (2001). The Murray: a river and its people. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia.Singh, G., A.P. Kershaw and R. Clark (1981). Quaternary vegetation and fire history in Australia. Pages 23-54 In Fire

and the Australian Biota. A.M. Gill, C.R. Groves, and I.R. Noble, eds. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.Smith, J. (1992a). The Burning Bush. In The Unique Continent: An Introductory Reader in Australian Environmental

Studies. J. Smith, ed. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia.Smith, J. (1992b). The Ecology and History of Bushfires in Eastern Australia. In The Unique Continent: An

Introductory Reader in Australian Environmental Studies. J. Smith, ed. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia.Species Survival Commission (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1. IUCN – The World

Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Spooner, P., I. Lunt and W. Robinson (2002). Is fencing enough? The short-term effects of stock exclusion in remnant

grassy woodlands in southern NSW. Ecological Management and Restoration 3:117-126.Squire, R.O. (1992). First interim report for the value adding utilisation system trial 1989-1991. Department of

Conservation and Environment, Melbourne. Stern, H., G. de Hoedt and J. Ernst (2000). Objective Classification of Australian Climates. Australian Meteorological

Magazine 49:87-96.Stone, T. and M.L. Cupper (2003). Last Glacial Maximum ages for robust humans at Kow Swamp, southern Australia.

Journal of Human Evolution 45:99-111.Strategy for Aboriginal Managed Lands in Victoria Project team (2003). Strategy for Aboriginal Managed Land in

Victoria. SAMLIV Steering Committee, Melbourne, Australia. Stuart, I.G. and M. Jones (2002). Ecology and Management of Common Carp in the Barmah-Millewa Forest. Arthur

Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, Australia. Stuart, I.G. and M. Jones (2006). Large, regulated forest floodplain is an ideal recruitment zone for non-native

common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Marine and Freshwater Research 57:333-347.Success Works (2004). Robinvale District Health Services “So Great” Project. Robinvale. Report commissioned by the

Robinvale “So Great” Committee.Svancara, L.K., R. Brannon, J.M. Scott, C.R. Groves, R.F. Noss and R.L. Pressey (2005). Policy-driven versus evidence-

based conservation: A review of political targets and biological needs. Bioscience 55:989-995.Tasker, E.M. and R.A. Bradstock (2006). Influence of cattle grazing practices on forest understorey structure in north-

eastern New South Wales. Austral Ecology 31:490-502.TerraCulture, P.L. (2005). An Archaeological Survey of Three sites in the Gunbower State Forest. Thiele, K. and S. Prober (1999). Reserve Concepts and Conceptual Reserves: Options for the Protection of

Fragmented Ecosystems. Pages 351-358 In Temperate Eucalypt Woodlands in Australia: Biology, Conservation,Management and Restoration. R.J. Hobbs, and C.J. Yates, eds. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney, Australia.

Thiele, K. and S. Prober (2000). Conservation Management Networks - a model for coordinated protection andmanagement of remnant vegetation. Pages 58-63 In Balancing Conservation and Production in GrassyLandscapes, Proceedings of the Bushcare Grassy Landscapes Conference, Clare, South Australia 19-21 August1999. T. Barlow, and R. Thorburn, eds. Environment Australia, Canberra.

Thomas, C.D., A. Cameron, R.E. Green, M. Bakkenes, L.J. Beaumont, Y.C. Collingham, B.F.N. Erasmus, M.F. deSiqueira, A. Grainger, L. Hannah, L. Hughes, B. Huntley, A.S. van Jaarsveld, G.F. Midgley, L. Miles, M.A. Ortega-Huerta, A.T. Peterson, O.L. Phillips and S.E. Williams (2004). Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427:145-148.

Thorne, A. and P. Macumber (1972). Discoveries of Late Pleistocene man at Kow Swamp. Nature 238:316-319.Todd, J.J. (2003). Wood-Smoke Handbook: Woodheaters, Firewood and Operator Practice. Eco-Energy Options,

Tasmania. Report to the Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage and the NSW EnvironmentProtection Authority.

Tourism Destination Plan Steering Committee (2006). Draft Tourism Strategic Destination Development Plan. Shire ofCampaspe, Murray Shire, Tourism Victoria, Echuca.

Tourism Victoria (2005a). Economic Contribution of Tourism to Victoria 2003-2004. Tourism Victoria, Melbourne.


Tourism Victoria (2005b). International Visitor Survey, year ending December 1999 - 2005, Tourism ResearchAustralia. Tourism Victoria, Melbourne.

Tourism Victoria (2005c). National Visitor Survey, year ending December 1999 - 2005, Tourism Research Australia.Tourism Victoria, Melbourne.

Tourism Victoria (2006). Murray Market Profile Year Ending June 2005. Tourism Victoria, Melbourne. Tourism Victoria and Victoria’s Aboriginal Tourism Industry (2006). Victoria’s Aboriginal Tourism Development Plan

2006-2009. Tourism Victoria, Melbourne. Townsend, S. (2002). Trak-lok steel sleepers: A Description and Guidelines for Use. Principal Engineer Product

Development: OneSteel Trak-Lok, Sydney. Tscharke, M. (2001). Experiences Managing Terrick Terrick National Park. Stipa: Our Valuable Native Grasslands,

Better Pastures Naturally. Proceedings of the Second National Conference of the Native Grasses Association. Turner, J. (1989). Forestry, the timber industry and the greenhouse effect. Forestry Commission of New South Wales,

Sydney. UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisations) (1995). Biosphere Reserves: The Seville

Strategy and the Statutory Framework for the World Network. UNESCO, Paris. University of Southern Queensland (2006). Railway Sleepers, FCDD Fibre Composite Railway Sleeper Prototype Fibre

Composites Design Development, Office of Commercialisation, University of South Queensland, Toowoomba,Queensland, viewed 27 February 2006.http://www.fcdd.com.au/Projects%20%26%20or%20Products/Railway%20Sleepers/Railway%20Sleepers.htm lastupdated 18 May 2006.

van der Ree, R., A.F. Bennett and T.R. Soderquist (2006). Nest-tree selection by the threatened brush-tailedphascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae) in a highly fragmented agricultural landscape.Wildlife Research 33:113-119.

van Dijk, A., R. Evans, P. Hairsine, S. Khan, R. Nathan, Z. Paydar, N. Viney and L. Zhang (2006). Risks to the SharedWater Resources of the Murray-Darling Basin. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.

Vanclay, J.K. and B.J. Turner (2001). Evaluation of Data and Methods for Estimating the Sustainable Yield of Sawlogsin Victoria. Report of the Expert Data Reference Group. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, EastMelbourne.

VandenBerg, A.H.M., C.E. William, S. Maher, B.A. Simons, R.A. Cayley, D.H. Taylor, V.J. Morand, D.H. Moore and A.Radojkovic (2000). The Tasman Fold Belt System - Geology and Mineralisation of Proterozoic to CarboniferousRocks. Geological Survey of Victoria, East Melbourne, Victoria.

VEAC (Victorian Environmental Assessment Council) (2004). Angahook-Otway Investigation Final Report. VictorianEnvironmental Assessment Council, Melbourne, Australia.

Veevers, J.J. (1984). Phanerozoic earth history of Australia. Oxford Press, New York.Vesk, P.A. and R. Mac Nally (2006). The clock is ticking - Revegetation and habitat for birds and arboreal mammals in

rural landscapes of southern Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 112:356-366.Ward and Lock (1853). The Traveller’s Map of Victoria (Australia). London.Ward, A. (1992). City of Echuca Heritage Conservation Study Volume One. City of Echuca, Echuca. Ward, D.F., T.R. New and A.L. Yen (2002). The beetle fauna of remnant eucalypt woodlands from the Northern

Plains, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Insect Conservation 6:39-45.Ward, K.A. (1991). Investigation of the flood requirements of the Moira Grass Plains in Barmah Forest, Victoria.

Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Shepparton. Ward, P.A. (2004). Monitoring frog response to flooding in Barmah-Millewa Forest: 2003/04., Canberra. Barmah-

Millewa Forum Project 2003.13.Wareing, K. and D. Flinn (2003). The Victorian Alpine Fires January-March 2003. Fire Management, Department of

Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne. Wareing, K., B. Pigdon, M. Poynter, G. Carruthers and R. Baker (2002). The Timber Industry in North East Victoria - A

Socio-Economic Assessment. Prospect Consulting Pty Ltd. Prepared for: Plantations North East Inc.Water and Rivers Commission (2000). Livestock management: Watering points and pumps. Water Notes: Advisory

Notes for Land Managers on Rivers and Wetland Restoration. Government of Western Australia, Perth. WN7.Webb, C. and J. Quinlan (1985). Greater Than Gold: A History of Agriculture in the Bendigo District from 1935 to

1985. Cambridge Press, Bendigo.Webb, J.A. and M.M. Mitchell (in prep). Stratigraphy and Palaeoflora of the Late Triassic Council Trench Formation,

Central Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria.Weiss, J., N. Ainsworth and I. Faithfull (2000). Best practice management guide for environmental weeds:

Horehound, Marrubium vulgare. Cooperative Research Centre for Weed Management Systems Australia,Frankston.

Weiss, J., R. Edgar, T. Hunt and T. Morfe (2004). Victoria’s noxious weeds review: roll out not fall out. Pages 707-710In Proceedings of the 14th Australian Weeds Conference. B.M. Sindel, and S.B.M. Johnson, eds. Weed Society ofNew South Wales.

Whetton, P.H., R. Suppiah, K.L. McInnes, K.J. Hennessy and R.N. Jones (2002). Climate Change in Victoria: highresolution regional assessment of climate change impacts. Department of Natural Resources and Environment,The State of Victoria., Melbourne.

335Discussion Paper

White, S., R.L. King, M.M. Mitchell, E.B. Joyce, R.M. Cochrane and N.J. Rosengren (2003). Conservation andHeritage. In Geology of Victoria. W.D. Birch, ed. Geological Society of Australia (Victoria Division), Melbourne,Australia.

Williams, R.J., C.-H. Wahren, R.A. Bradstock and W.J. Muller (in press). Alpine grazing reduces blazing: A landscapetest of a widely held hypothesis. Austral Ecology.

Woodgate, P.W., B.D. Peel, J.E. Coram, S.J. Farrell, K.T. Ritman and A. Lewis (1996). Old-growth forest studies inVictoria, Australia concepts and principles. Forest Ecology and Management 85:79-94.

Yang, J.L. and G. Waugh (1996a). Potential of plantation-grown eucalypts for structural sawn products. I. Eucalyptusglobulus Labil. ssp globulus. Australian Forestry 59:90-98.

Yang, J.L. and G. Waugh (1996b). Potential of plantation-grown eucalypts for structural sawn products. II. Eucalyptusnitens Dean & Maiden and E. regnans F. Muell. Australian Forestry 59:99-107.

Yen, A.L. (2003). Invertebrates of coarse woody debris in river red gum forests in southern New South Wales: ascoping study. Unpublished report prepared for the New South Wales Red Gum Industry Strategy - Firewood andLog Residue Working Group Inc.

Yen, A.L., S. Hinkley, P. Lillywhite, J. Wainer and K. Walker (2002). A preliminary survey of the arboreal invertebratefauna of two river red gum trees Eucalyptus camaldulensis near the Murray River. Victorian Naturalist 119:180-185.

Yen, A.L., S.D. Hinkley, P.A. Horne, G.A. Milledge and T.R. New (1996). Development of invertebrate indicators ofremnant grassy-woodland ecosystems. Unpublished report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Save theBush Program.

APPENDIX 1: River Red Gum Forests InvestigationCommunity Reference Group

Contact Person Organisation

Ian Lobban Victorian Farmers’ Federation

Louise Anderson Goulburn Valley Environment Group

Paul Madden Victorian Association of Forest Industries

Euan Moore Birds Australia

Faye Ashwin Timber Communities Australia

Trevor Shard Minerals Councils of Australia (Victorian Division)

Kelvin Trickey Barmah Forest Cattlemen’s Association

Stan Vale Barmah Forest Preservation League

Rod Orr Environment Victoria

Nick Roberts Victorian National Parks Association

Nicholas Hunt Tourism Alliance, Victoria

Steve Robertson Federation of Victorian Walking Clubs (VicWalk)

Debbie Warne Horse Riding Clubs Association of Victoria

Peter Ellard1 Australian Motorcycle Trail Riders Association

John Corbett VRFish

Colin Wood Sporting Shooters’ Association of Victoria

Audrey Dickens2 Bush Users’ Group Victoria

Ian Cook Confederation of Australian Motor Sport, Victoria

Zac Powell Four Wheel Drive Victoria

Cr Neville Goulding Gannawarra Shire Council

Cr Tom Crouch Mildura Shire Council

Cr David McKenzie Moira Shire Council

Cr Neil Repacholi Shire of Campaspe

Joe Blake Friends of Nyah Vinifera Forest

Rachel Rogers Country Fire Authority

Wayne Webster Murray Lower Darling Rivers Indigenous Nations

1 until 1 September 20062 until 25 August 2006

River Red Gum Forests Investigation Government Contact Group


APPENDIX 2: River Red Gum Forests InvestigationGovernment Contact Group

Contact Person Organisation

Mr Pat Groenhout VicForests

Mr Graeme Davis Parks Victoria

Ms Chris White Tourism Victoria

Ms Sharon MacDonnell VicRoads

Mr Trent Wallis Mallee Catchment Management Authority

Mr Jon Leevers(Ms Emer Campbell) North Central Catchment Management Authority

Mr Keith Ward Goulburn-Broken Catchment Management Authority

Mr Geoff Robinson North-East Catchment Management Authority

Mr Owen Russell Lower Murray Urban & Rural Water Authority

Mr Nigel Binney Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water Authority

Mr Pat Feehan Goulburn-Murray Rural Water

Ms Sally-Anne Mason Coliban Water

Mr Ken Ellis Goulburn Valley Water

Mr Pat Feehan Goulburn-Murray Water

Mr Aleksy Bogusiak North East Water

Mr Brian Walsh Regional Development Victoria, Department of Innovation, Industry & Regional Development

Mr Stewart Simmons Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, Department for Victorian Communities

Dr Tim Cleary Department of Primary Industries

Dr Ian Mansergh Department of Sustainability & Environment

Ms Cathryn Pilioussis Department of Sustainability & Environment

Mr Bernie Young Department of Sustainability & Environment

Mr Mark Riley Department of Sustainability & Environment

Dr Jane Doolan Department of Sustainability & Environment

Mr Ian Miles Department of Sustainability & Environment

Mr David Harvey Department of Sustainability & Environment

Ms Joan Phillips* Department of Sustainability & Environment

Mr Clive Smith Department of Sustainability & Environment

Mr Mark O'Brien Department of Sustainability & Environment

Ms Judy Goode Department for Water, Land & Biodiversity (SA)

Ms Merridie Martin Department of Environment & Heritage (SA)

Mr Michael Davis Department of Infrastructure Planning & Natural Resources (NSW)

Mr Paul Packard

(Michael Penny) Department of Environment & Conservation (NSW)

Mr Mark Siebentritt Murray-Darling Basin Commission (Cwth)

Ms Deb Callister Department of Environment and Heritage (Cwth)

* until June 2006

River Red Gum Forests Investigation Government Contact Group

337Discussion Paper


Organisation Contact Sub. No.

Arbuthnot Sawmills Mr Paul Madden 271

Archard Laser & Hydraulics The Manager 41

Australian Conservation Foundation Dr Arlene Buchan 44

Australian Motorcycle Trail Riders Association Mr Peter Ellard 3

Barham Koondrook Garden Club Ms Lyn Smith 503

Barham Koondrook Historical Society Ms Rhonda Frankling 544

Barham Progress Association Inc. Ms Joy Eagle 15

Barmah Forest Cattlemen's Association Inc. Mr Kelvin Trickey 364

Barmah Forest Preservation League Mr Stan Vale 404

Benalla District Environment Group Ms Christine Holmes 98

Bird Observers Club of Australia, Murray-Goulburn Branch Mr Gary Deayton 339

Birds Australia, Victorian Regional Group Mr Euan Moore 13

Bush Users Group, Indigo Region Ms Win Morgan 384

Bush Users Group Victoria Inc. Mr Bob Richardson 373

Central Murray Apiaries Mr Peter Pigdon 14

Cohuna & District Progress Association Inc. Mr Greg Peace 526

Cohuna Joinery & Building Supplies Mr Alan Fletcher 177

Cohuna Trail Riding Club Ms Audrey Dickins 81

Cohuna Uniting Church Shared Ministry Team Ms Hazel Radley 541

Confederation of Australian Motor Sport, Victoria Mr Gary Grant 523

Conservation Council of South Australia Mr Peter Owen 200

Construction Material Processors' Association Mr Grant Phillips 454

Daylesford Anglers Club Mr Dale Whitehouse 524

Department of Infrastructure Mr John Robinson 170

Ecosurveys Pty Ltd Mr Rick Webster 95

Environment Victoria Inc. Ms Sue Phillips 432

Federation of Victorian Walking Clubs (VicWalk) Inc. Mr Steve Robertson 391

Field & Game Australia Inc. Mr Rod Drew 456

Forest Action Trust Ms Lauren Caulfield 428

Four Wheel Drive Victoria Mr Barry Chare 460

Friends of Nyah Vinifera Forest Inc. Mr John O'Bree 434

Friends of the Box-Ironbark Forests, Mount Alexander Region Mr Bernard Slattery 340

Friends of the Earth Mr Jonathon La Nauze 261

Gannawarra Shire Council, Kerang Mr Des Bilske 525

Gondwana Canoe Hire Pty Ltd Ms Lyn O'Brien 267

Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority Mr Bill O'Kane 366

Goulburn Valley Environment Group Dr Doug Robinson 199

Happy Horses Hoofcare Ms Audrey Dickins 82

Institute of Foresters of Australia Mr Ross Penny 398

J. & G. Coulter Pty Ltd Ms Jeanette Coulter 389

Kerang & District Assembly of God Church Inc. Ps Allan Jakobi 70

Kerang Environment Study Centre Mr George Hardwick 537

Kingston Conservation & Environment Coalition Inc. Mr Bill Hampel 310

Kyabram Field and Game Mr Graham Jamison 399

Leitchville Bunyip Sporting Club Mr L.J. Taylor 362

Mallee Catchment Management Authority Mr Trent Wallis 435

Melbourne Bushwalkers Inc. Mr Rod Novak 358

APPENDIX 3: List of Submissions received in response to the Notice of Investigation

339Discussion Paper

Organisation Contact Sub. No.

Mid Murray Landcare Network Mr David Ellemor 57

Mid Northern Association of Angling Clubs Inc. Mr Rob Loats 54

Mildura Rural City Council Mr Phil Pearce 506

Minerals Council of Australia, Victorian Division Mr Chris Fraser 314

Minister for Aboriginal Affairs The Hon Mr Gavin Jennings MLC 79

Murrabit Advancement Association Inc. Mr Stephen O'Donoghue 505

Murrabit Riding Club Inc. Ms Jeanette Coulter 388

Murray Darling Association Inc. Mr Adrian Wells 19

Murray Lower Darling Rivers Indigenous Nations Mr Steven Ross 431

Murray River Horse Trails Mr Graeme Padget & Ms Debbie Jackson 216

The Myer Foundation Ms Christine Fraser 430

Nathalia Fire Brigades Group Mr Phil Hawkey 85

National Association of Forest Industries 4711

National Parks Association of New South Wales Ms Jacquie Kelly 421

Nature Conservation Council of NSW Ms Madeline Hourihan 169

New South Wales Forest Products Association 4711

North Central Catchment Management Authority Mr Gavin Hanlon 439

North-Eastern Apiarists' Association Ms Elwyne Papworth 474

Plantations North East Incorporated Mr Bernard Young 443

Prospectors & Miners Association of Victoria Ms Rita Bentley 319

River Country Adventours Mr Rob Asplin 74

River Redgum Furniture Mr Dean Attwell & Mr Wayne Hall 370

Ryan & McNulty Sawmills Mr Greg McNulty 313

Shepparton Adult Riding Club Mr Chris Flynn 392

Shire of Campaspe Mr Wayne Harvey 365

Sporting Shooters' Association of Australia (Victoria) Ltd Mr Philip Brown 320

Sunraysia Bird Observers' Club Ms Pauline Bartels 181

Surveyor-General Victoria Mr David Boyle 24

Swan Hill Rural City Council Cr Bruce Jones 348

The Timber Benders Ms Sue Ewart 419

Timber Communities Australia Mr Ray Hill 180

Timber Communities Australia, Central Murray Red Gum Branch Ms Faye Ashwin 322

Timber Communities Australia, Victorian State Office Ms Kersten Gentle 4711

Trust For Nature (Vic) Dr Chris Williams 385

Victorian Association of Forest Industries Mr Pat Wilson 4711

Victorian Farmers Federation, Nathalia Picola Branch Mr Tom Tinkler 344

Victorian Farmers Federation, St James-Devenish Branch (incorporating Broken Boosey Landholders Group) Ms Kathy Beattie 381

Victorian Forest Health Advisory Committee Mr Ian Smith 451

Victorian National Parks Association Mr Nick Roberts 311

Victorian Piscatorial Council Inc Mr George Hardwick 217

Wangaratta Rural City Council Ms Karen Jones 472

Wangaratta Urban Landcare Group Ms Helen Curtis 16

Waterkeepers Australia Mr Greg Hunt 120

Wildlife Profiles Mr Peter Robertson 4

Yalca-Yielima Rural Fire Brigade The Secretary 407

Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation; Council of Ms Monica Morgan;Elders Yorta Yorta Nation Mr Henry Atkinson 450

1 joint submission


Name Sub. No.

Mr Ian Adams 436Mr Leigh Ahern 134M- Chris Allen 420Mr Ron & Mrs Margaret Armstrong 130Mrs M.E. Ash 547Ms Lyndall Ash 208Mr Roger Ashburner 466Ms Faye Ashwin 455Dr Wayne Atkinson 168M- J. Augello 84M- Neylan Aykut 445Mr Max & Mrs Belinda Baker 520Mr Jock & Mrs Lorna Bartram 176Mr John Bat 78Ms Beth Batt 350Mr Matt Batten 467M- M.L. Baxter 349Mr Darren Beattie 542Mr John Bentley 202M- E. Bergmeier 299Mr Geoff Berry 77Ms Linda Bester 437Mr David Beyer 441Ms Julia Bielak 107Ms Laura Billings 263Ms Deanne Bird 111Ms Rhiannon Bogaert 240Ms Annie Bolitho 429Mr Frank Bolton 6Mrs Eleanor Bolza 39Mr Greg & Mrs Kathleen Botterill 461Mr Darcy Botterill 382Ms Laura Botterill 383Mr Mark Boulet 75Mr John Bowen 94Ms Cara Bramich 136Ms Edwina Breitzke 30Mr Owen & family Brew 336Mr Darren & Ms Margie Briggs 63Mr John Brissett 112Mr William Broen 298M- S.C. Brown 191M- V. Brown 194Mr Robert & Mrs Dorothy Brown 453M- P.J. Brown 189M- M.E. Brown 190M- D. Brown 192M- E.S. Brown 193Mr Terry & Jerry Browning 380Ms Ann Buik 55Mr Tony Buiu 246Ms Georgie Burns-Williamson 377

Name Sub. No.

Mr Andrew Butcher 253Ms Sophie Butcher 251Ms Penny Byrne 368Mrs Gwen Calder 521Mr Bruce Calder 530Mr Brad Caldwell 369Ms Helen Caldwell 393Mr Pierre Call 417Mr John Cameron 26Mr Douglas & Mrs Joan Campbell 376Mr Anthony Carroll 214Ms Lisa Carter 515Mr John & Mrs Barbara Caven 329M- J. Chalmers 534Mr Luke Chamberlain 187Mr Michael Chew 295M- Childs 148Mr Wayne Church 514Ms Mary Cilli 418Ms Barbary Clarke 390Ms Nicole Cleary 236Mr Craig & Mr John Cleave 546Mr Steve Collett 491Mrs E.M. Colman 528Ms Elizabeth Cook 301M- E. Coppings 414Mr Walter Cordes 363Ms Rleena Cordes 531Mr David Corke 510Ms Tarryn Corkery-Lavender 219Miss Frances Corry 309Ms Esther Costa 354Ms Brigid Cowling 532Ms Courtney Cox 37Mr Don Crichton 131M- M. Curtis 272Mr Darryl Curwood 164Mr Peter Dale 278Ms Lesley Dalziel 315Mr Geoffrey Davey 495Mr Barry & Mrs Faye Davis 161M- Chris Dawson 463M- J.G. Dawson 233M- Chic Dee 508Ms Julia Dehm 88Mr Jack Delaney 345Mr Frank Di Mascolo 104Mr James Donald 283Ms Tanya Doran 139Mr Malcolm Dow & Ms Elinor Knappert 197Mr Jason Doyle 470M- Duggan 154

Name Sub. No.

M- Duggan 155M- J.M. Duggan 144Ms Jennifer Duke 241Ms Lorna Dunn 10Mr Neil Eagle 195Ms Melissa Eastham 80Mr John Eberbach 427Mr Victor Eddy 101Mr Rodney & Mrs Sandy Edwards 27Mr Peter Ellard 317Mr Michael & Ms Lara English 452M- Falahey 185Mr Robert Fallon 69Dr Mike Faris 269M- K.B. Farley 335Ms Frances Farrall 488Ms Denise Fenwick 287Mr Rob Fisher 535Dr James Fitzsimons 473Mr J. & Mrs A. Flack 117Mr Peter Flanagan 102M- P.F. Flynn 529Miss Trikkelle Flynn 337Mr Owen Flynn 333Mr Ray Foley 462Mr Charles Foster 213Mr Adrian Francis 265Ms Catherine Fraser & Mr Robert Blake 446M- G.F. & H.M. Frostick 361Ms Tanya Galvin 42Mr Miles Geldard 9Mrs B.M. George 122M- D. Gilpin 158Ms Belinda Glass 401Mr Anthony Glass 400Mrs Fay & Mr George Godden 93Mr Gerard Gomes 224M- J. Goss 256Cr Neville Goulding 65Ms Angela Grace 221Ms Ann Grant 62Mr Keith Greenham 49Mr William Hahucke 346Mr George Hall 321Ms June Halls 47Ms Lexie Hancock 481M- B. Hancock 416Ms Kylie Hannel 492Ms Denise Hanson 152Mr Jim Happ 196Mr Brendan Harding 110Ms Celia Hardy-Smith 477Mr Jim Harker 198Ms Susan Harrington 211

Name Sub. No.

Mr Ian Harris 328M- G.C. Harrisen 302Mr Barry & Mrs Heather Harvey 7Mr James Hattam 326Mr John Hay 173Mr Julian Hay 125Ms Ashley & Ms Linda Hazelman 215Mr Jason & Mrs Lorelle Heap 447Mr Gary & Mrs Carole Heap 448Mr Soc Hedditch 91Ms Julia Hempel 296Mr Greg Henry 356M- P. Hense 183Mr Wayne Hester 119Mrs Mavis Hester 126Ms Jacqueline Hibbert 12Mrs Hannah Hicks 83Ms Juanita Hill 482Mr Paul Hiraber 277Mr Neville Holland 331Ms Rebecca Holland 458Ms Isobel Holland 243Mr Keith & Mrs Jeanette Holland 343Ms Mouci Holland 238Mr Robert Hollingworth 109Ms Annette Hollingworth 166Ms Ann Holmes 497Ms Christine Holmes 72Mr Darren Howard 281Mr Peter Hunter 201M- Jeffrey 274Mr Reg Johnson 59Ms Katrina Joiner 5Ms Antonia Jolic 239Mr Carl Justin 288Ms Effie Kene 61Mr Andrew Kennedy 479Ms Wilma Kennedy 413Ms Amanda Keogh 282Mr Stewart Kerr 115Ms Lauren Kerr 500Mr Barry Kidd 533Mr Jim Killmister 522Ms Lucy Klem 499M- K.M. Kloe 300Ms Dawn Kneen 374Mr Roger Knight 518Ms Joy Knight 175M- Alex Knight 174M- L. Koch 143Ms Maree Kratzer 36Ms Ana Kuzmanic 494Mr Geoff Lacey 20Ms Bervene Lake 538

341Discussion Paper


Name Sub. No.

Ms Melanie Lambert 444M- N. Lane 285Ms Jennifer Lang & Mr Paul Webb 45Mr Stephen Lavender 38Mr Shaun Lawlor 442Ms Jan Laws 415Mr Michael Lea-Whyte 188M- N. Leoy 235Mr Peter Lewis 347Ms Rachel Liebhaber 469Mr David Lilley 484Ms Holly Livesey 284Mr Len Lock 121Mr Alan Lodge 476Mr Stephen Lodge 459Mr Graham Long 207Ms Ruth Long 325Ms Anne Low 22Mr Les Lubke 424Mr Geoff Lubke 179Mr Ian Lubke 425Mr Andrew Luke & Ms Helen Gargan 35Mr Paul Madden 406Mrs Lyn Madden 405Ms Kaaren Manley 56Mr Tim Mannion 132Mr Niki Marijancevic 504Mr Joe & Mrs Inge Marinac 330Mr Peter Maroudas 291Mr Dudley Marrows 527M- M. Matan 290Mr Ken Mawson 92Mr Robert McBain 87Mr James McCaw 29Mr Cameron McDonald 378Ms Pam & Ms Lyn McDonald 323Mr Peter McDonald 449Mr Ian McDonald 332Ms Raelene McFarlane 286M- S. McGrath 146Mr Daniel McGrath 480Ms Patricia McGrath 184Mrs Eileen McKee 512Ms Laura McKenzie 270M- J. McLeish 318Mr John & Ms Margot McNeil 396Ms Margaret Mikulin 225M- B. Miller 210Mr Jeff Mills 105Dr Lee-Ann Monk 379Mr Max Moor 129Ms Marlene Moor 342Mrs L.M. Morris 203Mr Michael Morrow 60

Name Sub. No.

Mr Philip Moser 334Mr Ian & Mrs Lois Mues 178Ms Judith Muir 52Ms Stella Mulder 140Ms Maureen Murray 409Ms Betty Murtagh 371Mr Colin Myers 316Mr Peter Newman 394Ms Linda Nicholls 395Ms Jackie Nicholson 167Mrs W. Nikolovski 58Mr Daniel Nitsche 501Mr Rod Novak 206Mr Ken O'Brien 516Mr Martin O'Brien 360Ms Joanna O'Brien 464Ms Kylie O'Brien 275M- J.M. O'Callaghan 145M- W.F. O'Callaghan 156Mr Harry & Mrs Margaret O'Connor 86Mr Terry O'Donoghue 352Ms Alison O'Gorman 279Ms Margaret O'Neill 48Mr Chris O'Neill 305Mr Patrick O'Neill 171Mr Grant Palmer 408Ms Lucille Palmer 422M- D.H. Panton 186Mr Rodney Pascoe 517Mr Wolf Passauer 2Mr Ric Pawsey 66Mr Leon & Mrs Brooke Peace 327Mr Stanislaw & Ms Barbara Pelczynski& Pelczynska 108Mr Michael Pellegrino 519M- Miki Perkins 90Ms Kiera Perrott 100Mr John Pettigrew 308Mr Eric Pilkington 25M- J.M. & D.R. Plattfuss 351Ms Ellenie Pond 498Ms Jan Poolsinso 43Ms Eva Popov 124Mr Fabian Postiglioni 485Ms Dorothy Powell 153Mr Rod Power 545Mr David Prest 223Mr Anthony Price 135Mr Bill Probst 11Ms Sandra Pullman 507Dr Frank Purcell 118Mr Neville Quinlan 157Mr Pat & Ms Michelle Quinn 50Mr L. & Mrs H. Radley 540

Name Sub. No.

Dr Victor Radywonik 357Ms Sue Radywonik 402Mr Tony Rae 234Mr River Rain 324Ms Jan Ramage 232Mr Geoffrey Randall 513Ms Gillian Rayner 312Ms Melanie Read-Wishart 502Mr Jack Rees 511Mr David Reid 307Ms Pauline Reilly 34Mr Max Richards 18Mr Peter Richardson & Ms Helen Harley 53Mr David Riis 8Mr David & Mrs Fay Rimmer 438Mr Morgan Roberts 490Mr Nick Roberts 106Mr Ray Roberts 123Mr Hugh Robertson 440Mr Allan Robins 89Mr Chris Robson 244Ms Jane Robson 242Mr Cameron Rodda 475Mr Murray Ross 97Mr Dave Roy 228Ms Sharon Roy 229Ms Karin Ruff 411Ms Josephine Rumsey 151Ms Holly Russ 539Ms Jacqueline Russ 543Mr Colin Russell 423Ms Penni Russon 260Mr Rick Ryan 76Mr Terry Ryder 292Ms Emma Salter 355Mr Luke Sango 245Ms Olympia Sarrunkolaou 231Mr Erwin Sauerwein 1M- K. Saxton 294Ms Julie Schilin 412Mrs Tania Schlemitz-Justin 289Mr James Schrieber 262Mr Brendan Scott 493Mr Lee Seary 23Ms Anne Selmas 293Mr Ken & Mrs Ula Sheather 46Mr Alan Shell 71Mr David Simeveks 486Mr Alex Sislov & Ms Rhonda Chrisanthou 28Ms Lyndall Sleep 359Mr Bruce Smith 338Ms Zoe Smith 259Ms Ellen Smith 237Mr Colin Smith 172

Name Sub. No.

M- R. Smith 303Mr Terry Smith 182Dr Peter Snider 128Ms Tracee Spiby 403Mr Peter Stafford 33Mr Ross Staley 99M- P. Starkey 147Mr Jim Starkey 149Ms Maya Statton 252Mr Bob Steel 113M- B. Stephens 487M- R.R. Stephenson 165Ms Hannah Stewart 230Mr Keith Stockwell 17Ms Marie-Claire Stoller 297Mr Douglas & Mrs Lois Stone 341M- P.R. Sullivan 304Ms Jane Sultana 103Mr Kevin Swan 249Mr Robert Swan 509Mr Trent Swan 250Ms Amanda Swaney 32Ms Jessica Sykes 127Mr Howard Tankey 410Ms Limia Tarr 73Ms Angela Thelen 258Mrs Joan Theyers 51M- J.R. Thomas 137Mr Geoff Thompson 67M- T. Thomson 306Ms Brooke Thomson 387Mr Stuart Trickey 367Mr Neil & Mrs Robyn Trickey 204Mr Enoch Trickey 96Mr Kelvin Trickey 205Mr Paul Turnbull 433Mr Rob Turner 468Ms Maureen Turner 478Mr Ron Turner 141Mr John Turner 257M- B. Turner 142Ms Ann Turner 222Mr Ken Turner 264Mr Chris Tzaros 372Ms Jean Vagg 138Ms Linley Walker 114Ms Tanya Walker 116Ms Justine Ward 31Mr Albert & Mrs Dolly Warild 465Mrs Nancy & Mr Harry Weatherman 160Mr John & Mrs Jan Webb 40Mr Hugh Webb 536Mr Shane Webster 496Ms Raelene West 375

343Discussion Paper

Name Sub. No.

Mr James Westland 247Mr James Wetter 220Ms Bronte Wicker 226Mr Nils Wiebkin 64Mr Craig Williams 489Ms Nicola Williams 386Mr Philip Williamson 353Miss Grace Willoughby 212Miss Jenna Wilson 68Mr James & Ms Shirley Wilson 397Ms Ruth Wilson 483Mr Douglas Wood 133Ms Elizabeth Woodhouse 209Ms Amanda Zame 280

Name incomplete or illegible: 21, 150, 159, 162, 163, 218, 227, 248, 254, 255, 266,268, 273, 276, 426, 457.


345Discussion Paper


APPENDIX 4: Flora Species Recorded in the River Red Gum Forests Study AreaAs of September 2006, the Department of Sustainability and Environment’s Flora Information System databasecontained records for the following taxa in the River Red Gum Forests study area. The Flora Information System hascomprehensive coverage of all vascular plants, but not lower plants such as mosses, liverworts and algae.

LEGEND:

EPBC: status under Commonwealth EnvironmentProtection and Biodiversity Conservation Act1999, as at December 2004.

C Critically Endangered: A taxon is criticallyendangered when it is facing an extremely highrisk of extinction in the wild in the immediatefuture.

E Endangered: A taxon is endangered when it isnot critically endangered but is facing a very highrisk of extinction in the wild in the near future.

V Vulnerable: A taxon is vulnerable when it isnot critically endangered or endangered but isfacing a high risk of extinction in the wild in themedium-term future.

Vic: conservation status in Victoria, after DSE (2005a).

x Presumed Extinct in Victoria: not recordedfrom Victoria during the past 50 years despitefield searches specifically for the plant, or,alternatively, intensive field searches (since 1950)at all previously known sites have failed to recordthe plant.

e Endangered in Victoria: at risk ofdisappearing from the wild state if present land use and other causal factors continue to operate.

v Vulnerable in Victoria: not presentlyendangered but likely to become so soon due to continued depletion; occurring mainly on siteslikely to experience changes in land-use whichwould threaten the survival of the plant in thewild; or, taxa whose total population is so small

that the likelihood of recovery from disturbance,including localised natural events such asdrought, fire or landslip, is doubtful.

r Rare in Victoria: rare but not consideredotherwise threatened - there are relatively fewknown populations or the taxon is restricted to a relatively small area.

k Poorly Known in Victoria: poorly known andsuspected, but not definitely known, to belong to one of the above categories (x, e, v or r)within Victoria. At present, accurate distributioninformation is inadequate.

FFG: status under the Victorian Flora and FaunaGuarantee Act 1988, as at December 2004. For the most up-to-date listings under the Act,visit: http://www.dse.vic.gov.au

L – listed as threatened.

N – nominated for listing, awaiting recommendation.

X – rejected or ineligible for listing.

“Threatened and near-threatened species” refersto any taxon in this table with an “L” under FFG,or any category under “EPBC” or “Vic” (exceptrare or poorly known).

No.: The number of records of the taxon in the FloraInformation System database as at September2006.

* denotes species exotic to Victoria

# denotes species indigenous to Victoria but notthe study area

Gym

no

sper

ms

Blac

k C

ypre

ss-p

ine

Cal

litris

end

liche

ri1

Cyp

ress

*C

upre

ssus

spp

.4

Cyp

ress

-pin

eC

allit

ris s

pp.

1Sc

rub

Cyp

ress

-pin

eC

allit

ris v

erru

cosa

2Sl

ende

r C

ypre

ss-p

ine

Cal

litris

gra

cilis

sub

sp. m

urra

yens

is13

5W

hite

Cyp

ress

-pin

eC

allit

ris g

lauc

ophy

lla36

Ale

ppo

Pine

*Pi

nus

hale

pens

is1

Pine

*Pi

nus

spp.

2Ra

diat

a Pi

ne*

Pinu

s ra

diat

a2

Fern

s an

d f

ern

alli

esBr

istly

Clo

ak-f

ern

Che

ilant

hes

dist

ans

2C

omm

on M

aide

nhai

rA

dian

tum

aet

hiop

icum

2G

reen

Roc

k-fe

rnC

heila

nthe

s au

stro

tenu

ifolia

11N

arro

w R

ock-

fern

Che

ilant

hes

sieb

eri s

ubsp

. si

eber

i22

Rock

Fer

nC

heila

nthe

s sp

p.3

Sick

le F

ern

Pella

ea f

alca

ta s

.s.

1M

othe

r Sh

ield

-fer

nPo

lyst

ichu

m p

rolif

erum

1Bl

anke

t Fe

rnPl

euro

soru

s ru

tifol

ius

s.s.

3N

eckl

ace

Fern

Asp

leni

um f

labe

llifo

lium

2A

zolla

Azo

lla s

pp.

5Fe

rny

Azo

llaA

zolla

pin

nata

40Pa

cific

Azo

llaA

zolla

fili

culo

ides

154

Fish

bone

Wat

er-f

ern

Blec

hnum

nud

um1

Soft

Wat

er-f

ern

Blec

hnum

min

us1

Stra

p W

ater

-fer

nBl

echn

um p

ater

soni

i sub

sp.

pate

rson

ii1

Aus

tral

Bra

cken

Pter

idiu

m e

scul

entu

m12

Rudd

y G

roun

d-fe

rnH

ypol

epis

rug

osul

a2

Soft

Tre

e-fe

rnD

icks

onia

ant

arct

ica

1Fa

n Fe

rnSt

iche

rus

spp.

1Ta

sman

Fan

-fer

nSt

iche

rus

tene

r s.

s.r

2C

omm

on F

ilmy-

fern

Hym

enop

hyllu

m c

upre

ssifo

rme

1Sh

iny

Film

y-fe

rnH

ymen

ophy

llum

fla

bella

tum

1Pl

ain

Qui

llwor

tIs

oete

s dr

umm

ondi

i2

Qui

llwor

tIs

oete

s sp

p.3

Rock

Qui

llwor

tIs

oete

s m

uelle

ri2

Scre

w F

ern

Lind

saea

line

aris

1A

ustr

al P

illw

ort

Pilu

laria

nov

ae-h

olla

ndia

e4

Com

mon

Nar

doo

Mar

sile

a dr

umm

ondi

i36

1N

ardo

oM

arsi

lea

spp.

22N

arro

w-le

af N

ardo

oM

arsi

lea

cost

ulife

ra10

2Sh

ort-

frui

t N

ardo

oM

arsi

lea

hirs

uta

10A

dder

’s-to

ngue

Oph

iogl

ossu

m s

pp.

4A

ustr

al A

dder

’s-to

ngue

Oph

iogl

ossu

m lu

sita

nicu

m31

Aus

tral

Moo

nwor

tBo

tryc

hium

aus

tral

ev

L1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Upr

ight

Add

er’s-

tong

ueO

phio

glos

sum

pol

yphy

llum

v11

Salv

inia

*Sa

lvin

ia m

oles

ta2

Com

mon

Gro

und-

fern

Cal

ochl

aena

dub

ia1

Mo

no

coty

led

on

sA

gave

*A

gave

spp

.1

Cen

tury

Pla

nt*

Aga

ve a

mer

ican

a1

Sagi

ttar

ia*

Sagi

ttar

ia p

laty

phyl

la84

Sagi

ttar

ia*

Sagi

ttar

ia s

pp.

1St

ar F

ruit

Dam

ason

ium

min

us84

Wat

er P

lant

ain

Alis

ma

plan

tago

-aqu

atic

a25

Wat

er P

lant

ain*

Alis

ma

lanc

eola

ta14

Dar

ling

Lily

Crin

um f

lacc

idum

vL

9G

arla

nd L

ilyC

alos

tem

ma

purp

ureu

m s

.l.r

36G

arla

nd L

ilyC

alos

tem

ma

purp

ureu

m s

.s.

r2

Yello

w G

arla

nd-li

lyC

alos

tem

ma

lute

umv

1C

anar

y Is

land

Dat

e-pa

lm*

Phoe

nix

cana

riens

is11

Mex

ican

Fan

-pal

m*

Was

hing

toni

a ro

bust

a2

Cus

hion

Cen

trol

epis

Cen

trol

epis

cep

halo

form

is

subs

p. c

epha

lofo

rmis

1H

airy

Cen

trol

epis

Cen

trol

epis

str

igos

a su

bsp.

str

igos

a1

Wiry

Cen

trol

epis

Cen

trol

epis

pol

ygyn

a1

Wan

derin

g Je

w*

Trad

esca

ntia

flu

min

ensi

s2

Ann

ual F

lat-

sedg

eC

yper

us n

ervu

losu

se

L1

Aw

ned

Clu

b-se

dge*

Isol

epis

hys

trix

10Be

arde

d Fl

at-s

edge

Cyp

erus

squ

arro

sus

v1

Bog

Sedg

eSc

hoen

us s

pp.

4Br

oad-

frui

t C

lub-

sedg

eIs

olep

is c

ernu

a va

r. p

laty

carp

a10

Butt

on R

ush

Lipo

carp

ha m

icro

ceph

ala

v27

Clu

b Se

dge

Isol

epis

spp

.17

Com

mon

Bog

-sed

geSc

hoen

us a

pogo

n11

Com

mon

Gra

ss-s

edge

Car

ex b

revi

culm

is7

Com

mon

Spi

ke-s

edge

Eleo

char

is a

cuta

435

Cre

epin

g Fl

at-s

edge

Cyp

erus

lhot

skya

nus

2C

urly

Fla

t-se

dge

Cyp

erus

rig

idel

lus

eL

3C

urry

Fla

t-se

dge*

Cyp

erus

ham

ulos

us2

Dar

k Fl

at-s

edge

Cyp

erus

san

guin

olen

tus

4D

ense

Fla

t-se

dge*

Cyp

erus

con

gest

us2

Des

ert

Bog-

sedg

eSc

hoen

us s

ubap

hyllu

s2

Des

ert

Saw

-sed

geG

ahni

a la

nige

ra2

Div

ided

Sed

ge*

Car

ex d

ivis

a1

Dow

ns N

utgr

ass

Cyp

erus

bifa

xv

9D

rain

Fla

t-se

dge*

Cyp

erus

era

gros

tis21

2D

war

f Fl

at-s

edge

Cyp

erus

pyg

mae

usv

9Fa

lse

Fox-

sedg

e*C

arex

otr

ubae

2Fe

n Se

dge

Car

ex g

audi

chau

dian

a33

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

347Discussion Paper

Flat

Sed

geC

yper

us s

pp.

19Fl

at S

pike

-sed

geEl

eoch

aris

pla

nav

5Fl

at-s

edge

*C

yper

us r

efle

xus

1Fl

ecke

d Fl

at-s

edge

Cyp

erus

gun

nii s

ubsp

. gu

nnii

53Fl

oatin

g C

lub-

sedg

eIs

olep

is f

luita

ns1

Frin

ge S

edge

Fim

bris

tylis

spp

.5

Glo

be K

yllin

gaC

yper

us s

phae

roid

eus

2G

rass

y C

lub-

sedg

eIs

olep

is h

ooke

riana

22G

reen

-top

Sed

geC

arex

chl

oran

tha

k1

Gre

y Sp

ike-

sedg

eEl

eoch

aris

mac

barr

onii

k1

Inla

nd C

lub-

sedg

eIs

olep

is a

ustr

alie

nsis

k4

Kno

b Se

dge

Car

ex in

vers

a22

6La

x Fl

at-s

edge

Cyp

erus

fla

ccid

usv

5Le

afy

Bog-

sedg

eSc

hoen

us m

asch

alin

us1

Litt

le C

lub-

sedg

eIs

olep

is m

argi

nata

10M

arsh

Clu

b-se

dge

Bolb

osch

oenu

s m

edia

nus

41M

edus

a Bo

g-se

dge

Scho

enus

late

lam

inat

us4

Nod

ding

Clu

b-se

dge

Isol

epis

cer

nua

var.

cer

nua

3N

utgr

ass*

Cyp

erus

rot

undu

s1

Pale

Spi

ke-s

edge

Eleo

char

is p

alle

nsk

47Pl

ains

Sed

geC

arex

bic

heno

vian

a66

Poon

g’or

tC

arex

ter

etic

aulis

267

Rive

r C

lub-

sedg

eSc

hoen

ople

ctus

tab

erna

emon

tani

26Sa

lt C

lub-

sedg

eBo

lbos

choe

nus

cald

wel

lii6

Sedg

eC

yper

acea

e sp

p.1

Sedg

eC

arex

spp

.28

Shar

p C

lub-

sedg

eSc

hoen

ople

ctus

pun

gens

1Sl

ende

r C

lub-

sedg

eIs

olep

is c

ongr

uav

L6

Slen

der

Spik

e-se

dge

Eleo

char

is g

raci

lis2

Smal

l Spi

ke-s

edge

Eleo

char

is p

usill

a24

0So

ft B

og-s

edge

Scho

enus

tes

quor

um1

Soft

Tw

ig-s

edge

Baum

ea r

ubig

inos

a s.

s.2

Spik

e Se

dge

Eleo

char

is s

pp.

47Sp

iny

Flat

-sed

geC

yper

us g

ymno

caul

os96

Stic

ky S

wor

d-se

dge

Lepi

dosp

erm

a vi

scid

um9

Sum

mer

Frin

ge-s

edge

Fim

bris

tylis

aes

tival

isk

12Sw

amp

Clu

b-se

dge

Isol

epis

inun

data

3Ta

ll C

lub-

sedg

eBo

lbos

choe

nus

fluvi

atili

sk

2Ta

ll Fl

at-s

edge

Cyp

erus

exa

ltatu

s10

0Ta

ll Se

dge

Car

ex a

ppre

ssa

42Ta

ll Sp

ike-

sedg

eEl

eoch

aris

sph

acel

ata

33Ta

ssel

Sed

geC

arex

fas

cicu

laris

1Th

atch

Saw

-sed

geG

ahni

a ra

dula

2Ti

ny F

lat-

sedg

e*C

yper

us t

enel

lus

6Tr

im F

lat-

sedg

eC

yper

us c

onci

nnus

v11

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Tube

r Sp

ike-

sedg

eEl

eoch

aris

atr

icha

4Va

riabl

e Fl

at-s

edge

Cyp

erus

diff

orm

is30

Varia

ble

Swor

d-se

dge

Lepi

dosp

erm

a la

tera

le4

Varia

ble

Swor

d-se

dge

Lepi

dosp

erm

a la

tera

le v

ar.

late

rale

1Ve

iled

Frin

ge-s

edge

Fim

bris

tylis

vel

ata

r8

Vic

toria

n C

lub-

sedg

eIs

olep

is v

icto

riens

is10

Yelk

aC

yper

us v

icto

riens

isk

3A

loe*

Alo

e sp

p.1

Com

mon

Pip

ewor

tEr

ioca

ulon

sca

riosu

mr

1A

fric

an L

ove-

gras

s*Er

agro

stis

cur

vula

7A

mer

ican

Cro

ws-

foot

Gra

ss*

Eleu

sine

tris

tach

ya1

Ann

ual B

eard

-gra

ss*

Poly

pogo

n m

onsp

elie

nsis

127

Ann

ual C

at’s-

tail*

Rost

raria

cris

tata

96A

nnua

l Fog

*H

olcu

s an

nuus

5A

nnua

l Mea

dow

-gra

ss*

Poa

annu

a68

Ann

ual V

eldt

-gra

ss*

Ehrh

arta

long

iflor

a48

Ara

bian

Gra

ss*

Schi

smus

bar

batu

s46

0A

rabi

an G

rass

*Sc

hism

us s

pp.

3A

ustr

alia

n Sa

lt-gr

ass

Dis

tichl

is d

istic

hoph

ylla

6A

ustr

alia

n Sa

ltmar

sh-g

rass

Pucc

inel

lia s

tric

ta1

Aus

tral

ian

Saltm

arsh

-gra

ssPu

ccin

ellia

str

icta

var

. str

icta

4A

velli

nia*

Ave

llini

a m

iche

lii4

Aw

nles

s Ba

rnya

rd-g

rass

*Ec

hino

chlo

a co

lona

4Ba

lcar

ra S

pear

-Gra

ssA

ustr

ostip

a ni

tida

68Ba

rb G

rass

*Pa

raph

olis

spp

.3

Barle

y G

rass

*H

orde

um s

pp.

31Ba

rley*

Hor

deum

vul

gare

s.l.

8Ba

rley-

gras

s*H

orde

um le

porin

um61

Barle

y-gr

ass*

Hor

deum

mur

inum

s.l.

443

Barn

yard

Gra

ss*

Echi

noch

loa

crus

-gal

li34

Bear

ded

Oat

*A

vena

bar

bata

173

Bent

-gra

ssD

eyeu

xia

spp.

1Be

nt/B

low

n G

rass

Agr

ostis

s.l.

spp

.20

Blac

k-se

ed P

anic

*Pa

nicu

m b

isul

catu

m1

Bord

ered

Pan

icEn

tola

sia

mar

gina

ta1

Bran

ched

Pan

ic*

Pani

cum

rac

emos

um1

Bris

tle G

rass

Tris

etum

spi

catu

m s

ubsp

. au

stra

liens

e2

Bris

tly L

ove-

gras

sEr

agro

stis

set

ifolia

v95

Bris

tly W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

set

acea

501

Bris

tly W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

set

acea

var

. se

tace

a35

Brom

eBr

omus

spp

.10

2Br

own

Beet

le-g

rass

Lept

ochl

oa f

usca

sub

sp.

fusc

ar

9Br

own-

back

Wal

laby

-gra

ssA

ustr

odan

thon

ia d

utto

nian

a25

2Br

own-

top

Bent

*A

gros

tis c

apill

aris

3Br

own-

top

Bent

*A

gros

tis c

apill

aris

var

. ca

pilla

ris1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Brus

h W

ire-g

rass

Aris

tida

behr

iana

55Bu

ffal

o G

rass

*St

enot

aphr

um s

ecun

datu

m4

Bulb

ous

Mea

dow

-gra

ss*

Poa

bulb

osa

18Bu

lbou

s M

eado

w-g

rass

*Po

a bu

lbos

a va

r. v

ivip

ara

3Bu

lbou

s M

eado

w-g

rass

*Po

a bu

lbos

a va

r. b

ulbo

sa3

Can

ary

Gra

ss*

Phal

aris

can

arie

nsis

1C

anar

y G

rass

*Ph

alar

is s

pp.

14C

ane

Gra

ssEr

agro

stis

aus

tral

asic

av

45C

ane

Spea

r-gr

ass

Aus

tros

tipa

brev

iglu

mis

r1

Can

e W

ire-g

rass

Aris

tida

ram

osa

4C

arpe

t G

rass

*A

xono

pus

fissi

foliu

s4

Cat

’s Ta

il*Ro

stra

ria s

pp.

1C

hile

an B

rom

e*Br

omus

lith

obiu

s2

Chi

lean

Nee

dle-

gras

s*N

asse

lla n

eesi

ana

9C

lose

-hea

ded

Love

-gra

ssEr

agro

stis

dia

ndra

52C

oast

Bar

b-gr

ass*

Para

phol

is in

curv

a16

2C

ocks

foot

*D

acty

lis g

lom

erat

a11

Com

mon

Bar

b-gr

ass*

Hai

nard

ia c

ylin

dric

a2

Com

mon

Blo

wn-

gras

sLa

chna

gros

tis f

ilifo

rmis

523

Com

mon

Blo

wn-

gras

sLa

chna

gros

tis f

ilifo

rmis

var

. 1

95C

omm

on B

ottle

-was

hers

Enne

apog

on a

vena

ceus

31C

omm

on H

edge

hog-

gras

sEc

hino

pogo

n ov

atus

1C

omm

on L

ove-

gras

sEr

agro

stis

bro

wni

i44

Com

mon

Ree

dPh

ragm

ites

aust

ralis

111

Com

mon

Sw

amp

Wal

laby

-gra

ssA

mph

ibro

mus

ner

vosu

s16

1C

omm

on T

usso

ck-g

rass

Poa

labi

llard

iere

i10

8C

omm

on T

usso

ck-g

rass

Poa

labi

llard

iere

i var

. la

billa

rdie

rei

28C

omm

on W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

cae

spito

sa49

5C

omm

on W

heat

-gra

ssEl

ymus

sca

ber

var.

sca

ber

134

Coo

lah

Gra

ss*

Pani

cum

col

orat

um15

Cop

per-

awne

d W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

ful

va29

Cor

kscr

ew S

pear

-gra

ssA

ustr

ostip

a se

tace

a2

Cot

ton

Pani

c-gr

ass

Dig

itaria

bro

wni

ik

2C

otto

ny S

pear

-gra

ssA

ustr

ostip

a dr

umm

ondi

i8

Cou

chC

ynod

on d

acty

lon

306

Cou

chC

ynod

on s

pp.

3C

ouch

*C

ynod

on d

acty

lon

var.

dac

tylo

n40

Cre

sted

Dog

’s-ta

il*C

ynos

urus

cris

tatu

s1

Cre

sted

Spe

ar-g

rass

Aus

tros

tipa

blac

kii

30D

ark

Wire

-gra

ssA

ristid

a ca

lyci

na v

ar.

caly

cina

r1

Dar

nel*

Loliu

m t

emul

entu

m1

Del

icat

e H

air-

gras

s*A

ira e

lega

ntis

sim

a42

Den

se S

pear

-gra

ssA

ustr

ostip

a de

nsifl

ora

1D

eser

t Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a er

emop

hila

19

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Des

maz

eria

*Tr

ibol

ium

acu

tiflo

rum

s.l.

2D

esm

azer

ia*

Trib

oliu

m s

pp.

1Ea

rly M

eado

w-g

rass

*Po

a in

firm

a1

Early

Spr

ing-

gras

sEr

ioch

loa

pseu

doac

rotr

icha

7En

glis

h C

ouch

*El

ytrig

ia r

epen

s7

Fals

e Br

ome*

Brac

hypo

dium

dis

tach

yon

43Fa

lse

Hai

r-gr

ass*

Pent

asch

istis

airo

ides

sub

sp.

airo

ides

375

Feat

her

Spea

r-gr

ass

Aus

tros

tipa

eleg

antis

sim

a66

Feat

her

Win

dmill

Gra

ss*

Chl

oris

virg

ata

1Fe

athe

rtop

*Pe

nnis

etum

vill

osum

2Fe

rn G

rass

*C

atap

odiu

m r

igid

um6

Fesc

ueFe

stuc

a sp

p.1

Fesc

ue*

Vulp

ia s

pp.

164

Fine

-hai

ry S

pear

-gra

ssA

ustr

ostip

a pu

beru

lar

1Fi

ne-h

ead

Spea

r-gr

ass

Aus

tros

tipa

olig

osta

chya

5Fi

nger

Gra

ssD

acty

loct

eniu

m r

adul

ans

r5

Five

-aw

ned

Spea

r-gr

ass

Pent

apog

on q

uadr

ifidu

s va

r. q

uadr

ifidu

s5

Flat

-aw

ned

Spea

r-gr

ass

Aus

tros

tipa

plat

ycha

eta

4Fo

rde

Poa

Poa

ford

eana

77Fo

x Ta

il*A

lope

curu

s sp

p.3

Fox-

tail

Fesc

ue*

Vulp

ia m

yuro

s f.

meg

alur

a5

Gol

den-

top*

Lam

arck

ia a

urea

75G

race

ful S

pear

-gra

ssA

ustr

ostip

a ac

roci

liata

8G

rass

Poac

eae

spp.

13G

rass

(na

tura

lised

)*Po

acea

e sp

p.(n

atur

alis

ed)

6G

reat

Bro

me*

Brom

us d

iand

rus

261

Gre

en P

igeo

n-gr

ass*

Seta

ria v

iridi

s1

Gre

y Tu

ssoc

k-gr

ass

Poa

sieb

eria

na14

Gre

y Tu

ssoc

k-gr

ass

Poa

sieb

eria

na v

ar.

hirt

ella

5G

rey

Tuss

ock-

gras

sPo

a si

eber

iana

var

. si

eber

iana

2H

air

Gra

ss*

Aira

spp

.73

Hai

ry P

anic

Pani

cum

eff

usum

17H

are’

s-ta

il G

rass

*La

guru

s ov

atus

4H

ighl

and

Bent

*A

gros

tis c

apill

aris

var

. ar

ista

ta1

Hill

Wal

laby

-gra

ssA

ustr

odan

thon

ia e

riant

ha34

Italia

n M

illet

*Se

taria

ital

ica

1Ita

lian

Rye-

gras

s*Lo

lium

mul

tiflo

rum

6Je

richo

Wire

-gra

ssA

ristid

a je

richo

ensi

s va

r. s

ubsp

inul

ifera

eL

2Jo

hnso

n G

rass

*So

rghu

m h

alep

ense

6K

anga

roo

Gra

ssTh

emed

a tr

iand

ra48

Ken

tuck

y Bl

ue-g

rass

*Po

a pr

aten

sis

3K

ikuy

u*Pe

nnis

etum

cla

ndes

tinum

20K

need

Spe

ar-g

rass

Aus

tros

tipa

bige

nicu

lata

17K

need

Wal

laby

-gra

ssA

ustr

odan

thon

ia g

enic

ulat

a4

Kno

tted

Bar

ley-

gras

s*H

orde

um s

ecal

inum

4

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

349Discussion Paper

Kno

tted

Poa

Poa

drum

mon

dian

ar

4K

nott

y Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a no

dosa

78K

nott

ybut

t G

rass

Pasp

alid

ium

con

stric

tum

55La

rge

Qua

king

-gra

ss*

Briz

a m

axim

a44

Leaf

y W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

bip

artit

a s.

l.33

Leaf

y W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

bip

artit

a s.

s.8

Less

er B

urr-

gras

s*C

ench

rus

ince

rtus

2Le

sser

Can

ary-

gras

s*Ph

alar

is m

inor

78Le

sser

Qua

king

-gra

ss*

Briz

a m

inor

81Li

vers

eed

Gra

ss*

Uro

chlo

a pa

nico

ides

1Lo

bed

Wal

laby

-gra

ssA

ustr

odan

thon

ia a

uric

ulat

a17

Long

Gre

y-be

ard

Gra

ssA

mph

ipog

on c

aric

inus

var

. ca

ricin

us5

Long

-aw

n Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a te

nuifo

liav

2Lo

ng-h

air

Plum

e-gr

ass

Dic

hela

chne

crin

ita22

Long

-leaf

Wal

laby

-gra

ssN

otod

anth

onia

long

ifolia

2Lo

ng-n

osed

Sw

amp

Wal

laby

-gra

ssA

mph

ibro

mus

mac

rorh

inus

6Lo

ve G

rass

Erag

rost

is s

pp.

21M

adrid

Bro

me*

Brom

us m

adrit

ensi

s13

Mal

lee

Love

-gra

ssEr

agro

stis

die

lsii

173

Mal

lee

Tuss

ock-

gras

sPo

a lo

wan

ensi

sr

1M

anna

Gra

ss*

Gly

ceria

dec

linat

a3

Mar

sh F

ox-t

ail*

Alo

pecu

rus

geni

cula

tus

51M

at G

rass

Hem

arth

ria u

ncin

ata

var.

unc

inat

a46

Mea

dow

Bro

me*

Brom

us r

acem

osus

sub

sp. c

omm

utat

us4

Med

iterr

anea

n Ba

rley-

gras

s*H

orde

um h

ystr

ix59

Med

iterr

anea

n Br

ome*

Brom

us la

nceo

latu

s22

Mex

ican

Lov

e-gr

ass*

Erag

rost

is m

exic

ana

1N

ativ

e C

ouch

Cyn

odon

dac

tylo

n va

r. p

ulch

ellu

sk

33N

ativ

e M

illet

Pani

cum

dec

ompo

situ

m v

ar.

deco

mpo

situ

m24

Nee

dle

Gra

ssTr

iraph

is m

ollis

r12

Nig

ger-

head

sEn

neap

ogon

nig

rican

s6

Nor

ther

n Ba

rley-

gras

s*H

orde

um g

lauc

um17

5O

at K

anga

roo-

gras

sTh

emed

a av

enac

eak

4O

at*

Ave

na s

ativ

a25

Oat

*A

vena

spp

.21

9O

rang

e Fo

x-ta

il*A

lope

curu

s ae

qual

is13

Pale

Pig

eon-

gras

s*Se

taria

pum

ila s

ubsp

. pu

mila

11Pa

mpa

s G

rass

*C

orta

deria

spp

.1

Pani

cPa

nicu

m s

pp.

7Pa

nic

Gra

ssPa

spal

idiu

m s

pp.

25Pa

nic

Veld

t-gr

ass*

Ehrh

arta

ere

cta

var.

ere

cta

12Pa

nic*

Pani

cum

gilv

um18

Para

doxi

cal C

anar

y-gr

ass*

Phal

aris

par

adox

a13

7Pa

spal

um*

Pasp

alum

dila

tatu

m15

9

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Pasp

alum

*Pa

spal

um s

pp.

8Pe

pper

Gra

ssPa

nicu

m la

evin

ode

v5

Pere

nnia

l Bea

rd-g

rass

*X

Agr

opog

on li

ttor

alis

1Pe

renn

ial R

ye-g

rass

*Lo

lium

per

enne

194

Pere

nnia

l Vel

dt-g

rass

*Eh

rhar

ta c

alyc

ina

2Pi

geon

Gra

ss*

Seta

ria s

pp.

(nat

ural

ised

)1

Plum

p Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a ar

istig

lum

is11

4Po

rcup

ine

Gra

ssTr

iodi

a sc

ario

sa24

Prai

rie G

rass

*Br

omus

cat

hart

icus

52Pr

airie

Gra

ss*

Brom

us c

atha

rtic

us v

ar. c

atha

rtic

us12

Pric

kly

Barn

yard

-gra

ss*

Echi

noch

loa

mur

icat

a va

r. m

icro

stac

hya

2Pr

ickl

y Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a pi

lata

v1

Purp

le L

ove-

gras

sEr

agro

stis

lacu

naria

v90

Purp

lish

Wal

laby

-gra

ssA

ustr

odan

thon

ia t

enui

or3

Qui

cksi

lver

Gra

ss*

Aira

cup

ania

na42

Qui

zzic

al S

pear

-gra

ssA

ustr

ostip

a st

upos

a2

Rat’s

-tai

l Fes

cue*

Vulp

ia m

yuro

s75

3Ra

t’s-t

ail F

escu

e*Vu

lpia

myu

ros

f.m

yuro

s78

Rat-

tail

Cou

chSp

orob

olus

mitc

helli

i49

7Ra

t-ta

il G

rass

Spor

obol

us s

pp.

6Ra

t-ta

il G

rass

*Sp

orob

olus

afr

ican

us5

Red

Brom

e*Br

omus

rub

ens

766

Red

Nat

al-g

rass

*M

elin

is r

epen

s su

bsp.

rep

ens

1Re

d-le

g G

rass

Both

rioch

loa

mac

ra18

Reed

Ben

t-gr

ass

Dey

euxi

a qu

adris

eta

73Re

ed S

wee

t-gr

ass*

Gly

ceria

max

ima

3Rh

odes

Gra

ss*

Chl

oris

gay

ana

8Ri

ce M

illet

*Pi

ptat

heru

m m

iliac

eum

3Ri

gid

Pani

cW

halle

ya p

rolu

ta22

1Ri

ver

Swam

p W

alla

by-g

rass

Am

phib

rom

us f

luita

nsV

X17

8Ro

ugh

Dog

’s-ta

il*C

ynos

urus

ech

inat

us13

Roug

h Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a sc

abra

sub

sp.

falc

ata

471

Roug

h Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a sc

abra

203

Roug

h Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a sc

abra

sub

sp.

scab

ra15

Roug

h-se

ed W

ire-g

rass

Aris

tida

obsc

ura

eL

2Ry

e Be

etle

-gra

ssTr

ipog

on lo

liifo

rmis

r12

Rye

Gra

ss*

Loliu

m s

pp.

82Sa

lt C

ouch

Spor

obol

us v

irgin

icus

4Sa

nd B

rom

eBr

omus

are

nariu

sr

18Sa

nd W

ire-g

rass

Aris

tida

cont

orta

11Sc

aly

Poa

Poa

fax

r1

Sea

Barle

y-gr

ass*

Hor

deum

mar

inum

282

Serr

ated

Tus

sock

*N

asse

lla t

richo

tom

a2

Shin

y W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

indu

ta5

Shor

t W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

car

phoi

des

14

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Shor

t-aw

ned

Whe

at-g

rass

Elym

us m

ultif

loru

sk

10Sh

ort-

bris

tle W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

set

acea

var

. bre

vise

tar

1Sh

ort-

crow

n Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a cu

rtic

oma

2Sh

ort-

hair

Plum

e-gr

ass

Dic

hela

chne

sci

urea

spp

. ag

g.5

Sibe

rian

Wild

-rye

*Le

ymus

mul

ticau

lis2

Sick

le L

ove-

gras

sEr

agro

stis

fal

cata

k1

Silk

y Bl

ue-g

rass

Dic

hant

hium

ser

iceu

m s

ubsp

. se

riceu

m8

Silk

y Br

ownt

opEu

lalia

aur

ea63

Silk

y U

mbr

ella

-gra

ssD

igita

ria a

mm

ophi

lav

19Si

lky-

head

sC

ymbo

pogo

n ob

tect

use

2Si

lver

top

Wal

laby

-gra

ssJo

ycea

pal

lida

6Si

lver

y H

air-

gras

s*A

ira c

aryo

phyl

lea

38Sl

ende

r Ba

rb-g

rass

*Pa

raph

olis

str

igos

a3

Slen

der

Love

-gra

ssEr

agro

stis

exi

gua

e7

Slen

der

Pani

cPa

spal

idiu

m g

raci

ler

1Sl

ende

r Pi

geon

Gra

ss*

Seta

ria p

arvi

flora

7Sl

ende

r W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

rac

emos

a va

r. r

acem

osa

21Sm

all B

urr-

gras

sTr

agus

aus

tral

ianu

sr

3Sm

all H

air-

gras

s*M

olin

erie

lla m

inut

a5

Smal

l-see

d Pl

ume-

gras

sD

iche

lach

ne m

icra

ntha

2Sm

alle

r St

ink-

gras

s*Er

agro

stis

min

or1

Smoo

th W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

laev

is3

Soft

Bro

me*

Brom

us h

orde

aceu

s su

bsp.

hor

deac

eus

228

Soft

Lov

e-gr

ass*

Erag

rost

is p

ilosa

4So

ft T

usso

ck-g

rass

Poa

mor

risii

2So

uthe

rn C

ane-

gras

sEr

agro

stis

infe

cund

a14

3So

uthe

rn S

wam

p W

alla

by-g

rass

Am

phib

rom

us n

eesi

i4

Spea

r G

rass

Aus

tros

tipa

spp.

301

Spea

r-gr

ass

Aus

tros

tipa

tric

hoph

ylla

r3

Spea

r-gr

ass

Aus

tros

tipa

scab

ragr

oup

4Sp

ider

Gra

ssEn

tero

pogo

n ac

icul

aris

462

Spin

y Bu

rr-g

rass

*C

ench

rus

long

ispi

nus

11Sp

iny

Mud

-gra

ssPs

eudo

raph

is s

pine

scen

s13

2Sp

urre

d Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a gi

bbos

a86

Squi

rrel

-tai

l Fes

cue*

Vulp

ia b

rom

oide

s19

7St

erile

Bro

me*

Brom

us s

teril

is20

Ster

ile O

at*

Ave

na s

teril

is3

Ster

ile O

at*

Ave

na s

teril

is s

ubsp

. lu

dovi

cian

a10

Ster

ile O

at*

Ave

na s

teril

is s

ubsp

. st

erili

s2

Stiff

Rye

-gra

ss*

Loliu

m lo

liace

um4

Stin

k G

rass

*Er

agro

stis

cili

anen

sis

21Su

mm

er G

rass

Dig

itaria

spp

.1

Sum

mer

Gra

ss*

Dig

itaria

san

guin

alis

10Su

pple

Spe

ar-g

rass

Aus

tros

tipa

mol

lis9

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Swam

p M

illet

Isac

hne

glob

osa

1Sw

amp

Wal

laby

-gra

ssA

mph

ibro

mus

spp

.30

Swee

t Ve

rnal

-gra

ss*

Ant

hoxa

nthu

m o

dora

tum

3Ta

ll C

up-g

rass

Erio

chlo

a cr

ebra

k1

Tall

Fesc

ue*

Fest

uca

arun

dina

cea

4Ta

ll K

eros

ene

Gra

ssA

ristid

a ho

lath

era

var.

hol

athe

rav

6Ta

ll Sp

ear-

gras

sA

ustr

ostip

a pu

bino

dis

2Ta

ll W

heat

-gra

ss*

Loph

opyr

um p

ontic

um12

Teff

*Er

agro

stis

tef

1Ti

ny B

ent

Agr

ostis

aus

tral

iens

isr

1Ti

ny B

ristle

-gra

ss*

Rost

raria

pum

ila40

Toow

oom

ba C

anar

y-gr

ass*

Phal

aris

aqu

atic

a11

7Tu

ssoc

k G

rass

Poa

aust

ralis

spp

. ag

g.2

Tuss

ock

Gra

ssPo

a sp

p.14

Two-

row

Bar

ley*

Hor

deum

dis

ticho

n2

Um

brel

la G

rass

Dig

itaria

div

aric

atis

sim

av

4Va

sey

Gra

ss*

Pasp

alum

urv

illei

2Ve

ldt

Gra

ss*

Ehrh

arta

spp

.1

Velv

et W

alla

by-g

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

pilo

sa7

Vern

al G

rass

*A

ntho

xant

hum

spp

.1

Wal

l Bro

me*

Brom

us t

ecto

rum

5W

all F

escu

e*Vu

lpia

mur

alis

118

Wal

laby

Gra

ssD

anth

onia

s.l.

spp

.11

2W

alla

by G

rass

Aus

trod

anth

onia

spp

.13

4W

alla

by G

rass

Rytid

ospe

rma

spp.

1W

arre

go S

umm

er-g

rass

Pasp

alid

ium

jubi

floru

m44

5W

ater

Cou

ch*

Pasp

alum

dis

tichu

m18

3W

eepi

ng G

rass

Mic

rola

ena

stip

oide

s va

r. s

tipoi

des

21W

eepi

ng L

ove-

gras

sEr

agro

stis

par

viflo

ra23

Wee

ping

Wal

laby

-gra

ssA

ustr

odan

thon

ia p

enic

illat

a1

Wes

tern

Rat

-tai

l Gra

ssSp

orob

olus

cre

ber

v3

Wet

land

Wal

laby

-gra

ssN

otod

anth

onia

sem

iann

ular

is1

Whe

at*

Triti

cum

aes

tivum

8W

hisk

y G

rass

*A

ndro

pogo

n vi

rgin

icus

1W

hite

-wat

er P

anic

*Pa

nicu

m o

bsep

tum

3W

horle

d Pi

geon

-gra

ss*

Seta

ria v

ertic

illat

a6

Wild

Oat

*A

vena

fat

ua17

7W

imm

era

Rye-

gras

s*Lo

lium

rig

idum

445

Win

dmill

Gra

ssC

hlor

is t

runc

ata

188

Win

dmill

Gra

ssC

hlor

is s

pp.

3W

ire-g

rass

Aris

tida

spp.

1W

itch

Pani

c*Pa

nicu

m h

illm

anii

4Ya

kka

Gra

ssSp

orob

olus

car

oli

r19

York

shire

Fog

*H

olcu

s la

natu

s29

Can

adia

n Po

ndw

eed*

Elod

ea c

anad

ensi

s11

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

351Discussion Paper

Eel G

rass

Valli

sner

ia a

mer

ican

a va

r. a

mer

ican

a41

Hyd

rilla

Hyd

rilla

ver

ticill

ata

r1

Swam

p Li

lyO

ttel

ia o

valif

olia

sub

sp.

oval

ifolia

13G

olde

n W

eath

er-g

lass

Hyp

oxis

hyg

rom

etric

a1

Hyp

oxis

Hyp

oxis

spp

.7

Tiny

Sta

rH

ypox

is g

labe

lla v

ar.

glab

ella

34Ye

llow

Sta

rH

ypox

is g

labe

lla s

.l.1

Yello

w S

tar

Hyp

oxis

vag

inat

a1

Blue

Pig

root

*Si

syrin

chiu

m ir

idifo

lium

4Bu

lbil

Wat

soni

a*W

atso

nia

mer

iana

var

. bu

lbill

ifera

2C

omm

on O

nion

-gra

ss*

Rom

ulea

ros

ea v

ar.

aust

ralis

s.s

.9

Free

sia*

Free

sia

alba

x F

rees

ia le

icht

linii

2O

ne-le

af C

ape-

tulip

*M

orae

a fla

ccid

a4

Oni

on G

rass

*Ro

mul

ea r

osea

184

Oni

on G

rass

*Ro

mul

ea s

pp.

20Pi

nk T

riton

ia*

Trito

nia

squa

lida

1Sc

our-

wee

d*Si

syrin

chiu

m s

p. A

2Sm

all-f

low

er O

nion

-gra

ss*

Rom

ulea

min

utifl

ora

222

Thre

ad Ir

is*

Mor

aea

setif

olia

44Tr

icol

or H

arle

quin

-flo

wer

*Sp

arax

is t

ricol

or2

Two-

leaf

Cap

e-tu

lip*

Mor

aea

min

iata

1W

ild G

ladi

olus

*G

ladi

olus

und

ulat

us2

Yello

w Ix

ia*

Ixia

mac

ulat

a2

Rush

Junc

us s

p. (

sect

gen

uini

)10

Aus

tral

Rus

hJu

ncus

aus

tral

is3

Billa

bong

Rus

hJu

ncus

usi

tatu

s34

Bran

chin

g Ru

shJu

ncus

pris

mat

ocar

pus

7Br

oad-

leaf

Rus

hJu

ncus

pla

nifo

lius

3Br

oom

Rus

hJu

ncus

sar

opho

rus

8C

apita

te R

ush*

Junc

us c

apita

tus

10C

lust

ered

Rus

hJu

ncus

vag

inat

us2

Com

mon

Woo

drus

hLu

zula

mer

idio

nalis

var

. de

nsifl

ora

6C

omm

on W

oodr

ush

Luzu

la m

erid

iona

lis v

ar.

flacc

ida

2C

omm

on W

oodr

ush

Luzu

la m

erid

iona

lis5

Diff

use

Rush

Junc

us r

emot

iflor

us15

Fing

er R

ush

Junc

us s

ubse

cund

us21

0Fo

lded

Rus

h*Ju

ncus

imbr

icat

us2

Gia

nt R

ush

Junc

us in

gens

94G

old

Rush

Junc

us f

lavi

dus

196

Gre

en R

ush

Junc

us g

regi

floru

s4

Hoa

ry R

ush

Junc

us r

adul

a32

Hol

low

Rus

hJu

ncus

am

abili

s14

8Jo

int-

leaf

Rus

hJu

ncus

hol

osch

oenu

s50

Join

ted

Rush

*Ju

ncus

art

icul

atus

44Pa

le R

ush

Junc

us p

allid

us3

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Plai

ns R

ush

Junc

us s

emis

olid

us10

Rush

Junc

us s

pp.

134

Sand

Rus

hJu

ncus

psa

mm

ophi

lus

r5

Spin

y Ru

sh*

Junc

us a

cutu

s su

bsp.

acu

tus

99St

ring

Rush

*Ju

ncus

cap

illac

eus

1Ta

ll Ru

shJu

ncus

pro

ceru

s1

Toad

Rus

hJu

ncus

buf

oniu

s70

Tuss

ock

Rush

Junc

us a

ridic

ola

96W

iry R

ush

Junc

us h

omal

ocau

lis12

Com

mon

Wat

er-r

ibbo

nsTr

iglo

chin

pro

cera

s.s

.23

Dw

arf

Arr

owgr

ass

Trig

loch

in n

ana

8Li

laea

*Li

laea

sci

lloid

es1

Nor

ther

n W

ater

-rib

bons

Trig

loch

in m

ultif

ruct

a51

Six-

poin

t A

rrow

gras

sTr

iglo

chin

hex

agon

av

2Sl

ende

r W

ater

-rib

bons

Trig

loch

in d

ubia

r6

Sout

hern

Wat

er-r

ibbo

nsTr

iglo

chin

alc

ocki

ae1

Spur

red

Arr

owgr

ass

Trig

loch

in c

alci

trap

a s.

l.75

Stre

aked

Arr

owgr

ass

Trig

loch

in s

tria

ta5

Turr

et A

rrow

gras

sTr

iglo

chin

tur

rifer

a3

Wat

er R

ibbo

nsTr

iglo

chin

pro

cera

s.l.

168

Wat

er R

ibbo

nsTr

iglo

chin

spp

.3

Com

mon

Duc

kwee

dLe

mna

dis

perm

a23

Com

mon

Duc

kwee

dLe

mna

min

or s

.l.12

Duc

kwee

dLe

mna

spp

.5

Thin

Duc

kwee

dLa

ndol

tia p

unct

ata

35Ti

ny D

uckw

eed

Wol

ffia

aus

tral

iana

3Li

lyLi

liace

ae s

pp.

(s.l.

)5

Wat

er N

ymph

Naj

as t

enui

folia

r1

Aus

tral

Lad

ies’

Tre

sses

Spira

nthe

s au

stra

lis2

Bear

ded

Gre

enho

odPt

eros

tylis

plu

mos

a s.

l.1

Bird

Orc

hid

Chi

logl

ottis

spp

.2

Blue

bear

d O

rchi

dPh

elad

enia

def

orm

is1

Blun

t G

reen

hood

Pter

osty

lis c

urta

1Br

oad-

lip L

eek-

orch

idPr

asop

hyllu

m p

aten

s s.

l.1

Brow

n-cl

ubbe

d Sp

ider

-orc

hid

Cal

aden

ia p

haeo

clav

ia1

Cal

aden

iaC

alad

enia

spp

.1

Com

mon

Oni

on-o

rchi

dM

icro

tis u

nifo

lia16

Dw

arf

Gre

enho

odPt

eros

tylis

nan

a2

Gol

den

Cow

slip

sD

iuris

beh

riiv

1G

olde

n M

oths

Diu

ris la

nceo

lata

s.l.

1G

reen

hood

Pter

osty

lis s

pp.

1H

ood

Orc

hid

Cal

aden

ia c

ucul

lata

2H

orne

d O

rchi

dO

rtho

cera

s st

rictu

m3

Hyb

rid S

un-o

rchi

dTh

elym

itra

X t

runc

ata

s.s.

2La

rge

Duc

k-or

chid

Cal

eana

maj

or2

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Larg

e To

ngue

-orc

hid

Cry

ptos

tylis

sub

ulat

a1

Leek

Orc

hid

Pras

ophy

llum

spp

.3

Leop

ard

Orc

hid

Diu

ris p

ardi

na1

Mal

lee

Spid

er-o

rchi

dC

alad

enia

ver

ruco

sa3

Mar

oonh

ood

Pter

osty

lis p

edun

cula

ta1

May

fly O

rchi

dA

cian

thus

cau

datu

s1

Mid

get

Gre

enho

odPt

eros

tylis

mut

ica

3M

usk

Hoo

d-or

chid

Cal

aden

ia g

raci

lis2

Nod

ding

Gre

enho

odPt

eros

tylis

nut

ans

2O

nion

Orc

hid

Mic

rotis

spp

.1

Pars

on’s

Band

sEr

ioch

ilus

cucu

llatu

s1

Pink

Fin

gers

Cal

aden

ia c

arne

a s.

s.2

Plai

n Su

n-or

chid

Thel

ymitr

a nu

da3

Purp

le B

eard

-orc

hid

Cal

ochi

lus

robe

rtso

nii

3Pu

rple

Diu

risD

iuris

pun

ctat

a va

r. p

unct

ata

vL

6Pu

rple

Hya

cint

h-or

chid

Dip

odiu

m p

unct

atum

s.s

.1

Rabb

it Ea

rsTh

elym

itra

ante

nnife

ra1

Rosy

Hya

cint

h-or

chid

Dip

odiu

m r

oseu

m s

.s.

1Ru

styh

ood

Pter

osty

lis b

iset

a s.

l.1

Salm

on S

un-o

rchi

dTh

elym

itra

rubr

a1

Scen

ted

Leek

-orc

hid

Pras

ophy

llum

odo

ratu

m s

.l.1

Scen

ted

Sun-

orch

idTh

elym

itra

meg

caly

ptra

1Sl

ende

r O

nion

-orc

hid

Mic

rotis

par

viflo

ra3

Slen

der

Sun-

orch

idTh

elym

itra

pauc

iflor

a s.

l.3

Smal

l Gna

t-or

chid

Cyr

tost

ylis

ren

iform

is1

Smal

l Sna

ke-o

rchi

dD

iuris

ped

uncu

lata

s.s

.E

e1

Spot

ted

Sun-

orch

idTh

elym

itra

ixio

ides

s.l.

1Su

n O

rchi

dTh

elym

itra

spp.

3Sw

an G

reen

hood

Pter

osty

lis c

ycno

ceph

ala

2Ta

ll G

reen

hood

Pter

osty

lis lo

ngifo

lia s

.l.1

Tige

r O

rchi

dD

iuris

sul

phur

ea2

Wal

lflow

er O

rchi

dD

iuris

orie

ntis

1W

ax-li

p O

rchi

dG

loss

odia

maj

or4

Wed

ge D

iuris

Diu

ris d

endr

obio

ides

eL

5W

este

rn L

eek-

orch

idPr

asop

hyllu

m s

p.af

f.oc

cide

ntal

eC

e1

Blun

t Po

ndw

eed

Pota

mog

eton

och

reat

us6

Cur

ly P

ondw

eed

Pota

mog

eton

cris

pus

5Fe

nnel

Pon

dwee

dPo

tam

oget

on p

ectin

atus

5Fl

oatin

g Po

ndw

eed

Pota

mog

eton

tric

arin

atus

s.l.

90Fu

rrow

ed P

ondw

eed

Pota

mog

eton

sul

catu

s1

Perf

olia

te P

ondw

eed

Pota

mog

eton

per

folia

tus

s.l.

k1

Pond

wee

dPo

tam

oget

on s

pp.

2Br

oad-

leaf

Cum

bung

iTy

pha

orie

ntal

is70

Bulru

shTy

pha

spp.

48Le

sser

Ree

d-m

ace*

Typh

a la

tifol

ia13

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Nar

row

-leaf

Cum

bung

iTy

pha

dom

inge

nsis

56A

ustr

al W

ater

-mat

Lepi

laen

a au

stra

lis3

Smal

l-fru

it W

ater

-mat

Lepi

laen

a bi

locu

laris

1W

ater

Mat

Lepi

laen

a sp

p.5

Des

ert

Mat

-rus

hLo

man

dra

junc

ea1

Dw

arf

Mat

-rus

hLo

man

dra

nana

2M

any-

flow

ered

Mat

-rus

hLo

man

dra

mul

tiflo

ra s

ubsp

. mul

tiflo

ra7

Mat

-rus

hLo

man

dra

spp.

5Pa

le M

at-r

ush

Lom

andr

a co

llina

2Sc

ente

d M

at-r

ush

Lom

andr

a ef

fusa

62Sm

all G

rass

-tre

eX

anth

orrh

oea

min

or s

ubsp

. lu

tea

3Sp

iny-

head

ed M

at-r

ush

Lom

andr

a lo

ngifo

lia4

Wat

tle M

at-r

ush

Lom

andr

a fil

iform

is24

Wat

tle M

at-r

ush

Lom

andr

a fil

iform

is s

ubsp

. co

riace

a1

Wat

tle M

at-r

ush

Lom

andr

a fil

iform

is s

ubsp

. fili

form

is4

Woo

lly M

at-r

ush

Lom

andr

a le

ucoc

epha

la s

ubsp

. rob

usta

6A

ngle

d O

nion

*A

llium

triq

uetr

um1

Frag

rant

Fal

se-g

arlic

*N

otho

scor

dum

bor

boni

cum

1C

hoco

late

Lily

Art

hrop

odiu

m s

tric

tum

s.l.

30C

hoco

late

Lily

Dic

hopo

gon

spp.

14C

omm

on F

ringe

-lily

Thys

anot

us t

uber

osus

3Fr

inge

Lily

Thys

anot

us s

pp.

1M

alle

e Fr

inge

-lily

Thys

anot

us b

auer

i47

Nod

ding

Cho

cola

te-li

lyA

rthr

opod

ium

fim

bria

tum

66Pa

le V

anill

a-lil

yA

rthr

opod

ium

mill

eflo

rum

s.l.

3Sm

all C

hoco

late

-lily

Art

hrop

odiu

m s

p. 3

(af

f. s

tric

tum

)7

Smal

l Van

illa-

lily

Art

hrop

odiu

m m

inus

103

Twin

ing

Frin

ge-li

lyTh

ysan

otus

pat

erso

nii

7Va

nilla

Lily

Art

hrop

odiu

m s

pp.

(s.s

.)8

Asp

arag

us F

ern*

Asp

arag

us s

cand

ens

1A

spar

agus

*A

spar

agus

off

icin

alis

21Br

idal

Cre

eper

*A

spar

agus

asp

arag

oide

s41

Bulb

ine

Lily

Bulb

ine

bulb

osa

93Bu

lbin

e Li

lyBu

lbin

e sp

p.1

Leek

Lily

Bulb

ine

sem

ibar

bata

431

Oni

on W

eed*

Asp

hode

lus

fistu

losu

s15

4Br

oad-

leaf

Ear

ly N

ancy

Wur

mbe

a la

tifol

ia s

ubsp

. va

ness

ae39

Com

mon

Ear

ly N

ancy

Wur

mbe

a di

oica

97C

omm

on E

arly

Nan

cyW

urm

bea

dioi

ca s

ubsp

. di

oica

7Ea

rly N

ancy

Wur

mbe

a sp

p.5

Milk

mai

dsBu

rcha

rdia

um

bella

ta8

Gra

pe H

yaci

nth*

Mus

cari

arm

enia

cum

1A

rchi

ng F

lax-

lily

Dia

nella

sp.

aff.

long

ifolia

(Ben

ambr

a)v

1Bl

ack-

anth

er F

lax-

lily

Dia

nella

rev

olut

a s.

l.22

Blac

k-an

ther

Fla

x-lil

yD

iane

lla r

evol

uta

var.

rev

olut

a s.

l.17

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

353Discussion Paper

Day

Lily

*H

emer

ocal

lis s

pp.

1Fl

ax L

ilyD

iane

lla s

pp.

3G

lauc

ous

Flax

-lily

Dia

nella

long

ifolia

var

. gr

andi

s s.

l.1

Mal

lee

Flax

-lily

Dia

nella

sp.

aff.

rev

olut

a(M

alle

e)1

Mal

lee

Rush

-lily

Tric

oryn

e te

nella

2N

oddi

ng B

lue-

lily

Styp

andr

a gl

auca

1Pa

le F

lax-

lily

Dia

nella

long

ifolia

s.l.

43Pa

le F

lax-

lily

Dia

nella

long

ifolia

var

. lo

ngifo

lia s

.l.22

Pale

Fla

x-lil

yD

iane

lla s

p.af

f. lo

ngifo

lia(R

iver

ina)

v54

Pale

Gra

ss-li

lyC

aesi

a pa

rvifl

ora

var.

vitt

ata

k1

Rive

rine

Flax

-lily

Dia

nella

por

race

av

10Sa

nd L

ilyC

oryn

othe

ca li

crot

ar

8Ye

llow

Rus

h-lil

yTr

icor

yne

elat

ior

18La

rge-

frui

t Ta

ssel

Rupp

ia m

egac

arpa

1M

any-

frui

t Ta

ssel

Rupp

ia p

olyc

arpa

4Ta

ssel

Rupp

ia s

pp.

3D

ico

tyle

do

ns

Box-

elde

r M

aple

*A

cer

negu

ndo

1M

aple

*A

cer

spp.

1Sy

cam

ore

Map

le*

Ace

r ps

eudo

plat

anus

6A

ngle

d Ic

e-pl

ant*

Mes

embr

yant

hem

um a

itoni

s2

Ang

led

Pigf

ace*

Car

pobr

otus

aeq

uila

teru

s1

Ann

ual S

pina

chTe

trag

onia

moo

rei

k75

Com

mon

Ice-

plan

t*M

esem

brya

nthe

mum

cry

stal

linum

83D

eser

t Sp

inac

hTe

trag

onia

ere

mae

a s.

l.10

4D

eser

t Sp

inac

hTe

trag

onia

ere

mae

a s.

s.k

31G

alen

ia*

Gal

enia

pub

esce

ns v

ar.

pube

scen

s8

Hog

wee

d*Za

leya

gal

eric

ulat

a su

bsp.

aus

tral

is2

Ice

Plan

t*M

esem

brya

nthe

mum

spp

.8

Inla

nd P

igfa

ceC

arpo

brot

us m

odes

tus

11M

alle

e Pi

gfac

eC

arpo

brot

us a

ff. r

ossi

i(N

.W.

Vic

toria

)r

1N

ativ

e Sp

inac

hTe

trag

onia

spp

.6

Pigf

ace

Car

pobr

otus

spp

.1

Roun

ded

Noo

n-flo

wer

Dis

phym

a cr

assi

foliu

m s

ubsp

. cl

avel

latu

m41

2Sa

rcoz

ona

Sarc

ozon

a pr

aeco

xr

151

Smal

l Ice

-pla

nt*

Mes

embr

yant

hem

um n

odifl

orum

341

Wiry

Noo

n-flo

wer

*Ps

iloca

ulon

gra

nulic

aule

40A

lliga

tor

Wee

d*A

ltern

anth

era

philo

xero

ides

1C

omm

on J

oyw

eed

Alte

rnan

ther

a no

diflo

rak

29C

rimso

n Ta

ilsPt

ilotu

s se

ssili

foliu

s va

r. s

essi

lifol

ius

k9

Dw

arf

Am

aran

thA

mar

anth

us m

acro

carp

us v

ar. m

acro

carp

usv

8Fe

athe

r H

eads

Ptilo

tus

mac

roce

phal

us24

Gre

en A

mar

anth

*A

mar

anth

us v

iridi

s2

Hai

ry T

ails

Ptilo

tus

erub

esce

nsL

37Jo

ywee

dA

ltern

anth

era

spp.

35

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Kha

ki W

eed*

Alte

rnan

ther

a pu

ngen

s9

Lam

b Ta

ilsPt

ilotu

s ex

alta

tus

var.

sem

ilana

tus

3Le

sser

Joy

wee

dA

ltern

anth

era

dent

icul

ata

s.l.

291

Less

er J

oyw

eed

Alte

rnan

ther

a de

ntic

ulat

a s.

s.76

Long

Tai

lsPt

ilotu

s po

lyst

achy

us v

ar.

poly

stac

hyus

e16

Mul

la M

ulla

Ptilo

tus

exal

tatu

s69

Pink

Mul

la-m

ulla

Ptilo

tus

exal

tatu

s va

r. e

xalta

tus

2Pl

ains

Joy

wee

dA

ltern

anth

era

sp.

1(P

lain

s)k

6Pu

ssy

Tails

Ptilo

tus

spat

hula

tus

f.sp

athu

latu

s58

Puss

y Ta

ilsPt

ilotu

s sp

p.3

Rabb

it Ta

ilsPt

ilotu

s se

min

udus

8Re

d-ro

ot A

mar

anth

*A

mar

anth

us r

etro

flexu

s3

Roug

h-fr

uit

Am

aran

th*

Am

aran

thus

mur

icat

us6

Silv

er T

ails

Ptilo

tus

obov

atus

var

. ob

ovat

use

1Sp

leen

Am

aran

th*

Am

aran

thus

hyb

ridus

4Ye

llow

Tai

lsPt

ilotu

s no

bilis

var

. no

bilis

e13

Pepp

er T

ree*

Schi

nus

mol

le70

Blue

Per

iwin

kle*

Vin

ca m

ajor

10El

derb

erry

Pan

axPo

lysc

ias

sam

buci

folia

1En

glis

h Iv

y*H

eder

a he

lix2

Broa

d-le

af C

otto

n-bu

sh*

Gom

phoc

arpu

s ca

ncel

latu

s1

Dou

bah

Mar

sden

ia a

ustr

alis

v11

Purp

le P

enta

trop

eRh

ynch

arrh

ena

linea

risv

9Sw

an P

lant

*G

omph

ocar

pus

frut

icos

us s

ubsp

. fru

ticos

us2

Whi

te B

ladd

er-f

low

er*

Ara

ujia

ser

icife

ra2

Mad

eira

Vin

e*A

nred

era

cord

ifolia

1A

ustr

al F

orge

t-m

e-no

tM

yoso

tis a

ustr

alis

4A

ustr

alia

n H

ound

’s-to

ngue

Cyn

oglo

ssum

aus

tral

e32

Burr

Stic

ksee

dO

mph

alol

appu

la c

onca

va28

Com

mon

Fid

dle-

neck

*A

msi

ncki

a in

term

edia

6C

omm

on H

elio

trop

eH

elio

trop

ium

eur

opae

um90

Cor

n G

rom

wel

l*Bu

glos

soid

es a

rven

sis

7C

reep

ing

Hel

iotr

ope*

Hel

iotr

opiu

m s

upin

um26

Fidd

le N

eck*

Am

sinc

kia

spp.

5Fo

rget

-me-

not

Myo

sotis

spp

.1

Hai

ry F

iddl

e-ne

ck*

Am

sinc

kia

caly

cina

5H

airy

For

get-

me-

not

Plag

iobo

thry

s el

acha

nthu

s29

Hai

ry S

heep

wee

d*N

eato

stem

a ap

ulum

4H

elio

trop

eH

elio

trop

ium

spp

.6

Hou

nd’s

Tong

ueC

ynog

loss

um s

pp.

1Pa

ters

on’s

Cur

se*

Echi

um p

lant

agin

eum

360

Roch

elia

Plag

iobo

thry

s sp

p.5

Roug

h H

alga

nia

Hal

gani

a cy

anea

6Sm

ooth

Hel

iotr

ope

Hel

iotr

opiu

m c

uras

savi

cum

33Sw

eet

Hou

nd’s-

tong

ueC

ynog

loss

um s

uave

olen

s18

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Valle

y Po

pcor

n Fl

ower

*Pl

agio

both

rys

cane

scen

s3

Vip

er’s

Bugl

oss*

Echi

um v

ulga

re1

Whi

te R

oche

liaPl

agio

both

rys

plur

isep

alus

9Ye

llow

-and

-blu

e Fo

rget

-me-

not*

Myo

sotis

dis

colo

r3

Blue

Pin

cush

ion

Brun

onia

aus

tral

is3

Wat

er-s

hiel

dBr

asen

ia s

chre

beri

vL

5Bl

ind

Pric

kly-

pear

*O

punt

ia p

uber

ula

1C

omm

on P

rickl

y-pe

ar*

Opu

ntia

str

icta

8D

evil’

s Ro

pe*

Cyl

indr

opun

tia im

bric

ata

var.

imbr

icat

a1

Dro

opin

g Pr

ickl

y-pe

ar*

Opu

ntia

mon

acan

tha

2In

dian

Fig

*O

punt

ia f

icus

-indi

ca3

Pric

kly

Pear

*O

punt

ia s

pp.

18Ri

verin

a Pe

ar*

Opu

ntia

car

dios

perm

a3

Whe

el C

actu

s*O

punt

ia r

obus

ta8

Broa

d-le

af D

eser

t C

assi

aSe

nna

form

tax

on‘c

oria

cea’

45D

eser

t C

assi

aSe

nna

arte

mis

ioid

es s

pp.

agg.

34Fi

ne-le

af D

eser

t C

assi

aSe

nna

form

tax

on ‘

filifo

lia’

16H

oney

Loc

ust*

Gle

dits

ia t

riaca

ntho

s1

Nar

row

-leaf

Des

ert

Cas

sia

Senn

a fo

rm t

axon

‘zyg

ophy

lla’

8Pe

pper

-leaf

Sen

na*

Senn

a ba

rcla

yana

1W

oody

Cas

sia

Senn

a fo

rm t

axon

‘pet

iola

ris’

42C

omm

on W

ater

-sta

rwor

t*C

allit

riche

sta

gnal

is22

Mat

ted

Wat

er-s

tarw

ort

Cal

litric

he s

onde

ri42

Thre

ad W

ater

-sta

rwor

t*C

allit

riche

ham

ulat

a19

Wat

er S

tarw

ort

Cal

litric

he s

pp.

5W

este

rn W

ater

-sta

rwor

tC

allit

riche

cyc

loca

rpa

Vv

L10

Win

ged

Wat

er-s

tarw

ort

Cal

litric

he u

mbo

nata

rX

1A

nnua

l Blu

ebel

lW

ahle

nber

gia

grac

ilent

a s.

l.10

6Bl

uebe

llW

ahle

nber

gia

spp.

86Br

anch

ing

Blue

bell

Wah

lenb

ergi

a m

ultic

aulis

11Br

onze

Blu

ebel

lW

ahle

nber

gia

lute

ola

26G

rani

te B

lueb

ell

Wah

lenb

ergi

a gr

aniti

cola

s.l.

3H

airy

Ann

ual-b

lueb

ell

Wah

lenb

ergi

a gr

acile

nta

s.s.

34H

ypse

laH

ypse

la t

riden

sk

5La

rge-

flow

ered

A

nnua

l-blu

ebel

lW

ahle

nber

gia

vict

orie

nsis

1M

alle

e A

nnua

l-blu

ebel

lW

ahle

nber

gia

tum

idifr

ucta

r2

Mat

ted

Prat

iaLo

belia

ped

uncu

lata

s.l.

3Po

ison

Lob

elia

Lobe

lia p

ratio

ides

35Po

ison

Pra

tiaLo

belia

con

colo

r25

1Ri

ver

Blue

bell

Wah

lenb

ergi

a flu

min

alis

307

Rock

Isot

ome

Isot

oma

axill

aris

1Sp

raw

ling

Blue

bell

Wah

lenb

ergi

a gr

acili

s42

Swam

p Is

otom

eIs

otom

a flu

viat

ilis

subs

p. a

ustr

alis

22

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Tall

Blue

bell

Wah

lenb

ergi

a st

ricta

sub

sp. s

tric

ta8

Tuft

ed B

lueb

ell

Wah

lenb

ergi

a co

mm

unis

s.l.

60Tu

fted

Blu

ebel

lW

ahle

nber

gia

com

mun

is s

.s.

5C

omm

on E

lder

*Sa

mbu

cus

nigr

a1

Him

alay

an H

oney

suck

le*

Leyc

este

ria f

orm

osa

1Ja

pane

se H

oney

suck

le*

Loni

cera

japo

nica

1Bo

ccon

i’s S

and-

spur

rey*

Sper

gula

ria b

occo

nii

1C

atch

fly*

Sile

ne s

pp.

36C

halk

wor

t*G

ypso

phila

tub

ulos

a15

Chi

ckw

eed*

Stel

laria

med

ia36

Chi

ldlin

g Pi

nk*

Petr

orha

gia

nant

euili

i2

Coa

st S

and-

spur

rey

Sper

gula

ria m

edia

s.l.

15C

omm

on M

ouse

-ear

C

hick

wee

d*C

eras

tium

glo

mer

atum

s.l.

64C

omm

on P

earlw

ort*

Sagi

na a

peta

la9

Cor

n Sp

urre

y*Sp

ergu

la a

rven

sis

2C

orn

Spur

rey*

Sper

gula

spp

.1

Cus

hion

Kna

wel

Scle

rant

hus

min

uscu

lus

109

Erec

t C

hick

wee

d*M

oenc

hia

erec

ta9

Five

-sta

men

Cor

n-sp

urre

y*Sp

ergu

la p

enta

ndra

1Fo

rest

Sta

rwor

tSt

ella

ria f

lacc

ida

1Fo

ur-le

aved

Alls

eed*

Poly

carp

on t

etra

phyl

lum

15Fr

ench

Cat

chfly

*Si

lene

gal

lica

63G

reat

er S

ea-s

purr

ey*

Sper

gula

ria m

edia

s.s

.1

Hai

ry R

uptu

re-w

ort*

Her

niar

ia c

iner

ea24

Kna

wel

Scle

rant

hus

spp.

2Le

sser

Chi

ckw

eed*

Stel

laria

pal

lida

39Le

sser

San

d-sp

urre

y*Sp

ergu

laria

dia

ndra

85Le

sser

Sea

-spu

rrey

Sper

gula

ria m

arin

a s.

s.4

Less

er T

hym

e-le

aved

Sa

ndw

ort*

Are

naria

lept

ocla

dos

2M

alle

e C

atch

fly*

Sile

ne a

peta

la v

ar.

apet

ala

370

Mat

ted

Star

wor

tSt

ella

ria c

aesp

itosa

50M

edite

rran

ean

Cat

chfly

*Si

lene

noc

turn

a13

8M

ouse

-ear

Chi

ckw

eed*

Cer

astiu

m s

emid

ecan

drum

s.l.

2M

ouse

-ear

Chi

ckw

eed*

Cer

astiu

m s

pp.

3N

ativ

e Se

a-sp

urre

ySp

ergu

laria

sp.

11

Port

ugue

se C

atch

fly*

Sile

ne lo

ngic

aulis

134

Rayl

ess

Star

wor

tSt

ella

ria m

ultif

lora

2Re

d Sa

nd-s

purr

ey*

Sper

gula

ria r

ubra

s.l.

257

Red

Sand

-spu

rrey

*Sp

ergu

laria

rub

ra s

.s.

63Sa

lt Sa

nd-s

purr

eySp

ergu

laria

mar

ina

s.l.

1Sa

lt Se

a-sp

urre

ySp

ergu

laria

sp.

335

Sand

Spu

rrey

Sper

gula

ria s

pp.

42Se

a M

ouse

-ear

Chi

ckw

eed*

Cer

astiu

m d

iffus

um1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

355Discussion Paper

Spre

adin

g K

naw

elSc

lera

nthu

s fa

scic

ulat

usr

1St

arw

ort

Stel

laria

spp

.4

Stic

ky M

ouse

-ear

C

hick

wee

d*C

eras

tium

glo

mer

atum

s.s

.12

Stra

pwor

t*C

orrig

iola

lito

ralis

4Sw

amp

Star

wor

tSt

ella

ria a

ngus

tifol

ia15

4Th

read

Sta

rwor

tSt

ella

ria f

ilifo

rmis

s.l.

2Ve

lvet

y Pi

nk*

Petr

orha

gia

dubi

a56

Whi

tlow

Wor

t*Pa

rony

chia

bra

silia

na1

Bela

hC

asua

rina

paup

er21

Bulo

keA

lloca

suar

ina

lueh

man

nii

L17

4D

roop

ing

Sheo

akA

lloca

suar

ina

vert

icill

ata

8Sh

eoak

Cas

uarin

a sp

p.1

Slat

y Sh

eoak

Allo

casu

arin

a m

uelle

riana

sub

sp.

mue

lleria

na3

Swam

p Sh

eoak

Cas

uarin

a ob

esa

eL

10C

omm

on H

ornw

ort

Cer

atop

hyllu

m d

emer

sum

k8

Ang

ular

Sal

tbus

hA

trip

lex

angu

lata

eL

1A

nnua

l Sea

blite

*Su

aeda

mar

itim

a su

bsp.

mar

itim

a4

Aus

tral

Sea

blite

Suae

da a

ustr

alis

5Ba

bbag

iaO

steo

carp

um a

crop

teru

m v

ar. d

emin

utum

212

Bald

ooA

trip

lex

lindl

eyi s

ubsp

. co

ndup

licat

ar

8Be

aded

Gla

ssw

ort

Sarc

ocor

nia

quin

quef

lora

5Be

aded

Gla

ssw

ort

Sarc

ocor

nia

quin

quef

lora

sub

sp.

quin

quef

lora

2Be

rry

Saltb

ush

Atr

iple

x se

mib

acca

ta43

1Be

rry

Seab

lite*

Suae

da b

acci

fera

61Bl

ack

Cot

ton-

bush

Mai

rean

a de

calv

ans

293

Blac

k Ro

ly-p

oly

Scle

rola

ena

mur

icat

a19

9Bl

ack

Roly

-pol

ySc

lero

laen

a m

uric

ata

var.

mur

icat

ak

15Bl

acks

eed

Gla

ssw

ort

Hal

osar

cia

perg

ranu

lata

351

Blac

ksee

d G

lass

wor

tH

alos

arci

a pe

rgra

nula

ta s

ubsp

. pe

rgra

nula

ta27

Blac

ksee

d G

lass

wor

tH

alos

arci

a pe

rgra

nula

ta s

ubsp

. di

varic

ata

v8

Blad

der

Saltb

ush

Atr

iple

x ve

sica

ria77

Blad

der

Saltb

ush

Atr

iple

x ve

sica

ria s

ubsp

. mac

rocy

stid

iak

8Bl

adde

r Sa

ltbus

hA

trip

lex

vesi

caria

sub

sp. m

inor

k5

Blad

der

Saltb

ush

Atr

iple

x ve

sica

ria s

ubsp

. va

riabi

lis1

Blue

bush

Mai

rean

a sp

p.46

Blui

sh G

lass

wor

tH

alos

arci

a pr

uino

sa17

Bone

frui

tO

steo

carp

um s

alsu

gino

sum

51Bo

nefr

uit

Ost

eoca

rpum

spp

.1

Bott

le B

lueb

ush

Mai

rean

a ex

cava

ta15

1Br

own-

head

Gla

ssw

ort

Hal

osar

cia

indi

ca3

Brow

n-he

ad G

lass

wor

tH

alos

arci

a in

dica

sub

sp.

leio

stac

hya

4

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Burn

ing

Bush

*Ba

ssia

sco

paria

f.tr

icho

phyl

la1

Cha

riot

Whe

els

Mai

rean

a ch

eelii

Vv

25C

heno

pod

Che

nopo

diac

eae

spp.

6C

lam

my

Goo

sefo

otC

heno

podi

um p

umili

o68

Coa

st B

onef

ruit

Thre

lkel

dia

diff

usa

1C

oppe

rbur

rSc

lero

laen

a sp

p.17

Cor

al S

altb

ush

Atr

iple

x pa

pilla

tar

44C

orky

Sal

tbus

hA

trip

lex

lindl

eyi s

ubsp

. in

flata

136

Cot

tony

Sal

tbus

hC

heno

podi

um c

urvi

spic

atum

62C

rest

ed G

oose

foot

Che

nopo

dium

cris

tatu

m53

Dar

k Ro

ly-p

oly

Scle

rola

ena

mur

icat

a va

r. s

emig

labr

ak

16D

eser

t G

lass

wor

tPa

chyc

orni

a tr

iand

rar

76D

war

f Bl

uebu

shM

aire

ana

hum

illim

a10

4D

war

f O

ld-m

an S

altb

ush

Atr

iple

x nu

mm

ular

ia s

ubsp

. om

issa

r3

Eina

dia

Eina

dia

spp.

7Er

ect

Blue

bush

Mai

rean

a pe

ntat

ropi

s26

Fat

Hen

*C

heno

podi

um a

lbum

44Fl

at-t

op S

altb

ush

Atr

iple

x lin

dley

i28

4Fl

at-t

op S

altb

ush

Atr

iple

x lin

dley

i sub

sp.

lindl

eyi

k16

Fros

ted

Goo

sefo

otC

heno

podi

um d

eser

toru

m14

8Fr

oste

d G

oose

foot

Che

nopo

dium

des

erto

rum

sub

sp.

dese

rtor

umr

28Fr

oste

d G

oose

foot

Che

nopo

dium

des

erto

rum

sub

sp. v

irosu

mk

39G

alva

nize

d Bu

rrSc

lero

laen

a bi

rchi

ik

1G

lass

wor

tH

alos

arci

a sp

p.15

Gla

ssw

ort

Sarc

ocor

nia

spp.

3G

lauc

ous

Goo

sefo

otC

heno

podi

um g

lauc

um13

Glo

bula

r Pi

gwee

dD

ysph

ania

glo

mul

ifera

spp

. gl

omul

ifera

18G

oat

Hea

dM

alac

ocer

a tr

icor

nis

r11

5G

oose

foot

Che

nopo

dium

spp

.11

Gre

en C

oppe

rbur

rSc

lero

laen

a de

curr

ens

v17

Gre

y Bl

uebu

shM

aire

ana

appr

essa

64G

rey

Cop

perb

urr

Scle

rola

ena

diac

anth

a54

1G

rey

Cop

perb

urr

Scle

rola

ena

diac

anth

a(e

rect

shr

ubby

for

m)

1G

rey

Gla

ssw

ort

Hal

osar

cia

halo

cnem

oide

s su

bsp.

ha

locn

emoi

des

5G

rey

Roly

-pol

ySc

lero

laen

a m

uric

ata

var.

vill

osa

69H

airy

Blu

ebus

hM

aire

ana

pent

agon

a40

4H

airy

-win

g Bl

uebu

shM

aire

ana

tric

hopt

era

4H

ard-

head

Sal

tbus

hD

isso

carp

us p

arad

oxus

40H

asta

te O

rach

e*A

trip

lex

pros

trat

a94

Hea

thy

Blue

bush

Mai

rean

a op

posi

tifol

iar

5H

edge

Sal

tbus

hRh

agod

ia s

pine

scen

s37

6K

eele

d G

oose

foot

Che

nopo

dium

car

inat

umv

2K

idne

y Sa

ltbus

hA

trip

lex

stip

itata

19

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Lax

Goo

sefo

otEi

nadi

a tr

igon

os s

ubsp

. trig

onos

5Le

afle

ss B

lueb

ush

Mai

rean

a ap

hylla

k31

Lim

esto

ne C

oppe

rbur

rSc

lero

laen

a ob

liqui

cusp

is91

Mal

lee

Cop

perb

urr

Scle

rola

ena

parv

iflor

a5

Mar

sh S

altb

ush

Atr

iple

x pa

ludo

sa s

ubsp

. pa

ludo

sar

1M

at S

altb

ush

Atr

iple

x pu

mili

o11

1M

ealy

Sal

tbus

hA

trip

lex

pseu

doca

mpa

nula

tar

35M

exic

an T

ea*

Che

nopo

dium

am

bros

ioid

es9

Nat

ive

Ora

che

Atr

iple

x au

stra

lasi

ca3

Nitr

e G

oose

foot

Che

nopo

dium

nitr

aria

ceum

223

Nod

ding

Sal

tbus

hEi

nadi

a nu

tans

sub

sp.

nuta

ns87

8O

ld-m

an S

altb

ush

Atr

iple

x nu

mm

ular

ia94

Old

-man

Sal

tbus

hA

trip

lex

num

mul

aria

sub

sp.

num

mul

aria

5Pe

arl B

lueb

ush

Mai

rean

a se

difo

liar

9Po

inte

d Sa

ltbus

hA

trip

lex

acut

ibra

ctea

r2

Poin

ted

Saltb

ush

Atr

iple

x ac

utib

ract

ea s

ubsp

. kar

onie

nsis

r4

Pop

Saltb

ush

Atr

iple

x ho

loca

rpa

vL

16Po

vert

y Bu

shSc

lero

laen

a in

tric

ata

v11

Pric

kly

Saltw

ort

Sals

ola

trag

us18

6Pr

ickl

y Sa

ltwor

tSa

lsol

a tr

agus

sub

sp. t

ragu

s28

3Ra

dian

t Bl

uebu

shM

aire

ana

radi

ata

2Re

d-st

em G

oose

foot

*C

heno

podi

um m

acro

sper

mum

1Ro

hrla

ch’s

Blue

bush

Mai

rean

a ro

hrla

chii

38Ro

sy B

lueb

ush

Mai

rean

a er

iocl

ada

7Ru

by S

altb

ush

Ench

ylae

na t

omen

tosa

var

. to

men

tosa

1096

Sago

Bus

hM

aire

ana

pyra

mid

ata

119

Salo

opEi

nadi

a ha

stat

a32

Salt

Cop

perb

urr

Scle

rola

ena

vent

ricos

ae

L2

Saltb

ush

Atr

iple

x sp

p.86

Saltb

ush

Rhag

odia

spp

.5

Satin

y Bl

uebu

shM

aire

ana

turb

inat

a43

Seab

lite

Suae

da s

pp.

15Sh

inin

g G

lass

wor

tH

alos

arci

a ni

tida

r2

Shor

t-le

af B

lueb

ush

Mai

rean

a br

evifo

lia25

6Sh

ort-

win

g Sa

ltbus

hSc

lero

chla

mys

bra

chyp

tera

514

Silv

er S

altb

ush

Atr

iple

x rh

agod

ioid

esv

L15

Slen

der

Gla

ssw

ort

Scle

rost

egia

ten

uis

32Sl

ende

r-fr

uit

Saltb

ush

Atr

iple

x le

ptoc

arpa

530

Slit-

win

g Bl

uebu

shM

aire

ana

geor

gei

v1

Smal

l Sal

tbus

hA

trip

lex

eard

leya

e70

Smal

l-lea

f Bl

uebu

shM

aire

ana

mic

roph

ylla

e13

Smal

l-lea

f G

oose

foot

Che

nopo

dium

des

erto

rum

sub

sp.

mic

roph

yllu

m50

Soda

Bus

hN

eoba

ssia

pro

cerif

lora

e2

Sow

bane

*C

heno

podi

um m

ural

e37

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Spea

r O

rach

e*A

trip

lex

patu

la3

Spea

r-fr

uit

Cop

perb

urr

Scle

rola

ena

pate

ntic

uspi

sv

7Sp

iny

Goo

sefo

otRh

agod

ia u

licin

ar

1Sp

iny-

frui

t Sa

ltbus

hA

trip

lex

spin

ibra

ctea

e23

Spra

wlin

g Sa

ltbus

hA

trip

lex

sube

rect

a79

Spre

adin

g Sa

ltbus

hA

trip

lex

limba

tav

L12

Star

Blu

ebus

hSt

ellig

era

ende

casp

inis

221

Star

ry G

oose

foot

Scle

robl

itum

atr

iplic

inum

40St

inki

ng G

oose

foot

*C

heno

podi

um v

ulva

ria1

Stre

aked

Cop

perb

urr

Scle

rola

ena

tric

uspi

s33

2Ta

ngle

d C

oppe

rbur

rSc

lero

laen

a di

varic

ata

k36

Thre

e-w

ing

Blue

bush

Mai

rean

a tr

ipte

rar

6Tu

rnip

Cop

perb

urr

Scle

rola

ena

napi

form

isE

eL

17Tw

in-f

low

er S

altb

ush

Dis

soca

rpus

bifl

orus

var

. bifl

orus

r48

Two-

spin

ed C

oppe

rbur

rSc

lero

laen

a un

iflor

ar

1W

ingl

ess

Blue

bush

Mai

rean

a en

chyl

aeno

ides

227

Woo

lly C

oppe

rbur

rSc

lero

laen

a la

nicu

spis

e2

Woo

lly-f

ruit

Blue

bush

Erio

chito

n sc

lero

laen

oide

s20

Afr

ican

Bon

esee

d*C

hrys

anth

emoi

des

mon

ilife

ra s

ubsp

. m

onili

fera

1A

lpin

e Bu

tton

sLe

ptor

hync

hos

squa

mat

us s

ubsp

. al

pinu

sr

1A

ngia

nthu

sA

ngia

nthu

s sp

p.1

Ann

ual B

utto

nsLe

ptor

hync

hos

orie

ntal

ise

L15

Ann

ual C

udw

eed

Euch

iton

spha

eric

us17

0A

nnua

l Eve

rlast

ing

Chr

ysoc

epha

lum

sp.

23

Ann

ual F

irew

eed

Sene

cio

glom

erat

us16

Ann

ual N

ew H

olla

nd D

aisy

Vitt

adin

ia c

ervi

cula

ris45

Ann

ual N

ew H

olla

nd D

aisy

Vitt

adin

ia c

ervi

cula

ris v

ar.

cerv

icul

aris

15A

nnua

l New

Hol

land

Dai

syV

ittad

inia

cer

vicu

laris

var

. su

bcer

vicu

laris

43A

rtic

hoke

Thi

stle

*C

ynar

a ca

rdun

culu

s14

Ast

er-w

eed*

Ast

er s

ubul

atus

284

Aus

tral

Bea

r’s-e

arC

ymbo

notu

s pr

eiss

ianu

s25

Azu

re D

aisy

-bus

hO

lear

ia r

udis

5Ba

salt

Podo

lepi

sPo

dole

pis

sp.

1e

2Ba

thur

st B

urr*

Xan

thiu

m s

pino

sum

110

Bear

’s-ea

rC

ymbo

notu

s la

wso

nian

usr

33Be

ar’s-

ear

Cym

bono

tus

spp.

1Be

auty

But

tons

Lept

orhy

ncho

s te

trac

haet

us19

Billa

bong

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e af

f. g

raci

lis(K

ings

Bill

abon

g)v

L8

Billy

But

tons

Cra

sped

ia s

pp.

17Bi

lly B

utto

nsPy

cnos

orus

spp

.1

Blan

ket

Leaf

Bedf

ordi

a ar

bore

scen

s1

Blue

Bur

r-da

isy

Cal

otis

cun

eifo

liar

32Bl

ue S

ow-t

hist

le*

Sonc

hus

aspe

r su

bsp.

gla

uces

cens

6Bl

unt

Ever

last

ing

Arg

entip

alliu

m o

btus

ifoliu

m1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

357Discussion Paper

Bran

chin

g G

roun

dsel

Sene

cio

cunn

ingh

amii

var.

cun

ning

ham

iir

45Br

istly

Haw

ksbe

ard*

Cre

pis

seto

sa2

Broa

d-le

af M

illot

iaM

illot

ia m

yoso

tidifo

lia15

Burr

Dai

syC

alot

is s

pp.

13Bu

sh M

inur

iaM

inur

ia c

unni

ngha

mii

r32

Butt

on E

verla

stin

gH

elic

hrys

um s

corp

ioid

es2

Butt

on Im

mor

telle

Lept

orhy

ncho

s w

aitz

iav

2Bu

tton

sLe

ptor

hync

hos

spp.

11C

alifo

rnia

n Bu

rr*

Xan

thiu

m o

rient

ale

1C

alom

ba D

aisy

*O

ncos

ipho

n su

ffru

ticos

um1

Can

adia

n Fl

eaba

ne*

Con

yza

cana

dens

is s

.l.2

Cap

e W

eed*

Arc

toth

eca

cale

ndul

a37

6C

arpe

t Bu

rrw

eed*

Soliv

a st

olon

ifera

5C

assi

nia

Cas

sini

a sp

p.1

Cat

’s Ea

r*H

ypoc

hoer

is s

pp.

49C

ham

omile

Sun

ray

Rhod

anth

e an

them

oide

s3

Chi

cory

*C

icho

rium

inty

bus

30C

lam

my

Sow

-thi

stle

*So

nchu

s te

nerr

imus

14C

lay

Sunr

ayRh

odan

the

stua

rtia

na13

Clu

b-ha

ir N

ew H

olla

nd D

aisy

Vitt

adin

ia c

ondy

loid

esr

24C

lub-

mos

s D

aisy

-bus

hO

lear

ia le

pido

phyl

la3

Clu

ster

ed E

verla

stin

gC

hrys

ocep

halu

m s

emip

appo

sum

11C

lust

ered

/Cre

epin

g C

udw

eed

Euch

iton

colli

nus

s.l.

2C

oars

e Bo

ttle

-dai

syLa

geno

phor

a hu

egel

ii4

Coc

kleb

urr*

Xan

thiu

m s

pp.

6C

omm

on B

illy-

butt

ons

Cra

sped

ia g

lauc

a sp

p. a

gg.

30C

omm

on B

ottle

-dai

syLa

geno

phor

a st

ipita

ta1

Com

mon

Bow

-flo

wer

Mill

otia

mue

lleri

24C

omm

on C

assi

nia

Cas

sini

a ac

ulea

ta6

Com

mon

Cot

ula

Cot

ula

aust

ralis

128

Com

mon

Cud

wee

dEu

chito

n in

volu

crat

us s

.l.22

Com

mon

Eve

rlast

ing

Chr

ysoc

epha

lum

api

cula

tum

s.l.

110

Com

mon

Eve

rlast

ing

Chr

ysoc

epha

lum

api

cula

tum

s.s

.8

Com

mon

Sne

ezew

eed

Cen

tiped

a cu

nnin

gham

ii37

2C

omm

on S

ow-t

hist

le*

Sonc

hus

oler

aceu

s96

8C

omm

on S

unflo

wer

*H

elia

nthu

s an

nuus

3C

omm

on S

unra

yTr

iptil

odis

cus

pygm

aeus

112

Com

mon

Whi

te S

unra

yRh

odan

the

florib

unda

e3

Com

pact

Sne

ezew

eed

Cen

tiped

a cr

ater

iform

is s

ubsp

. com

pact

ar

1C

ompo

site

Ast

erac

eae

spp.

6C

otto

n Fi

rew

eed

Sene

cio

quad

riden

tatu

s21

4C

otto

n Sn

eeze

wee

dC

entip

eda

nidi

form

isr

13C

otul

aC

otul

a sp

p.13

Cre

epin

g C

otul

aLe

ptin

ella

rep

tans

s.l.

1C

reep

ing

Cud

wee

dEu

chito

n co

llinu

s s.

s.27

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Cre

epin

g K

napw

eed*

Acr

optil

on r

epen

s72

Cre

tan

Hed

ypno

is*

Hed

ypno

is c

retic

a64

Cro

wnb

eard

*Ve

rbes

ina

ence

lioid

es s

ubsp

. en

celio

ides

9C

udw

eed

Euch

iton

spp.

6C

udw

eed

Gna

phal

ium

spp

.6

Cut

-leaf

Bur

r-da

isy

Cal

otis

ant

hem

oide

s33

Cut

-leaf

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e m

ultif

ida

3D

aisy

Brac

hysc

ome

spp.

31D

ande

lion

Tara

xacu

m s

pp.

17D

elic

ate

Podo

lepi

sPo

dole

pis

tepp

eri

1D

eser

t Sn

eeze

wee

dC

entip

eda

thes

pidi

oide

s s.

l.r

16D

eser

t Sn

eeze

wee

dC

entip

eda

thes

pidi

oide

s s.

s.r

1D

isse

cted

Fire

wee

dSe

neci

o ba

thur

stia

nus

1D

isse

cted

New

Hol

land

Dai

syV

ittad

inia

dis

sect

a s.

l.16

9D

isse

cted

New

Hol

land

Dai

syV

ittad

inia

dis

sect

a va

r. h

irta

25D

isse

cted

New

Hol

land

Dai

syV

ittad

inia

dis

sect

a s.

s.2

Doo

kie

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e gr

acili

sv

L10

Dow

ny D

aisy

Brac

hysc

ome

debi

lis s

.l.1

Dro

opin

g C

assi

nia

Cas

sini

a ar

cuat

a10

5D

rum

stic

ksPy

cnos

orus

glo

bosu

s10

0D

war

f Be

auty

-hea

dsBl

enno

spor

a dr

umm

ondi

i1

Dw

arf

Cup

-flo

wer

Gne

phos

is t

enui

ssim

ar

6D

war

f D

aisy

Brac

hysc

ome

goni

ocar

pa7

Dw

arf

Jo-jo

*So

liva

anth

emifo

lia15

Dw

arf

Mar

igol

d*Sc

hkuh

ria p

inna

ta v

ar.

abro

tano

ides

1El

atin

e Sn

eeze

wee

dC

entip

eda

elat

inoi

des

1Ev

erla

stin

gH

elic

hrys

um s

pp.

1Fa

lse

Haw

kbit*

Uro

sper

mum

pic

roid

es1

Fals

e So

w-t

hist

le*

Reic

hard

ia t

ingi

tana

176

Fern

y C

otul

a*C

otul

a bi

pinn

ata

258

Fiel

d D

aisy

Brac

hysc

ome

deci

pien

s1

Fiel

d M

arig

old*

Cal

endu

la a

rven

sis

1Fi

rew

eed

Gro

unds

elSe

neci

o lin

earif

oliu

s1

Flan

nel C

udw

eed

Act

inob

ole

ulig

inos

um25

5Fl

atw

eed*

Hyp

ocho

eris

rad

icat

a25

3Fl

axle

af F

leab

ane*

Con

yza

bona

riens

is94

Flea

bane

*C

onyz

a sp

p.17

Floo

dpla

in F

irew

eed

Sene

cio

glan

dulo

sus

r3

Frin

ged

Dai

sy-b

ush

Ole

aria

cili

ata

1Fu

rrow

ed N

ew H

olla

nd D

aisy

Vitt

adin

ia s

ulca

tak

1Fu

zzy

New

Hol

land

Dai

syV

ittad

inia

cun

eata

241

Fuzz

y N

ew H

olla

nd D

aisy

Vitt

adin

ia c

unea

ta v

ar.

mor

risii

r3

Fuzz

y N

ew H

olla

nd D

aisy

Vitt

adin

ia c

unea

ta v

ar.

cune

ata

23Fu

zzy

New

Hol

land

Dai

syV

ittad

inia

cun

eata

var

. hi

rsut

ar

3G

arde

n D

ande

lion*

Tara

xacu

mSe

ct.

eryt

hros

perm

a3

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Gar

den

Dan

delio

n*Ta

raxa

cum

Sect

. ha

mat

a1

Gar

den

Dan

delio

n*Ta

raxa

cum

off

icin

ale

spp.

agg

.10

Gaz

ania

*G

azan

ia li

near

is4

Gol

den

Billy

-but

tons

Pycn

osor

us c

hrys

anth

es27

Gol

den

Ever

last

ing

Xer

ochr

ysum

bra

ctea

tum

72G

olde

n Su

nray

Hya

losp

erm

a gl

utin

osum

sub

sp.

glut

inos

um11

Gol

den

This

tle*

Scol

ymus

his

pani

cus

3G

rass

Cus

hion

Isoe

tops

is g

ram

inifo

lia24

8G

rass

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e gr

amin

ea2

Gre

y Bi

lly-b

utto

nsC

rasp

edia

can

ens

eL

1G

rey

Ever

last

ing

Ozo

tham

nus

obco

rdat

us4

Gre

y Po

dole

pis

Podo

lepi

s ca

nesc

ens

r3

Gre

y W

rinkl

ewor

tRu

tidos

is h

elic

hrys

oide

sx

1G

roun

dhea

dsC

htho

noce

phal

us p

seud

evax

18G

roun

dsel

Sene

cio

spp.

12H

airy

Ang

iant

hus

Ang

iant

hus

tom

ento

sus

11H

airy

Bur

r-da

isy

Cal

otis

his

pidu

la51

1H

airy

Haw

kbit*

Leon

todo

n ta

raxa

coid

es s

ubsp

. ta

raxa

coid

es12

8H

airy

Sol

enog

yne

Sole

nogy

ne g

unni

i3

Har

d-he

ad D

aisy

Brac

hysc

ome

linea

rilob

a60

9H

awks

bear

d*C

repi

s sp

p.1

Hoa

ry S

unra

yLe

ucoc

hrys

um a

lbic

ans

10In

dian

Cud

wee

dG

naph

aliu

m p

olyc

aulo

n43

Indi

an W

eed

Sige

sbec

kia

orie

ntal

is s

ubsp

. or

ient

alis

12In

land

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e tr

achy

carp

av

2Je

rsey

Cud

wee

dPs

eudo

gnap

haliu

m lu

teoa

lbum

227

Jo J

o*So

liva

sess

ilis

5K

napw

eed*

Cen

taur

ea s

pp.

1La

rge-

frui

ted

Mill

otia

Mill

otia

mac

roca

rpa

r5

Lem

on B

eaut

y-he

ads

Cal

ocep

halu

s ci

treu

s91

Less

er M

antle

Erio

chla

mys

sp.

1v

1Le

ttuc

e*La

ctuc

a sp

p.9

Lobe

-see

d D

aisy

Brac

hysc

ome

dent

ata

29M

alta

Thi

stle

*C

enta

urea

mel

itens

is13

5M

antis

alca

*M

antis

alca

sal

man

tica

1M

antle

Erio

chla

mys

spp

.9

May

wee

d Su

nray

Hya

losp

erm

a pr

aeco

x28

Milk

wor

t Su

nray

Rhod

anth

e po

lyga

lifol

iar

3M

ilky

Beau

ty-h

eads

Cal

ocep

halu

s la

cteu

s2

Mill

otia

Mill

otia

spp

.4

Min

nie

Dai

syM

inur

ia le

ptop

hylla

45M

oss

Sunr

ayH

yalo

sper

ma

dem

issu

m7

Mou

ntai

n Bu

rr-d

aisy

Cal

otis

pub

esce

nsx

1M

uelle

r D

aisy

Brac

hysc

ome

mue

llero

ides

Ve

L6

Mue

ller

Dai

sy-b

ush

Ole

aria

mue

lleri

10

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Mur

ray

Gro

unds

elSe

neci

o m

urra

yanu

sx

1M

usk

Sunr

ayRh

odan

the

mos

chat

a14

Nar

row

-leaf

New

Hol

land

D

aisy

Vitt

adin

ia m

uelle

ri2

Nat

ive

Picr

isPi

cris

ang

ustif

olia

23N

ativ

e So

w-t

hist

leSo

nchu

s hy

drop

hilu

s5

New

Hol

land

Dai

syV

ittad

inia

spp

.27

9N

oogo

ora

Burr

spe

cies

agg

rega

te*

Xan

thiu

m s

trum

ariu

m s

pp.

agg.

59N

oogo

ora

Burr

*X

anth

ium

occ

iden

tale

1N

ut H

eads

Epal

tes

spp.

1O

rang

e Im

mor

telle

Wai

tzia

acu

min

ata

var.

acu

min

ata

3O

rang

e Su

nray

Hya

losp

erm

a se

mis

teril

e33

Ox-

tong

ue*

Hel

min

thot

heca

ech

ioid

es29

7Pa

le B

eaut

y-he

ads

Cal

ocep

halu

s so

nder

i34

6Pa

le E

verla

stin

gH

elic

hrys

um r

utid

olep

is s

.l.13

Pale

Eve

rlast

ing

Hel

ichr

ysum

rut

idol

epis

s.s

.11

Pale

Plo

ver-

dais

yLe

ioca

rpa

lept

olep

ise

L15

Pale

Sw

amp

Ever

last

ing

Hel

ichr

ysum

aff

. rut

idol

epis

(Low

land

Sw

amps

)v

41Pa

nicl

ed K

napw

eed*

Cen

taur

ea p

anic

ulat

a1

Pape

r Su

nray

Rhod

anth

e co

rym

biflo

ra24

5Pi

cris

Picr

is s

pp.

3Pi

mel

ea D

aisy

-bus

hO

lear

ia p

imel

eoid

es57

Plai

ns B

illy-

butt

ons

Cra

sped

ia h

aplo

rrhi

zak

5Pl

ains

Eve

rlast

ing

Chr

ysoc

epha

lum

sp.

11

Plov

er D

aisy

Leio

carp

a sp

p.16

Poac

hed-

eggs

Dai

syPo

lyca

lym

ma

stua

rtii

316

Podo

lepi

sPo

dole

pis

spp.

3Po

vert

y W

eed*

Iva

axill

aris

sub

sp. r

obus

tior

6Pr

ickl

y C

udw

eed

Stua

rtin

a ha

mat

ar

1Pr

ickl

y Le

ttuc

e*La

ctuc

a se

rrio

la34

2Pu

rple

Cud

wee

d*G

amoc

haet

a pu

rpur

ea s

.l.34

Pygm

y Su

nray

Rhod

anth

e py

gmae

a12

3Ra

sp D

aisy

-bus

hO

lear

ia p

icrid

ifolia

v1

Rayl

ess

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e pe

rpus

illa

8Re

ader

’s D

aisy

Brac

hysc

ome

read

eri

r9

Rive

rina

Gro

unds

elSe

neci

o pr

oduc

tus

subs

p. p

rodu

ctus

v1

Roug

h Bu

rr-d

aisy

Cal

otis

sca

bios

ifolia

79Ro

ugh

Burr

-dai

syC

alot

is s

cabi

osifo

lia v

ar.

inte

grifo

lia1

Roug

h Bu

rr-d

aisy

Cal

otis

sca

bios

ifolia

var

. sc

abio

sifo

lia24

Roug

h Fi

rew

eed

Sene

cio

hisp

idul

us s

.l.2

Roug

h So

w-t

hist

le*

Sonc

hus

aspe

r s.

l.27

1Ro

ugh

Sow

-thi

stle

*So

nchu

s as

per

subs

p. a

sper

10Ro

ugh

Sow

-thi

stle

*So

nchu

s as

per

s.s.

1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

359Discussion Paper

Saff

ron

This

tle*

Car

tham

us la

natu

s13

6Sa

lsify

*Tr

agop

ogon

por

rifol

ius

7Sa

tin E

verla

stin

gH

elic

hrys

um le

ucop

side

um14

Scal

y Bu

tton

sLe

ptor

hync

hos

squa

mat

us11

9Sc

aly

Butt

ons

Lept

orhy

ncho

s sq

uam

atus

sub

sp.

squa

mat

us6

Scor

zone

ra*

Scor

zone

ra la

cini

ata

77Sc

orzo

nera

*Sc

orzo

nera

laci

niat

a va

r. c

alci

trap

ifolia

11Sc

orzo

nera

*Sc

orzo

nera

laci

niat

a va

r. la

cini

ata

1Sc

orzo

nera

*Sc

orzo

nera

spp

.13

Scot

ch T

hist

le*

Ono

pord

um a

cant

hium

sub

sp.

acan

thiu

m24

Shin

y C

assi

nia

Cas

sini

a lo

ngifo

lia6

Shin

y D

aisy

-bus

hO

lear

ia p

asse

rinoi

des

3Sh

iny

Ever

last

ing

Xer

ochr

ysum

vis

cosu

m9

Show

y Po

dole

pis

Podo

lepi

s ja

ceoi

des

s.s.

6Sh

owy/

Basa

lt P

odol

epis

Podo

lepi

s ja

ceoi

des

s.l.

7Sh

rubb

y Fi

rew

eed

Sene

cio

min

imus

1Si

lky

Cud

wee

d*G

amoc

haet

a ca

lvic

eps

9Sk

elet

on W

eed*

Cho

ndril

la ju

ncea

203

Slen

der

Fire

wee

dSe

neci

o te

nuifl

orus

spp

. ag

g.17

Slen

der

Gro

unds

elSe

neci

o gl

ossa

nthu

s s.

l.48

4Sl

ende

r Su

nray

Rhod

anth

e st

ricta

eL

4Sl

ende

r Th

istle

*C

ardu

us p

ycno

ceph

alus

65Sl

ende

r Th

istle

*C

ardu

us s

pp.

2Sm

all E

lach

anth

Elac

hant

hus

pusi

llus

r4

Smal

l Fle

aban

e*C

onyz

a pa

rva

7Sm

all S

wam

p-da

isy

Alli

ttia

ulig

inos

a1

Smoo

th C

at’s-

ear*

Hyp

ocho

eris

gla

bra

946

Smoo

th E

lach

anth

Elac

hant

hus

glab

err

6Sm

ooth

Fle

aban

e*C

onyz

a bi

lbao

ana

12Sm

ooth

Haw

ksbe

ard*

Cre

pis

capi

llaris

1Sm

ooth

Min

uria

Min

uria

inte

gerr

ima

r55

Smoo

th S

olen

ogyn

eSo

leno

gyne

dom

inii

43Sn

eeze

wee

dC

entip

eda

spp.

8So

ft B

illy-

butt

ons

Pycn

osor

us p

leio

ceph

alus

22So

ft M

illot

iaM

illot

ia t

enui

folia

var

. te

nuifo

lia4

Soft

Sun

ray

Leuc

ochr

ysum

mol

lev

1So

ldie

r Th

istle

*Pi

cnom

on a

carn

a1

Sole

nogy

neSo

leno

gyne

spp

.2

Sow

Thi

stle

Sonc

hus

spp.

36Sp

ear

This

tle*

Cirs

ium

vul

gare

474

Spik

ed C

udw

eed*

Gam

ocha

eta

purp

urea

s.s

.7

Spik

ed C

udw

eed*

Gam

ocha

eta

amer

ican

a8

Spik

ed D

aisy

-bus

hO

lear

ia s

ubsp

icat

av

1Sp

lend

id D

aisy

-bus

hO

lear

ia m

agni

flora

1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Spoo

n C

udw

eed

Stua

rtin

a m

uelle

ri30

Spre

adin

g A

ngia

nthu

sA

ngia

nthu

s br

achy

papp

usv

6Sp

read

ing

Nut

-hea

dsSp

haer

omor

phae

a au

stra

lis52

Spre

adin

g Sn

eeze

wee

dC

entip

eda

min

ima

s.l.

84Sp

read

ing

Snee

zew

eed

Cen

tiped

a m

inim

a su

bsp.

min

ima

s.s.

24Sq

uat

Picr

isPi

cris

squ

arro

sar

18St

Bar

naby

’s Th

istle

*C

enta

urea

sol

stiti

alis

6St

alke

d Pl

over

-dai

syLe

ioca

rpa

web

ster

i29

Star

Cud

wee

dEu

chito

n in

volu

crat

us s

.s.

38St

ar T

hist

le*

Cen

taur

ea c

alci

trap

a12

Stem

less

Thi

stle

*O

nopo

rdum

aca

ulon

34St

icky

Lon

g-he

ads

Podo

thec

a an

gust

ifolia

15St

icky

New

Hol

land

Dai

syV

ittad

inia

aus

tral

asic

a va

r. a

ustr

alas

ica

1St

icky

New

Hol

land

Dai

syV

ittad

inia

aus

tral

asic

a va

r. o

ricol

ak

1St

iff C

up-f

low

erPo

gono

lepi

s m

uelle

riana

209

Stiff

Gro

unds

elSe

neci

o be

hria

nus

Ee

L16

Stin

king

Haw

ksbe

ard*

Cre

pis

foet

ida

subs

p. f

oetid

a6

Stin

king

Rog

er*

Tage

tes

min

uta

3St

inkw

ort*

Ditt

richi

a gr

aveo

lens

163

Ston

y Fi

rew

eed

Sene

cio

phel

leus

3Su

nray

Hya

losp

erm

a sp

p.17

Swam

p Bi

lly-b

utto

nsC

rasp

edia

pal

udic

ola

127

Tall

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e di

vers

ifolia

4Ta

ll Fi

rew

eed

Sene

cio

runc

inifo

lius

171

Tall

Flea

bane

*C

onyz

a su

mat

rens

is10

1Ta

ll N

ut-h

eads

Epal

tes

cunn

ingh

amii

v8

Tall

Snee

zew

eed

Cen

tiped

a pl

eioc

epha

lax

1Ta

ngle

d Bu

rr-d

aisy

Cal

otis

erin

acea

138

This

tle*

Car

tham

us s

pp.

1Th

istle

*C

irsiu

m s

pp.

1Ti

ny B

ow-f

low

erM

illot

ia p

erpu

silla

33Ti

ny C

udw

eed

Gna

phal

ium

indu

tum

11To

othe

d G

roun

dsel

Sene

cio

plat

ylep

isr

5Tr

ifid

Burr

-mar

igol

d*Bi

dens

trip

artit

a1

Trip

teris

*O

steo

sper

mum

cla

ndes

tinum

40Tu

fted

Bur

r-da

isy

Cal

otis

sca

pige

ra10

6Va

riabl

e Bi

lly-b

utto

nsC

rasp

edia

var

iabi

lis6

Varia

ble

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e ci

liaris

143

Varia

ble

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e ci

liaris

var

.br

achy

glot

tis1

Varia

ble

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e ci

liaris

var

. ci

liaris

2Va

riabl

e D

aisy

Brac

hysc

ome

cilia

ris v

ar.

lanu

gino

sa3

Varia

ble

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e ci

liaris

var

. su

bint

egrif

olia

2Va

riabl

e G

roun

dsel

Sene

cio

pinn

atifo

lius

125

Varie

gate

d Th

istle

*Si

lybu

m m

aria

num

91W

ater

But

tons

*C

otul

a co

rono

pifo

lia68

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Whi

te C

udw

eed*

Velle

reop

hyto

n de

alba

tum

4W

illow

-leaf

Let

tuce

*La

ctuc

a sa

ligna

82W

inge

d N

ew H

olla

nd D

aisy

Vitt

adin

ia p

tero

chae

tav

10W

inge

d Sl

ende

r-th

istle

*C

ardu

us t

enui

floru

s63

Wire

s-an

d-w

ool

Lem

ooria

bur

kitt

iix

1W

iry B

utto

nsLe

ptor

hync

hos

tenu

ifoliu

s1

Wiry

Pod

olep

isPo

dole

pis

capi

llaris

46W

oodl

and

Swam

p-da

isy

Brac

hysc

ome

basa

ltica

var

. gr

acili

s15

5W

oolly

But

tons

Leio

carp

a pa

naet

ioid

es61

Woo

lly M

antle

Erio

chla

mys

beh

rii s

.l.r

66W

oolly

Min

uria

Min

uria

den

ticul

ata

r8

Woo

lly N

ew H

olla

nd D

aisy

Vitt

adin

ia g

raci

lis26

2W

oolly

-hea

dsM

yrio

ceph

alus

rhi

zoce

phal

us68

Yam

Dai

syM

icro

seris

sca

pige

ra s

pp.

agg.

15Ya

m D

aisy

Mic

rose

ris s

p. 3

9Ya

m D

aisy

Mic

rose

ris s

pp.

4Ye

llow

Bur

r-da

isy

Cal

otis

lapp

ulac

ear

1Ye

llow

Haw

kwee

d*To

lpis

bar

bata

5Ye

llow

Tw

in-h

eads

Eclip

ta p

laty

glos

sa15

9Ye

llow

-ton

gue

Dai

syBr

achy

scom

e ch

ryso

glos

sav

L7

Bind

wee

dC

onvo

lvul

us s

pp.

4Bl

ushi

ng B

indw

eed

Con

volv

ulus

ang

ustis

sim

us1

Blus

hing

Bin

dwee

dC

onvo

lvul

us a

ngus

tissi

mus

sub

sp.

angu

stis

sim

us1

Com

mon

Bin

dwee

d*C

onvo

lvul

us a

rven

sis

22D

eser

t Bi

ndw

eed

Con

volv

ulus

cle

men

tiiv

1G

rass

Bin

dwee

dC

onvo

lvul

us r

emot

us59

Kid

ney-

wee

dD

icho

ndra

rep

ens

77La

rge

Bind

wee

dC

alys

tegi

a se

pium

sub

sp. r

osea

ta3

Pink

Bin

dwee

dC

onvo

lvul

us e

rube

scen

s sp

p. a

gg.

243

Rosi

nwee

dC

ress

a au

stra

lis18

2Ro

und-

leaf

Wils

onia

Wils

onia

rot

undi

folia

4Si

lky

Wils

onia

Wils

onia

hum

ilis

2W

ilson

iaW

ilson

ia s

pp.

1W

imm

era

Bind

wee

dC

onvo

lvul

us w

imm

eren

sis

2A

ustr

alia

n St

onec

rop

Cra

ssul

a te

tram

era

7C

rass

ula

Cra

ssul

a sp

p.55

Den

se C

rass

ula

Cra

ssul

a co

lora

ta88

4D

ense

Cra

ssul

aC

rass

ula

colo

rata

var

. co

lora

ta1

Den

se C

rass

ula

Cra

ssul

a co

lora

ta v

ar.

acum

inat

a7

Larg

e-fr

uit

Cra

ssul

aC

rass

ula

exse

rta

5Pi

g’s

Ear*

Cot

yled

on o

rbic

ulat

a1

Purp

le C

rass

ula

Cra

ssul

a pe

dunc

ular

is27

Sieb

er C

rass

ula

Cra

ssul

a si

eber

iana

s.l.

613

Spre

adin

g C

rass

ula

Cra

ssul

a de

cum

bens

var

. de

cum

bens

156

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Stal

ked

Cra

ssul

aC

rass

ula

clos

iana

1Sw

amp

Cra

ssul

aC

rass

ula

helm

sii

40W

ater

Cra

ssul

a*C

rass

ula

nata

ns v

ar. m

inus

7A

nnua

l Bitt

er-c

ress

Car

dam

ine

pauc

ijuga

s.l.

86A

nnua

l Bitt

er-c

ress

Car

dam

ine

pauc

ijuga

s.s

.v

1A

rgen

tine

Cre

ss*

Lepi

dium

bon

arie

nse

12Ba

salt

Pepp

ercr

ess

Lepi

dium

hys

sopi

foliu

mE

eL

2Bi

tter

Cre

ssC

arda

min

e sp

p.9

Bitt

er C

ress

Rorip

pa s

pp.

9Bu

ndle

d Pe

pper

cres

sLe

pidi

um f

asci

cula

tum

k26

Cab

bage

*Br

assi

ca o

lera

cea

1C

omm

on B

itter

-cre

ss*

Car

dam

ine

hirs

uta

s.s.

1C

omm

on P

eppe

rcre

ss*

Lepi

dium

afr

ican

um25

1C

ruci

fer

Bras

sica

ceae

spp

.5

Dw

arf

Bitt

er-c

ress

Rorip

pa e

usty

lisr

20Ea

rth

Cre

ssG

eoco

ccus

pus

illus

10Fa

t Sp

ecta

cles

Men

kea

cras

sae

L1

Flax

-leaf

Aly

ssum

*A

lyss

um li

nifo

lium

16G

iant

Mus

tard

*Ra

pist

rum

rug

osum

11H

edge

Mus

tard

*Si

sym

briu

m o

ffic

inal

e7

Hoa

ry C

ress

*Le

pidi

um d

raba

11In

dian

Hed

ge-m

usta

rd*

Sisy

mbr

ium

orie

ntal

e27

Jagg

ed B

itter

-cre

ssRo

rippa

laci

niat

a61

Less

er S

win

e-cr

ess*

Lepi

dium

did

ymum

8Lo

ndon

Roc

ket*

Sisy

mbr

ium

irio

96M

arsh

Yel

low

-cre

ss*

Rorip

pa p

alus

tris

41M

ay S

moc

ksH

arm

siod

oxa

blen

nodi

oide

s79

Med

iterr

anea

n Tu

rnip

*Br

assi

ca t

ourn

efor

tii62

8M

usta

rd*

Sisy

mbr

ium

spp

.13

Nar

row

Thr

ead-

peta

lSt

enop

etal

um li

near

e18

Nat

ive

Pepp

ercr

ess

Lepi

dium

pse

udoh

ysso

pifo

lium

k41

Ova

l Pur

seH

ymen

olob

us p

rocu

mbe

ns2

Pea

Thre

ad-p

etal

Sten

opet

alum

sph

aero

carp

um2

Pepp

ercr

ess

Lepi

dium

spp

.76

Purp

le-v

ein

Rock

et*

Eruc

a ve

sica

ria s

ubsp

. sa

tiva

1Ri

verin

a Bi

tter

-cre

ssC

arda

min

e m

oire

nsis

r10

Sand

Cre

ssPa

chym

itus

card

amin

oide

s18

Sand

Roc

ket*

Dip

lota

xis

tenu

ifolia

1Sh

ephe

rd’s

Purs

e*C

apse

lla b

ursa

-pas

toris

43Sh

ort

Cre

ssH

arm

siod

oxa

brev

ipes

var

. br

evip

es44

Shru

bby

Cre

ssA

rabi

della

tris

ecta

2Sl

ende

r Bi

tter

-cre

ssC

arda

min

e te

nuifo

liak

3Sm

ooth

Mus

tard

*Si

sym

briu

m e

rysi

moi

des

151

Spec

tacl

esM

enke

a sp

p.1

Turn

ip*

Bras

sica

spp

.2

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

361Discussion Paper

Twig

gy T

urni

p*Br

assi

ca f

rutic

ulos

a7

Vein

ed P

eppe

rcre

ssLe

pidi

um p

hleb

opet

alum

e4

Wal

l Roc

ket*

Dip

lota

xis

mur

alis

5W

ard’

s W

eed*

Car

richt

era

annu

a18

War

ty P

eppe

rcre

ssLe

pidi

um p

apill

osum

k75

Wat

ercr

ess*

Nas

turt

ium

off

icin

ale

1W

este

rn B

itter

-cre

ssC

arda

min

e lin

earil

oba

v3

Wild

Rad

ish*

Raph

anus

rap

hani

stru

m8

Win

ged

Pepp

ercr

ess

Lepi

dium

mon

oplo

coid

esE

eL

32C

amel

Mel

on*

Citr

ullu

s la

natu

s11

Col

ocyn

th*

Citr

ullu

s co

locy

nthi

s1

Mal

lee

Cuc

umbe

rM

ukia

mic

rant

har

6Pa

ddy

Mel

on*

Cuc

umis

myr

ioca

rpus

sub

sp.

lept

oder

mis

36Sq

uirt

ing

Cuc

umbe

r*Ec

balli

um e

late

rium

1D

odde

rC

uscu

ta s

pp.

4Fi

eld

Dod

der*

Cus

cuta

cam

pest

ris16

Gol

den

Dod

der

Cus

cuta

tas

man

ica

15In

land

Dod

der

Cus

cuta

vic

toria

nax

1G

rey

Gui

nea-

flow

erH

ibbe

rtia

obt

usifo

lia5

Hoa

ry G

uine

a-flo

wer

Hib

bert

ia c

rinita

1Ju

nipe

r G

uine

a-flo

wer

Hib

bert

ia c

alyc

ina

2Si

lky

Gui

nea-

flow

erH

ibbe

rtia

ser

icea

s.l.

2Sp

iky

Gui

nea-

flow

erH

ibbe

rtia

exu

tiaci

es2

Twig

gy G

uine

a-flo

wer

Hib

bert

ia v

irgat

a1

Upr

ight

Gui

nea-

flow

erH

ibbe

rtia

str

icta

s.l.

1Fl

ycat

cher

Dro

sera

indi

cav

1Pa

le S

unde

wD

rose

ra p

elta

ta s

ubsp

. pe

ltata

6Pa

le S

unde

wD

rose

ra p

elta

ta4

Scar

let

Sund

ewD

rose

ra g

land

ulig

era

6Sc

ente

d Su

ndew

Dro

sera

whi

ttak

eri s

ubsp

. ab

erra

ns1

Sund

ewD

rose

rasp

p.2

Tall

Sund

ewD

rose

ra p

elta

ta s

ubsp

. au

ricul

ata

8Sm

all W

ater

-fire

Berg

ia t

rimer

av

2W

ater

wor

tEl

atin

e gr

atio

loid

es41

Com

mon

Bea

rd-h

eath

Leuc

opog

on v

irgat

us v

ar. b

revi

foliu

sr

1C

ranb

erry

Hea

thA

stro

lom

a hu

mifu

sum

2C

rimso

n Be

rry

Lept

ecop

hylla

juni

perin

a su

bsp.

oxy

cedr

usv

1D

aphn

e H

eath

Brac

hylo

ma

daph

noid

es7

Flam

e H

eath

Ast

rolo

ma

cono

step

hioi

des

1H

eart

-leaf

Bea

rd-h

eath

Leuc

opog

on c

ordi

foliu

s2

Hon

ey-p

ots

Acr

otric

he s

erru

lata

3Ru

ddy

Bear

d-he

ath

Leuc

opog

on r

ufus

1U

rn H

eath

Mel

ichr

us u

rceo

latu

s5

Coa

st B

itter

-bus

hA

dria

na q

uadr

ipar

tita

v1

Dar

k Tu

rpen

tine

Bush

Beye

ria o

paca

1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Des

ert

Spur

geEu

phor

bia

tann

ensi

s su

bsp.

ere

mop

hila

eL

1Ey

eban

e*C

ham

aesy

ce m

acul

ata

1Fl

at S

purg

eC

ham

aesy

ce d

rum

mon

dii

483

Lago

on S

purg

ePh

ylla

nthu

s la

cuna

rius

v10

Mal

lee

Bitt

er-b

ush

Adr

iana

urt

icoi

des

var.

hoo

keri

8Pe

tty

Spur

ge*

Euph

orbi

a pe

plus

13Pl

ains

Spu

rge

Euph

orbi

a pl

aniti

cola

eL

3Sa

ndhi

ll Sp

urge

Phyl

lant

hus

lacu

nellu

sr

8Sm

all P

oran

ther

aPo

rant

hera

mic

roph

ylla

s.l.

4Sp

urge

Euph

orbi

a sp

p.13

Terr

acin

a Sp

urge

*Eu

phor

bia

terr

acin

a6

Engl

ish

Oak

*Q

uerc

us r

obur

2Br

istly

Sea

-hea

thFr

anke

nia

serp

yllif

olia

r22

Hoa

ry S

ea-h

eath

Fran

keni

a cr

ispa

r1

Leaf

y Se

a-he

ath

Fran

keni

a fo

liosa

r1

Sea

Hea

thFr

anke

nia

spp.

6Sm

all-l

eaf

Sea-

heat

hFr

anke

nia

sess

ilis

r1

Bast

ard’

s Fu

mito

ry*

Fum

aria

bas

tard

ii14

Den

se-f

low

er F

umito

ry*

Fum

aria

den

siflo

ra4

Fum

itory

*Fu

mar

ia o

ffic

inal

is s

pp.

agg.

3Fu

mito

ry*

Fum

aria

spp

.6

Indi

an F

umito

ry*

Fum

aria

indi

ca1

Pers

ian

Popp

y*H

ypec

oum

pen

dulu

m3

Ram

ping

Fum

itory

*Fu

mar

ia c

apre

olat

a6

Smal

l-flo

wer

Fum

itory

*Fu

mar

ia p

arvi

flora

var

. par

viflo

ra3

Wal

l Fum

itory

*Fu

mar

ia m

ural

is s

ubsp

. m

ural

is6

Cen

taur

y*C

enta

uriu

m s

pp.

10C

omm

on C

enta

ury*

Cen

taur

ium

ery

thra

ea11

Slen

der

Cen

taur

y*C

enta

uriu

m t

enui

floru

m90

Slen

der

Cic

endi

a*C

icen

dia

filifo

rmis

1Sp

iked

Cen

taur

yC

enta

uriu

m s

pica

tum

28Sq

uare

Cic

endi

a*C

icen

dia

quad

rang

ular

is37

Aus

tral

Cra

ne’s-

bill

Ger

aniu

m s

olan

deri

s.l.

30A

ustr

al S

tork

’s-bi

llPe

larg

oniu

m a

ustr

ale

3Bi

g H

eron

’s-bi

ll*Er

odiu

m b

otry

s13

9Bl

ue H

eron

’s-bi

llEr

odiu

m c

rinitu

m16

8C

omm

on H

eron

’s-bi

ll*Er

odiu

m c

icut

ariu

m13

2C

rane

’s Bi

llG

eran

ium

spp

.8

Cut

-leaf

Cra

ne’s-

bill*

Ger

aniu

m d

isse

ctum

3D

ove’

s Fo

ot*

Ger

aniu

m m

olle

var

. m

olle

5G

rass

land

Cra

ne’s-

bill

Ger

aniu

m r

etro

rsum

s.l.

42G

rass

land

Cra

ne’s-

bill

Ger

aniu

m r

etro

rsum

s.s

.4

Hai

ry-p

it H

eron

’s-bi

ll*Er

odiu

m b

rach

ycar

pum

5H

eron

’s Bi

llEr

odiu

m s

pp.

74M

agen

ta S

tork

’s-bi

llPe

larg

oniu

m r

odne

yanu

m1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Mus

ky H

eron

’s-bi

ll*Er

odiu

m m

osch

atum

30N

aked

Cra

ne’s-

bill

Ger

aniu

m s

p. 5

6St

ork’

s Bi

llPe

larg

oniu

m s

pp.

1Va

riabl

e C

rane

’s-bi

llG

eran

ium

sp.

212

Bent

Goo

deni

aG

oode

nia

geni

cula

ta1

Blac

k’s

Goo

deni

aG

oode

nia

blac

kian

a1

Blue

Dam

pier

aD

ampi

era

stric

ta1

Cut

-leaf

Goo

deni

aG

oode

nia

pinn

atifi

da76

Goo

deni

aG

oode

nia

spp.

87G

rass

land

Vel

leia

Velle

ia a

rgut

ar

5G

roov

ed D

ampi

era

Dam

pier

a la

nceo

lata

var

. la

nceo

lata

4Iv

y G

oode

nia

Goo

deni

a he

dera

cea

1Iv

y G

oode

nia

Goo

deni

a he

dera

cea

subs

p. h

eder

acea

1La

nky

Goo

deni

aG

oode

nia

elon

gata

12Pa

le G

oode

nia

Goo

deni

a gl

auca

178

Pric

kly

Fan-

flow

erSc

aevo

la s

pine

scen

s7

Sand

hill

Goo

deni

aG

oode

nia

will

isia

na11

Silk

y G

oode

nia

Goo

deni

a fa

scic

ular

is73

Skel

eton

Fan

-flo

wer

Scae

vola

dep

aupe

rata

e3

Slen

der

Goo

deni

aG

oode

nia

grac

ilis

86Sm

all-f

low

er G

oode

nia

Goo

deni

a pu

silli

flora

215

Spre

adin

g G

oode

nia

Goo

deni

a he

tero

mer

a59

Spur

Vel

leia

Velle

ia p

arad

oxa

19St

icky

Goo

deni

aG

oode

nia

varia

4St

iff G

oode

nia

Goo

deni

a lu

nata

v1

Swam

p G

oode

nia

Goo

deni

a hu

mili

s6

Velle

iaVe

lleia

spp

.2

Velv

et D

ampi

era

Dam

pier

a m

arifo

lia1

Bell-

frui

t Tr

eeC

odon

ocar

pus

cotin

ifoliu

s1

Whe

el F

ruit

Gyr

oste

mon

aus

tral

asic

us2

Am

phib

ious

Wat

er-m

ilfoi

lM

yrio

phyl

lum

sim

ulan

s5

Blui

sh R

aspw

ort

Hal

orag

is g

lauc

af.

glau

cak

56C

lust

ered

Wat

er-m

ilfoi

lM

yrio

phyl

lum

glo

mer

atum

1C

oars

e W

ater

-milf

oil

Myr

ioph

yllu

m c

aput

-med

usae

17C

omm

on R

aspw

ort

Gon

ocar

pus

tetr

agyn

us21

Cre

epin

g Ra

spw

ort

Gon

ocar

pus

mic

rant

hus

subs

p. m

icra

nthu

s1

Gol

den

Penn

ants

Glis

chro

cary

on b

ehrii

2H

oode

d W

ater

-milf

oil

Myr

ioph

yllu

m m

uelle

ri1

Lake

Wat

er-m

ilfoi

lM

yrio

phyl

lum

sal

sugi

neum

10M

at W

ater

-milf

oil

Myr

ioph

yllu

m p

edun

cula

tum

1Pa

rrot

’s Fe

athe

r*M

yrio

phyl

lum

aqu

atic

um1

Rasp

wor

tG

onoc

arpu

s sp

p.1

Rasp

wor

tH

alor

agis

spp

.18

Red

Wat

er-m

ilfoi

lM

yrio

phyl

lum

ver

ruco

sum

36Ri

dged

Wat

er-m

ilfoi

lM

yrio

phyl

lum

por

catu

mV

vL

2

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Robu

st W

ater

-milf

oil

Myr

ioph

yllu

m p

apill

osum

89Ro

ugh

Rasp

wor

tH

alor

agis

asp

era

106

Shad

e Ra

spw

ort

Gon

ocar

pus

hum

ilis

1Ta

ll Ra

spw

ort

Gon

ocar

pus

elat

us6

Toot

hed

Rasp

wor

tH

alor

agis

odo

ntoc

arpa

4To

othe

d Ra

spw

ort

Hal

orag

is o

dont

ocar

paf.

pter

ocar

pa2

Upr

ight

Wat

er-m

ilfoi

lM

yrio

phyl

lum

cris

patu

m15

5Va

ried

Rasp

wor

tH

alor

agis

het

erop

hylla

31Va

ried

Wat

er-m

ilfoi

lM

yrio

phyl

lum

var

iifol

ium

9W

ater

-milf

oil

Myr

ioph

yllu

m s

pp.

56Sm

all S

t Jo

hn’s

Wor

tH

yper

icum

gra

min

eum

53St

Joh

n’s

Wor

tH

yper

icum

spp

.1

St J

ohn’

s W

ort*

Hyp

eric

um p

erfo

ratu

m s

ubsp

. ve

rone

nse

75A

ustr

al B

ugle

Aju

ga a

ustr

alis

101

Aus

tral

ian

Gip

syw

ort

Lyco

pus

aust

ralis

4C

reep

ing

min

tM

enth

a sa

ture

oide

s53

Dea

d N

ettle

*La

miu

m a

mpl

exic

aule

8D

war

f Sk

ullc

apSc

utel

laria

hum

ilis

1Fo

rest

Min

tM

enth

a la

xiflo

ra10

Ger

man

der

Teuc

rium

spp

.30

Gre

y G

erm

ande

rTe

ucriu

m r

acem

osum

s.l.

155

Gre

y G

erm

ande

rTe

ucriu

m r

acem

osum

s.s

.25

Hor

ehou

nd*

Mar

rubi

um v

ulga

re24

2M

int

Men

tha

spp.

3Pe

nnyr

oyal

*M

enth

a pu

legi

um51

Rive

r M

int

Men

tha

aust

ralis

38Sa

geSa

lvia

spp

.1

Scar

let

Min

t-bu

shPr

osta

nthe

ra a

spal

atho

ides

1Sc

urfy

Ger

man

der

Teuc

rium

alb

icau

lek

6Se

lf-he

al*

Prun

ella

vul

garis

3Sl

ende

r M

int

Men

tha

diem

enic

a25

Snow

y M

int-

bush

Pros

tant

hera

niv

ea v

ar.

nive

ar

1St

agge

r W

eed*

Stac

hys

arve

nsis

6St

iff W

estr

ingi

aW

estr

ingi

a rig

ida

4To

pped

Lav

ende

r*La

vand

ula

stoe

chas

sub

sp.

stoe

chas

1V

icto

rian

Chr

istm

as-b

ush

Pros

tant

hera

lasi

anth

os1

Wild

Sag

e*Sa

lvia

ver

bena

ca15

3W

ild S

age*

Salv

ia v

erbe

naca

var

. ve

rnal

is4

Coa

rse

Dod

der-

laur

elC

assy

tha

mel

anth

a4

Blad

derw

ort

Utr

icul

aria

spp

.3

Fairi

es’

Apr

ons

Utr

icul

aria

dic

hoto

ma

s.l.

1Si

ngle

Bla

dder

wor

tU

tric

ular

ia u

niflo

rak

1Ye

llow

Bla

dder

wor

tU

tric

ular

ia a

ustr

alis

10W

hite

Ced

ar*

Mel

ia a

zeda

rach

2N

ativ

e Fl

axLi

num

mar

gina

le54

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

363Discussion Paper

Flax

-leaf

Log

ania

Loga

nia

linifo

lia1

Box

Mis

tleto

eA

mye

ma

miq

uelii

128

Bulo

ke M

istle

toe

Am

yem

a lin

ophy

lla s

ubsp

. or

ient

ale

v25

Cre

epin

g M

istle

toe

Mue

llerin

a eu

caly

ptoi

des

21D

roop

ing

Mis

tleto

eA

mye

ma

pend

ula

13Fl

eshy

Mis

tleto

eA

mye

ma

mira

culo

sa s

ubsp

. boo

rman

ii15

Gre

y M

istle

toe

Am

yem

a qu

anda

ng v

ar.

quan

dang

6H

arle

quin

Mis

tleto

eLy

sian

a ex

ocar

pi13

Mis

tleto

eA

mye

ma

spp.

9W

ire-le

af M

istle

toe

Am

yem

a pr

eiss

ii7

Jerr

y-je

rry

Am

man

nia

mul

tiflo

rav

7Pu

rple

Loo

sest

rife

Lyth

rum

sal

icar

ia21

Smal

l Loo

sest

rife

Lyth

rum

hys

sopi

folia

260

Alk

ali S

ida*

Mal

vella

lepr

osa

22A

ustr

alia

n H

olly

hock

Mal

va a

ustr

alia

na s

.l.12

Aus

tral

ian

Hol

lyho

ckM

alva

aus

tral

iana

s.s

.8

Blad

der

Ket

mia

*H

ibis

cus

trio

num

var

. trio

num

3C

hing

ma

Lant

ern*

Abu

tilon

the

ophr

asti

12D

eser

t La

nter

nA

butil

on o

toca

rpum

v17

Dw

arf

Lant

ern-

flow

erA

butil

on f

rase

rie

L10

Dw

arf

Mal

low

*M

alva

neg

lect

a1

Hem

p Bu

shG

ynat

rix p

ulch

ella

s.s

.1

Low

Hib

iscu

sH

ibis

cus

brac

hysi

phon

ius

eL

9M

allo

wM

alva

spp

.12

Mal

low

of

Nic

e*M

alva

nic

aeen

sis

20N

arro

w-le

af S

ida

Sida

tric

hopo

da99

Padd

y’s

Luce

rne*

Sida

rho

mbi

folia

2Pi

n Si

daSi

da f

ibul

ifera

v30

Pink

Pav

onia

*Pa

voni

a ha

stat

a2

Red-

flow

er M

allo

w*

Mod

iola

car

olin

iana

45Sa

nd S

ida

Sida

am

mop

hila

v34

Sida

Sida

spp

.25

Smal

l-flo

wer

Mal

low

*M

alva

par

viflo

ra80

Stra

ggly

Lan

tern

-bus

hA

butil

on o

xyca

rpum

eL

7Th

orny

Law

renc

iaLa

wre

ncia

squ

amat

a13

Twig

gy S

ida

Sida

intr

icat

av

43Va

riabl

e Si

daSi

da c

orru

gata

431

Varia

ble

Sida

(gr

ey-le

af f

orm

)Si

da a

ff. c

orru

gata

(gre

y-le

af B

oort

for

m)

e1

Runn

ing

Mar

sh-f

low

erV

illar

sia

reni

form

is1

Wav

y M

arsh

wor

tN

ymph

oide

s cr

enat

av

N28

Aus

feld

’s W

attle

Aca

cia

ausf

eldi

iv

X4

Bent

-leaf

Wat

tleA

caci

a fle

xifo

liar

1Bl

ack

Wat

tleA

caci

a m

earn

sii

3Bl

ackw

ood

Aca

cia

mel

anox

ylon

10Bo

x-le

af W

attle

Aca

cia

buxi

folia

sub

sp.

buxi

folia

1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Bram

ble

Wat

tleA

caci

a vi

ctor

iae

r3

Coo

tam

undr

a W

attle

*A

caci

a ba

ileya

na6

Cur

raw

ang

Aca

cia

dora

toxy

lon

r2

Dea

ne’s

Wat

tleA

caci

a de

anei

sub

sp.

pauc

ijuga

r3

Dro

opin

g W

attle

Aca

cia

diff

orm

is2

Dw

arf

Mya

llA

caci

a an

cist

roph

ylla

var

. lis

soph

ylla

v1

Dw

arf

Nea

lieA

caci

a w

ilhel

mia

na9

Early

Bla

ck-w

attle

*A

caci

a de

curr

ens

4Eu

mon

gA

caci

a st

enop

hylla

153

Flin

ders

Ran

ge W

attle

*A

caci

a ite

aphy

lla2

Gol

d-du

st W

attle

Aca

cia

acin

acea

s.l.

79G

old-

dust

Wat

tleA

caci

a ac

inac

ea s

.s.

55G

olde

n W

attle

Aca

cia

pycn

anth

a27

Gol

den

Wre

ath

Wat

tle*

Aca

cia

salig

na9

Gre

y M

ulga

Aca

cia

brac

hybo

trya

19H

akea

Wat

tleA

caci

a ha

keoi

des

8H

all’s

Wat

tleA

caci

a ha

llian

a5

Har

d-le

af W

attle

Aca

cia

scle

roph

ylla

var

. sc

lero

phyl

la4

Har

row

Wat

tleA

caci

a ac

anth

ocla

da s

ubsp

. ac

anth

ocla

da1

Hed

ge W

attle

Aca

cia

para

doxa

9H

icko

ry W

attle

Aca

cia

penn

iner

vis

var.

pen

nine

rvis

r1

Juni

per

Wat

tleA

caci

a ul

icifo

lia2

Ligh

twoo

dA

caci

a im

plex

a37

Mal

lee

Wat

tleA

caci

a m

onta

na14

Man

na W

attle

Aca

cia

mic

roca

rpa

s.l.

1M

anna

Wat

tleA

caci

a m

icro

carp

a s.

s.2

Mes

quite

*Pr

osop

is s

pp.

2N

ealie

Aca

cia

lode

riv

11N

ealie

Aca

cia

rigen

s15

Ove

ns W

attle

Aca

cia

prav

issi

ma

5Pa

le H

icko

ry-w

attle

Aca

cia

spor

adic

av

1Pl

ough

shar

e W

attle

Aca

cia

gunn

ii1

Red-

stem

Wat

tleA

caci

a ru

bida

2Si

lver

Wat

tleA

caci

a de

alba

ta21

2Sm

all C

ooba

Aca

cia

ligul

ata

59Sp

ine

Bush

Aca

cia

nyss

ophy

lla1

Spin

y W

attle

Aca

cia

spin

esce

ns2

Spre

adin

g W

attle

Aca

cia

geni

stifo

lia3

Spur

-win

g W

attle

Aca

cia

trip

tera

r10

Stic

ky H

op W

attle

*A

caci

a do

dona

eifo

lia1

Stre

aked

Wat

tleA

caci

a lin

eata

r1

Thin

-leaf

Wat

tleA

caci

a ac

ulea

tissi

ma

1Th

ree-

nerv

e W

attle

Aca

cia

trin

eura

v1

Um

brel

la W

attle

Aca

cia

osw

aldi

i10

2Va

rnis

h W

attle

Aca

cia

vern

icifl

ua6

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Velv

et M

esqu

ite*

Pros

opis

vel

utin

a4

Wai

t-a-

whi

leA

caci

a co

lletio

ides

r7

Wal

low

aA

caci

a eu

thyc

arpa

1W

allo

wa

Aca

cia

euth

ycar

pa s

ubsp

. eu

thyc

arpa

2W

attle

Aca

cia

spp.

11W

edde

rbur

n W

attle

Aca

cia

euth

ycar

pa s

ubsp

. ob

lanc

eola

tav

3W

eepi

ng M

yall

Aca

cia

pend

ula

eL

7W

este

rn S

ilver

Wat

tleA

caci

a de

cora

v4

Will

ow W

attle

Aca

cia

salic

ina

37Ya

rran

Aca

cia

mel

ville

iv

28Ya

rran

Wat

tleA

caci

a om

alop

hylla

eL

5H

airy

Car

pet-

wee

dG

linus

loto

ides

20In

dian

Chi

ckw

eed

Mol

lugo

ver

ticill

ata

k2

Slen

der

Car

pet-

wee

dG

linus

opp

ositi

foliu

s9

Fig*

Ficu

s ca

rica

1O

sage

Ora

nge*

Mac

lura

pom

ifera

8Be

rrig

anEr

emop

hila

long

ifolia

54Bi

gnon

ia E

mu-

bush

Erem

ophi

la b

igno

niifl

ora

vL

9C

omm

on B

oobi

alla

#M

yopo

rum

insu

lare

3C

omm

on E

mu-

bush

Erem

ophi

la g

labr

a14

Cre

epin

g M

yopo

rum

Myo

poru

m p

arvi

foliu

m10

Emu

Bush

Erem

ophi

la s

pp.

1M

yopo

rum

Myo

poru

m s

pp.

2N

arro

w-le

af E

mu-

bush

Erem

ophi

la s

turt

iie

L2

Spot

ted

Emu-

bush

Erem

ophi

la m

acul

ata

var.

mac

ulat

ar

10Sp

read

ing

Emu-

bush

Erem

ophi

la d

ivar

icat

a su

bsp.

div

aric

ata

r75

Suga

rwoo

dM

yopo

rum

pla

tyca

rpum

39Su

garw

ood

Myo

poru

m p

laty

carp

um s

ubsp

. pl

atyc

arpu

m2

Suga

rwoo

dM

yopo

rum

pla

tyca

rpum

sub

sp.

perb

ellu

m2

Turk

ey B

ush

Erem

ophi

la d

eser

ti5

Twig

gy E

mu-

bush

Erem

ophi

la p

olyc

lada

v8

Wat

erbu

shM

yopo

rum

mon

tanu

mr

24Bl

ack

Box

Euca

lypt

us la

rgifl

oren

s71

4Bl

ack

Mal

lee-

box

Euca

lypt

us p

oros

a1

Blac

k Sa

llee

Euca

lypt

us s

tellu

lata

1Bl

akel

y’s

Red-

gum

Euca

lypt

us b

lake

lyi

11Br

ittle

Gum

Euca

lypt

us m

anni

fera

sub

sp.

man

nife

ra1

Broa

d-le

af P

eppe

rmin

tEu

caly

ptus

div

es1

Broo

m B

aeck

eaBa

bing

toni

a be

hrii

1Br

oom

bush

Mel

aleu

ca u

ncin

ata

2Bu

ll M

alle

eEu

caly

ptus

beh

riana

8Bu

ndy

Euca

lypt

us g

onio

caly

x s.

l.3

Bund

yEu

caly

ptus

gon

ioca

lyx

s.s.

2Bu

rgan

Kun

zea

eric

oide

s sp

p. a

gg.

5

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

But

But

Euca

lypt

us b

ridge

sian

a s.

l.4

Com

mon

Frin

ge-m

yrtle

Cal

ytrix

tet

rago

na12

Cre

amy

Hon

ey-m

yrtle

Mel

aleu

ca a

cum

inat

a su

bsp.

acu

min

ata

1D

eser

t Ba

ecke

aBa

ecke

a cr

assi

folia

1D

umos

a M

alle

eEu

caly

ptus

dum

osa

39Eu

caly

ptEu

caly

ptus

spp

.8

Euca

lypt

*Eu

caly

ptus

spp

. (n

atur

alis

ed)

1Eu

rabb

ieEu

caly

ptus

glo

bulu

s su

bsp.

bic

osta

ta1

Gre

en M

alle

eEu

caly

ptus

viri

dis

1G

reen

-leaf

Mal

lee

Euca

lypt

us p

hena

xr

1G

rey

Box

Euca

lypt

us m

icro

carp

a18

5G

rey

Mal

lee

Euca

lypt

us s

ocia

lis s

ubsp

. so

cial

is33

Gum

-bar

ked

Coo

libah

Euca

lypt

us in

tert

exta

k1

Hea

th-m

yrtle

Mic

rom

yrtu

s ci

liata

12H

oney

-myr

tleM

elal

euca

spp

.6

Lem

on B

ottle

brus

hC

allis

tem

on p

allid

us3

Lem

on-s

cent

ed G

um*

Cor

ymbi

a ci

trio

dora

sub

sp.

citr

iodo

ra1

Mal

lee

Tea-

tree

Lept

ospe

rmum

cor

iace

um9

Moo

nah

Mel

aleu

ca la

nceo

lata

sub

sp.

lanc

eola

ta65

Mou

ntai

n Sw

amp-

gum

Euca

lypt

us c

amph

ora

subs

p. h

umea

na1

Mug

gaEu

caly

ptus

sid

erox

ylon

s.s

.r

1N

oddi

ng B

aeck

eaEu

ryom

yrtu

s ra

mos

issi

ma

subs

p. p

rost

rata

r2

Oil

Mal

lee

Euca

lypt

us o

leos

a su

bsp.

ole

osa

19Pe

pper

min

t Bo

xEu

caly

ptus

odo

rata

s.l.

1Pr

ickl

y Bo

ttle

brus

hC

allis

tem

on b

rach

yand

rus

r34

Pric

kly

Pape

rbar

k*M

elal

euca

sty

phel

ioid

es v

ar.

styp

helio

ides

2Pr

ickl

y Te

a-tr

eeLe

ptos

perm

um c

ontin

enta

le1

Qua

mba

took

Mal

lee-

box

Euca

lypt

us a

ff.

poro

sa(Q

uam

bato

ok)

e1

Red

Box

Euca

lypt

us p

olya

nthe

mos

9Re

d Bo

xEu

caly

ptus

pol

yant

hem

os s

ubsp

. ve

stita

13Re

d Iro

nbar

kEu

caly

ptus

tric

arpa

sub

sp. t

ricar

pa2

Red

Mal

lee

Euca

lypt

us c

alyc

ogon

a2

Red

Mal

lee

Euca

lypt

us c

alyc

ogon

a su

bsp.

tra

chyb

asis

3Re

d St

ringy

bark

Euca

lypt

us m

acro

rhyn

cha

6Ri

ver

Bott

lebr

ush

Cal

liste

mon

sie

beri

34Ri

ver

Red-

gum

Euca

lypt

us c

amal

dule

nsis

N73

3Ri

ver

Tea-

tree

Lept

ospe

rmum

obo

vatu

m11

Roug

h-ba

rked

Hon

ey-m

yrtle

Mel

aleu

ca p

arvi

stam

inea

9Sa

lt Pa

perb

ark

Mel

aleu

ca h

alm

atur

orum

sub

sp.

halm

atur

orum

vL

2Sc

arle

t Bo

ttle

brus

hC

allis

tem

on r

ugul

osus

2Si

lver

Bun

dyEu

caly

ptus

nor

toni

i2

Silv

er T

ea-t

ree

Lept

ospe

rmum

mul

ticau

lev

1Sl

ende

r-le

af M

alle

eEu

caly

ptus

lept

ophy

lla6

Suga

r G

um*

Euca

lypt

us c

lado

caly

x14

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

365Discussion Paper

Swam

p Pa

perb

ark

Mel

aleu

ca e

ricifo

lia1

Tote

m-p

oles

Mel

aleu

ca d

ecus

sata

1V

iole

t K

unze

aK

unze

a pa

rvifo

lia1

Wax

y Ye

llow

-gum

Euca

lypt

us le

ucox

ylon

sub

sp. p

ruin

osa

1W

hite

Box

Euca

lypt

us a

lben

s12

Yello

w B

oxEu

caly

ptus

mel

liodo

ra92

Yello

w G

umEu

caly

ptus

leuc

oxyl

on12

Yello

w M

alle

eEu

caly

ptus

cos

tata

sub

sp. m

urra

yana

22Yo

rrel

lEu

caly

ptus

gra

cilis

10Ta

h-vi

neBo

erha

via

dom

inii

57W

ater

lily*

Nym

phae

a sp

p.2

Ash

*Fr

axin

us s

pp.

2C

omm

on O

live*

Ole

a eu

ropa

ea s

ubsp

. eur

opae

a3

Des

ert

Ash

*Fr

axin

us a

ngus

tifol

ia21

Des

ert

Jasm

ine

Jasm

inum

did

ymum

sub

sp.

linea

rev

8Eu

rope

an P

rivet

*Li

gust

rum

vul

gare

1La

rge-

leaf

Priv

et*

Ligu

stru

m lu

cidu

m3

Oliv

e*O

lea

euro

paea

16Pr

ivet

*Li

gust

rum

spp

.1

Clo

ve-s

trip

Ludw

igia

pep

loid

es s

ubsp

. m

onte

vide

nsis

124

Com

mon

Eve

ning

-prim

rose

*O

enot

hera

str

icta

sub

sp. s

tric

ta9

Gla

ndul

ar W

illow

-her

b*Ep

ilobi

um c

iliat

um15

Gre

y W

illow

-her

bEp

ilobi

um b

illar

dier

ianu

m s

ubsp

. cin

ereu

m49

Hai

ry W

illow

-her

bEp

ilobi

um h

irtig

erum

79M

arsh

Lud

wig

ia*

Ludw

igia

pal

ustr

is24

Robu

st W

illow

-her

bEp

ilobi

um b

illar

dier

ianu

m s

ubsp

. hy

drop

hilu

m1

Show

y W

illow

-her

bEp

ilobi

um p

allid

iflor

um1

Smoo

th W

illow

-her

bEp

ilobi

um b

illar

dier

ianu

m s

ubsp

. bi

llard

ieria

num

1Va

riabl

e W

illow

-her

bEp

ilobi

um b

illar

dier

ianu

m54

Varia

ble

Will

ow-h

erb

Epilo

bium

bill

ardi

eria

num

sub

sp.

inte

rmed

ium

18W

illow

Her

bEp

ilobi

um s

pp.

24A

ustr

alia

n Br

oom

rape

Oro

banc

he c

ernu

a va

r. a

ustr

alia

nav

5Le

sser

Bro

omra

pe*

Oro

banc

he m

inor

4C

reep

ing

Woo

d-so

rrel

*O

xalis

cor

nicu

lata

s.s

.2

Gra

ssla

nd W

ood-

sorr

elO

xalis

per

enna

ns51

4Sh

ady

Woo

d-so

rrel

Oxa

lis e

xilis

22So

urso

b*O

xalis

pes

-cap

rae

55St

out-

root

ed W

ood-

sorr

elO

xalis

rad

icos

a3

Woo

d So

rrel

Oxa

lis s

pp.

39W

ood

Sorr

el*

Oxa

lis s

pp.

(nat

ural

ised

)10

Yello

w W

ood-

sorr

elO

xalis

cor

nicu

lata

s.l.

47Br

istle

Pop

py*

Papa

ver

acul

eatu

m2

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Long

-hea

ded

Popp

y*Pa

pave

r du

bium

1O

pium

Pop

py*

Papa

ver

som

nife

rum

3Ro

ugh

Popp

y*Pa

pave

r hy

brid

um1

Ang

ular

Pea

*La

thyr

us a

ngul

atus

5A

nnua

l Whi

te C

love

r*Tr

ifoliu

m m

iche

lianu

m v

ar.

mic

helia

num

1A

rrow

leaf

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

ves

icul

osum

var

. ve

sicu

losu

m2

Aus

tral

Indi

goIn

digo

fera

aus

tral

is3

Aus

tral

Tre

foil

Lotu

s au

stra

lis v

ar.

aust

ralis

k8

Barr

el M

edic

*M

edic

ago

trun

catu

la78

Bird

’s-fo

ot T

refo

il*Lo

tus

corn

icul

atus

5Bi

rd’s-

foot

Tre

foil*

Lotu

s co

rnic

ulat

us v

ar.

corn

icul

atus

2Bi

rdsf

oot

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

orn

ithop

odio

ides

32Bi

tter

-pea

Dav

iesi

a sp

p.1

Bokh

ara

Clo

ver*

Mel

ilotu

s al

bus

6Br

oom

Bitt

er-p

eaD

avie

sia

geni

stifo

lia s

.s.

r1

Brou

ghto

n Pe

aSw

ains

ona

proc

umbe

ns10

5Bu

rr M

edic

*M

edic

ago

poly

mor

pha

388

Bush

-pea

Pulte

naea

spp

.1

Butt

on M

edic

*M

edic

ago

orbi

cula

ris2

Cac

tus

Boss

iaea

Boss

iaea

wal

keri

e5

Cam

el T

horn

*A

lhag

i mau

roru

m8

Chi

nese

Les

pede

zaLe

sped

eza

junc

ea s

ubsp

. se

ricea

r2

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

spp

.12

8C

lust

er C

love

r*Tr

ifoliu

m g

lom

erat

um26

7C

omm

on E

utax

iaEu

taxi

a m

icro

phyl

la14

Com

mon

Eut

axia

Euta

xia

mic

roph

ylla

var

. m

icro

phyl

la12

Com

mon

Gol

den-

tipG

oodi

a lo

tifol

ia v

ar.

lotif

olia

27C

omm

on H

ovea

Hov

ea h

eter

ophy

lla3

Com

mon

Vet

ch*

Vic

ia s

ativ

a52

Com

mon

Vet

ch*

Vic

ia s

ativ

a su

bsp.

sat

iva

4C

omm

on W

edge

-pea

Gom

phol

obiu

m h

uege

lii3

Cut

-leaf

Med

ic*

Med

icag

o la

cini

ata

var.

laci

niat

a32

Dow

ny S

wai

nson

-pea

Swai

nson

a sw

ains

onio

ides

eL

19D

roop

ing-

flow

er C

love

r*Tr

ifoliu

m c

ernu

um30

Dw

arf

Swai

nson

-pea

Swai

nson

a ph

acoi

des

eL

50Fl

at T

empl

eton

iaTe

mpl

eton

ia s

ulca

ta4

Flax

-leaf

Bro

om*

Gen

ista

lini

folia

1G

lyci

neG

lyci

ne s

pp.

3G

orse

Bitt

er-p

eaD

avie

sia

ulic

ifolia

2G

orse

Bitt

er-p

eaD

avie

sia

ulic

ifolia

sub

sp. r

usci

folia

1G

orse

Bitt

er-p

eaD

avie

sia

ulic

ifolia

sub

sp.

ulic

ifolia

3G

orse

*U

lex

euro

paeu

s6

Gre

ater

Bird

’s-fo

ot T

refo

il*Lo

tus

ulig

inos

us3

Gre

y Bu

sh-p

eaPu

ltena

ea s

pino

sa9

Gre

y Pa

rrot

-pea

Dill

wyn

ia c

iner

asce

ns s

.l.37

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Gre

y Pa

rrot

-pea

Dill

wyn

ia c

iner

asce

ns s

.s.

7G

rey

Scur

f-pe

aC

ulle

n di

scol

ore

L2

Hai

ry B

ird’s-

foot

Tre

foil*

Lotu

s su

bbifl

orus

6H

airy

Dar

ling-

pea

Swai

nson

a gr

eyan

ae

L21

Han

dsom

e Fl

at-p

eaPl

atyl

obiu

m f

orm

osum

2H

are’

s-fo

ot C

love

r*Tr

ifoliu

m a

rven

se v

ar. a

rven

se19

3H

oary

Scu

rf-p

eaC

ulle

n ci

nere

ume

L15

Hop

Bitt

er-p

eaD

avie

sia

latif

olia

6H

op C

love

r*Tr

ifoliu

m c

ampe

stre

var

. cam

pest

re12

2K

need

Sw

ains

on-p

eaSw

ains

ona

retic

ulat

av

L5

Kno

tted

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

str

iatu

m63

Leaf

y Te

mpl

eton

iaTe

mpl

eton

ia s

teno

phyl

la3

Liqu

oric

e*G

lycy

rrhi

za g

labr

a1

Litt

le M

edic

*M

edic

ago

min

ima

664

Locu

st T

ree*

Robi

nia

pseu

doac

acia

1Lu

cern

e*M

edic

ago

sativ

a su

bsp.

sat

iva

35M

alle

e Bi

tter

-pea

Dav

iesi

a ar

enar

ia3

Mat

ted

Boss

iaea

Boss

iaea

bux

ifolia

1M

edic

*M

edic

ago

spp.

104

Mel

ilot*

Mel

ilotu

s sp

p.1

Mon

tpel

lier

Broo

m*

Gen

ista

mon

spes

sula

na16

Mou

ntai

n Be

auty

Hov

ea a

sper

ifolia

sub

sp.

aspe

rifol

ia1

Mou

ntai

n M

irbel

iaM

irbel

ia o

xylo

bioi

des

2M

ount

ain

Swai

nson

-pea

Swai

nson

a re

cta

Ee

L8

Nar

row

-leaf

Bitt

er-p

eaD

avie

sia

lept

ophy

lla1

Nar

row

-leaf

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

ang

ustif

oliu

m v

ar.

angu

stifo

lium

205

Nar

row

-leaf

Vet

ch*

Vic

ia s

ativ

a su

bsp.

nig

ra8

Nat

ive

Scur

f-pe

aC

ulle

n au

stra

lasi

cum

eL

1Pa

rrot

Pea

Dill

wyn

ia s

pp.

1Pr

ickl

y Pa

rrot

-pea

Dill

wyn

ia ju

nipe

rina

1Pu

rple

Cor

al-p

eaH

arde

nber

gia

viol

acea

7Re

d Bi

rd’s-

foot

Tre

foil

Lotu

s cr

uent

us24

Red

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

pra

tens

e2

Red

Swai

nson

-pea

Swai

nson

a pl

agio

trop

isV

eL

116

Roun

d Te

mpl

eton

iaTe

mpl

eton

ia e

gena

v9

Rust

y Bu

sh-p

eaPu

ltena

ea h

ispi

dula

1Sc

urf

Pea

Cul

len

spp.

4Sh

afta

l Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

res

upin

atum

16Sh

afta

l Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

res

upin

atum

var

. m

ajus

1Sh

owy

Parr

ot-p

eaD

illw

ynia

ser

icea

8Si

lky

Bush

-pea

Pulte

naea

pro

stra

ta1

Silk

y G

lyci

neG

lyci

ne c

anes

cens

eL

17Si

lky

Swai

nson

-pea

Swai

nson

a se

ricea

vL

64Sl

ende

r Bi

rd’s-

foot

Tre

foil*

Lotu

s an

gust

issi

mus

2Sl

ende

r D

arlin

g-pe

aSw

ains

ona

mur

raya

naV

eL

46

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Slen

der

Tick

-tre

foil

Des

mod

ium

var

ians

k2

Slen

der

Vetc

h*V

icia

tet

rasp

erm

a4

Smal

l Scu

rf-p

eaC

ulle

n pa

rvum

eL

42Sm

all-l

eaf

Bush

-pea

Pulte

naea

fol

iolo

sar

8Sm

all-l

eaf

Parr

ot-p

eaD

illw

ynia

phy

licoi

des

2Sm

all-l

eaf

Swai

nson

-pea

Swai

nson

a m

icro

phyl

lar

95Sm

ooth

Par

rot-

pea

Dill

wyn

ia g

labe

rrim

a1

Soft

Bus

h-pe

aPu

ltena

ea m

ollis

2So

uthe

rn L

iquo

rice

Gly

cyrr

hiza

aca

ntho

carp

a11

6So

uthe

rn S

wai

nson

-pea

Swai

nson

a be

hria

nar

14So

uthe

rn T

ick-

tref

oil

Des

mod

ium

gun

nii

1Sp

iny

Bitt

er-p

eaD

avie

sia

bent

ham

ii su

bsp.

hum

ilis

1Sp

otte

d M

edic

*M

edic

ago

arab

ica

15Sp

read

ing

Euta

xia

Euta

xia

mic

roph

ylla

var

. di

ffus

a12

Spre

adin

g Sc

urf-

pea

Cul

len

pate

nse

L7

Spur

red

Vetc

h*V

icia

mon

anth

a2

Stra

wbe

rry

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

fra

gife

rum

var

. fra

gife

rum

54Su

bter

rane

an C

love

r*Tr

ifoliu

m s

ubte

rran

eum

121

Suck

ling

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

dub

ium

43Su

ffoc

ated

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

suf

foca

tum

2Sw

ains

on P

eaSw

ains

ona

spp.

8Sw

eet

Fenu

gree

kTr

igon

ella

sua

viss

ima

r13

Swee

t M

elilo

t*M

elilo

tus

indi

cus

54Th

ree-

flow

er V

etch

*V

icia

mon

anth

a su

bsp.

trif

lora

2Ti

ny V

etch

*V

icia

hirs

uta

37To

ugh

Scur

f-pe

aC

ulle

n te

nax

eL

28Tr

ee L

ucer

ne*

Cha

mae

cytis

us p

alm

ensi

s3

Tref

oil

Lotu

s sp

p.2

Tref

oil*

Lotu

s sp

p. (

natu

ralis

ed)

1Tw

iggy

Bus

h-pe

aPu

ltena

ea la

rgifl

oren

s3

Twin

ing

Gly

cine

Gly

cine

cla

ndes

tina

9Va

riabl

e G

lyci

neG

lyci

ne t

abac

ina

s.l.

12Va

riabl

e G

lyci

neG

lyci

ne t

abac

ina

s.s.

13Va

riabl

e Sw

ains

on-p

eaSw

ains

ona

orob

oide

s s.

l.31

Vetc

h*V

icia

spp

.2

Vio

let

Swai

nson

-pea

Swai

nson

a ad

enop

hylla

eL

1W

hite

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

rep

ens

var.

rep

ens

67W

oolly

Clo

ver*

Trifo

lium

tom

ento

sum

var

. tom

ento

sum

103

Woo

lly S

curf

-pea

Cul

len

palli

dum

eL

55Ye

llow

Pea

-bus

hSe

sban

ia c

anna

bina

var

. ca

nnab

ina

v2

Tam

aris

k*Ta

mar

ix r

amos

issi

ma

5Ta

mar

isk*

Tam

arix

spp

.2

Red-

ink

Wee

d*Ph

ytol

acca

oct

andr

a3

Blue

Fin

ger-

flow

erC

heira

nthe

ra c

yane

a va

r. c

yane

a3

Com

mon

App

le-b

erry

Billa

rdie

ra s

cand

ens

s.l.

1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

367Discussion Paper

Hai

ry B

ursa

riaBu

rsar

ia s

pino

sa s

ubsp

. la

siop

hylla

1Sw

eet

App

le-b

erry

Billa

rdie

ra c

ymos

a s.

l.2

Swee

t Bu

rsar

iaBu

rsar

ia s

pino

sa s

ubsp

. sp

inos

a29

Swee

t Pi

ttos

poru

m#

Pitt

ospo

rum

und

ulat

um1

Wee

ping

Pitt

ospo

rum

Pitt

ospo

rum

ang

ustif

oliu

m18

1Bu

ck’s-

horn

Pla

ntai

n*Pl

anta

go c

oron

opus

33Bu

ck’s-

horn

Pla

ntai

n*Pl

anta

go c

oron

opus

sub

sp. c

oron

opus

2C

lay

Plan

tain

Plan

tago

cun

ning

ham

ii59

Cro

wne

d Pl

anta

inPl

anta

go t

urrif

era

211

Dar

k Pl

anta

inPl

anta

go d

rum

mon

dii

100

Gre

ater

Pla

ntai

n*Pl

anta

go m

ajor

3H

airy

Pla

ntai

nPl

anta

go h

ispi

da10

Nar

row

Pla

ntai

nPl

anta

go g

audi

chau

dii

47Pl

anta

inPl

anta

go s

pp.

51Ri

bwor

t*Pl

anta

go la

nceo

lata

142

Varia

ble

Plan

tain

Plan

tago

var

ia14

Not

ch-le

af S

ea-la

vend

er*

Lim

oniu

m s

inua

tum

9Ri

vier

a Se

a-la

vend

er*

Lim

oniu

m c

ompa

nyon

is3

Sea

Lave

nder

Lim

oniu

m s

pp.

2W

inge

d Se

a-la

vend

er*

Lim

oniu

m lo

batu

m38

Cal

iforn

ian

Stin

kwee

d*N

avar

retia

squ

arro

sa1

Broo

m M

ilkw

ort

Com

espe

rma

scop

ariu

mr

1D

war

f M

ilkw

ort

Poly

gala

japo

nica

v1

Milk

wor

tPo

lyga

la s

pp.

1Br

oad-

leaf

Doc

k*Ru

mex

obt

usifo

lius

subs

p. o

btus

ifoliu

s9

Clu

ster

ed D

ock*

Rum

ex c

ongl

omer

atus

94C

reep

ing

Kno

twee

dPe

rsic

aria

pro

stra

ta13

8C

urle

d D

ock*

Rum

ex c

rispu

s19

8D

ock

Rum

ex s

pp.

67D

ock

(nat

ural

ised

)*Ru

mex

spp

. (n

atur

alis

ed)

14D

ock*

Ace

tosa

spp

.5

Fidd

le D

ock*

Rum

ex p

ulch

er s

ubsp

. pu

lche

r12

Glis

teni

ng D

ock

Rum

ex c

ryst

allin

us s

.l.38

Glis

teni

ng D

ock

Rum

ex c

ryst

allin

us s

.s.

v2

Hai

ry K

notw

eed

Pers

icar

ia s

ubse

ssili

s3

Hog

wee

dPo

lygo

num

spp

.8

Hog

wee

d*Po

lygo

num

avi

cula

re s

.s.

23K

notw

eed

Pers

icar

ia s

pp.

5Li

gnum

Mue

hlen

beck

ia s

pp.

5M

ud D

ock

Rum

ex b

iden

s1

Nar

row

-leaf

Doc

kRu

mex

ten

ax82

Pale

Kno

twee

dPe

rsic

aria

lapa

thifo

lia57

Pros

trat

e K

notw

eed*

Poly

gonu

m a

vicu

lare

s.l.

139

Reds

hank

*Pe

rsic

aria

mac

ulos

a1

Shee

p So

rrel

*A

ceto

sella

vul

garis

41

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Slen

der

Doc

kRu

mex

bro

wni

i34

9Sl

ende

r K

notw

eed

Pers

icar

ia d

ecip

iens

81Sm

all K

notw

eed

Poly

gonu

m p

lebe

ium

44Sp

iny

Emex

*Em

ex a

ustr

alis

12Sp

iny

Lign

umM

uehl

enbe

ckia

hor

rida

subs

p. h

orrid

ar

148

Spot

ted

Kno

twee

dPe

rsic

aria

pra

eter

mis

sa4

Tang

led

Lign

umM

uehl

enbe

ckia

flo

rule

nta

584

Tong

ue D

ock

Rum

ex s

teno

glot

tisk

1Tr

ee H

ogw

eed*

Poly

gonu

m b

ella

rdii

3Tw

iggy

Lig

num

Mue

hlen

beck

ia d

iclin

a5

Velv

et K

notw

eed

Pers

icar

ia a

tten

uata

k5

Wat

er P

eppe

rPe

rsic

aria

hyd

ropi

per

80W

irew

eed*

Poly

gonu

m a

rena

stru

m7

Wiry

Doc

kRu

mex

dum

osus

27C

omm

on P

ursl

ane

Port

ulac

a ol

erac

ea9

Min

er’s

Lett

uce*

Cla

yton

ia p

erfo

liata

1Pi

gmy

Purs

lane

Cal

andr

inia

gra

nulif

era

22Pi

nk P

ursl

ane

Cal

andr

inia

cal

yptr

ata

5Pu

rple

Pur

slan

e*C

alan

drin

ia m

enzi

esii

1Pu

rsla

neC

alan

drin

ia s

pp.

2Sm

all P

ursl

ane

Cal

andr

inia

ere

mae

a56

4St

rap

Purs

lane

Cal

andr

inia

cor

rigio

loid

esr

10Tw

inin

g Pu

rsla

neC

alan

drin

ia v

olub

ilis

r28

Whi

te P

ursl

ane

Neo

paxi

a au

stra

lasi

ca10

Cha

ffw

eed*

Ana

galli

s m

inim

a1

Pim

pern

el*

Ana

galli

s ar

vens

is86

Bush

y N

eedl

ewoo

dH

akea

ser

icea

s.l.

1C

at’s

Cla

w G

revi

llea

Gre

ville

a al

pina

4C

omb

Gre

ville

aG

revi

llea

hueg

elii

16D

eser

t G

revi

llea

Gre

ville

a pt

eros

perm

a3

Des

ert

Hak

eaH

akea

mitc

helli

i2

Gre

ville

aG

revi

llea

spp.

1H

airy

Gee

bung

Pers

ooni

a rig

ida

4H

olly

Gre

ville

aG

revi

llea

aqui

foliu

m1

Hoo

ked

Nee

dlew

ood

Hak

ea t

ephr

ospe

rma

82K

osci

uszk

o G

revi

llea

Gre

ville

a vi

ctor

iae

subs

p. n

ival

ise

4Ro

sem

ary

Gre

ville

aG

revi

llea

rosm

arin

ifolia

3Ru

sty

Gre

ville

a*G

revi

llea

florib

unda

sub

sp.

florib

unda

1Si

lky

Oak

*G

revi

llea

robu

sta

4Si

lver

Ban

ksia

Bank

sia

mar

gina

ta2

Silv

er N

eedl

ewoo

dH

akea

leuc

opte

ra s

ubsp

. le

ucop

tera

33Sm

all-f

ruit

Hak

eaH

akea

mic

roca

rpa

1Tr

ee H

akea

Hak

ea e

riant

ha1

Woo

lly G

revi

llea

Gre

ville

a la

nige

ra2

Ann

ual B

utte

rcup

Ranu

ncul

us s

essi

liflo

rus

34

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Ann

ual B

utte

rcup

Ranu

ncul

us s

essi

liflo

rus

var.

ses

silif

loru

s3

Aus

tral

ian

Butt

ercu

pRa

nunc

ulus

lapp

aceu

s71

Butt

ercu

pRa

nunc

ulus

spp

.50

Cel

ery

Butt

ercu

p*Ra

nunc

ulus

sce

lera

tus

subs

p. s

cele

ratu

s76

Cre

epin

g Bu

tter

cup*

Ranu

ncul

us r

epen

s5

Fern

y Sm

all-f

low

er B

utte

rcup

Ranu

ncul

us p

umili

o71

Fern

y Sm

all-f

low

er B

utte

rcup

Ranu

ncul

us p

umili

o va

r. p

olitu

sk

4Fe

rny

Smal

l-flo

wer

But

terc

upRa

nunc

ulus

pum

ilio

var.

pum

ilio

50In

land

But

terc

upRa

nunc

ulus

pen

tand

rus

var.

pla

tyca

rpus

48La

rge

Ann

ual B

utte

rcup

*Ra

nunc

ulus

tril

obus

8M

ount

ain

Cle

mat

isC

lem

atis

aris

tata

1M

ouse

tail

Myo

suru

s m

inim

us v

ar.

aust

ralis

55Ri

ver

Butt

ercu

pRa

nunc

ulus

inun

datu

s88

Shar

p Bu

tter

cup*

Ranu

ncul

us m

uric

atus

48Sm

all R

iver

But

terc

upRa

nunc

ulus

am

phitr

ichu

s1

Smal

l-flo

wer

But

terc

up*

Ranu

ncul

us p

arvi

floru

s2

Smal

l-lea

ved

Cle

mat

isC

lem

atis

mic

roph

ylla

35Sw

amp

Butt

ercu

pRa

nunc

ulus

und

osus

v34

Wat

er F

enne

l*Ba

trac

hium

tric

hoph

yllu

m3

Wel

d*Re

seda

lute

ola

10Bi

tter

Cry

ptan

dra

Cry

ptan

dra

amar

a s.

s.2

Dus

ty M

iller

Spyr

idiu

m p

arvi

foliu

m1

Haz

el P

omad

erris

Pom

ader

ris a

sper

a1

Hea

th S

pyrid

ium

Spyr

idiu

m e

rioce

phal

um v

ar.

erio

ceph

alum

3In

land

Pom

ader

risPo

mad

erris

pan

icul

osa

subs

p. p

anic

ulos

av

6N

arro

w-le

af P

omad

erris

Pom

ader

ris a

ngus

tifol

ia1

Pric

kly

Cry

ptan

dra

Cry

ptan

dra

tom

ento

sa3

Scur

fy P

omad

erris

Pom

ader

ris p

anic

ulos

a1

Silk

y C

rypt

andr

aC

rypt

andr

a pr

opin

qua

1Tr

iden

t Sp

yrid

ium

Sten

anth

emum

not

iale

sub

sp.

notia

lex

1Ve

lvet

Spy

ridiu

mSp

yrid

ium

sub

ochr

eatu

m v

ar.

subo

chre

atum

1W

hite

Cry

ptan

dra

Sten

anth

emum

leuc

ophr

actu

m2

App

le*

Mal

us p

umila

9A

ustr

alia

n Pi

ert

Aph

anes

aus

tral

iana

9A

ustr

alia

n Sh

eep’

s Bu

rrA

caen

a ov

ina

1Bi

dgee

-wid

gee

Aca

ena

nova

e-ze

land

iae

8Bl

ackb

erry

*Ru

bus

ciss

burie

nsis

19Bl

ackb

erry

*Ru

bus

frut

icos

us s

pp.

agg.

99Bl

ackb

erry

*Ru

bus

poly

anth

emus

1Bl

ackb

erry

*Ru

bus

angl

ocan

dica

ns15

Blac

kber

ry*

Rubu

s er

ythr

ops

1Bl

ackb

erry

*Ru

bus

ulm

ifoliu

s13

Bram

ble

Rubu

s sp

p.14

8C

herr

y Pl

um*

Prun

us c

eras

ifera

9

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Dog

Ros

e*Ro

sa c

anin

a2

Fire

thor

n*Py

raca

ntha

spp

.3

Hai

ry S

heep

’s Bu

rrA

caen

a ag

nipi

la2

Haw

thor

n*C

rata

egus

mon

ogyn

a15

Larg

e-le

af C

oton

east

er*

Cot

onea

ster

gla

ucop

hyllu

s va

r. s

erot

inus

2O

rang

e Fi

reth

orn*

Pyra

cant

ha a

ngus

tifol

ia2

Pars

ley

Pier

t*A

phan

es a

rven

sis

18Pi

ert

Aph

anes

spp

.7

Prun

us*

Prun

us s

pp.

4Pu

rple

-leaf

Che

rry-

plum

*Pr

unus

cer

asife

ra‘N

igra

’1

Rose

*Ro

sa s

pp.

2Sh

eep’

s Bu

rrA

caen

a ec

hina

ta4

Shee

p’s

Burr

Aca

ena

spp.

1Sm

all-l

eaf

Bram

ble

Rubu

s pa

rvifo

lius

6Sw

eet

Bria

r*Ro

sa r

ubig

inos

a69

7Ve

lvet

Cot

onea

ster

*C

oton

east

er p

anno

sus

2W

ine

Rasp

berr

y*Ru

bus

phoe

nico

lasi

us1

Beds

traw

Gal

ium

spp

.2

Cle

aver

s*G

aliu

m a

parin

e40

Com

mon

Woo

druf

fA

sper

ula

conf

erta

163

Fiel

d M

adde

r*Sh

erar

dia

arve

nsis

4M

ount

ain

Woo

druf

fA

sper

ula

gunn

ii1

Nat

ive

Mad

der

Syna

ptan

tha

tille

acea

var

. til

leac

eav

1Pr

ickl

y C

urra

nt-b

ush

Cop

rosm

a qu

adrif

ida

1Pr

ickl

y W

oodr

uff

Asp

erul

a sc

opar

ia24

Refle

xed

Beds

traw

Gal

ium

bin

ifoliu

m1

Roug

h Be

dstr

awG

aliu

m g

audi

chau

dii

7Sl

ende

r Be

dstr

aw*

Gal

ium

div

aric

atum

4Sm

all G

oose

gras

s*G

aliu

m m

ural

e20

Twig

gy S

tinkw

eed

Ope

rcul

aria

tur

pis

1Tw

in-le

af B

edst

raw

Asp

erul

a ge

mel

lar

59Va

riabl

e St

inkw

eed

Ope

rcul

aria

var

ia1

Wat

er W

oodr

uff

Asp

erul

a su

bsim

plex

9W

imm

era

Woo

druf

fA

sper

ula

wim

mer

ana

r1

Woo

druf

fA

sper

ula

spp.

24C

omm

on C

orre

aC

orre

a re

flexa

var

. ref

lexa

1D

eser

t Ph

ebal

ium

Pheb

aliu

m b

ulla

tum

1D

war

f Bo

roni

aBo

roni

a na

na2

Dw

arf

Boro

nia

Boro

nia

nana

var

. hy

ssop

ifolia

1D

war

f Bo

roni

aBo

roni

a na

na v

ar.

nana

1Fa

iry W

ax-f

low

erPh

iloth

eca

verr

ucos

a2

Gra

mpi

ans

Cor

rea

Cor

rea

refle

xa v

ar.

angu

stifo

liar

1Ro

ck C

orre

aC

orre

a gl

abra

var

. gl

abra

5W

ilga

Gei

jera

par

viflo

rae

L10

2Ye

llow

-woo

dA

cron

ychi

a ob

long

ifolia

rN

2

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

369Discussion Paper

Bask

et W

illow

*Sa

lix X

rub

ens

36Bl

ack

Will

ow*

Salix

nig

ra4

Cra

ck W

illow

*Sa

lix f

ragi

lis6

Gre

y Sa

llow

*Sa

lix c

iner

ea4

Lom

bard

y Po

plar

*Po

pulu

s ni

gra

‘Ital

ica’

1Po

plar

*Po

pulu

s sp

p.2

Purp

le O

sier

*Sa

lix p

urpu

rea

2W

eepi

ng W

illow

*Sa

lix b

abyl

onic

a s.

l.30

Wee

ping

Will

ow*

Salix

bab

ylon

ica

s.s.

21W

hite

Pop

lar*

Popu

lus

alba

1W

hite

Will

ow*

Salix

alb

a4

Will

ow*

Salix

spp

.6

Bitt

er Q

uand

ong

Sant

alum

mur

raya

num

1Br

oom

Bal

lart

Exoc

arpo

s sp

arte

us4

Che

rry

Balla

rtEx

ocar

pos

cupr

essi

form

is16

Leaf

less

Bal

lart

Exoc

arpo

s ap

hyllu

s49

Nor

ther

n Sa

ndal

woo

dSa

ntal

um la

nceo

latu

me

L8

Pale

-fru

it Ba

llart

Exoc

arpo

s st

rictu

s16

6Sa

ndal

woo

dSa

ntal

um s

pp.

1Sw

eet

Qua

ndon

gSa

ntal

um a

cum

inat

um6

Cat

tle B

ush

Ale

ctry

on o

leifo

lius

subs

p. c

anes

cens

63H

op B

ush

Dod

onae

a sp

p.6

Slen

der

Hop

-bus

hD

odon

aea

visc

osa

subs

p. a

ngus

tissi

ma

233

Smal

l Hop

-bus

hD

odon

aea

burs

ariif

olia

1St

icky

Hop

-bus

hD

odon

aea

visc

osa

16W

edge

-leaf

Hop

-bus

hD

odon

aea

visc

osa

subs

p. c

unea

ta11

Aus

tral

Bro

oklim

eG

ratio

la p

eruv

iana

5A

ustr

al M

udw

ort

Lim

osel

la a

ustr

alis

25Bl

ue R

odM

orga

nia

glab

ra s

pp.

agg.

62Bl

ue R

odSt

emod

ia f

loru

lent

a72

Blue

Wat

er-s

peed

wel

l*Ve

roni

ca a

naga

llis-

aqua

tica

1Br

ookl

ime

Gra

tiola

spp

.1

Cre

epin

g M

onke

y-flo

wer

Mim

ulus

rep

ens

9D

war

f Br

ookl

ime

Gra

tiola

pum

ilor

3G

land

ular

Bro

oklim

eG

ratio

la p

ubes

cens

15G

reat

Mul

lein

*Ve

rbas

cum

tha

psus

sub

sp.

thap

sus

5H

airy

Toa

dfla

x*K

ickx

ia e

latin

e21

Larg

e M

udw

ort

Lim

osel

la c

urdi

eana

13Le

sser

Sna

pdra

gon*

Mis

opat

es o

ront

ium

1M

onke

y Fl

ower

Mim

ulus

spp

.4

Mot

h M

ulle

in*

Verb

ascu

m b

latt

aria

3M

ud M

atG

loss

ostig

ma

spp.

2M

udw

ort

Lim

osel

la s

pp.

3Pe

lisse

r’s T

oad-

flax*

Lina

ria p

elis

seria

na2

Pers

ian

Spee

dwel

l*Ve

roni

ca p

ersi

ca3

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Pink

Wat

er-s

peed

wel

l*Ve

roni

ca c

aten

ata

2Re

d Ba

rtsi

a*Pa

rent

ucel

lia la

tifol

ia41

Slen

der

Mon

key-

flow

erM

imul

us g

raci

lis31

Slen

der

Spee

dwel

lVe

roni

ca g

raci

lis7

Smal

l Mon

key-

flow

erM

imul

us p

rost

ratu

sr

3Sm

all M

ud-m

atG

loss

ostig

ma

elat

inoi

des

25Sm

ooth

Blu

e-ro

dSt

emod

ia g

labe

lla s

.s.

k1

Spee

dwel

lVe

roni

ca s

pp.

10Sp

eedw

ell*

Vero

nica

spp

. (n

atur

alis

ed)

3Th

read

Spe

edw

ell

Vero

nica

sp.

21

Toad

flax*

Kic

kxia

spp

.1

Trai

ling

Spee

dwel

lVe

roni

ca p

lebe

ia1

Twig

gy M

ulle

in*

Verb

ascu

m v

irgat

um29

Twin

ing

Toad

flax*

Kic

kxia

ela

tine

subs

p. c

rinita

10W

all S

peed

wel

l*Ve

roni

ca a

rven

sis

1W

ande

ring

Spee

dwel

l*Ve

roni

ca p

ereg

rina

78W

oolly

Toa

dfla

x*K

ickx

ia e

latin

e su

bsp.

ela

tine

1Tr

ee o

f H

eave

n*A

ilant

hus

altis

sim

a8

Afr

ican

Box

-tho

rn*

Lyci

um f

eroc

issi

mum

354

Aus

tral

ian

Box-

thor

nLy

cium

aus

tral

e16

Blac

k N

ight

shad

e*So

lanu

m n

igru

m s

ensu

Will

is (

1972

)15

3Bl

ack

Nig

htsh

ade*

Sola

num

nig

rum

s.s

.17

Box

Thor

nLy

cium

spp

.5

Buff

alo

Burr

*So

lanu

m r

ostr

atum

1C

hine

se B

ox-t

horn

*Ly

cium

bar

baru

m2

Com

mon

Tho

rn-a

pple

*D

atur

a st

ram

oniu

m10

Cut

-leaf

Nig

htsh

ade*

Sola

num

trif

loru

m1

Glo

ssy

Nig

htsh

ade*

Sola

num

am

eric

anum

1G

reen

Poi

son-

berr

y*C

estr

um p

arqu

i2

Gre

en-b

erry

Nig

htsh

ade

Sola

num

opa

cum

4H

airy

Nig

htsh

ade

Sola

num

ere

mop

hilu

mk

2H

airy

Tho

rn-a

pple

*D

atur

a w

right

ii1

Kan

garo

o A

pple

Sola

num

avi

cula

re2

Lago

on N

ight

shad

eSo

lanu

m la

cuna

rium

v31

Larg

e K

anga

roo

App

leSo

lanu

m la

cini

atum

3Lo

ng-s

pine

Tho

rn-a

pple

*D

atur

a fe

rox

3M

adei

ra W

inte

r-ch

erry

*So

lanu

m p

seud

ocap

sicu

m13

Nar

raw

a Bu

rrSo

lanu

m c

iner

eum

k1

Nig

htsh

ade

Sola

num

spp

.23

Oon

doro

oSo

lanu

m s

imile

6Pa

mpa

s Li

ly-o

f-th

e-Va

lley*

Salp

ichr

oa o

rigan

ifolia

1Q

uena

Sola

num

esu

riale

225

Recu

rved

Tho

rn-a

pple

*D

atur

a in

oxia

11Si

lver

-leaf

N

ight

shad

e*So

lanu

m e

laea

gnifo

lium

40Sm

all-f

low

er T

obac

coN

icot

iana

goo

dspe

edii

r2

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Smal

l-lea

f Ra

y-flo

wer

Cyp

hant

hera

myo

sotid

ea2

Stic

ky G

roun

d-ch

erry

*Ph

ysal

is v

isco

sa23

Thor

n A

pple

*D

atur

a sp

p.4

Toba

cco

Nic

otia

na s

pp.

2Tr

ee T

obac

co*

Nic

otia

na g

lauc

a32

Velv

et T

obac

coN

icot

iana

vel

utin

a11

0W

ild T

obac

co T

ree*

Sola

num

mau

ritia

num

3C

ream

y St

ackh

ousi

aSt

ackh

ousi

a m

onog

yna

26Pl

ains

Sta

ckho

usia

Stac

khou

sia

sp.

12

Kur

rajo

ngBr

achy

chito

n po

puln

eus

subs

p. p

opul

neus

17G

rass

Trig

gerp

lant

Styl

idiu

m g

ram

inifo

lium

s.l.

4H

airy

Sty

lew

ort

Leve

nhoo

kia

dubi

a20

Styl

ewor

tLe

venh

ooki

a sp

p.1

Ann

ual R

ice-

flow

erPi

mel

ea t

richo

stac

hya

10C

omm

on R

ice-

flow

erPi

mel

ea h

umili

s6

Cur

ved

Rice

-flo

wer

Pim

elea

cur

viflo

ra s

.l.8

Cur

ved

Rice

-flo

wer

Pim

elea

cur

viflo

ra s

.s.

10C

urve

d Ri

ce-f

low

erPi

mel

ea c

urvi

flora

var

.12

Fork

ed R

ice-

flow

erPi

mel

ea h

ewar

dian

ar

1G

aunt

Ric

e-flo

wer

Pim

elea

str

icta

3M

alle

e Ri

ce-f

low

erPi

mel

ea m

icro

ceph

ala

subs

p. m

icro

ceph

ala

12Ri

ce F

low

erPi

mel

ea s

pp.

5Si

lky

Rice

-flo

wer

Pim

elea

mic

rant

ha8

Slen

der

Rice

-flo

wer

Pim

elea

lini

folia

4Sl

ende

r Ri

ce-f

low

erPi

mel

ea li

nifo

lia s

ubsp

. lin

ifolia

1Sm

ooth

Ric

e-flo

wer

Pim

elea

gla

uca

5Sp

iny

Rice

-flo

wer

Pim

elea

spi

nesc

ens

eL

4Sp

iny

Rice

-flo

wer

Pim

elea

spi

nesc

ens

subs

p. s

pine

scen

sC

v11

Gla

ndul

ar P

ink-

bells

Tetr

athe

ca la

billa

rdie

rei

1Pi

nk-b

ells

Tetr

athe

ca c

iliat

a4

Com

mon

Elm

*U

lmus

aff

. pro

cera

1El

m*

Ulm

us s

pp.

3A

ustr

alia

n C

arro

tD

aucu

s gl

ochi

diat

us40

2A

ustr

alia

n Li

laeo

psis

Lila

eops

is p

olya

ntha

5Bi

shop

’s W

eed*

Am

mi m

ajus

2Bl

ue D

evil

Eryn

gium

ovi

num

115

Car

rot*

Dau

cus

caro

ta1

Cel

ery*

Api

um g

rave

olen

s2

Cen

tella

Cen

tella

cor

difo

lia33

Cen

tella

Cen

tella

spp

.1

Dw

arf

Trac

hym

ene

Trac

hym

ene

pilo

sa1

Eryn

gium

Eryn

gium

spp

.3

Fenn

el*

Foen

icul

um v

ulga

re49

Hem

lock

*C

oniu

m m

acul

atum

3Lo

ng E

ryng

ium

Eryn

gium

pal

udos

umv

32

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Penn

ywor

tH

ydro

coty

le s

pp.

6Pr

ickf

oot

Eryn

gium

ves

icul

osum

7Pu

rple

Tra

chym

ene

Trac

hym

ene

cyan

opet

ala

6Sh

inin

g Pe

nnyw

ort

Hyd

roco

tyle

sib

thor

pioi

des

34Sl

ende

r C

eler

y*C

iclo

sper

mum

lept

ophy

llum

1Sl

ende

r Pe

nnyw

ort

Hyd

roco

tyle

trip

artit

a1

Stin

king

Pen

nyw

ort

Hyd

roco

tyle

laxi

flora

8Tr

efoi

l Pen

nyw

ort

Hyd

roco

tyle

med

icag

inoi

des

1W

ater

Dro

pwor

t*O

enan

the

pim

pine

lloid

es1

Yello

w P

enny

wor

tH

ydro

coty

le f

oveo

lata

2Sc

rub

Net

tleU

rtic

a in

cisa

1Sh

ade

Pelli

tory

Parie

taria

deb

ilis

s.l.

13Sh

ade

Pelli

tory

Parie

taria

deb

ilis

s.s.

2Sm

all N

ettle

*U

rtic

a ur

ens

83Ita

lian

Cor

n-sa

lad*

Vale

riane

lla e

rioca

rpa

1C

omm

on V

erbe

naVe

rben

a of

ficin

alis

s.l.

44C

omm

on V

erbe

na*

Verb

ena

offic

inal

is s

.s.

8Fo

g-fr

uit*

Phyl

a ca

nesc

ens

178

Purp

le-t

op V

erbe

na*

Verb

ena

bona

riens

is s

.l.19

Purp

le-t

op V

erbe

na*

Verb

ena

bona

riens

is v

ar.

bona

riens

is s

.s.

3Tr

ailin

g Ve

rben

a*Ve

rben

a su

pina

21Ve

rben

aVe

rben

a sp

p.9

Floo

dpla

in V

iole

tV

iola

bet

onic

ifolia

sub

sp.

nova

guin

eens

isr

1Sh

owy

Vio

let

Vio

la b

eton

icifo

lia18

Shru

b V

iole

tH

yban

thus

flo

ribun

dus

subs

p. f

lorib

undu

s1

Tree

Vio

let

Mel

icyt

us d

enta

tus

s.l.

6C

altr

opTr

ibul

us s

pp.

1C

altr

opTr

ibul

us t

erre

stris

32C

limbi

ng T

win

-leaf

Zygo

phyl

lum

ere

mae

um14

Coa

st T

win

-leaf

Zygo

phyl

lum

bill

ardi

erei

r1

Dw

arf

Twin

-leaf

Zygo

phyl

lum

ova

tum

5N

itre-

bush

Nitr

aria

bill

ardi

erei

126

Not

ched

Tw

in-le

afZy

goph

yllu

m c

rena

tum

13Pa

le T

win

-leaf

Zygo

phyl

lum

gla

ucum

31Po

inte

d Tw

in-le

afZy

goph

yllu

m a

picu

latu

m55

Rabb

it-ea

rs T

win

-leaf

Zygo

phyl

lum

com

pres

sum

v1

Sand

Tw

in-le

afZy

goph

yllu

m a

mm

ophi

lum

122

Scra

mbl

ing

Twin

-leaf

Zygo

phyl

lum

ang

ustif

oliu

mr

3Sh

rubb

y Tw

in-le

afZy

goph

yllu

m a

uran

tiacu

m s

ubsp

. au

rant

iacu

m11

Twin

-leaf

Zygo

phyl

lum

spp

.5

Vio

let

Twin

-leaf

Zygo

phyl

lum

iodo

carp

um11

Whi

te T

win

-leaf

Zygo

phyl

lum

sim

iler

7M

oss

esA

pple

Mos

sPh

ilono

tis s

cabr

ifolia

1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

371Discussion Paper

Com

mon

App

le-m

oss

Bart

ram

ia it

hyph

ylla

2C

omm

on B

reut

elia

Breu

telia

aff

inis

2Fe

athe

r M

oss

Rhyn

chos

tegi

um t

enui

foliu

m1

Aco

rn-f

ruite

d Th

read

-mos

sBr

yum

pac

hyth

eca

var.

pac

hyth

eca

9Br

oody

Bry

umBr

yum

dic

hoto

mum

1D

eser

t Th

read

-mos

sBr

yum

ere

mae

um1

Sand

Thr

ead-

mos

sRo

sula

bryu

m c

ampy

loth

eciu

m5

Silv

er M

oss

Bryu

m a

rgen

teum

7Ea

rth

Mos

sBr

yoba

rtra

mia

nov

ae-v

ales

iae

1Ea

rth

Mos

sPl

eurid

ium

ner

vosu

m3

Eart

h M

oss

Ephe

mer

um c

rista

tum

3C

urly

Poc

ket-

mos

sFi

ssid

ens

meg

alot

is10

Foun

tain

Poc

ket-

mos

sFi

ssid

ens

bert

eroi

1Po

rtug

uese

Poc

ket-

mos

sFi

ssid

ens

curv

atus

1C

omm

on C

ord-

mos

sFu

naria

hyg

rom

etric

a3

Cor

d M

oss

Ento

stho

don

subn

udus

var

. gr

acili

s2

Cor

d M

oss

Ento

stho

don

apop

hysa

tus

3C

ord

Mos

sFu

naria

mic

rost

oma

1Ea

rth

Mos

sPh

ysco

mitr

ella

pat

ens

subs

p. r

eade

ri2

Pine

appl

e M

oss

Gig

aspe

rmum

rep

ens

8Bl

unt-

beak

Grim

mia

Grim

mia

pul

vina

ta v

ar.

afric

ana

4Sa

lt an

d Pe

pper

Grim

mia

laev

igat

a2

Gre

en H

oar-

mos

sH

edw

igid

ium

inte

grifo

lium

1Fe

stoo

n M

oss

Papi

llaria

cro

cea

1Fe

athe

red

Nec

kera

Nec

kera

pen

nata

1C

omm

on B

ristle

-mos

sO

rtho

tric

hum

tas

man

icum

var

. ta

sman

icum

1C

omm

on Z

ygod

onZy

godo

n in

term

ediu

s1

Juni

per

Hai

rcap

Poly

tric

hum

juni

perin

um1

Alo

e M

oss

Alo

ina

sulli

vani

ana

3Ba

ll M

oss

Phas

cum

rob

ustu

m v

ar.

cras

sine

rviu

m1

Ball

Mos

sPh

ascu

m r

obus

tum

var

. rob

ustu

m1

Bear

d M

oss

Barb

ula

crin

ita7

Bear

d M

oss

Did

ymod

on t

orqu

atus

10C

omm

on B

eard

-mos

sBa

rbul

a ca

lyci

na4

Com

mon

Tw

ine-

mos

sTr

ique

trel

la p

apill

ata

8C

omm

on W

all-m

oss

Tort

ula

mur

alis

1C

risp

Mos

sTr

icho

stom

opsi

s au

stra

lasi

ae1

Eart

h M

oss

Pter

ygon

euru

m o

vatu

m2

Gre

en-t

ufte

d St

ubbl

e-m

oss

Wei

ssia

con

trov

ersa

5G

ypsu

m M

oss

Cro

ssid

ium

geh

eebi

i1

Pott

iaPo

ttia

dru

mm

ondi

i1

Pott

iaPo

ttia

sta

rcke

ana

1Po

ttia

Pott

ia t

runc

ata

2Po

ttia

Tetr

apte

rum

cyl

indr

icum

2Py

gmy

Mos

sA

caul

on c

hrys

acan

thum

5

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Pygm

y M

oss

Aca

ulon

gra

nulo

sum

1Py

gmy

Mos

sA

caul

on le

ucoc

haet

e3

Scre

w M

oss

Tort

ula

papi

llosa

6Sc

rew

Mos

sTo

rtul

a an

tarc

tica

7Tr

iang

ular

Pyg

my-

mos

sA

caul

on t

rique

trum

7Tw

ine

Mos

sTr

ique

trel

la s

pp.

1Br

onze

Sig

nal-m

oss

Sem

atop

hyllu

m h

omom

allu

m2

Dun

g M

oss

Tayl

oria

oct

oble

phar

um1

Gol

den

Wef

t-m

oss

Thui

diop

sis

furf

uros

a1

Wef

t M

oss

Thui

diop

sis

spp.

1D

war

f Sw

an-n

eck

Mos

sC

ampy

lopu

s py

rifor

mis

2H

eath

Sta

r M

oss

Cam

pylo

pus

intr

ofle

xus

9Li

verw

ort

sFo

rked

Vei

lwor

tM

etzg

eria

fur

cata

1C

halk

Cry

stal

wor

tRi

ccia

alb

ida

1C

ryst

alw

ort

Ricc

ia s

pp.

1Fr

inge

d H

eart

wor

tRi

ccio

carp

os n

atan

s5

Alg

aeSt

onew

ort

Cha

race

ae s

pp.

2

The

tabl

e be

low

list

s flo

ra s

peci

es m

entio

ned

in t

he t

ext,

but

not

in t

he m

ain

list

of s

peci

es r

ecor

ded

in t

hest

udy

area

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

Hai

rpin

Ban

ksia

Bank

sia

eric

ifolia

Alp

ine

Ash

Euca

lypt

us d

eleg

aten

sis

Shin

ing

Gum

Euca

lypt

us n

itens

Blue

Gum

Euca

lypt

us g

lobu

lus

Floo

ded

Gum

Euca

lypt

us g

rand

isM

ount

ain

Ash

Euca

lypt

us r

egna

nsM

essm

ate

Euca

lypt

us o

bliq

ua

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

APPENDIX 5: Fauna Species Recorded in the River Red Gum Forests Study Area

LEGEND:

EPBC: status under Commonwealth EnvironmentProtection and Biodiversity Conservation Act1999, as at December 2004.EN Endangered: A taxon is endangered when itis not critically endangered but is facing a veryhigh risk of extinction in the wild in the nearfuture.VU Vulnerable: A taxon is vulnerable when it isnot critically endangered or endangered but isfacing a high risk of extinction in the wild in themedium-term future.

Vic: conservation status in Victoria, after DSE (2003a).EX Extinct: when there is no reasonable doubtthat the last individual has died. A taxon ispresumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys inknown and/or expected habitat, at appropriatetimes (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout itshistoric range have failed to record an individual.Surveys should be over a time frame appropriateto the taxon’s life cycle and life form. Records ofseveral extinct species that were formerly foundin the study area are not in the DSE databases—they are listed in a separate table following themain table.RX Regionally Extinct: As for Extinct but withina defined region that does not encompass theentire geographic range of the taxon—in thiscase Victoria. A taxon is presumed RegionallyExtinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/orexpected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal,seasonal, annual), throughout the region havefailed to record an individual. Surveys should beover a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s lifecycle and life form. Records of several regionallyextinct species that were formerly found in thestudy area are not in the DSE databases—theyare listed in a separate table following the maintable.CR Critically Endangered: A taxon is CriticallyEndangered when the best available evidenceindicates that it meets any of the criteria A to Efor Critically Endangered (see Species SurvivalCommission 2001), and it is therefore consideredto be facing an extremely high risk of extinctionin the wild.EN Endangered in Victoria: when the bestavailable evidence indicates that the taxon meetsany of the criteria A to E for Endangered (seeSpecies Survival Commission 2001), and it istherefore considered to be facing a very high riskof extinction in the wild.

VU Vulnerable in Victoria: when the bestavailable evidence indicates that the taxon meetsany of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (seeSpecies Survival Commission 2001), and it istherefore considered to be facing a high risk ofextinction in the wild.NT Near Threatened: A taxon is NearThreatened when it has been evaluated againstthe criteria but does not qualify for CriticallyEndangered, Endangered, Vulnerable now, but isclose to qualifying for, or is likely to qualify for athreatened category in the near future.DD Data Deficient: A taxon is Data Deficientwhen there is inadequate information to make adirect, or indirect, assessment of its risk ofextinction based on its distribution and/orpopulation status. A taxon in this category maybe well studied, and its biology well known, butappropriate data on abundance and/ordistribution are lacking. Data Deficient istherefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxain this category indicates that more information isrequired and acknowledges the possibility thatfuture research will show that threatenedclassification is appropriate.

FFG: status under the Victorian Flora and FaunaGuarantee Act 1988, as at December 2004. Forthe most up-to-date listings under the Act, visit:http://www.dse.vic.gov.au

L – listed as threatened.

“Threatened and near-threatened species” refers toany taxon in this table with an “L” under FFG, orany category under “EPBC” or “Vic” (exceptData Deficient species).

No.: The number of records of the taxon in the Atlasof Victorian Wildlife and the Aquatic Faunadatabases as at September 2006.

* denotes species exotic to Victoria^ denotes species listed under the JAMBA agreement# denotes spedies listed under the CAMBA agreement(see chapter 5 for details of these agreements)

As of September 2006, the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) Atlas of Victorian Wildlife andAquatic Fauna databases contained records for the following taxa in River Red Gum Forests study area. These twodatabases provide coverage of vertebrate fauna and threatened invertebrate fauna but are still improving theircoverage of other invertebrates. Chapter 5 describes key points relating to species diversity and threatened species.

373Discussion Paper

Bir

ds

Emu

Dro

mai

us n

ovae

holla

ndia

e90

Mal

leef

owl

Leip

oa o

cella

taV

UEN

L13

Stub

ble

Qua

ilC

otur

nix

pect

oral

is12

1Br

own

Qua

ilC

otur

nix

ypsi

loph

ora

NT

42K

ing

Qua

ilC

otur

nix

chin

ensi

sC

RL

1M

agpi

e G

oose

Ans

eran

as s

emip

alm

ata

VU

8Pl

umed

Whi

stlin

g-D

uck

Den

droc

ygna

eyt

oni

64Bl

ue-b

illed

Duc

kO

xyur

a au

stra

lisEN

L27

4M

usk

Duc

kBi

ziur

a lo

bata

VU

644

Frec

kled

Duc

kSt

icto

nett

a na

evos

aEN

L21

9Bl

ack

Swan

Cyg

nus

atra

tus

2014

Cap

e Ba

rren

Goo

seC

ereo

psis

nov

aeho

lland

iae

NT

1A

ustr

alia

n Sh

eldu

ckTa

dorn

a ta

dorn

oide

s19

21A

ustr

alia

n W

ood

Duc

kC

heno

nett

a ju

bata

1526

Cot

ton

Pygm

y-go

ose

Net

tapu

s co

rom

ande

lianu

s3

Mal

lard

*A

nas

plat

yrhy

ncho

s14

Paci

fic B

lack

Duc

kA

nas

supe

rcili

osa

2931

Aus

tral

asia

n Sh

ovel

erA

nas

rhyn

chot

isV

U69

8G

rey

Teal

Ana

s gr

acili

s25

75C

hest

nut

Teal

Ana

s ca

stan

ea48

6G

arga

ney^

#A

nas

quer

qued

ula

2Pi

nk-e

ared

Duc

kM

alac

orhy

nchu

s m

embr

anac

eus

551

Har

dhea

dA

ythy

a au

stra

lisV

U66

8A

ustr

alas

ian

Gre

beTa

chyb

aptu

s no

vaeh

olla

ndia

e86

9H

oary

-hea

ded

Gre

bePo

lioce

phal

us p

olio

ceph

alus

795

Gre

at C

rest

ed G

rebe

Podi

ceps

cris

tatu

s27

1W

ilson

’s St

orm

-Pet

rel^

Oce

anite

s oc

eani

cus

1D

arte

rA

nhin

ga m

elan

ogas

ter

569

Litt

le P

ied

Cor

mor

ant

Phal

acro

cora

x m

elan

oleu

cos

1342

Pied

Cor

mor

ant

Phal

acro

cora

x va

rius

NT

194

Litt

le B

lack

Cor

mor

ant

Phal

acro

cora

x su

lciro

stris

773

Gre

at C

orm

oran

tPh

alac

roco

rax

carb

o81

8A

ustr

alia

n Pe

lican

Pele

canu

s co

nspi

cilla

tus

1149

Whi

te-f

aced

Her

onEg

rett

a no

vaeh

olla

ndia

e18

46Li

ttle

Egr

etEg

rett

a ga

rzet

taEN

L68

Whi

te-n

ecke

d H

eron

Ard

ea p

acifi

ca61

7G

reat

Egr

et^

#A

rdea

alb

aV

UL

771

Inte

rmed

iate

Egr

etA

rdea

inte

rmed

iaC

RL

165

Cat

tle E

gret

^#

Ard

ea ib

is50

Nan

keen

Nig

ht H

eron

Nyc

ticor

ax c

aled

onic

usN

T24

9Li

ttle

Bitt

ern

Ixob

rych

us m

inut

usEN

L13

Aus

tral

asia

n Bi

tter

nBo

taur

us p

oici

lopt

ilus

ENL

23G

loss

y Ib

is#

Pleg

adis

fal

cine

llus

NT

63A

ustr

alia

n W

hite

Ibis

Thre

skio

rnis

mol

ucca

1587

Stra

w-n

ecke

d Ib

isTh

resk

iorn

is s

pini

colli

s12

35Ro

yal S

poon

bill

Plat

alea

reg

iaV

U40

0Ye

llow

-bill

ed S

poon

bill

Plat

alea

fla

vipe

s91

3

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Osp

rey

Pand

ion

halia

etus

1Bl

ack-

shou

lder

ed K

iteEl

anus

axi

llaris

198

Lett

er-w

inge

d K

iteEl

anus

scr

iptu

s1

Squa

re-t

aile

d K

iteLo

phoi

ctin

ia is

ura

VU

L11

Blac

k-br

east

ed B

uzza

rdH

amiro

stra

mel

anos

tern

on6

Blac

k K

iteM

ilvus

mig

rans

447

Whi

stlin

g K

iteH

alia

stur

sph

enur

us87

4W

hite

-bel

lied

Sea-

Eagl

e#H

alia

eetu

s le

ucog

aste

rV

UL

170

Spot

ted

Har

rier

Circ

us a

ssim

ilis

NT

42Sw

amp

Har

rier

Circ

us a

ppro

xim

ans

401

Brow

n G

osha

wk

Acc

ipite

r fa

scia

tus

209

Gre

y G

osha

wk

Acc

ipite

r no

vaeh

olla

ndia

eV

U8

Col

lare

d Sp

arro

wha

wk

Acc

ipite

r ci

rrho

ceph

alus

90W

edge

-tai

led

Eagl

eA

quila

aud

ax33

9Li

ttle

Eag

leH

iera

aetu

s m

orph

noid

es28

1Br

own

Falc

onFa

lco

berig

ora

572

Aus

tral

ian

Hob

byFa

lco

long

ipen

nis

161

Gre

y Fa

lcon

Falc

o hy

pole

ucos

ENL

12Bl

ack

Falc

onFa

lco

subn

iger

VU

41Pe

regr

ine

Falc

onFa

lco

pere

grin

us15

0N

anke

en K

estr

elFa

lco

cenc

hroi

des

517

Brol

gaG

rus

rubi

cund

aV

UL

130

Buff

-ban

ded

Rail

Gal

liral

lus

phili

ppen

sis

25Le

win

’s Ra

ilRa

llus

pect

oral

isV

UL

2Ba

illon

’s C

rake

Porz

ana

pusi

llaV

UL

18A

ustr

alia

n Sp

otte

d C

rake

Porz

ana

flum

inea

73Sp

otle

ss C

rake

Porz

ana

tabu

ensi

s21

Purp

le S

wam

phen

Porp

hyrio

por

phyr

io77

1D

usky

Moo

rhen

Gal

linul

a te

nebr

osa

752

Blac

k-ta

iled

Nat

ive-

hen

Gal

linul

a ve

ntra

lis31

6Eu

rasi

an C

oot

Fulic

a at

ra12

51A

ustr

alia

n Bu

star

dA

rdeo

tis a

ustr

alis

CR

L6

Litt

le B

utto

n-qu

ail

Turn

ix v

elox

NT

30Re

d-ch

este

d Bu

tton

-qua

ilTu

rnix

pyr

rhot

hora

xV

UL

11Pa

inte

d Bu

tton

-qua

ilTu

rnix

var

ia70

Plai

ns-w

ande

rer

Pedi

onom

us t

orqu

atus

VU

CR

L63

Lath

am’s

Snip

e^#

Gal

linag

o ha

rdw

icki

iN

T58

Blac

k-ta

iled

God

wit^

#Li

mos

a lim

osa

VU

17Ba

r-ta

iled

God

wit^

#Li

mos

a la

ppon

ica

5Ea

ster

n C

urle

w^

#N

umen

ius

mad

agas

carie

nsis

NT

3M

arsh

San

dpip

er^

#Tr

inga

sta

gnat

ilis

125

Com

mon

Gre

ensh

ank^

#Tr

inga

neb

ular

ia16

5W

ood

Sand

pipe

r^#

Trin

ga g

lare

ola

VU

22C

omm

on S

andp

iper

^#

Act

itis

hypo

leuc

osV

U6

Rudd

y Tu

rnst

one^

#A

rena

ria in

terp

res

13G

reat

Kno

t^#

Cal

idris

ten

uiro

stris

ENL

8Re

d K

not^

#C

alid

ris c

anut

usN

T5

Sand

erlin

g^#

Cal

idris

alb

aN

T1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Red-

neck

ed S

tint^

#C

alid

ris r

ufic

ollis

135

Long

-toe

d St

int^

#C

alid

ris s

ubm

inut

a3

Pect

oral

San

dpip

er^

Cal

idris

mel

anot

osN

T5

Shar

p-ta

iled

Sand

pipe

r^#

Cal

idris

acu

min

ata

189

Cur

lew

San

dpip

er^

#C

alid

ris f

erru

gine

a67

Ruff

^#

Philo

mac

hus

pugn

ax3

Red-

neck

ed P

hala

rope

^#

Phal

arop

us lo

batu

s2

Pain

ted

Snip

e#Ro

stra

tula

ben

ghal

ensi

sV

UC

RL

5Bu

sh S

tone

-cur

lew

Burh

inus

gra

llariu

sEN

L12

4Bl

ack-

win

ged

Stilt

Him

anto

pus

him

anto

pus

566

Band

ed S

tilt

Cla

dorh

ynch

us le

ucoc

epha

lus

133

Red-

neck

ed A

voce

tRe

curv

irost

ra n

ovae

holla

ndia

e25

7Pa

cific

Gol

den

Plov

er^

#Pl

uvia

lis f

ulva

NT

8Re

d-ca

pped

Plo

ver

Cha

radr

ius

rufic

apill

us30

2D

oubl

e-ba

nded

Plo

ver

Cha

radr

ius

bici

nctu

s24

Gre

ater

San

d Pl

over

^#

Cha

radr

ius

lesc

hena

ultii

VU

1O

rient

al P

love

r^C

hara

driu

s ve

redu

s2

Blac

k-fr

onte

d D

otte

rel

Else

yorn

is m

elan

ops

557

Red-

knee

d D

otte

rel

Eryt

hrog

onys

cin

ctus

283

Band

ed L

apw

ing

Vane

llus

tric

olor

82M

aske

d La

pwin

gVa

nellu

s m

iles

1617

Orie

ntal

Pra

tinco

le^

#G

lare

ola

mal

diva

rum

1A

ustr

alia

n Pr

atin

cole

Stilt

ia is

abel

laN

T11

Silv

er G

ull

Laru

s no

vaeh

olla

ndia

e77

8G

ull-b

illed

Ter

nSt

erna

nilo

tica

ENL

23C

aspi

an T

ern^

#St

erna

cas

pia

NT

L17

2W

hisk

ered

Ter

nC

hlid

onia

s hy

brid

usN

T20

8W

hite

-win

ged

Blac

k Te

rn^

#C

hlid

onia

s le

ucop

teru

sN

T8

Rock

Dov

e*C

olum

ba li

via

100

Spot

ted

Turt

le-D

ove*

Stre

ptop

elia

chi

nens

is26

Brow

n C

ucko

o-D

ove

Mac

ropy

gia

ambo

inen

sis

2C

omm

on B

ronz

ewin

gPh

aps

chal

copt

era

518

Cre

sted

Pig

eon

Ocy

phap

s lo

phot

es16

41D

iam

ond

Dov

eG

eope

lia c

unea

taN

TL

20Pe

acef

ul D

ove

Geo

pelia

str

iata

768

Bar-

shou

lder

ed D

ove

Geo

pelia

hum

eral

is1

Glo

ssy

Blac

k-C

ocka

too

Cal

ypto

rhyn

chus

lath

ami

VU

L1

Yello

w-t

aile

d Bl

ack-

Coc

kato

oC

alyp

torh

ynch

us f

uner

eus

5G

ang-

gang

Coc

kato

oC

allo

ceph

alon

fim

bria

tum

74G

alah

Cac

atua

ros

eica

pilla

3503

Long

-bill

ed C

orel

laC

acat

ua t

enui

rost

ris32

4Li

ttle

Cor

ella

Cac

atua

san

guin

ea30

5M

ajor

Mitc

hell’

s C

ocka

too

Cac

atua

lead

beat

eri

VU

L55

Sulp

hur-

cres

ted

Coc

kato

oC

acat

ua g

aler

ita19

52C

ocka

tiel

Nym

phic

us h

olla

ndic

us27

5Ra

inbo

w L

orik

eet

Tric

hogl

ossu

s ha

emat

odus

14M

usk

Lorik

eet

Glo

ssop

sitt

a co

ncin

na12

9Li

ttle

Lor

ikee

tG

loss

opsi

tta

pusi

lla85

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Purp

le-c

row

ned

Lorik

eet

Glo

ssop

sitt

a po

rphy

roce

phal

a19

Aus

tral

ian

Kin

g-Pa

rrot

Alis

teru

s sc

apul

aris

112

Supe

rb P

arro

tPo

lyte

lis s

wai

nson

iiV

UEN

L26

9Re

gent

Par

rot

Poly

telis

ant

hope

plus

VU

VU

L27

4C

rimso

n Ro

sella

Plat

ycer

cus

eleg

ans

1587

Yello

w R

osel

laPl

atyc

ercu

s el

egan

s fla

veol

us3

East

ern

Rose

llaPl

atyc

ercu

s ex

imiu

s13

68A

ustr

alia

n Ri

ngne

ckBa

rnar

dius

zon

ariu

s28

9Bl

ue B

onne

tN

orth

iella

hae

mat

ogas

ter

113

Swift

Par

rot

Lath

amus

dis

colo

rEN

ENL

51Re

d-ru

mpe

d Pa

rrot

Psep

hotu

s ha

emat

onot

us21

82M

ulga

Par

rot

Psep

hotu

s va

rius

121

Budg

erig

arM

elop

sitt

acus

und

ulat

us91

Blue

-win

ged

Parr

otN

eoph

ema

chry

sost

oma

29El

egan

t Pa

rrot

Neo

phem

a el

egan

sV

U2

Turq

uois

e Pa

rrot

Neo

phem

a pu

lche

llaN

TL

42Pa

llid

Cuc

koo

Cuc

ulus

pal

lidus

249

Brus

h C

ucko

oC

acom

antis

var

iolo

sus

3Fa

n-ta

iled

Cuc

koo

Cac

oman

tis f

labe

llifo

rmis

115

Blac

k-ea

red

Cuc

koo

Chr

ysoc

occy

x os

cula

nsN

T27

Hor

sfie

ld’s

Bron

ze-C

ucko

oC

hrys

ococ

cyx

basa

lis36

7Sh

inin

g Br

onze

-Cuc

koo

Chr

ysoc

occy

x lu

cidu

s74

Com

mon

Koe

lEu

dyna

mys

sco

lopa

cea

3Po

wer

ful O

wl

Nin

ox s

tren

uaV

UL

21Ba

rkin

g O

wl

Nin

ox c

onni

vens

ENL

51So

uthe

rn B

oobo

okN

inox

nov

aese

elan

diae

328

Mas

ked

Ow

lTy

to n

ovae

holla

ndia

eEN

L3

Barn

Ow

lTy

to a

lba

78Ta

wny

Fro

gmou

thPo

darg

us s

trig

oide

s15

5W

hite

-thr

oate

d N

ight

jar

Euro

stop

odus

mys

taca

lis2

Spot

ted

Nig

htja

rEu

rost

opod

us a

rgus

7A

ustr

alia

n O

wle

t-ni

ghtja

rA

egot

hele

s cr

ista

tus

106

Whi

te-t

hroa

ted

Nee

dlet

ail^

#H

irund

apus

cau

dacu

tus

34Fo

rk-t

aile

d Sw

ift^

#A

pus

paci

ficus

32A

zure

Kin

gfis

her

Alc

edo

azur

eaN

T10

1La

ughi

ng K

ooka

burr

aD

acel

o no

vaeg

uine

ae18

96Re

d-ba

cked

Kin

gfis

her

Todi

ram

phus

pyr

rhop

ygia

NT

22Sa

cred

Kin

gfis

her

Todi

ram

phus

san

ctus

940

Rain

bow

Bee

-eat

erM

erop

s or

natu

s64

7D

olla

rbird

Eury

stom

us o

rient

alis

135

Supe

rb L

yreb

irdM

enur

a no

vaeh

olla

ndia

e5

Whi

te-t

hroa

ted

Tree

cree

per

Cor

mob

ates

leuc

opha

eus

1140

Whi

te-b

row

ed T

reec

reep

erC

limac

teris

aff

inis

VU

L7

Red-

brow

ed T

reec

reep

erC

limac

teris

ery

thro

ps4

Brow

n Tr

eecr

eepe

rC

limac

teris

pic

umnu

sN

T22

68Su

perb

Fai

ry-w

ren

Mal

urus

cya

neus

2481

Sple

ndid

Fai

ry-w

ren

Mal

urus

spl

ende

ns16

4Va

riega

ted

Fairy

-wre

nM

alur

us la

mbe

rti

188

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

375Discussion Paper

Whi

te-w

inge

d Fa

iry-w

ren

Mal

urus

leuc

opte

rus

230

Mal

lee

Emu-

wre

nSt

ipitu

rus

mal

lee

VU

VU

L3

Stria

ted

Gra

ssw

ren

Am

ytor

nis

stria

tus

NT

1Sp

otte

d Pa

rdal

ote

Pard

alot

us p

unct

atus

638

Stria

ted

Pard

alot

ePa

rdal

otus

str

iatu

s26

84W

hite

-bro

wed

Scr

ubw

ren

Seric

orni

s fr

onta

lis23

8Sh

y H

eath

wre

nH

ylac

ola

caut

a38

Rufo

us F

ield

wre

nC

alam

anth

us c

ampe

stris

NT

2Re

dthr

oat

Pyrr

hola

emus

bru

nneu

sEN

L2

Spec

kled

War

bler

Cht

honi

cola

sag

ittat

aV

UL

32W

eebi

llSm

icro

rnis

bre

viro

stris

1347

Wes

tern

Ger

ygon

eG

eryg

one

fusc

a38

5W

hite

-thr

oate

d G

eryg

one

Ger

ygon

e ol

ivac

ea39

Brow

n Th

ornb

illA

cant

hiza

pus

illa

195

Inla

nd T

horn

bill

Aca

nthi

za a

pica

lis44

Che

stnu

t-ru

mpe

d Th

ornb

illA

cant

hiza

uro

pygi

alis

402

Buff

-rum

ped

Thor

nbill

Aca

nthi

za r

egul

oide

s41

2Ye

llow

-rum

ped

Thor

nbill

Aca

nthi

za c

hrys

orrh

oa13

71Ye

llow

Tho

rnbi

llA

cant

hiza

nan

a80

7St

riate

d Th

ornb

illA

cant

hiza

line

ata

249

Sout

hern

Whi

tefa

ceA

phel

ocep

hala

leuc

opsi

s34

1Re

d W

attle

bird

Ant

hoch

aera

car

uncu

lata

684

Litt

le W

attle

bird

Ant

hoch

aera

chr

ysop

tera

9Sp

iny-

chee

ked

Hon

eyea

ter

Aca

ntha

geny

s ru

fogu

laris

444

Strip

ed H

oney

eate

rPl

ecto

rhyn

cha

lanc

eola

ta12

0N

oisy

Fria

rbird

Phile

mon

cor

nicu

latu

s58

0Li

ttle

Fria

rbird

Phile

mon

citr

eogu

laris

909

Rege

nt H

oney

eate

rX

anth

omyz

a ph

rygi

aEN

CR

L47

Blue

-fac

ed H

oney

eate

rEn

tom

yzon

cya

notis

243

Bell

Min

erM

anor

ina

mel

anop

hrys

2N

oisy

Min

erM

anor

ina

mel

anoc

epha

la15

42Ye

llow

-thr

oate

d M

iner

Man

orin

a fla

vigu

la16

9Ye

llow

-fac

ed H

oney

eate

rLi

chen

osto

mus

chr

ysop

s10

1Si

ngin

g H

oney

eate

rLi

chen

osto

mus

vire

scen

s47

1W

hite

-ear

ed H

oney

eate

rLi

chen

osto

mus

leuc

otis

137

Yello

w-t

ufte

d H

oney

eate

rLi

chen

osto

mus

mel

anop

s12

7Pu

rple

-gap

ed H

oney

eate

rLi

chen

osto

mus

cra

titiu

sV

U1

Yello

w-p

lum

ed H

oney

eate

rLi

chen

osto

mus

orn

atus

252

Gre

y-fr

onte

d H

oney

eate

rLi

chen

osto

mus

plu

mul

usV

U5

Fusc

ous

Hon

eyea

ter

Lich

enos

tom

us f

uscu

s18

2W

hite

-plu

med

Hon

eyea

ter

Lich

enos

tom

us p

enic

illat

us36

76Bl

ack-

chin

ned

Hon

eyea

ter

Mel

ithre

ptus

gul

aris

NT

216

Brow

n-he

aded

Hon

eyea

ter

Mel

ithre

ptus

bre

viro

stris

458

Whi

te-n

aped

Hon

eyea

ter

Mel

ithre

ptus

luna

tus

103

Brow

n H

oney

eate

rLi

chm

era

indi

stin

cta

2Pa

inte

d H

oney

eate

rG

rant

iella

pic

taV

UL

23C

resc

ent

Hon

eyea

ter

Phyl

idon

yris

pyr

rhop

tera

5N

ew H

olla

nd H

oney

eate

rPh

ylid

onyr

is n

ovae

holla

ndia

e54

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Whi

te-f

ront

ed H

oney

eate

rPh

ylid

onyr

is a

lbifr

ons

66Ta

wny

-cro

wne

d H

oney

eate

rPh

ylid

onyr

is m

elan

ops

7Ea

ster

n Sp

ineb

illA

cant

horh

ynch

us t

enui

rost

ris11

9Bl

ack

Hon

eyea

ter

Cer

thio

nyx

nige

r34

Pied

Hon

eyea

ter

Cer

thio

nyx

varie

gatu

s18

Crim

son

Cha

tEp

thia

nura

tric

olor

32O

rang

e C

hat

Epth

ianu

ra a

urifr

ons

51W

hite

-fro

nted

Cha

tEp

thia

nura

alb

ifron

s37

3Ja

cky

Win

ter

Mic

roec

a fa

scin

ans

776

Scar

let

Robi

nPe

troi

ca m

ultic

olor

139

Red-

capp

ed R

obin

Petr

oica

goo

deno

vii

664

Flam

e Ro

bin

Petr

oica

pho

enic

ea18

3Ro

se R

obin

Petr

oica

ros

ea6

Pink

Rob

inPe

troi

ca r

odin

ogas

ter

5H

oode

d Ro

bin

Mel

anod

ryas

cuc

ulla

taN

TL

260

East

ern

Yello

w R

obin

Eops

altr

ia a

ustr

alis

193

Sout

hern

Scr

ub-r

obin

Dry

mod

es b

runn

eopy

gia

16G

rey-

crow

ned

Babb

ler

Pom

atos

tom

us t

empo

ralis

ENL

508

Whi

te-b

row

ed B

abbl

erPo

mat

osto

mus

sup

erci

liosu

s38

2C

hest

nut-

crow

ned

Babb

ler

Pom

atos

tom

us r

ufic

eps

63Ea

ster

n W

hipb

irdPs

opho

des

oliv

aceu

s11

Che

stnu

t Q

uail-

thru

shC

incl

osom

a ca

stan

otus

NT

20Va

ried

Sitt

ella

Dap

hoen

ositt

a ch

ryso

pter

a22

3C

rest

ed S

hrik

e-tit

Falc

uncu

lus

fron

tatu

s52

8C

rest

ed B

ellb

irdO

reoi

ca g

uttu

ralis

NT

L14

9O

live

Whi

stle

rPa

chyc

epha

la o

livac

ea1

Gilb

ert’s

Whi

stle

rPa

chyc

epha

la in

orna

ta18

0G

olde

n W

hist

ler

Pach

ycep

hala

pec

tora

lis27

5Ru

fous

Whi

stle

rPa

chyc

epha

la r

ufiv

entr

is11

98G

rey

Shrik

e-th

rush

Col

luric

incl

a ha

rmon

ica

2249

Lead

en F

lyca

tche

rM

yiag

ra r

ubec

ula

36Sa

tin F

lyca

tche

rM

yiag

ra c

yano

leuc

a5

Rest

less

Fly

catc

her

Myi

agra

inqu

ieta

807

Mag

pie-

lark

Gra

llina

cya

nole

uca

2208

Rufo

us F

anta

ilRh

ipid

ura

rufif

rons

8G

rey

Fant

ail

Rhip

idur

a fu

ligin

osa

1065

Will

ie W

agta

ilRh

ipid

ura

leuc

ophr

ys31

61Bl

ack-

face

d C

ucko

o-sh

rike

Cor

acin

a no

vaeh

olla

ndia

e15

57W

hite

-bel

lied

Cuc

koo-

shrik

eC

orac

ina

papu

ensi

s58

Cic

adab

irdC

orac

ina

tenu

irost

ris1

Gro

und

Cuc

koo-

shrik

eC

orac

ina

max

ima

VU

L3

Whi

te-w

inge

d Tr

iller

Lala

ge s

ueur

ii27

0O

live-

back

ed O

riole

Orio

lus

sagi

ttat

us19

8W

hite

-bre

aste

d W

oods

wal

low

Art

amus

leuc

oryn

chus

187

Mas

ked

Woo

dsw

allo

wA

rtam

us p

erso

natu

s82

Whi

te-b

row

ed W

oods

wal

low

Art

amus

sup

erci

liosu

s28

9Bl

ack-

face

d W

oods

wal

low

Art

amus

cin

ereu

s47

Dus

ky W

oods

wal

low

Art

amus

cya

nopt

erus

827

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Litt

le W

oods

wal

low

Art

amus

min

or1

Gre

y Bu

tche

rbird

Cra

ctic

us t

orqu

atus

260

Pied

But

cher

bird

Cra

ctic

us n

igro

gula

ris54

3A

ustr

alia

n M

agpi

eG

ymno

rhin

a tib

icen

3743

Pied

Cur

raw

ong

Stre

pera

gra

culin

a30

0G

rey

Cur

raw

ong

Stre

pera

ver

sico

lor

74A

ustr

alia

n Ra

ven

Cor

vus

coro

noid

es25

89Li

ttle

Rav

enC

orvu

s m

ello

ri77

7Li

ttle

Cro

wC

orvu

s be

nnet

ti46

Whi

te-w

inge

d C

houg

hC

orco

rax

mel

anor

ham

phos

1132

Apo

stle

bird

Stru

thid

ea c

iner

eaL

85Sa

tin B

ower

bird

Ptilo

norh

ynch

us v

iola

ceus

31Sp

otte

d Bo

wer

bird

Chl

amyd

era

mac

ulat

aV

UL

1Si

ngin

g Bu

shla

rkM

irafr

a ja

vani

ca86

Skyl

ark*

Ala

uda

arve

nsis

33Ri

char

d’s

Pipi

tA

nthu

s no

vaes

eela

ndia

e29

4H

ouse

Spa

rrow

*Pa

sser

dom

estic

us13

27Eu

rasi

an T

ree

Spar

row

*Pa

sser

mon

tanu

s38

Zebr

a Fi

nch

Taen

iopy

gia

gutt

ata

455

Dou

ble-

barr

ed F

inch

Taen

iopy

gia

bich

enov

ii11

Red-

brow

ed F

inch

Neo

chm

ia t

empo

ralis

353

Dia

mon

d Fi

reta

ilSt

agon

ople

ura

gutt

ata

VU

L27

1Eu

rope

an G

reen

finch

*C

ardu

elis

chl

oris

5Eu

rope

an G

oldf

inch

*C

ardu

elis

car

duel

is35

6M

istle

toeb

irdD

icae

um h

irund

inac

eum

692

Whi

te-b

acke

d Sw

allo

wC

hera

moe

ca le

ucos

tern

us96

Wel

com

e Sw

allo

wH

irund

o ne

oxen

a20

95Tr

ee M

artin

Hiru

ndo

nigr

ican

s64

8Fa

iry M

artin

Hiru

ndo

arie

l22

4C

lam

orou

s Re

ed W

arbl

erA

croc

epha

lus

sten

tore

us45

1Li

ttle

Gra

ssbi

rdM

egal

urus

gra

min

eus

249

Rufo

us S

ongl

ark

Cin

clor

amph

us m

athe

wsi

368

Brow

n So

ngla

rkC

incl

oram

phus

cru

ralis

189

Gol

den-

head

ed C

istic

ola

Cis

ticol

a ex

ilis

129

Silv

erey

eZo

ster

ops

late

ralis

476

Bass

ian

Thru

shZo

othe

ra lu

nula

ta3

Com

mon

Bla

ckbi

rd*

Turd

us m

erul

a66

3C

omm

on S

tarli

ng*

Stur

nus

vulg

aris

1722

Com

mon

Myn

a*A

crid

othe

res

tris

tis62

Mam

mal

sSh

ort-

beak

ed E

chid

naTa

chyg

loss

us a

cule

atus

89Pl

atyp

usO

rnith

orhy

nchu

s an

atin

us61

Spot

-tai

led

Quo

llD

asyu

rus

mac

ulat

usV

UEN

L3

Brus

h-ta

iled

Phas

coga

lePh

asco

gale

tap

oata

faV

UL

15Ye

llow

-foo

ted

Ant

echi

nus

Ant

echi

nus

flavi

pes

123

Agi

le A

ntec

hinu

sA

ntec

hinu

s ag

ilis

38D

usky

Ant

echi

nus

Ant

echi

nus

swai

nson

ii12

Com

mon

Dun

nart

Smin

thop

sis

mur

ina

VU

1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Fat-

taile

d D

unna

rtSm

inth

opsi

s cr

assi

caud

ata

NT

62G

iles’

Pla

niga

lePl

anig

ale

gile

siN

TL

16Lo

ng-n

osed

Ban

dico

otPe

ram

eles

nas

uta

13K

oala

Phas

cola

rcto

s ci

nere

us26

6C

omm

on W

omba

tVo

mba

tus

ursi

nus

10C

omm

on R

ingt

ail P

ossu

mPs

eudo

chei

rus

pere

grin

us35

0G

reat

er G

lider

Peta

uroi

des

vola

ns12

Yello

w-b

ellie

d G

lider

Peta

urus

aus

tral

is1

Squi

rrel

Glid

erPe

taur

us n

orfo

lcen

sis

ENL

100

Suga

r G

lider

Peta

urus

bre

vice

ps82

Com

mon

Bru

shta

il Po

ssum

Tric

hosu

rus

vulp

ecul

a81

4M

ount

ain

Brus

htai

l Pos

sum

Tric

hosu

rus

cani

nus

1Ea

ster

n Py

gmy-

poss

umC

erca

rtet

us n

anus

1Li

ttle

Pyg

my-

poss

umC

erca

rtet

us le

pidu

sN

T1

Feat

hert

ail G

lider

Acr

obat

es p

ygm

aeus

18Ru

fous

Bet

tong

Aep

ypry

mnu

s ru

fesc

ens

RXL

1Ea

ster

n G

rey

Kan

garo

oM

acro

pus

giga

nteu

s35

4W

este

rn G

rey

Kan

garo

oM

acro

pus

fulig

inos

us10

7Re

d K

anga

roo

Mac

ropu

s ru

fus

NT

40Bl

ack

Wal

laby

Wal

labi

a bi

colo

r61

Gre

y-he

aded

Fly

ing-

fox

Pter

opus

pol

ioce

phal

usV

UV

UL

2Li

ttle

Red

Fly

ing-

fox

Pter

opus

sca

pula

tus

10Ye

llow

-bel

lied

Shea

thta

il Ba

tSa

ccol

aim

us f

lavi

vent

risL

1W

hite

-str

iped

Fre

etai

l Bat

Nyc

tinom

us a

ustr

alis

250

Sout

hern

Fre

etai

l Bat

(lon

g pe

nis)

Mor

mop

teru

s sp

. 1

124

Sout

hern

Fre

etai

l Bat

(sho

rt p

enis)

Mor

mop

teru

s sp

. 26

Free

tail

Bat

(eas

tern

for

m)

Mor

mop

teru

s sp

. EG

21G

reat

er L

ong-

eare

d Ba

tN

ycto

philu

s tim

orie

nsis

VU

VU

L1

Gou

ld’s

Long

-ear

ed B

atN

ycto

philu

s go

uldi

63Le

sser

Lon

g-ea

red

Bat

Nyc

toph

ilus

geof

froy

i30

4G

ould

’s W

attle

d Ba

tC

halin

olob

us g

ould

ii34

1C

hoco

late

Wat

tled

Bat

Cha

linol

obus

mor

io28

1So

uthe

rn M

yotis

Myo

tis m

acro

pus

NT

20Li

ttle

Bro

ad-n

osed

Bat

Scot

orep

ens

grey

ii1

Inla

nd B

road

-nos

ed B

atSc

otor

epen

s ba

lsto

ni57

Sout

hern

For

est

Bat

Vesp

adel

us r

egul

us10

5Li

ttle

For

est

Bat

Vesp

adel

us v

ultu

rnus

526

Larg

e Fo

rest

Bat

Vesp

adel

us d

arlin

gton

i98

Wat

er R

atH

ydro

mys

chr

ysog

aste

r96

Mitc

hell’

s H

oppi

ng-m

ouse

Not

omys

mitc

helli

NT

9Bu

sh R

atRa

ttus

fus

cipe

s93

Blac

k Ra

t*Ra

ttus

rat

tus

45H

ouse

Mou

se*

Mus

mus

culu

s35

9Br

own

Har

e*Le

pus

cape

nsis

105

Euro

pean

Rab

bit*

Ory

ctol

agus

cun

icul

us46

2D

ingo

/Dog

(fe

ral)

Can

is f

amili

aris

9D

og*

Can

is f

amili

aris

fam

iliar

is2

Red

Fox*

Can

is v

ulpe

s22

3

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

377Discussion Paper

Cat

(fe

ral)*

Felis

cat

us29

Hor

se (

fera

l)*Eq

uus

caba

llus

14Pi

g (f

eral

)*Su

s sc

rofa

21C

attle

(fe

ral)*

Bos

taur

us8

Goa

t (f

eral

)*C

apra

hirc

us3

Shee

p (f

eral

)*O

vis

arie

s11

Rep

tile

sBr

oad-

shel

led

Tort

oise

Che

lodi

na e

xpan

saEN

L24

Com

mon

Lon

g-ne

cked

Tor

tois

eC

helo

dina

long

icol

lis10

6M

urra

y Ri

ver

Tort

oise

Emyd

ura

mac

quar

ii52

Mar

bled

Gec

koPh

yllo

dact

ylus

mar

mor

atus

249

Sout

hern

Spi

ny-t

aile

d G

ecko

Dip

loda

ctyl

us in

term

ediu

s22

Tess

ella

ted

Gec

koD

iplo

dact

ylus

tes

sella

tus

NT

79W

ood

Gec

koD

iplo

dact

ylus

vitt

atus

25Tr

ee D

tella

Geh

yra

varie

gata

30By

noe’

s G

ecko

Het

eron

otia

bin

oei

17Be

aded

Gec

koD

iplo

dact

ylus

dam

aeus

56Be

aked

Gec

koRh

ynch

oedu

ra o

rnat

aC

RL

1Th

ick-

taile

d G

ecko

Nep

hrur

us m

ilii

27Pi

nk-n

osed

Wor

m-L

izar

dA

pras

ia in

aurit

a7

Sout

hern

Leg

less

Liz

ard

Del

ma

aust

ralis

11St

riped

Leg

less

Liz

ard

Del

ma

impa

rV

UEN

L6

Oliv

e Le

gles

s Li

zard

Del

ma

inor

nata

24Bu

tler’s

Leg

less

Liz

ard

Del

ma

butle

ri1

Burt

on’s

Snak

e-Li

zard

Lial

is b

urto

nis

7C

omm

on S

caly

-foo

tPy

gopu

s le

pido

podu

s4

Hoo

ded

Scal

y-fo

otPy

gopu

s sc

hrad

eri

CR

L7

Tree

Dra

gon

Am

phib

olur

us m

uric

atus

70N

obbi

Dra

gon

Am

phib

olur

us n

obbi

cog

geri

44M

alle

e D

rago

nC

teno

phor

us f

ordi

12Pa

inte

d D

rago

nC

teno

phor

us p

ictu

s9

East

ern

Bear

ded

Dra

gon

Pogo

na b

arba

taD

D87

Cen

tral

Bea

rded

Dra

gon

Pogo

na v

ittic

eps

25Li

ned

Earle

ss D

rago

nTy

mpa

nocr

yptis

line

ata

linea

taEN

L1

Sand

Goa

nna

Vara

nus

goul

dii

25Tr

ee G

oann

aVa

ranu

s va

rius

VU

124

East

ern

Thre

e-lin

ed S

kink

Bass

iana

dup

erre

yi2

Sout

hern

Rai

nbow

Ski

nkC

arlia

tet

rada

ctyl

a17

Car

naby

’s W

all S

kink

Cry

ptob

leph

arus

car

naby

i26

5M

urra

y St

riped

Ski

nkC

teno

tus

brac

hyon

yx18

Broo

ks’s

Strip

ed S

kink

Cte

notu

s br

ooks

i irid

is1

Rega

l Str

iped

Ski

nkC

teno

tus

regi

us34

Larg

e St

riped

Ski

nkC

teno

tus

robu

stus

81C

oppe

r-ta

iled

Skin

kC

teno

tus

taen

iola

tus

1Ea

ster

n St

riped

Ski

nkC

teno

tus

orie

ntal

is8

Cun

ning

ham

’s Sk

ink

Eger

nia

cunn

ingh

ami

41D

eser

t Sk

ink

Eger

nia

inor

nata

NT

9Bl

ack

Rock

Ski

nkEg

erni

a sa

xatil

is in

term

edia

1

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Tree

Ski

nkEg

erni

a st

riola

ta12

2W

hite

’s Sk

ink

Eger

nia

whi

tii1

Yello

w-b

ellie

d W

ater

Ski

nkEu

lam

prus

hea

twol

ei36

East

ern

Wat

er S

kink

Eula

mpr

us q

uoyi

iN

T20

Sout

hern

Wat

er S

kink

Eula

mpr

us t

ympa

num

tym

panu

m1

Thre

e-to

ed S

kink

Hem

ierg

is d

ecre

sien

sis

47G

arde

n Sk

ink

Lam

prop

holis

gui

chen

oti

203

Boug

ainv

ille’

s Sk

ink

Leris

ta b

ouga

invi

llii

59M

uelle

r’s S

kink

Leris

ta m

uelle

riEN

L31

Spot

ted

Burr

owin

g Sk

ink

Leris

ta p

unct

atov

ittat

a12

Gre

y’s

Skin

kM

enet

ia g

reyi

i91

Sam

phire

Ski

nkM

oret

hia

adel

aide

nsis

ENL

7Bo

ulen

ger’s

Ski

nkM

oret

hia

boul

enge

ri72

9O

bscu

re S

kink

Mor

ethi

a ob

scur

a8

Wes

tern

Blu

e-to

ngue

d Li

zard

Tiliq

ua o

ccip

italis

DD

3C

omm

on B

lue-

tong

ued

Liza

rdTi

liqua

sci

ncoi

des

31St

umpy

-tai

led

Liza

rdTi

liqua

rug

osa

62W

est

Aus

tral

ian

Blin

d Sn

ake

Ram

phot

yphl

ops

aust

ralis

11Pe

ters

’s Bl

ind

Snak

eRa

mph

otyp

hlop

s bi

tube

rcul

atus

29G

ray’

s Bl

ind

Snak

eRa

mph

otyp

hlop

s ni

gres

cens

5W

oodl

and

Blin

d Sn

ake

Ram

phot

yphl

ops

prox

imus

NT

31C

arpe

t Py

thon

Mor

elia

spi

lota

met

calfe

iEN

L86

Com

mon

Dea

th A

dder

Aca

ntho

phis

ant

arct

icus

DD

L1

East

ern

Smal

l-eye

d Sn

ake

Rhin

oplo

ceph

alus

nig

resc

ens

1Ye

llow

-fac

ed W

hip

Snak

eD

eman

sia

psam

mop

his

NT

6Re

d-na

ped

Snak

eFu

rina

diad

ema

ENL

8Ti

ger

Snak

eN

otec

his

scut

atus

52Re

d-be

llied

Bla

ck S

nake

Pseu

dech

is p

orph

yria

cus

59W

este

rn B

row

n Sn

ake

Pseu

dona

ja n

ucha

lisD

D2

East

ern

Brow

n Sn

ake

Pseu

dona

ja t

extil

is93

Cor

al S

nake

Sim

osel

aps

aust

ralis

NT

22M

itche

ll’s

Shor

t-ta

iled

Snak

eSu

ta n

igric

eps

9C

url S

nake

Suta

sut

aV

U24

Dw

yer’s

Sna

keSu

ta d

wye

ri2

Band

y Ba

ndy

Verm

icel

la a

nnul

ata

NT

L7

Am

ph

ibia

ns

Plai

ns F

rogl

etC

rinia

par

insi

gnife

ra48

8C

omm

on F

rogl

etC

rinia

sig

nife

ra52

4Sl

oane

’s Fr

ogle

tC

rinia

slo

anei

14V

icto

rian

Smoo

th F

rogl

etG

eocr

inia

vic

toria

na1

Sout

hern

Bul

lfrog

Lim

nody

nast

es d

umer

ilii

458

Sout

hern

Bul

lfrog

(no

rthe

rn)

Lim

nody

nast

es d

umer

ilii d

umer

ilii

24Ba

rkin

g M

arsh

Fro

gLi

mno

dyna

stes

fle

tche

riD

D10

5G

iant

Bul

lfrog

Lim

nody

nast

es in

terio

risC

RL

8Sp

otte

d M

arsh

Fro

gLi

mno

dyna

stes

tas

man

iens

is89

1Sp

otte

d M

arsh

Fro

g Li

mno

dyna

stes

tas

man

iens

is(n

orth

ern

call

race

)(n

orth

ern

call

race

)16

Mal

lee

Spad

efoo

t To

adN

eoba

trac

hus

pict

us10

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


Com

mon

Spa

defo

ot T

oad

Neo

batr

achu

s su

delli

61Br

own

Toad

let

Pseu

doph

ryne

bib

roni

iEN

48Ru

gose

Toa

dlet

Upe

role

ia r

ugos

aD

DL

1So

uthe

rn B

row

n Tr

ee F

rog

Lito

ria e

win

gii

15Le

sueu

r’s F

rog

Lito

ria le

sueu

ri1

Plai

ns B

row

n Tr

ee F

rog

Lito

ria p

arae

win

gi15

Pero

n’s

Tree

Fro

gLi

toria

per

onii

218

Gro

wlin

g G

rass

Fro

gLi

toria

ran

iform

isV

UEN

L67

Fish

Shor

t-he

aded

Lam

prey

Mor

daci

a m

orda

x7

Bony

Bre

amN

emat

alos

a er

ebi

126

Broa

dfin

Gal

axia

sG

alax

ias

brev

ipin

nis

8C

omm

on G

alax

ias

Gal

axia

s m

acul

atus

2Fl

at-h

eade

d G

alax

ias

Gal

axia

s ro

stra

tus

DD

13M

ount

ain

Gal

axia

sG

alax

ias

olid

usL

42Fr

eshw

ater

Cat

fish

Tand

anus

tan

danu

sEN

L49

Crim

son-

spot

ted

Rain

bow

fish

Mel

anot

aeni

a flu

viat

ilis

DD

L51

Fly-

spec

ked

Har

dyhe

ad

(sou

ther

n fo

rm)

Cra

tero

ceph

alus

ste

rcus

mus

caru

m f

ulvu

sD

DL

38M

urra

y H

ardy

head

Cra

tero

ceph

alus

flu

viat

ilis

VU

CR

L23

Aga

ssiz

’s C

hand

a Pe

rch

Am

bass

is a

gass

izii

RXL

1A

ustr

alia

n Sm

elt

Retr

opin

na s

emon

i26

3M

urra

y C

odM

accu

lloch

ella

pee

lii p

eelii

VU

ENL

360

Trou

t C

odM

accu

lloch

ella

mac

quar

iens

isEN

CR

L64

Mac

quar

ie P

erch

Mac

quar

ia a

ustr

alas

ica

ENEN

L12

Gol

den

Perc

hM

acqu

aria

am

bigu

aV

U48

2Si

lver

Per

chBi

dyan

us b

idya

nus

CR

L17

1So

uthe

rn P

igm

y Pe

rch

Nan

nope

rca

aust

ralis

28Re

dfin

*Pe

rca

fluvi

atili

s51

7Tw

o-sp

ined

Bla

ckfis

hG

adop

sis

bisp

inos

us89

Rive

r Bl

ackf

ish

Gad

opsi

s m

arm

orat

us46

Wes

tern

Car

p G

udge

onH

ypse

leot

ris k

lunz

inge

ri23

2So

uthe

rn P

urpl

e-sp

otte

d G

udge

onM

ogur

nda

adsp

ersa

EXL

1Fl

athe

aded

Gud

geon

Phily

pnod

on g

rand

icep

s15

2D

war

f Fl

at-h

eade

d G

udge

onPh

ilypn

odon

sp.

nov.

8Ra

inbo

w T

rout

*O

ncor

hync

hus

myk

iss

39Br

own

Trou

t*Sa

lmo

trut

ta86

Gol

dfis

h*C

aras

sius

aur

atus

355

Car

p*C

yprin

us c

arpi

o82

5M

irror

Car

p*C

yprin

us c

arpi

o va

r.m

irror

5Te

nch*

Tinc

a tin

ca49

Orie

ntal

Wea

ther

loac

h*M

isgu

rnus

ang

uilli

caud

atus

17M

osqu

itofis

h*G

ambu

sia

holb

rook

i20

1In

vert

ebra

tes

Sout

hern

Fre

shw

ater

Pra

wn

Mac

robr

achi

um a

ustr

alie

nse

aust

ralie

nse

38M

urra

y Sp

iny

Cra

yEu

asta

cus

arm

atus

DD

L49

Mur

ray

Fres

hwat

er S

hrim

pC

arid

ina

mcc

ullo

chi

5C

omm

on F

resh

wat

er S

hrim

pPa

raty

a au

stra

liens

is39

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Fres

hwat

er s

hrim

pPa

raty

a sp

.9

Hai

ry B

urro

win

g C

ray

Enga

eus

seric

atus

5C

omm

on Y

abbi

eC

hera

x de

stru

ctor

82So

uth-

east

ern

Rive

r M

usse

lVe

lesu

nio

ambi

guus

2M

ildur

a O

gyris

Ogy

ris s

ubte

rres

tris

sub

terr

estr

is s

sp.

L1

Rive

r sn

ail

Not

opal

a su

blin

eata

L13

Fres

hwat

er s

nail

Phys

a sp

.1

Bulla

ntM

yrm

ecia

sp.

17V

UL

1Sp

ider

Supe

rord

. A

carin

a2

Spid

erO

rd.

Aca

rifor

mes

2A

quat

ic m

iteSu

bord

. A

stig

mat

a2

Aqu

atic

mite

Supe

rfam

. A

caro

idea

2A

quat

ic m

iteSu

perf

am.

Hem

isar

copt

adea

2A

quat

ic m

iteSu

perf

am.

His

tiost

omat

idae

2A

quat

ic m

iteSu

bord

. O

rbat

ida

2A

quat

ic m

iteSu

perf

am.

Cro

toni

oide

a2

Aqu

atic

mite

Supe

rfam

. A

mer

onot

hroi

dea

2A

quat

ic m

iteSu

perf

am.

Hyd

roze

toid

ea2

Aqu

atic

mite

Subo

rd.

Pros

tigm

ata

2A

quat

ic m

iteSu

perf

am.

Raph

igna

thoi

dea

2A

quat

ic m

iteSu

perf

am.

Hal

acar

oide

a2

Aqu

atic

mite

Supe

rfam

. A

rren

uroi

dea

2A

quat

ic m

iteSu

perf

am.

Eyla

ioid

ea2

Aqu

atic

mite

Supe

rfam

. H

ydra

chno

idea

2A

quat

ic m

iteFa

m.

Hyd

rach

nida

e4

Aqu

atic

mite

Supe

rfam

. H

ydry

phan

toid

ea2

Aqu

atic

mite

Supe

rfam

. H

ygro

bato

idea

2A

quat

ic m

iteFa

m.

Hyg

roba

tidae

1A

quat

ic m

iteO

rd.

Aca

rifor

mes

Fam

. U

nion

icol

idae

1A

quat

ic m

iteSu

perf

am.

Lebe

rtio

idea

2A

quat

ic m

iteFa

m.

Oxi

dae

3M

ite (

may

not

be

aqua

tic)

Ord

. Pa

rasi

tifor

mes

2M

ite (

may

not

be

aqua

tic)

Subo

rd.

Stig

mat

a2

Mite

(m

ay n

ot b

e aq

uatic

)Su

perf

am.

Asc

oide

a2

May

flyFa

m.

Baet

idae

1M

ayfly

Edm

unds

iops

sp.

6M

ayfly

Fam

. C

olob

uris

cida

e4

May

flyC

olob

uris

coid

es s

p.2

May

flyC

olob

uris

coid

es m

unio

nga

2M

ayfly

Col

obur

isco

ides

gig

ante

us2

May

flyC

olob

uris

coid

es h

aleu

ticus

2M

ayfly

Ata

loph

lebi

a sp

.1

May

flyA

ustr

ophl

ebio

ides

sp.

5M

ayfly

Nou

sia

sp.

2M

ayfly

Fam

. C

aeni

dae

1M

ayfly

Tasm

anoc

oeni

s sp

.1

May

flyC

aeni

d sp

.2

Ald

erfli

es/D

obso

nflie

sA

rchi

chau

liode

s sp

.4

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

379Discussion Paper

Dra

gonf

lyH

emig

omph

us s

p.4

Dra

gonf

lyA

ustr

oaes

chna

sp.

1St

onef

lyFa

m.

Grip

opte

rygi

dae

1St

onef

lyD

inot

oper

la s

p.3

Ston

efly

Illie

sope

rla s

p.2

Ston

efly

Lept

oper

la s

p.1

Ston

efly

Riek

oper

la s

p.1

Ston

efly

Trin

otop

erla

sp.

1C

addi

sfly

(50

08)

Arc

haeo

phyl

ax c

anar

usL

1C

addi

sfly

Fam

. H

ydro

bios

idae

1C

addi

sfly

Tanj

ilana

sp.

1C

addi

sfly

Tasc

hore

ma

sp.

2C

addi

sfly

Ulm

eroc

hore

ma

sp.

4C

addi

sfly

Aga

petu

s sp

.4

Cad

disf

lyH

ydro

ptila

sp.

2C

addi

sfly

Fam

. H

ydro

psyc

hida

e2

Cad

disf

lyA

smic

ridea

sp.

2C

addi

sfly

Che

umat

opsy

che

sp.

5C

addi

sfly

Ecno

mus

sp.

2C

addi

sfly

Con

oesu

cus

sp.

2C

addi

sfly

Ham

pa s

p.1

Cad

disf

lyTa

mas

ia s

p.1

Cad

disf

lyN

otal

ina

sp.

2C

addi

sfly

Trip

lect

ides

sp.

1W

ater

boa

tmen

Mic

rone

cta

sp.

3G

roun

d be

etle

Fam

. C

arab

idae

1Sc

aven

ger

wat

er b

eetle

Hyd

roch

us s

p.1

Scav

enge

r w

ater

bee

tleBe

rosu

s sp

.2

Riff

le b

eetle

sA

ustr

olim

nius

sp.

5Ri

ffle

bee

tles

Not

riolu

s sp

.3

Riff

le b

eetle

sK

ingo

lus

sp.

2W

ater

pen

ny b

eetle

Scle

rocy

phon

sp.

5By

rroc

rypt

usBy

rroc

rypt

us s

p.1

Mid

gePa

rahe

ptag

yia

sp.

1M

idge

Subf

am.

Ort

hocl

adiin

ae4

Mid

geC

ardi

ocla

dius

sp.

1M

idge

Cric

otop

us s

p.2

Mid

geRi

ethi

a sp

.2

Mid

geC

lado

tany

tars

us s

p.1

Mid

geRh

eota

nyta

rsus

sp.

1M

idge

Dic

rote

ndip

es s

p.1

Mid

gePo

lype

dilu

m s

p.2

Bitin

g m

idge

Fam

. C

erat

opog

onid

ae G

en.

EPA

sp.

61

Bitin

g m

idge

Fam

. C

erat

opog

onid

ae G

en.

SRV

sp.

20

4Bl

ack

flyA

ustr

osim

uliu

m s

p.6

Blac

k fly

Sim

uliu

m s

p.1

Blac

k fly

Cne

phia

sp.

1C

rane

fly

Fam

. Ti

pulid

ae G

en.

EPA

sp.

12

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.

Cra

ne f

lyFa

m.

Tipu

lidae

Gen

. EP

A s

p. 1

01

Cra

ne f

lyFa

m.

Tipu

lidae

Gen

. SR

V s

p. 1

86

Cra

ne f

lyFa

m.

Tipu

lidae

Gen

. SR

V s

p. 1

95

Ath

eric

idFa

m.

Ath

eric

idae

1D

ance

fly

Fam

. Em

pidi

dae

2D

ance

fly

Fam

. Em

pidi

dae

Gen

. M

V s

p. 3

2D

ance

fly

Fam

. Em

pidi

dae

Gen

. SR

V s

p. 6

1D

ance

fly

Fam

. Em

pidi

dae

Gen

. SR

V s

p. 7

1D

olic

hopo

did

Fam

. D

olic

hopo

dida

e1

Dol

icho

podi

dFa

m.

Dol

icho

podi

dae

Gen

. EP

A s

p. 1

1Fl

atw

orm

Dug

esia

sp.

1Tu

bific

id W

orm

Tubi

ficid

ae s

p.3

Nai

did

Wor

mN

aidi

dae

sp.

1Lu

mbi

culid

wor

mFa

m.

Lum

bric

ulid

ae1

The

tabl

e be

low

list

s fa

una

spec

ies

once

rec

orde

d in

the

stu

dy a

rea

but

now

ext

inct

1an

d ot

her

spec

ies

that

wer

e al

so r

ecor

ded

in t

he s

tudy

are

a bu

t ar

e no

w e

xtin

ct in

Vic

toria

2(a

nd n

ot r

ecor

ded

in t

he A

tlas

ofV

icto

rian

Wild

life)

. Th

ese

spec

ies

are

not

in t

he m

ain

list

of s

peci

es r

ecor

ded

in t

he s

tudy

are

a. A

num

ber

ofot

her

spec

ies

poss

ibly

occ

urre

d in

the

stu

dy a

rea

at t

he t

ime

of E

urop

ean

sett

lem

ent3

(Men

khor

st 1

995)

.

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

Pig-

foot

ed b

andi

coot

1C

haer

opus

eca

udat

usEa

ster

n ha

re-w

alla

by1

Lago

rche

stes

lepo

rides

An

unde

scrib

ed s

hort

-nos

ed

band

icoo

t1Is

oodo

n sp

.Le

sser

stic

k-ne

st r

at1

Lepo

rillu

s ap

ical

isEa

ster

n qu

oll2

Das

yuru

s vi

verr

inus

Red-

taile

d ph

asco

gale

2Ph

asco

gale

cal

ura

Wes

tern

bar

red

band

icoo

t2Pe

ram

eles

bou

gain

ville

fas

ciat

aBr

ush-

taile

d be

tton

g2Be

tton

gia

peni

cilla

ta p

enic

illat

aBr

idle

d na

iltai

l wal

laby

2O

nych

ogal

ea f

raen

ata

Wes

tern

quo

ll3D

asyu

rus

geof

froi

iK

ulta

rr3

Ant

echi

norn

ys la

nige

rG

reat

er s

tick-

nest

rat

3Le

poril

lus

cond

itor

Bola

m’s

mou

se3

Pseu

dom

ys b

olam

iD

eser

t m

ouse

3Ps

eudo

mys

des

erto

rW

hite

-foo

ted

rabb

it-ra

t3C

onilu

rus

albi

pes

Eng

lish

Nam

eSc

ien

tifi

c N

ame

EPB

CV

icFF

GN

o.


381Discussion Paper

APPENDIX 6: Reservation Status of EcologicalVegetation Classes (EVCs)

A vegetation community is a collection of co-occurringplant species—it reflects the vegetation’s response toenvironmental influences such as geology, soils,landform and rainfall. Ecological Vegetation Classes(EVCs) are groups of one or more vegetationcommunities which exist under a common regime ofecological processes and which are linked to broadlandscape features. The similarity of environmentalregimes is apparent in comparable life forms, genera andvegetation structure. The communities within an EVCdiffer due to geographical separation rather than majorecological differences.

Once EVCs have been identified, it is possible to maptheir distributions with the aid of maps of sites wherethey are known to occur; aerial photographs; maps ofthe main environmental determinants of vegetationdistribution (such as soils, rainfall, topography); any pre-existing vegetation mapping; and extensive field work toidentify boundaries and ground-check that EVCs doindeed occur where they have been mapped.

As well as the standard EVCs, the process of mappinggenerates two variations of the standard EVCs—mosaicsand complexes. A mosaic consists of two or morediscrete EVCs that cannot be mapped separately due tothe scale of the map. A complex occurs where two ormore EVCs are unable to be distinguished in an area butare known to exist discretely elsewhere. A slash is usedto separate the component EVCs in the name of amosaic or complex. For example, AquaticHerbland/Floodplain Grassy Wetland Mosaic. SomeEVCs occur only in mosaics. The units identified on asingle vegetation map may be communities, EVCs,mosaics or complexes, depending on the resolution atwhich the units were described and mapped. However,for convenience, mapped vegetation units of any ofthese types are referred to simply as ‘EVCs’.

The extent to which vegetation has been depleted—thatis, cleared as a result of European settlement—is a keyconsideration in the establishment of conservationreserve systems (see chapter 10). To assess the extent ofdepletion of each EVC, it is necessary to map the extentof EVCs prior to European settlement, as well as thecurrent distribution of EVCs. The mapping of vegetationprior to European settlement is called ‘pre-1750mapping’; 1750 being a round-number year closely pre-dating European settlement in Australia. Essentially pre-1750 mapping involves predicting, or modelling, thevegetation that was originally cleared from areas which

no longer support indigenous vegetation. It involves asimilar process to mapping the current distribution ofEVCs, but (of course) with little or no assistance fromaerial photographs and ground-checking.

In most regions, the EVC currently found at any givenlocation where native vegetation remains is nearlyalways the same as that which would have been therepre-1750—even if it has been cleared and regrown,most of the fundamental determinants of that EVCremain in place (e.g. slope, soil type, climate) and so thesame EVC should re-establish (although probably in apoorer state). In the River Red Gum Forests study area,one of the most pervasive environmental changes hasbeen the alteration of flood regimes across wetlands andforests. Flood regime is one of the primary determinantsof EVCs in these environments, and so in many instancesthe vegetation present at a site will differ from thatpresent prior to river regulation. One of the best knownexamples of this phenomenon is the invasion of Moiragrass plains (Floodplain Grassy Wetland EVC) by river redgums (probably Riverine Swamp Forest EVC) and giantrush. As a result it is impossible to reliably map all pre-1750 EVCs, and some apparently straightforwardchanges in EVC extent (such as a reduction from pre-1750 extent to current extent) may mask more complexchanges such as a greater total reduction countered by asmaller increase in some areas. Overall, this problemwould generally lead to around 10 percent variation inthe total extent of some EVCs.

The vegetation of the study area is mapped in Map B.Because of the large number of EVCs, and the closelyinterwoven occurrence of EVCs in many areas (e.g. seethe Barmah forest inset in Map B), it is not possible todiscern individual EVCs over much of a map of this scale.Accordingly, EVCs have been grouped for presentation inMap B—with EVCs of similar composition andenvironmental determinants shown in the same colour.Complementing Map B is Appendix 7, which providesdescriptions of each of the main EVCs in the study area.

The EVC mapping on which Map B is based is also thebasis of the Representation Table following. Broadly, thistable lists all the EVCs mapped in the study area, andquantifies their current and pre-1750 extent in the studyarea, as well as their current extent in conservationreserves and other public land. Preceding the table isthe following detailed key for the column headings andsymbols used in the table.


KEY

Data in the Representation Table were derived by GISanalysis, that is overlaying, on computer, maps of:

• the pre-1750 extent of EVCs (data used to deriveMap B); that is, the distribution of EVCs as it isthought to have been immediately prior to Europeansettlement;

• current extent of intact native vegetation, based on aseparate mapping exercise to the EVC mapping; and

• current extent of each public land use category.

Many small public land units may not be picked up inthe public land GIS layer. For example, none of thesefigures include roads and roadsides, for which noestimate of extent exists. In addition to theRepresentation Table for the study area as a whole,presented here, VEAC has prepared RepresentationTables for each of the main bioregions which overlapwith the study area. These tables are available on theVEAC website (www.veac.vic.gov.au) or by request fromVEAC.

The total extent of both public land (see Table 10.1) andthe conservation reserve system in the study area isgreater than the figures shown in the RepresentationTable because several thousand hectares of public landthat do not support intact native vegetation are notincluded relevant totals in the Representation Tablebelow.

It is important to understand that the figures in theRepresentation Table are generated by computer-basedspatial analysis, and are not meant to be interpretedwith the level of precision at which they are provided.That is, for example, the table should not be interpretedas saying that the current extent of Alluvial Plains Semi-arid Grassland is exactly 3517 hectares—as opposed to3516, 3518, or indeed 3520 hectares. As general rule,the focus should be on changes to the vegetation moregenerally, or on more extensive EVCs. In addition, allarea figures are rounded to the nearest hectare. As aresult several EVCs have ‘0’ pre-1750 extent in the tablee.g. Sedgy Riverine Forest/Spike-sedge Wetland Mosaic,for which the precise figure is 0.46 hectares.

Column 1: Ecological Vegetation Classes

The names of the 169 EVCs mapped within the RiverRed Gum Forests study area. Here, the term ‘EVCs’ is

used to describe several units of classification: EVCs per se, and complexes and mosaics—see above for definitions of these units and their relationships toeach other. The last row (‘other - natural’) is mostly river bank, sandy beach, and other bare ground.

Column 2: Pre-1750 Extent

The total area in hectares thought to have beenoccupied by each EVC prior to European settlement,corresponding to the mapped extent of EVCs used togenerate Map B.

Column 3: Current Extent (public and private land)

The total area in hectares currently occupied by eachEVC—that is, that part of the pre-1750 distributionwhere intact native vegetation is currently present.

Column 4: Percent Remaining

The current extent (column 3) as a percentage of thepre-1750 extent (column 2), for each EVC.

Column 5: Conservation Status (JANIS)

A simplified version of the status of each EVC in termsof the categories developed by JANIS, and the DSE theBioregional Conservation status (see below). Theassessments refer to the study area as a whole and takeno account of EVC distributions outside the study areaor in bioregions within the study area. The percentremaining (column 4) is a key factor in assigning EVCs toJANIS categories. E = endangered, V = vulnerable, R =rare.

Column 6: Dedicated Reserve System

The total area in hectares of each EVC in existing publicland categories that comprise the conservation reservesystem (see chapter 10).

Column 7: Other Public Land

The total area in hectares of each EVC in all public landcategories outside the dedicated reserve system. Notethat some of these areas will be in informal reservessuch as Special Protection Zones in state forest.

Column 8: Dedicated Reserves as % of Pre-1750Extent

The area of dedicated reserves (column 6) as apercentage of the pre-1750 extent (column 2), for eachEVC.

Status

Presumedextinct

Endangered

Vulnerable

Depleted

Rare

Least concern

Code

X

E

V

D

R

LC

Criteria

Probably no longer present in the Bioregion (the accuracy of this assumption is limitedby the use of remotely sensed 1:100,000 scale woody vegetation cover mapping todetermine depletion – grassland, open woodland and wetland types are particularlyaffected).

Contracted to less than 10% of former range; OR

Less than 10% pre-European extent remains; OR

Combination of depletion, degredation, current threats and rarity is comparable overallto the above:

• 10 to 30% pre-European extent remains and severely degraded over a majority ofthis area; or

• naturally restricted EVC reduced to 30% or less of former range and moderatelydegraded over a majority of this area; or

• rare EVC cleared and/or moderately degraded over a majority of former area.

10 to 30% pre-European extent remains; OR

Combination of depletion, degradation, current threats and rarity is comparable overallto the above:

• greater than 30% and up to 50% pre-European extent remains and moderatelydegraded over a majority of this area; or

• greater than 50% pre-European extent remains and severely degraded over amajority of this area; or

• naturally restricted EVC where greater than 30% pre-European extent remains andmoderately degraded over a majority of this area; or

• rare EVC cleared and/or moderately degraded over a majority of former area.

Greater than 30% and up to 50% pre-European extent remains; OR

Combination of depletion, degradation and current threats is comparable overall to the above and:• greater than 50% pre-European extent remains and moderately degraded over a

majority of this area; or

Rare EVC (as defined by geographic occurrence) but neither depleted, degraded norcurrently threatened to an extent that would qualify as Endangered, Vulnerable orDepleted.

Greater than 50% pre-European extent remains and subject to little to no degradationover a majority of this area.

Source: MDBC (2005b)

Definitions of Bioregional Conservation Status for Ecological Vegetation Classes. Note the differentcategories and definitions used for EVCs compared with the conservation status categories anddefinitions used for flora and fauna species in Appendices 4 and 5.

383Discussion Paper


Allu

vial

Pla

ins

Sem

i-arid

Gra

ssla

nd3,

520

3,51

799

.91,

568

1,54

844

.5

Allu

vial

Ter

race

s H

erb-

rich

Woo

dlan

d/C

reek

line

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d M

osai

c15

961

.6R

05

0.0

Aqu

atic

Her

blan

d13

913

910

0.0

R0

139

0.0

Aqu

atic

Her

blan

d/Fl

oodp

lain

Gra

ssy

Wet

land

Mos

aic

5959

100.

0R

059

0.0

Aqu

atic

Her

blan

d/Fl

oodw

ay P

ond

Her

blan

d1

110

0.0

R0

10.

0

Aqu

atic

Her

blan

d/Ri

verin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st M

osai

c1

110

0.0

R0

10.

0

Aqu

atic

Her

blan

d/Ta

ll M

arsh

Mos

aic

6868

100.

0R

068

0.0

Billa

bong

Wet

land

1,31

51,

096

83.4

1761

81.

3

Billa

bong

Wet

land

/Red

Gum

Wet

land

Mos

aic

211

7.1

E, R

00

0.0

Box

Ironb

ark

Fore

st49

1734

.1R

03

0.0

Brac

kish

Lak

e M

osai

c1,

982

1,88

495

.00

1,38

20.

0

Can

e G

rass

Wet

land

467

16.3

V, R

00

0.0

Che

nopo

d G

rass

land

108,

008

17,4

6116

.2V

280

511

0.3

Che

nopo

d M

alle

e4,

871

2,98

661

.323

31,

928

4.8

Cre

eklin

e G

rass

y W

oodl

and

2,41

593

838

.8R

410

00.

2

Dis

used

Flo

odw

ay S

hrub

by H

erbl

and

2323

100.

0R

1310

56.1

Dra

inag

e-lin

e A

ggre

gate

/Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st M

osai

c11

611

610

0.0

R0

113

0.0

Dra

inag

e-lin

e A

ggre

gate

/Sed

gy R

iver

ine

Fore

st M

osai

c23

2310

0.0

R0

230.

0

Dra

inag

e-lin

e A

ggre

gate

/Tal

l Mar

sh M

osai

c3

310

0.0

R0

30.

0

Dra

inag

e-lin

e C

ompl

ex3,

669

2,52

268

.725

1,28

20.

7

Dra

inag

e-lin

e G

rass

y W

oodl

and/

Lake

Bed

Her

blan

d M

osai

c76

50

0.0

X0

00.

0

Floo

dpla

in G

rass

y W

etla

nd58

157

799

.2R

056

90.

0

Floo

dpla

in G

rass

y W

etla

nd/F

lood

way

Pon

d H

erbl

and

Mos

aic

66

100.

0R

06

0.0

Floo

dpla

in G

rass

y W

etla

nd/R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Mos

aic

101

101

100.

0R

010

10.

0

Floo

dpla

in G

rass

y W

etla

nd/R

iver

ine

Swam

py W

oodl

and

Mos

aic

95

54.5

R0

20.

0

Floo

dpla

in G

rass

y W

etla

nd/S

pike

-sed

ge W

etla

nd M

osai

c22

2210

0.0

R0

220.

0

Floo

dpla

in G

rass

y W

etla

nd/T

all M

arsh

Mos

aic

2121

100.

0R

021

0.0

Floo

dpla

in R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d22

,101

15,5

9370

.657

7,67

00.

3

Floo

dpla

in R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d/Fl

oodw

ay P

ond

Her

blan

d M

osai

c3

396

.5R

02

0.0

Floo

dpla

in R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d/G

rass

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

Mos

aic

3434

100.

0R

022

0.0

Eco

log

ical

Veg

etat

ion

Cla

sses

(EV

Cs)

Pre-

1750

Exte

nt

Ded

icat

ed

Res

erve

Sys

tem

Cu

rren

tEx

ten

t

Perc

ent

Rem

ain

ing

Co

nse

rvat

ion

Stat

us

Are

a in

ha O

ther

Pu

blic

Lan

d

Ded

icat

edR

eser

ves

as%

of

Pre-

1750

Ext

ent

12

34

56

78

Are

a in

ha

Floo

dpla

in R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d/Ri

verin

e G

rass

y W

oodl

and

Mos

aic

2718

67.5

R0

110.

0

Floo

dpla

in R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d/Ri

verin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st M

osai

c23

755

23.3

V, R

049

0.0

Floo

dpla

in R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d/Se

dgy

Rive

rine

Fore

st M

osai

c20

720

599

.0R

013

90.

0

Floo

dpla

in R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d/Ta

ll M

arsh

Mos

aic

11

100.

0R

01

0.0

Floo

dpla

in W

etla

nd C

ompl

ex1,

163

912

78.4

R3

353

0.2

Floo

dway

Pon

d H

erbl

and

1,16

61,

156

99.2

183

871

15.7

Floo

dway

Pon

d H

erbl

and/

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Com

plex

2,52

32,

523

100.

00

2,51

80.

0

Floo

dway

Pon

d H

erbl

and/

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Mos

aic

8932

36.3

R0

70.

0

Floo

dway

Pon

d H

erbl

and/

Tall

Mar

sh M

osai

c7

710

0.0

R0

70.

0

Fres

hwat

er L

ake

Mos

aic

4,22

04,

203

99.6

14,

157

0.0

Gilg

ai P

lain

Woo

dlan

d/W

etla

nd M

osai

c1,

733

186

10.7

V, R

020

0.0

Gra

ssy

Dry

For

est

711

266

37.4

R0

800.

0

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st9,

474

8,92

994

.21,

725

6,39

918

.2

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/D

rain

age-

line

Agg

rega

te M

osai

c3

310

0.0

R0

30.

0

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/F

lood

way

Pon

d H

erbl

and

Com

plex

1,14

21,

127

98.7

268

777

23.5

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/F

lood

way

Pon

d H

erbl

and

Mos

aic

55

100.

0R

05

0.0

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/R

iver

ine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d M

osai

c23

2310

0.0

R0

230.

0

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Com

plex

8,32

36,

367

76.5

04,

497

0.0

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Mos

aic

6767

100.

0R

067

0.0

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/R

iver

ine

Swam

py W

oodl

and

Mos

aic

11

100.

0R

01

0.0

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/S

edgy

Riv

erin

e Fo

rest

Mos

aic

344

344

100.

0R

034

40.

0

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/T

all M

arsh

Mos

aic

22

100.

0R

02

0.0

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d4,

137

714

17.3

V, R

4754

1.1

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/Va

lley

Gra

ssy

Fore

st M

osai

c64

57.

6E,

R0

00.

0

Hea

thy

Dry

For

est

65

88.2

R0

00.

0

Her

b-ric

h Fo

othi

ll Fo

rest

230

114

49.7

R0

130.

0

Inte

rmitt

ent

Swam

py W

oodl

and

9,20

59,

157

99.5

5,75

02,

665

62.5

Lake

Bed

Her

blan

d3,

695

3,64

998

.81,

850

1,30

950

.1

Lign

um S

hrub

land

16,6

7316

,045

96.2

5,65

56,

286

33.9

Lign

um S

wam

py W

oodl

and

69,6

8541

,331

59.3

5,72

617

,016

8.2

Eco

log

ical

Veg

etat

ion

Cla

sses

(EV

Cs)

Pre-

1750

Exte

nt

Ded

icat

ed

Res

erve

Sys

tem

Cu

rren

tEx

ten

t

Perc

ent

Rem

ain

ing

Co

nse

rvat

ion

Stat

us

Oth

er P

ub

licLa

nd

Ded

icat

edR

eser

ves

as%

of

Pre-

1750

Ext

ent

12

34

56

78

Are

a in

ha

Are

a in

ha

385Discussion Paper


Lign

um S

wam

py W

oodl

and/

Lake

Bed

Her

blan

d M

osai

c12

564

51.2

R0

350.

0

Lign

um S

wam

py W

oodl

and/

Plai

ns G

rass

land

Mos

aic

12,6

381,

352

10.7

V9

200.

1

Lign

um W

etla

nd51

,420

17,1

0133

.31,

938

2,12

33.

8

Loam

y Sa

nds

Mal

lee

1,39

91,

384

99.0

1,33

610

95.6

Low

Che

nopo

d Sh

rubl

and

40,8

4938

,819

95.0

5,97

25,

443

14.6

Low

Ris

es W

oodl

and

3,02

071

623

.7V,

R54

308

1.8

Low

Ris

es W

oodl

and/

Rive

rine

Swam

py W

oodl

and

Mos

aic

22

100.

0R

02

0.0

Lune

tte

Woo

dlan

d1,

581

131

8.3

E, R

025

0.0

Mos

aic

of A

quat

ic H

erbl

and/

Floo

dway

Pon

d H

erbl

and-

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Com

plex

22

100.

0R

02

0.0

Mos

aic

of A

quat

ic H

erbl

and/

Sedg

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex0

010

0.0

R0

00.

0

Mos

aic

of D

rain

age-

line

Agg

rega

te/F

lood

way

Pon

d H

erbl

and-

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Com

plex

11

100.

0R

01

0.0

Mos

aic

of D

rain

age-

line

Agg

rega

te/G

rass

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex14

614

610

0.0

R0

146

0.0

Mos

aic

of D

rain

age-

line

Agg

rega

te/S

edgy

Riv

erin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex67

6799

.8R

019

0.0

Mos

aic

of F

lood

plai

n G

rass

y W

etla

nd/F

lood

way

Pon

d H

erbl

and-

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Com

plex

11

100.

0R

01

0.0

Mos

aic

of F

lood

plai

n G

rass

y W

etla

nd/G

rass

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex23

2310

0.0

R0

220.

0

Mos

aic

of F

lood

plai

n G

rass

y W

etla

nd/S

edgy

Riv

erin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex2

210

0.0

R0

20.

0

Mos

aic

of F

lood

plai

n Ri

paria

n W

oodl

and/

Sedg

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex0

010

0.0

R0

00.

0

Mos

aic

of F

lood

way

Pon

d H

erbl

and/

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st-R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Com

plex

44

100.

0R

04

0.0

Mos

aic

of F

lood

way

Pon

d H

erbl

and/

Sedg

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex8

810

0.0

R0

80.

0

Mos

aic

of G

rass

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex/R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

239

239

100.

0R

023

80.

0

Mos

aic

of G

rass

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

/Flo

odw

ay P

ond

Her

blan

d-Ri

verin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex37

937

910

0.0

R0

379

0.0

Eco

log

ical

Veg

etat

ion

Cla

sses

(EV

Cs)

Are

a in

ha

Pre-

1750

Exte

nt

Ded

icat

ed

Res

erve

Sys

tem

Cu

rren

tEx

ten

t

Perc

ent

Rem

ain

ing

Co

nse

rvat

ion

Stat

us

Are

a in

ha Oth

er P

ub

licLa

nd

Ded

icat

edR

eser

ves

as%

of

Pre-

1750

Ext

ent

12

34

56

78

Mos

aic

of G

rass

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

/Pla

ins

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d-G

rass

y W

oodl

and

Com

plex

00

100.

0R

00

0.0

Mos

aic

of G

rass

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

/Sed

gy R

iver

ine

Fore

st-R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Com

plex

7676

100.

0R

076

0.0

Mos

aic

of R

iver

ine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/Fl

oodw

ay P

ond

Her

blan

d-Ri

verin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex1

110

0.0

R0

10.

0

Mos

aic

of R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

/Flo

odw

ay P

ond

Her

blan

d-Ri

verin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex88

288

210

0.0

R0

881

0.0

Mos

aic

of R

iver

ine

Swam

py W

oodl

and/

Sedg

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex32

3210

0.0

R0

320.

0

Mos

aic

of S

edgy

Riv

erin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex/

Floo

dway

Pon

d H

erbl

and-

R65

6510

0.0

R0

650.

0

Mos

aic

of S

edgy

Riv

erin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex/T

all

Mar

sh7

710

0.0

R0

70.

0

Mos

aic

of S

edgy

Riv

erin

e Fo

rest

/Flo

odw

ay P

ond

Her

blan

d-Ri

verin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex31

3110

0.0

R0

310.

0

Mos

aic

of S

edgy

Riv

erin

e Fo

rest

/Sed

gy R

iver

ine

Fore

st-R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Com

plex

1,25

31,

231

98.2

01,

135

0.0

Mos

aic

of T

all M

arsh

/Flo

odw

ay P

ond

Her

blan

d-Ri

verin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st

Com

plex

8383

100.

0R

083

0.0

Mou

ntai

n Va

lley

Ripa

rian

Woo

dlan

d1,

325

892

67.3

R0

515

0.0

Plai

ns G

rass

land

251,

131

37,7

8415

.0V

1,96

998

00.

8

Plai

ns G

rass

land

/Pla

ins

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/G

ilgai

Wet

land

Mos

aic

13,1

881,

391

10.5

V19

192

0.1

Plai

ns G

rass

y W

etla

nd2,

172

645

29.7

V, R

121

235.

6

Plai

ns G

rass

y W

oodl

and

13,8

511,

532

11.1

V3

112

0.0

Plai

ns G

rass

y W

oodl

and/

Cre

eklin

e G

rass

y W

oodl

and/

Floo

dpla

in R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d M

osai

c1,

291

806.

2E,

R0

20.

0

Plai

ns G

rass

y W

oodl

and/

Cre

eklin

e G

rass

y W

oodl

and/

Wet

land

Fo

rmat

ion

Mos

aic

00

96.6

R0

0.0

Plai

ns G

rass

y W

oodl

and/

Gilg

ai W

etla

nd M

osai

c6

110

.7V,

R0

00.

0

Plai

ns G

rass

y W

oodl

and/

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d C

ompl

ex95

3031

.2R

02

0.0

Plai

ns G

rass

y W

oodl

and/

Valle

y G

rass

y Fo

rest

Com

plex

141

3.8

E, R

00

0.0

Plai

ns G

rass

y W

oodl

and/

Valle

y G

rass

y Fo

rest

/Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d C

ompl

ex19

415

7.6

E, R

04

0.0

Eco

log

ical

Veg

etat

ion

Cla

sses

(EV

Cs)

Pre-

1750

Exte

nt

Ded

icat

ed

Res

erve

Sys

tem

Cu

rren

tEx

ten

t

Perc

ent

Rem

ain

ing

Co

nse

rvat

ion

Stat

us

Oth

er P

ub

licLa

nd

Ded

icat

edR

eser

ves

as%

of

Pre-

1750

Ext

ent

12

34

56

78

Are

a in

ha

Are

a in

ha

387Discussion Paper


Plai

ns S

altm

arsh

Com

plex

298

266

89.3

R3

257

0.9

Plai

ns S

avan

nah

14,0

832,

257

16.0

V12

660.

1

Plai

ns W

oodl

and

135,

204

22,0

5516

.3V

313

4,82

70.

2

Plai

ns W

oodl

and/

Lign

um W

etla

nd M

osai

c1,

250

137

11.0

V, R

00.

0

Plai

ns W

oodl

and/

Plai

ns G

rass

land

/Gilg

ai W

etla

nd M

osai

c6

227

.3V,

R0

0.0

Plai

ns W

oodl

and/

Red

Gum

Wet

land

Mos

aic

1,03

416

916

.4V,

R0

40.

0

Red

Gum

Wet

land

1,70

61,

600

93.8

451,

350

2.7

Red

Gum

Wet

land

/Pla

ins

Gra

ssy

Wet

land

Mos

aic

718

398

55.4

R1

200

0.2

Ridg

ed P

lain

s M

alle

e1,

825

463

25.4

V, R

112

836.

1

Ripa

rian

Fore

st40

031

979

.9R

024

60.

0

Ripa

rian

Fore

st/S

wam

py R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d M

osai

c42

3480

.8R

01

0.0

Ripa

rian

Fore

st/S

wam

py R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d/Ri

paria

n Sh

rubl

and/

Rive

rine

Esca

rpm

ent

Scru

b1

110

0.0

R0

10.

0

Rive

rine

Che

nopo

d W

oodl

and

140,

361

60,5

5643

.113

,430

17,2

219.

6

Rive

rine

Che

nopo

d W

oodl

and/

Lign

um W

etla

nd M

osai

c24

1354

.5R

00

0.0

Rive

rine

Che

nopo

d W

oodl

and/

Plai

ns G

rass

land

Mos

aic

1,11

326

623

.9V,

R0

150.

0

Rive

rine

Ephe

mer

al W

etla

nd1

110

0.0

R0

10.

0

Rive

rine

Gra

ssla

nd65

6295

.4R

061

0.0

Rive

rine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d56

,116

28,6

8451

.13,

376

13,0

546.

0

Rive

rine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/G

rass

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

-Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex0

010

0.0

R0

00.

0

Rive

rine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/Pl

ains

Woo

dlan

d C

ompl

ex1,

355

283

20.9

V, R

042

0.0

Rive

rine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/Pl

ains

Woo

dlan

d/G

ilgai

Wet

land

Com

plex

829

146

17.6

V, R

06

0.0

Rive

rine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/Pl

ains

Woo

dlan

d/Ri

verin

e C

heno

pod

Woo

dlan

d C

ompl

ex1,

131

280

24.8

V, R

01

0.0

Rive

rine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/Ri

verin

e C

heno

pod

Woo

dlan

d/W

etla

nd M

osai

c50

918

.5V,

R0

00.

0

Rive

rine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/Ri

verin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st M

osai

c14

1410

0.0

R0

140.

0

Rive

rine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

d/Ri

verin

e Sw

ampy

Woo

dlan

d M

osai

c13

,942

4,25

030

.512

1,02

20.

1

Rive

rine

Gra

ssy

Woo

dlan

dSed

gy R

iver

ine

Fore

st M

osai

c88

556

663

.9R

053

20.

0

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

12,6

8712

,043

94.9

3411

,234

0.3

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

/Riv

erin

e Sw

ampy

Woo

dlan

d M

osai

c55

5510

0.0

R0

510.

0

Eco

log

ical

Veg

etat

ion

Cla

sses

(EV

Cs)

Pre-

1750

Exte

nt

Ded

icat

ed

Res

erve

Sys

tem

Cu

rren

tEx

ten

t

Perc

ent

Rem

ain

ing

Co

nse

rvat

ion

Stat

us

Oth

er P

ub

licLa

nd

Ded

icat

edR

eser

ves

as%

of

Pre-

1750

Ext

ent

12

34

56

78

Are

a in

ha

Are

a in

ha

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

/Sed

gy R

iver

ine

Fore

st M

osai

c47

539

683

.3R

1326

52.

8

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

/Sed

gy R

iver

ine

Fore

st-R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

C

ompl

ex1,

325

1,21

891

.90

1,16

00.

0

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

/Spi

ke-s

edge

Wet

land

Mos

aic

66

100.

0R

06

0.0

Rive

rine

Swam

p Fo

rest

/Tal

l Mar

sh M

osai

c57

357

310

0.0

R0

573

0.0

Rive

rine

Swam

py W

oodl

and

8,93

86,

182

69.2

483,

542

0.5

Rive

rine

Swam

py W

oodl

and/

Lign

um W

etla

nd M

osai

c5,

824

2,23

138

.38

210

0.1

Rive

rine

Swam

py W

oodl

and/

Plai

ns G

rass

y W

etla

nd M

osai

c30

830

9.7

E, R

10

0.3

Rive

rine

Swam

py W

oodl

and/

Sedg

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

Mos

aic

348

345

99.2

R0

321

0.0

Rock

y O

utcr

op S

hrub

land

141

4330

.4R

01

0.0

Rush

y Ri

verin

e Sw

amp

293

206

70.4

R0

193

0.0

Salin

e La

ke M

osai

c18

218

199

.0R

3514

119

.0

Sam

phire

Shr

ubla

nd1,

351

1,26

693

.730

751

822

.7

Sand

Rid

ge W

oodl

and

1,84

572

739

.4R

112

40.

1

Sand

ston

e Ri

dge

Shru

blan

d/Lo

w R

ises

Woo

dlan

d M

osai

c14

78

5.3

E, R

00

0.0

Sedg

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

17,6

1316

,534

93.9

203

14,1

831.

2

Sedg

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

/Riv

erin

e Sw

amp

Fore

st C

ompl

ex3,

876

3,83

198

.80

3,73

70.

0

Sedg

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

/Spi

ke-s

edge

Wet

land

Mos

aic

00

100.

0R

00

0.0

Sedg

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

/Tal

l Mar

sh M

osai

c2

210

0.0

R0

20.

0

Sem

i-arid

Che

nopo

d W

oodl

and

33,4

0820

,148

60.3

1,97

77,

589

5.9

Sem

i-arid

Par

illa

Woo

dlan

d1,

839

482

26.2

V, R

1823

31.

0

Sem

i-arid

Woo

dlan

d18

,870

12,3

3765

.47,

137

3,56

737

.8

Shal

low

Fre

shw

ater

Mar

sh61

961

899

.9R

4357

27.

0

Shru

bby

Dry

For

est

98

84.1

R0

00.

0

Shru

bby

Rive

rine

Woo

dlan

d7,

961

7,95

099

.92,

373

4,91

529

.8

Spik

e-se

dge

Wet

land

795

726

91.3

R78

615

9.8

Spik

e-se

dge

Wet

land

/Tal

l Mar

sh M

osai

c59

5910

0.0

R50

984

.5

Sub-

salin

e D

epre

ssio

n Sh

rubl

and

1,01

193

292

.1R

113

664

11.2

Swam

py R

ipar

ian

Woo

dlan

d9

337

.5R

01

0.0

Swam

py W

oodl

and

9,93

71,

712

17.2

V0

384

0.0

Eco

log

ical

Veg

etat

ion

Cla

sses

(EV

Cs)

Pre-

1750

Exte

nt

Ded

icat

ed

Res

erve

Sys

tem

Cu

rren

tEx

ten

t

Perc

ent

Rem

ain

ing

Co

nse

rvat

ion

Stat

us

Oth

er P

ub

licLa

nd

Ded

icat

edR

eser

ves

as%

of

Pre-

1750

Ext

ent

12

34

56

78

Are

a in

ha

Are

a in

ha

389Discussion Paper


Tall

Mar

sh1,

437

1,41

198

.253

1,29

13.

7

Tall

Mar

sh/A

quat

ic H

erbl

and

Mos

aic

77

100.

0R

07

0.0

Tall

Mar

sh/N

on-V

eget

atio

n M

osai

c16

1610

0.0

R0

160.

0

Tall

Mar

sh/O

pen

Wat

er M

osai

c18

518

499

.7R

015

60.

0

Tall

Mar

sh/R

iver

ine

Swam

p Fo

rest

Mos

aic

33

100.

0R

03

0.0

Valle

y G

rass

y Fo

rest

1,56

021

413

.7V,

R0

280.

0

Valle

y G

rass

y Fo

rest

/Gra

ssy

Dry

For

est

Mos

aic

31

35.7

R0

00.

0

Wet

land

For

mat

ion

11,8

853,

625

30.5

2425

50.

2

Woo

rinen

Mal

lee

2,46

51,

393

56.5

668

486

27.1

Woo

rinen

San

ds M

alle

e2,

672

2,45

091

.72,

265

3384

.8

wat

er b

ody

- na

tura

l or

man

mad

e6,

000

6,64

611

0.8

307

4,84

75.

1

othe

r -

natu

ral

3,83

33,

822

125

2,17

5

Tota

ls:

1,21

5,77

448

3,36

039

.868

,010

179,

926

5.6

Eco

log

ical

Veg

etat

ion

Cla

sses

(EV

Cs)

Pre-

1750

Exte

nt

Ded

icat

ed

Res

erve

Sys

tem

Cu

rren

tEx

ten

t

Perc

ent

Rem

ain

ing

Co

nse

rvat

ion

Stat

us

Oth

er P

ub

licLa

nd

Ded

icat

edR

eser

ves

as%

of

Pre-

1750

Ext

ent

12

34

56

78

Are

a in

ha

Are

a in

ha

In a

dditi

on t

o th

e re

pres

enta

tion

of E

VC

s in

the

pub

lic la

nd d

edic

ated

res

erve

sys

tem

sho

wn

abov

e, t

he f

ollo

win

g EV

Cs

are

also

rep

rese

nted

in P

rivat

e Pr

otec

ted

Are

as o

wne

dby

the

Tru

st f

or N

atur

e (V

ic)

and

accr

edite

d un

der

the

Nat

iona

l Res

erve

Sys

tem

(no

te:

not

all t

hese

res

erve

s ar

e en

tirel

y co

ntai

ned

with

in t

he s

tudy

are

a)—

Allu

vial

Pla

ins

Sem

i-arid

Gra

ssla

nd29

1 ha

Che

nopo

d G

rass

land

79 h

aC

heno

pod

Mal

lee

161

haFl

oodp

lain

Gra

ssy

Wet

land

1 ha

Floo

dway

Pon

d H

erbl

and

12 h

aG

rass

y Ri

verin

e Fo

rest

0 ha

Gra

ssy

Rive

rine

Fore

st/F

lood

way

Pon

d H

erbl

and

Com

plex

13 h

aIn

term

itten

t Sw

ampy

Woo

dlan

d11

8 ha

Lign

um S

hrub

land

753

ha

Lign

um S

wam

p86

ha

Lign

um S

wam

py W

oodl

and

497

haLo

w C

heno

pod

Shru

blan

d18

,921

ha

Plai

ns G

rass

land

350

haRi

verin

e C

heno

pod

Woo

dlan

d96

9 ha

Sem

i-arid

Che

nopo

d W

oodl

and

4,89

9 ha

Sem

i-arid

Woo

dlan

d69

ha

Shru

bby

Rive

rine

Woo

dlan

d27

5 ha

Tota

l27

,495

ha

EVC 806 Alluvial Plains Semi-arid GrasslandDefining characteristics: Grassland (turf) to herblandwith only incidental shrubs. Flood-promoted flora,potentially including a wide range of opportunisticephemeral / annual species.Structure: Grassland / herbland - variable according toseasonal conditions and site-wetness, mostly < 0.2 m.The potential dominant, Red-tail Couch Sporobolusmitchellii, is a species with warm season growth, withvigour and performance flood-promoted, but apparentlynot emergent until after flood recession.Habitat: Low-lying areas within at least previously flood-prone (mostly) higher-level terraces. These can beeffectively shallow lakes when flooded. Also sometimeson flats along creeks of the further north-west, inhabitat akin to that of Floodway Pond Herbland (whichmostly occurs nearer the Murray River). Floristics: While some examples are virtually devoid ofwoody plants, incidental shrubs can include TangledLignum Muehlenbeckia florulenta, Nitre GoosefootChenopodium nitrariaceum, Streaked CopperburrSclerolaena tricuspis and Spiny Lignum Muehlenbeckiahorrida. The floristics are quite variable. In lessdesiccated examples, the vegetation is dominated byRed-tail Couch Sporobolus mitchellii. These habitats canbe relatively species -poor or include a wide a range ofassociated species, mostly annual or ephemeral herbs,many of which are shared with more open versions ofLignum Shrubland (with which Alluvial Plains Semi-aridGrassland appears to intergrade). Pale Beauty-headsCalocephalus sonderi is sometimes co-dominant (or eveneffectively dominant in the absence of emergent growthof Red-tail Couch Sporobolus mitchellii. A range ofother small chenopods (e.g. Bluebush Maireana spp.,Star Bluebush Stelligera endecaspinis) can be present inthe drier north-west. Additional species commonlyrecorded within this mapping unit include Salt Sea-spurrey Spergularia sp. 3, Grass Cushion Isoetopsisgraminifolia, Mouse-tail Myosurus minimus var. australis,Crassula Crassula spp., Rough Raspwort Haloragisaspera, Goodenia spp., Clay Plantain Plantagocunninghamii, River Bluebell Wahlenbergia fluminalis,Hairy Burr-daisy Calotis hispidula, Hard-head DaisyBrachyscome lineariloba, Variable Daisy Brachyscomeciliaris, Rosinweed Cressa cretica, Warty Pepper-cressLepidium papillosum, Slender Groundsel Senecioglossanthus and Desert Spinach Tetragonia eremaea s.l.Distribution: Lindsay Island, Mulcra Island, WalpollaIsland, Kings Billabong. Former distribution possiblyobscured by impacts of land-use and altered hydrologyin other parts of apparent potential range (e.g. Hattah -Kulkyne).Vegetation Quality: While this habitat is capable oftolerating prolonged periods without flooding, it seemsinevitable that, if sustained into the longer-term, theabsence of flooding will result in permanent changes to

the floristic composition (including the invasion ofspecies from non-flooded habitats and loss of speciesdependant on at least occasional flooding). A range ofsignificant flora can occur in this vegetation (includingversions transitional to Lignum Shrubland).

EVC 653 Aquatic HerblandDefining characteristics: Herbland of permanent tosemi-permanent wetlands, dominated by sedges(especially on shallower verges) and/or aquatic herbs.Occurs on fertile paludal soils, typically heavy claysbeneath organic accumulations. Previously widespreadwithin restricted areas of suitable habitat across thestudy area but now greatly reduced through drainingand use for agriculture.Structure: Herbland, floating mat to weakly emergent.Habitat: Permanent to seasonal wetland, in suitablysheltered sites with reliable water supply and soilsstaying moist at depth. Floristics: Indicator species: Water-milfoil Myriophyllumspp., Water-ribbons Triglochin procerum spp. agg. withRunning Mrash-flower Villarsia reniformis / Clove-stripLudwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, and variouslyWater-lily Nymphaea spp., River Buttercup Ranunculusinundatus, Australian Lilaeopsis Lilaeopsis polyantha andSwamp Crassula Crassula helmsii. Diversity is potentiallyhigher on outer fringes, with a range of small herbs (e.g.Floating Club-sedge Isolepis fluitans, Lobelia spp.,Swamp Goodenia Goodenia humilis, Centella Centellacordifolia and/or Shining Pennywort Hydrocotylesibthorpioides).

EVC 829 Chenopod GrasslandDefining characteristics: Open to sparse shrublandwith a more or less continuous tussock grass swardfound on heavy clay plains fringing the active floodplainsof major watercourses such as the Loddon and Avoca. Structure: Open shrubland to 1 m with an inter-shrubsward of perennial caespitose grasses to 1 m. Short-lived perennial chenopod herbs and annual forbsvariously and seasonally dominate the field layer.Habitat: Occurs on relict alluvial plains and low risesassociated with clay lunettes. The soils are commonlygrey to red brown clays. Not normally subject toinundation as a consequence of overbank flows frommajor rivers but poorly drained settings may result inprotracted pooling of water in winter months due toheavy rainfall. Typically found in ‘inlying’ slightly raisedparts of the lower reaches of river systems. Floristics: No remnants of this distinctive and oncewidespread vegetation formation remain in asubstantially intact state in Victoria. As a consequence,detailed floristics cannot be specified. It is thought thatdivaricately branched chenopod shrubs such as LeaflessBluebush Maireana aphylla, Rohrlach’s BluebushMaireana rohrlachii, Nitre-bush Nitraria billardierei andHedge Saltbush Rhagodia spinescens once dominated

APPENDIX 7: Descriptions of the Main EVCs in the River Red Gum Forests Study AreaAppendix 6 provides definitions of vegetation communities, EVCs, mosaics and complexes. The following pages provide descriptions of the main 34 EVCs in the study area.

391Discussion Paper


this formation. Tangled Lignum Muehlenbeckiaflorulenta and the tall cane grass Southern Cane-grassEragrostis infecunda may also be occasional co-dominants in localised depressions or gilgai. The inter-shrub spaces are typically dominated by medium to largecaespitose grasses, particularly Rigid Panic Whalleyaproluta, Spider Grass Enteropogon acicularis, PlumpSpear-grass Austrostipa aristiglumis, Copper-awnedWallaby-grass Austrodanthonia fulva, and Brown-backWallaby-grass Austrodanthonia duttoniana. Othercommon perennials include Black Roly-poly Sclerolaenamuricata, Short-wing Saltbush Sclerochlamysbrachyptera, Tangled Copperburr Sclerolaena divaricata,Bush Minuria Minuria cunninghamii, Woolly ButtonsLeiocarpa panaetioides, Berry Saltbush Atriplexsemibaccata, Rosinweed Cressa australis and TwiggyLignum Muehlenbeckia diclina. The seasonal flora ofthis EVC would once have been very rich in annuals andgeophytes including Sunray Hyalosperma spp. SunrayRhodanthe spp. and Swainson Pea Swainsona spp.Distribution: Highly modified and widely cleared, thisEVC once occurred widely in the south and south-eastern riverine plains.

EVC 168 Drainage-line AggregateDefining characteristics: Eucalypt-dominatedwoodland with occasional scattered shrub layer over amostly grassy/sedgy to herbaceous ground-layer. Occurson low-gradient ephemeral to intermittent drainagelines, typically on fertile colluvial/alluvial soils, on a widerange of suitably fertile geological substrates. Structure: Varies from grassy wetland to low openherbland or sedgeland, and can develop to a Red GumSwamp in places.Habitat: Ephemeral wetlands and floodways alongdefined drainage-lines on the riverine floodplain. Floristics: River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis,Spiny Mud-grass Pseudoraphis spinescens, River SwampWallaby-grass Amphibromus fluitans, Common Spike-sedge Eleocharis acuta, Love Grass Eragrostis spp., smallannuals such as Button Rush Lipocarpha microcephala,Fringe Sedge Fimbristylis spp., and various Sedge Carexspp. Potentially diverse range of associated species,variously including Water Ribbons Triglochin procera s.l.,Upright Water-milfoil Myriophyllum crispatum, SwampLily Ottelia ovalifolia subsp ovalifolia, Floating PondweedPotamogeton tricarinatus, Common SneezeweedCentipeda cunninghamii, Yellow Twin-heads Ecliptaplatyglossa, Knotweed Persicaria spp., Dock Rumex spp.,Hypsela Hypsela tridens, Poison Pratia Lobelia concolor,Matted Starwort Stellaria caespitosa, and River BluebellWahlenbergia fluminalis. Total species richness can behigh due to the complexity of microhabitats.

EVC 809 Floodplain Grassy WetlandDefining characteristics: Wetland dominated byfloating aquatic grasses (which persist to some extent asturf during drier periods), occurring in the most flood-prone riverine areas. Typically treeless, but sometimeswith thickets of saplings or scattered more maturespecimens of River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis.Structure: Floating emergent aquatic grassland or turf-like grassland sward, according to prevailing conditions (inparticular the relevant stage of flood cycles). Typically <15

cm emergent, but stoloniferous aquatic growth mayexceed two metres, persisting as thick mats until grazedor cut back by frosts following flood recession. Habitat: Temporary shallow lakes in the most flood-proneareas. This vegetation type also occurs as a narrowintermediate band around floodway ponds - between theouter zone dominated by Common Spike-sedgeEleocharis acuta and the Floodway Pond Herblandtypically dominated by Sneezeweed Centipeda spp. andSmall Knotweed Polygonum plebium (or sometimesCommon Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformis, particularlyduring dry periods).Floristics: Typically dominated by Spiny Mud-grassPseudoraphis spinescens, sometimes with associatedspecies including Common Spike-sedge Eleocharis acuta,Creeping Knotweed Persicaria prostrata, Common Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformis, Native Couch Cynodondactylon var. pulchellus, Rat-tail Couch Sporobolusmitchellii and Sneezeweed Centipeda spp. Furtherupstream (e.g. Barmah), River Swamp Wallaby-grassAmphibromus fluitans (often with open Giant RushJuncus ingens) can also locally dominate or co-dominatevegetation of similar character. Ranges (both spatially andtemporally) from virtually monospecific (at optimumdevelopment) to diverse with opportunistic species.Distribution: Rare, small areas dispersed localities.Vegetation Quality: While a naturally very restrictedvegetation type within the study area, Floodplain GrassyWetland can be presumed to have become even rarer asa consequence of reduced flooding. Introduced speciesare opportunistic in this habitat during dry phases only.

EVC 56 Floodplain Riparian WoodlandDefining characteristics: An open woodlanddominated by River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensisover a medium to tall shrub layer with a ground layerconsisting of amphibious and aquatic herbs and sedges. Habitat: Occurs along the banks and floodplains of thelarger meandering rivers and major creeks, often inconjunction with one or more floodplain wetlandcommunities. Elevation and rainfall are relatively lowand soils are fertile alluviums subject to periodic floodingand inundation.Floristics: River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis is thetypical dominant overstorey species. The occasionalspecimen of Manna Gum E. viminalis and MountainSwamp Gum E. camphora or Swamp Gum E. ovata mayoccur in the upper reaches of the Ovens, King andKiewa Rivers in transition to other EVCs such as RiparianForest or Swampy Woodland. Shrubs are predominantlySilver Wattle Acacia dealbata, and Tree VioletHymenanthra dentata. The ground cover on the drier,elevated banks consists mainly of Common TussockGrass Poa labillardierei with other species such as Bent-grass Deyeuxia spp. On the wetter, lower banks TallSedge Carex appressa, Common Reed Phragmitesaustralis, Silky Browntop Eulalia aurea, and various RushJuncus spp. and Sedge Cyperaceae spp. occur. Spike-sedge Eleocharis sphaecalata, Knotweed Persicaria spp.and other aquatic species are found in the low-lyingwetland areas with a range of herbs occupying theseasonally exposed soil.Comments: Floodplain Riparian Woodland represents a

mosaic of terraces, active floodways and formerchannels, and as such is not readily amenable to simplefloristic description. In many instances, streamregulation has diminished the extent of flooding.

EVC 172 Floodplain Wetland AggregateCollective label for the various zones of vegetationassociated with wetlands of riparian floodplains, bestdeveloped in association with Floodplain RiparianWoodland. Potentially includes mosaics ofscrub/shrubland, reedbed, sedgeland, rushland,grassland and/or herbland zones. The followingcomponents are variously recognisable within FloodplainWetland Aggregate: Aquatic Herbland, AquaticSedgeland, Tall Marsh, Floodway Pond Herbland andDwarf Floating Aquatic Herbland. Billabong Wetland isalso an aggregate EVC including many of thesecomponents.

EVC 810 Floodway Pond HerblandDefining characteristics: Low herbland on the dryingmud of floors of ponds on floodway systems (mainlyriverine floodplains).Structure: Low herbland, treeless (or virtually so),usually with a high content of ephemeral species.Habitat: Drying mud within ponds on floodplains. It canalso occur as a temporal component within somevariants of Billabong Wetland Aggregate, in associationwith other wetland types.Floristics: The floristics can be quite variable (bothspatially and temporally), according to the traits of therelevant individual pond. The following generalisedfloristic variations are noted. The floristics also vary intemporal cycles and probably between seasons at somelocations.• Common Sneezeweed Centipeda cunninghamii –

Matted Starwort Stellaria caespitosa (Riverine : mainlyBarmah - Tocumwal, but extending upstream alongtributaries - e.g. Loddon River at Lanacoorie)

• Knotweed Persicaria spp. (widespread, mainly south ofdivide, but also e.g. eastern end Barmah Forest)

• Globular Pigweed Dysphania glomulifera subsp.glomulifera – Fringe Sedge Fimbystylis spp. (rare andinadequately known, on sandy substrates - e.g. DeadRiver at Ulupna Island, Tarma at Barmah Forest)

• Mallee Floodway Pond Herbland : SneezeweedCentipeda spp., Small Knotweed Polygonum plebium(Carpet Weed Glinus spp., Creeping KnotweedPersicaria prostrata, Globular Pigweed Dysphaniaglomulifera subsp. glomulifera, Joyweed Alternantheraspp., Common Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformis;with narrow fringes of Spiny Mud-grass Pseudoraphisspinescens, Common Spike-sedge Eleocharis acuta andsometimes Fen Sedge Carex gaudichaudiana). Semi-arid versions can include an increased component ofspecies shared with the lacustrine habitat (notablySouthern Liquorice Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa,Heliotrope Heliotropium spp. and Small Mud-matGlossostigma elatinoides). On rare occasions canoccur in fine-scale mosaic with Floodplain GrassyWetland. The association of Sneezeweed Centipedaspp. and Small Knotweed Polygonum plebium (oftenwith Carpet Weed Glinus spp.) appears to be rareoutside of Murray Mallee, e.g. Yarra River floodplainwhere apparently very rare and Ulupna Island) - the

distinction between this and the Dysphania -Fimbristylis variant may be somewhat arbitrary.

Distribution: Widely dispersed along major riparianfloodplains, but variable within restricted habitat andselectively depleted. Poorly known outside of MurrayRiver and tributaries.Vegetation Quality: In the Murray Mallee, subject toinvasion by River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensisseedlings under reduced frequency and depth offlooding. In general often grazed and vulnerable tohydrological modification and nutrient run-off inagricultural areas.

EVC 945 Floodway Pond Herbland/Riverine SwampForest ComplexDefining characteristics: Ground layer dominated byherbaceous species largely shared with floodway ponds(Floodway Pond Herbland/Aquatic Herbland), or virtuallyabsent (due to thick accumulations of forest litter orpersistence of black water, or sometimes excluded bydense thickets of young River Red-gum Eucalyptuscamaldulensis regeneration).Structure: Tall woodland or open forest (20 to 40+ m)with low herbaceous ground layer, to a mosaic ofherbland (to 0.8 m, but mostly less than 0.2 m) withregeneration thickets of saplings (to c. 20 m).Habitat: Occurs along floodway systems on low-lyingterraces. Some occurrences appear to be a reflection ofconditions naturally intermediate between the habitatsof the respective EVCs, while others are within areassubject to ecological process, including ecologicalchange due to decreased flooding.Floristics: Major species vary between the two areaswhere the complex is documented.• Murray Mallee – River Red-gum Eucalyptus

camaldulensis with Common Blown-grassLachnagrostis filiformis, Common SneezeweedCentipeda cunninghamii, Joyweed Alternanthera spp.and Knotweed Persicaria spp. - especially CreepingKnotweed P. prostrata ( sparse Common Spike-sedgeEleocharis acuta or Spiny Mud-grass Pseudoraphisspinescens; variously Indian Cudweed Gnaphaliumpolycaulon, Couch Cynodon dactylon var. pulchellus,Spreading Sneezeweed Centipeda minima s.s. andYellow Twin-heads Eclipta platyglossa).

• Mid-Murray (e.g. Barmah) – River Red-gum Eucalyptuscamaldulensis with Common Blown-grassLachnagrostis filiformis and Lachnagrostis filiformis var.2, Matted Starwort Stellaria caespitosa, SneezeweedCentipeda spp., especially Common Sneezeweed C.cunninghamii, Lesser Joyweed Alternantheradenticulata, Knotweed Persicaria spp. (CreepingKnotweed P. prostrata, Slender Knotweed P. decipiens,Water Pepper P. hydropiper), Upright Water-milfoilMyriophyllum crispatum, Common Spike-sedgeEleocharis acuta (sometimes with a component ofGiant Rush Juncus ingens, Flecked Flat-sedge Cyperusgunnii subsp. gunnii or Bulrush Typha spp.).

The abundance of annual species can be highly variablebetween seasons (and equivalent seasons in differentyears). Distribution: Widely dispersed, but within restrictedhabitat along the Murray River and major tributaries. Vegetation Quality: Sites supporting Floodway PondHerbland / Riverine Swamp Forest Complex are typically

393Discussion Paper

undergoing floristic change as a consequence ofchanged hydrology (reduced flooding, and in parts ofBarmah Forest, increased incidence of minor summerflooding).

EVC 106 Grassy Riverine Forest Defining characteristics: Open eucalypt forest (towoodland) with grassy understorey, dominated byspecies indicative of at least occasional flooding, but alsotolerant of sustained dry periods.Structure: Open forest to tall open forest or tallwoodland, with (tufted) grassy understorey.Habitat: More elevated flood-prone river terraces (orotherwise free-draining if in locations subject to deeperor more frequent inundation).Floristics: River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis withWarrego Summer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum dominantin the groundlayer (associated species include CommonSneezeweed Centipeda cunninghamii, WoodlandSwamp-daisy Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis, RiverBluebell Wahlenbergia fluminalis, Flat SpurgeChamaesyce drummondii, Cotton Fireweed Senecioquadridentatus, Slender Dock Rumex brownii and NativeCouch Cynodon dactylon var. pulchellus; with CommonSpike-sedge Eleocharis acuta relatively minor if present).Distribution: Widespread along Murray River, in mostareas within restricted habitat (lower terraces), rare in farnorth-west.Vegetation Quality: While a number of introducedspecies are often present in the vegetation, WarregoSummer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum tends to retaindominance in the absence of other major forms ofdisturbance. This vegetation type occurs within a zonethat mostly still receives some flooding. While indicativeof flood-prone areas and only producing vigorousgrowth in warm weather following flooding, tussocks ofWarrego Summer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum are ableto persist over a number of seasons without flood.

EVC 812 Grassy Riverine Forest/Riverine SwampForest ComplexDefining characteristics: Eucalypt forest of flood-proneareas, where the understorey dominants (e.g. CommonSpike-sedge Eleocharis acuta and/or Spiny Mud-grassPseudoraphis spinescens) of Riverine Swamp Forest areconspicuous in association or fine-scale mosaic with thelarger tussock species (Warrego Summer-grassPaspalidium jubiflorum) characteristic of Grassy RiverineForest.Structure: Usually a tall open forest to open forest(sometimes woodland), with a grassy-herbaceousground-layer (to c. 1 m).Habitat: Grassy Riverine Forest/Riverine Swamp ForestComplex occurs in flood-prone areas, where inundationis regular but mostly shallower or less frequent/sustainedrelative to sites supporting Riverine Swamp Forest.These include broad shallow floodways and low-lyingriver terraces prone to reasonably regular flooding.Floristics: River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis, withWarrego Summer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum, inassociation or mosaic with Common Spike-sedgeEleocharis acuta and/or Spiny Mud-grass Pseudoraphisspinescens (other conspicuous species variously includeKnotweed Persicaria spp. - in particular CreepingKnotweed P. prostrata, Native Couch Cynodon dactylon

var. pulchellus, Common Sneezeweed Centipedacunninghamii, Yellow Twin-heads Eclipta platyglossa,Riverina Bitter-cress Cardamine moirensis, LesserJoyweed Alternanthera denticulata s.l., Common Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformis, Spreading SneezeweedCentipeda minima subsp. minima s.s. and River BluebellWahlenbergia fluminalis).Distribution: Scattered distribution along river, but veryrestricted outside of Barmah Forest.

EVC 813 Intermittent Swampy WoodlandDefining characteristics: Eucalypt (Acacia) woodlandwith (variously shrubby) rhizomatous sedgy - turf grassunderstorey, at best development dominated by floodstimulated species in association with flora tolerant ofinundation.Structure: Woodland with (variously shrubby)rhizomatous grassy - sedgy (to herbaceous) ground-layer.Habitat: Floristics are indicative of flooding which isunreliable but extensive when it happens and usuallyalso traces of salinity. Low elevation areas on riverterraces (mostly at the rear of point-bar deposits oradjacent to major floodways) and lacustrine verges(where sometimes localised to narrow transitionalbands). Soils often have a shallow sand layer over heavyand frequently slightly brackish soils.Floristics: River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis withEumong Acacia stenophylla (+/- Black Box Eucalyptuslargiflorens and relatively open Tangled LignumMuehlenbeckia florulenta). Floristics is variable andoften appears skewed by disturbance. Major speciesinclude Rat-tail Couch Sporobolus mitchellii, Spiny Flat-sedge Cyperus gymnocaulos, Rosinweed Cressa australis,Rough Raspwort Haloragis aspera, CommonSneezeweed Centipeda cunninghamii, Spreading Nut-heads Sphaeromorphaea australis, Blue Rod Stemmodiaflorulenta, Common Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformis,River Bluebell Wahlenbergia fluminalis and Pale Beauty-heads Calocephalus sonderi, with Warrego Summer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum typically a very minorspecies present. On flood-prone sandy terracesconnected to the river or major floodway creeks, Love-grass Eragrostis spp. and Native Couch Cynodondactylon var. pulchellus can be locally dominant - thisvariant is transitional towards Riverine Swamp Forest.The relevant habitat is extremely restricted, and thesandy terraces variant is very rare - small areas areknown from Belsar Island and Barmah Forest.Distribution: In further North-West Victoria,Intermittent Swampy Woodland is of scattereddistribution along Murray River, mostly downstream ofRobinvale but extending to near the Murrumbidgee Riverconfluence (e.g. Lake Walla Walla and Lindsay Island,Kings Billabong, Kulkyne Forest and presumed formerlyextensive along the Chalka Creek system at HattahLakes). Vegetation Quality: The relevant vegetation isextensively invaded by *Fog-fruit Phyla canescens atKings Billabong, and in general floristically alteredthrough desiccation and grazing (extremely so atHattah). The EVC is quite variable, and may haveincluded a number of communities, but the originalfloristic patterns are often obscured by the impacts ofdisturbance (grazing and desiccation).

River Red Gum Forests Investigation > 2006394

EVC 107 Lake Bed HerblandDefining characteristics: Herbland dominated byspecies adapted to drying mud within lake beds. Someevade periods of prolonged inundation as seed, othersas dormant tuber-like rootstocks.Structure: Herbland, varying from very low to mediumheight (0.02 -) 0.1- 0.5 (- 1.0 m), sometime with lowopen shrubland component to 0.5 m. Subject toinvasion by River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensisseedlings under reduced frequency and depth offlooding - sometimes with regeneration thickets ofyoung trees.Habitat: Drying deep-cracking mud of lakes onfloodplains. While flooding events are mostlyintermittent, lakes can retain water for several or moreseasons. Actively growing at the drying mud stage.Typically heavy clay soils. This vegetation can be intemporal phase with the open water / bare mud‘unvegetated’ unit.Floristics: Can vary seasonally, depending on when andhow much water has been available / other seasonalconditions. The main native species include SouthernLiquorice Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa, Australian HollyhockMalva australiana s.l., Clammy Goosefoot Chenopodiumpumilio, Heliotrope Heliotropium spp. and Small Mud-mat Glossostigma elatinoides. Oondoroo Solanum simileis also reported as being abundant on occasions at somesites. Other species that are present at some sitesinclude Mallee Cucumber Mukia micrantha, GlaucousGoosefoot Chenopodium glaucum, HeliotropeHeliotropium spp. and Hairy Carpet-weed Glinuslotoides. In sites where inundation periods are not tooextended (and grazing pressure has not eliminated thespecies), the low shrub Spiny Lignum Muehlenbeckiahorrida can also be locally conspicuous.Distribution: Very localised habitat, mainly at HattahLakes, Lake Walla Walla and Lake Bael Bael.Vegetation Quality: Annual or other opportunisticspecies may colonise or invade during dry phases,especially in lakes that are now rarely filled. In theextreme, a low open chenopod shrubland can develop,in which species including Ruby Saltbush Enchylaenatomentosa var. tomentosa, Nodding Saltbush Einadianutans subsp. nutans, Flat-top Saltbush Atriplex lindleyiand a range of introduced annuals predominate,sometimes along with sparse drought-stressedindividuals of indicator species such as SouthernLicquorice Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa. While thevegetation is typically treeless, thickets of saplings ofRiver Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis can be presenton the outer verges (or across the beds of less frequentlyinundated shallow lakes), indicative of a process ofcontraction of the vegetation type due to decreasedflooding.Comments: Some wetlands of depressions on higherterraces in the north-west may have supportedvegetation referrable to this EVC. The EVC is alsopresumed to have had additional limited occurrenceswithin shallow lakes in the general vicinity of Mildura, inhabitats now extremely altered by saline discharges.

EVC 808 Lignum ShrublandDefining characteristics: Relatively open shrubland ofspecies of divaricate growth form. The ground-layer is

typically herbaceous or a turf grassland, rich inannual/ephemeral herbs and small chenopods. Theshrubs are of more open and even distribution and ofrelatively small stature in comparison to the denserthickets of robust lignum with patchy open areasincluded in Lignum Swamp. Species diversity is typicallymuch higher (and consistent through the vegetation) inLignum Shrubland, whereas most of the species diversityin Lignum Swamp occurs within gaps in the thicket.Structure: Shrubland/open shrubland, with ground-layerherbaceous or a turf grassland, rich in annual/ephemeralherbs and small chenopods.Habitat: Heavy soil plains along Murray River, low-lyingareas on higher-level (but still potentially flood-prone)terraces. Flooding is mostly now rare due to reducedpeak river flows.Floristics: Tangled Lignum Muehlenbeckia florulentaand/or Nitre Goosefoot Chenopodium nitrariaceum(sometimes Cane Grass Eragrostis australasica) withdiverse ground-layer small chenopods and annual herbs.Two structural variants are noted - these may eachinclude more than one floristic variant.1) Riverine Lignum ShrublandTangled Lignum Muehlenbeckia florulenta and/or NitreGoosefoot Chenopodium nitrariaceum (or sometimesCane Grass Eragrostis australasica); +/- WarregoSummer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum and StreakedCooperburr Sclerolaena tricuspis (common speciesinclude Short-wing Saltbush Sclerochlamys brachyptera,Clay Plantain Plantago cunninghamii, Goodenia spp.,Leek Lily Bulbine semibarbata, Hard-head DaisyBrachsycome lineariloba, Fringed BrachylomaBrachyscome ciliatum, Grass Cushion Isoetopsisgraminifolia, Paper Sunray Rhodanthe corymbiflora,Slender Groundsel Senecio glossanthus, Desert SpinachTetragonia eremaea s.l, Slender-fruit Saltbush Atriplexleptocarpa, Hairy Burr-daisy Calotis hispidula, PaleBeauty-heads Calocephalus sonderi and Rat-tail CouchSporobolus mitchellii).2) Tall Cane Grass Lignum ShrublandCane Grass Eragrostis australasica is rare and localised innorth-western Victoria, but potentially locally dominantwithin small areas of suitable habitat. In the furthernorth-west, associated species include Common Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformis, Twin-leaf BedstrawAsperula gemella, Nitre Goosefoot Chenopodiumnitrariaceum, Pale Spike-sedge Eleocharis pallens and TallFireweed Senecio runcinifolius. These occurrences arehere considered a variant of Lignum Shrubland, at leastin the case of the far north-western examples.Distribution: Dicot shrub (riverine) communities:Murray River in further north-west, downstream fromBelsar Island, also including Walpolla Island, MulcraIsland, Lindsay Island, Lake Walla Walla, and presumablyformerly Hattah - Kulkyne. Cane Grass communities:Rare and localised in Victoria - e.g. with floristic variantsin the far north-west (south of Lindsay and WalpollaIslands).Vegetation Quality: Riverine Community - While thecomponent species are tolerant of prolonged periodswithout flooding, this vegetation type appearsvulnerable to floristic changes (possibly including loss ofthe structural dominants) in the longer-term, due toreduced river flows. Annual grasses and medics can be

Discussion Paper 395

very prevalent in the vegetation, particularly in moreopen variants and where grazing has been more intense.Nevertheless, a high diversity of native herbs is oftendetectable in relatively intact examples. The relativeabundance of Sporobolus and Eragrostis spp. is difficultto reliably assess under conditions of desiccation.

EVC 104 Lignum SwampDefining characteristics: Typically treeless, with denseand robust (but sometimes patchy) growth of lignum.Gaps in the denser vegetation may occur in associationwith lower-lying areas where water persists longer -these may support cane-grass, sedgeland and / orephemeral herbs. The character of the vegetation ofthese gaps varies with time since flooding anddisturbance history.Structure: Shrubland to closed scrub, to 3-4 m. Usuallyherbland or sedgeland in gaps, mostly <0.5m.Habitat: Backplains and shallow depressions onfloodplains. Commonly associated with other low-lyingareas such as insipient drainage lines, relict lakebeds andfloodways. Soils are typically heavy cracking grey orblack clays. It is tolerant of prolonged inter-flood phases- up to 8 years - and extended periods – up to 3 months- of shallow inundationFloristics: Tangled Lignum Muehlenbeckia florulenta,with associated species including Common Spike-sedgeEleocharis acuta, Pale Beauty-heads Calocephalussonderi, Tall Fireweed Senecio runcinifolius, Twin-leafBedstraw Asperula gemella, Common Nardoo Marsileadrummondii and sometimes Southern Cane-grassEragrostis infecunda. Denser patches may comprise avirtually mono-specific inter-woven tangle of TangledLignum Muehlenbeckia florulenta. Some examples mayhave included Cane Grass Eragrostis australasica,however most instances where the latter is presentappear to be best referred to the more open andspecies-rich, less robust shrublands of Lignum Shrubland.In the further north-west, a range of chenopods can bepresent, notably Streaked Copperburr Sclerolaenatricuspis and Flat-top Saltbush Atriplex lindleyi, howeverNitre Goosefoot Chenopodium nitrariaceum ischaracteristically absent from well-developed examplesof Lignum Swamp.Distribution: Loddon River floodplain south of Kerang,and scattered downstream of Mitchell Lagoons,including Hattah-Kulkyne (where degraded). Particularlyrobust examples occur at Mulcra Island. A more openvegetation dominated by Tangled LignumMuehlenbeckia florulenta at Lake Walla Walla hassubstantial floristic differences (see relevant commentswithin the description of Lignum Shrubland). Vegetation Quality: In the further north-west, a rangeof chenopods is present, notably Streaked CopperburrSclerolaena tricuspis. While some floristic differences inthe vegetation of the further north-west can beattributed to inherent environmental factors, there isstrong evidence of invasion of a range of species fromthe adjacent Riverine Chenopod Woodland as aconsequence of reduced flooding. Tangled LignumMuehlenbeckia florulenta can be displaced by acombination of desiccation and grazing such as occursat Hattah. A particularly extensive example of LignumSwamp is believed to have formerly occurred at Karadoc

Swamp, but the prior vegetation has been eliminated bysalinisation. It is considered that Lignum Swamp hascontracted in extent (e.g. from floodway systems onhigher terraces at Walpolla Island and Lindsay Island) asa consequence of reduced frequency and amplitude offlooding.

EVC 823 Lignum Swampy WoodlandDefining characteristics: Understorey dominated byTangled Lignum Muehlenbeckia florulenta, typically ofrobust character and relatively dense (at least inpatches), in association with a low Eucalypt and/orAcacia woodland. The ground layer includes acomponent of obligate wetland flora that is able topersist even if dormant over dry periods.Structure: Woodland or open woodland to c. 10 (-15)m, with well-developed shrub layer to c. 2 - 3 m, residueof understorey mostly < 1m.Habitat: Shallow wetland associated with floodwaysystems on (relatively) higher terraces. Soils are heavyand water-retentive.Floristics: The tallest stratum is dominated by EumongAcacia stenophylla and Black Box Eucalyptus largiflorens,with River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis sometimesalso present. A shrub layer of Tangled LignumMuehlenbeckia florulenta is conspicuous. Commonassociated species variously include Southern Cane-grassEragrostis infecunda, Common Nardoo Marsileadrummondii, Twin-leaf Bedstraw Asperula gemella,Variable Daisy Brachyscome ciliaris, Pale Beauty-headsCalocephalus sonderi, Nodding Saltbush Einadia nutanssubsp. nutans, Slender Groundsel Senecio glossanthus,Warrego Summer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum, Flat-topSaltbush Atriplex lindleyi, Slender-fruit Saltbush Atriplexleptocarpa, Native Peppercress Lepidiumpseudohyssopifolium, Tall Fireweed Senecio runcinifolius,Salt Sea-spurrey Spergularia sp. 3, Annual CudweedEuchiton sphaericus, Rat-tail Couch Sporobolus mitchelliiand Common Spike-sedge Eleocharis acuta. NitreGoosefoot Chenopodium nitrariaceum ischaracteristically rare if at all present. Similarly absentare the range of other shrubs (e.g. Wattle Acacia spp.,Emu-bush Eremophila spp., Weeping PittosporumPittosporum angustifolium) which are characteristic ofrelatively intact Riverine Chenopod Woodland.Distribution: Scattered on Murray River floodplaingenerally west of Nathalia.Vegetation Quality: This vegetation is vulnerable todesiccation from prolonged reduced flooding - localsevere die back of the major structural dominants wasobserved in places (notably on Walpolla Island). Manyexamples include a conspicuous component of shrubbychenopods (notably Enchylaena tomentosa andSclerolaena tricuspis), particularly in the further north-west. It is considered likely that these species haveinvaded or at least substantially increased as a reflectionof reduced flooding. Muehlenbeckia florulenta isvulnerable to prolonged desiccation and heavy grazing.

EVC 102 Low Chenopod ShrublandDefining characteristics: Low chenopod – dominated,largely treeless shrublands occupying the highestterraces on the floodplain of the Murray River and othermajor river systems such as the Loddon. Also found innarrow bands fringing raak and saline lakes such as Lake


Tyrell and on relict lakebed surfaces such as Pine Plains. Structure: Open shrubland to 1 m (but typically less),with a field layer variously and seasonally dominated byshort lived perennial chenopod herbs, caespitose grasses,annual forbs and prostrate succulent herbsHabitat: Occurs in areas with a distinctly semi-aridclimate on relict alluvial plains and abandoned streamstructures typically lightly mantled with parna. Theseplains are rarely flooded but are poorly drained and maybe subject to periods of inundation following heavyrains. The soils are commonly grey to brown clays andduplex soils with loamy clays and loams above clay sub-soils. Occupies plains – formed by recent alluvialprocesses with insignificant topographic relief. Notsubject to inundation as a consequence of overbankflows from major rivers but poorly drained settings mayresult in protracted pooling of water in winter monthsdue to heavy rainfall. The climate can be described assemi-arid to arid with low but highly variable rainfall.Soils are typically clays with minor or shallow depositionof aeolian materials at the surface. Surface soils are red-brown sandy clay loams and sandy clays giving way toheavier textured brown-grey clay soils within 50 cm ofthe surface. The soils are sub-saline (sodic) withcomparatively high EC (generally above 2 dS/m and upto 9 dS/m) at depth and high pH (generally above 8) ator near the surface, due to the proximity of salinegroundwater and the shallow surface deposition ofreworked Woorinen sediments respectively. Floristics: Trees are virtually absent from this EVC due tosummer drought stress in the heavy textured soils –occasional Umbrella Wattle Acacia oswaldii or Cattle-bush Alectryon oleifolius subsp. canescens may bepresent on slightly deeper drifts of coarser soils. Tworelatively distinct floristic entities are here described. The shrub layer is variously dominated by BladderSaltbush Atriplex vesicaria, Desert Glasswort Pachycorniatriandra, Nitre-bush Nitraria billardierei and otherperennial woody chenopods such as Kidney SaltbushAtriplex stipitata, Thorny Lawrencia Lawrencia squamata,Twin-flower Saltbush Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorusand depending on the degree to which salinegroundwater affects the site various Sea Heath Frankeniaspecies. A range of Copperburr Sclerolaena species mayalso be prevalent – becoming more so following heavygrazing episodes, protracted dry spells or flooding –including Tangled Copperburr S. divaricata, LimestoneCopperburr S. obliquicuspis, Grey Copperburr S.diacantha and Streaked Copperburr S. tricuspis. Old-man Saltbush Atriplex nummularia is occasional in areasreceiving local runoff. The ground layer is highly variableand composition responds readily to the vagaries of theprevailing weather. In particular, the season of significantrainfall events may promote a significantly different suiteof annual taxa. Some common species include RoundedNoon-flower Disphyma crassifolium subsp. clavellatum,Pale Beauty-heads Calocephalus sonderi, Desert Spear-grass Austrostipa eremophila, Yakka Grass Sporoboluscaroli, Bristly Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea,Rough Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra, Windmill GrassChloris truncata, Pink Bindweed Convolvulus erubescenss.l., Hairy Bluebush Maireana pentagona, Goat HeadMalacocera tricornis, Babbagia Osteocarpum acropterumvar. diminuta, Woolly-fruit Bluebush Eriochiton

sclerolaenoides Short-wing Saltbush Sclerochlamysbrachyptera, Shrubby Twin-leaf Zygophyllumaurantiacum subsp. aurantiacum, Bristly Love-grassEragrostis setifolia, Hairy Bluebush Maireana pentagona,and Flat-top Saltbush Atriplex lindleyi, Frankenia spp.,Common White Sunray Rhodanthe floribunda, WartyPepper-cress Lepidium papillosum, Small PodolepisPodolepis muelleri, and Yellow Tails Ptilotus nobilis var.nobilis. In temporarily wet depressions, Cane GrassEragrostis australasica maybe locally common todominant and on localised areas of saline clay SlenderGlasswort Sclerostegia tenuis becomes an important andoften dominant component of the vegetation. Distribution: Large relatively intact remnants of thenorthern floristic variant of this EVC persist on the raisedtertiary terraces of the Murray river floodplaindownstream of Mildura – the soils generally being tooheavy and the climate too dry for cropping. The fringesof the major discharge basins throughout the study areaincluding the Sunset Raak Plains, Rocket Lake, LakeTyrrell, and deflations in the Morkalla and Murrayvillearea. This EVC has proved to be sensitive to the impactsof grazing and historic records show that saltbush plainswere once scattered throughout the study area as farsouth as Pine Plains in Wyperfeld National Park. Comments: The EVC is quite variable, and may haveincluded a number of communities, but the originalfloristic patterns are often obscured by the impacts ofdisturbance (grazing and desiccation).

EVC 66 Low Rises WoodlandDefining characteristics: Eucalypt woodlands onelevated plains, and low rises with a diverse shrubunderstorey and grassy field layer. Habitat: Occurs in a range of environmental settingsthat have resulted in well-drained surface soils mantlingclay sub-soils. Within the study area, it typically occurson deep fans of weathered Parilla sandstone on themargins and crests of broad or subdued sandstoneridges and residuals but may also occur on source-bordering sand deposits such as lunettes. The duplexsoils are typically well-drained, brown sandy clay-loamsurface soils above heavy to medium clay sub-soils. Thisrather abrupt textural change usually occurs at 20-60cm. The climate across the range of this EVC is variable but isgenerally high – in comparison with most of the studyarea. The average annual precipitation is calculated tobe 435 mm with a median annual rainfall of 367 mm. Structure: Woodland to 20 m with an open tall shrubstratum to 3 m. Smaller shrubs are common above agenerally grassy field layer of tussock and sward grasses. Floristics: Across most of its range within the study areathe characteristic overstorey trees are BulokeAllocasuarina luehmanni, Yellow Gum Eucalyptusleucoxylon (typically Waxy Yellow Gum Eucalyptusleucoxylon subsp. pruinosa) and Slender Cypress-pineCallitris gracilis subsp. murrayensis. A storied shrub layer is usually well developed in lessdisturbed remnants of this EVC. Commonlyencountered species include Hooked Needlewood Hakeatephrosperma, Sweet Bursaria Bursaria spinosa subsp.spinosa, Golden Wattle Acacia pycnantha, MoonahMelaleuca lanceolata subsp. lanceolata, Sweet


Quandong Santalum acuminatum, Leafless BallartExocarpos aphyllus, Sugarwood Myoporum playtcarpum,Weeping Pittosporum Pittosporum angustifolium,Wedge-leaf Hop-bush Dodonaea viscosa subsp. cuneata,Gold-dust Wattle Acacia acinacea s.l., Grey Mulga Acaciabrachybotrya, Common Eutaxia Eutaxia microphylla var.microphylla, Pimelea Daisy-bush Olearia pimeleoides andRuby Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa.The field layer across the range of this broad EVC isvariable. It is typically dominated by a sward ofcaespitose grasses such as Common Wallaby-grassAustrodanthonia caespitosa, Bristly Wallaby-grassAustrodanthonia setacea, Spider Grass Enteropogonacicularis, Grey Tussock-grass Poa sieberiana var.sieberiana and Common Wheat-grass Elymus scaber var.scaber. Common inter-tussock herbs and semi-shrubsinclude Mallee Flax-lily Dianella sp. aff. revoluta (Mallee),Wingless Bluebush Maireana enchylaenoides, FrostedGoosefoot Chenopodium desertorum, Sticky Sword-sedge Lepidosperma viscidum, Fuzzy New Holland DaisyVittadinia cuneata, Lemon Beauty-heads Calocephaluscitreus, Grassland Wood-sorrel Oxalis perennans, MullaMulla Ptilotus exaltatus, Variable Sida Sida corrugata,Scented Mat-rush Lomandra effusa, Nodding SaltbushEinadia nutans subsp. nutans and Cut-leaf GoodeniaGoodenia pinnatifida. Distribution: Scattered on riverine plains between SwanHill and Cobram. Widely cleared for cereal cropping.

EVC 132 Plains GrasslandDefining characteristics: Tussock grassland, rich in awide variety of (mostly perennial) forbs, particularlyAsteraceae, geophytes and small chenopods. Woodyplants are absent.Habitat: Moderately poorly drained quaternary alluvialand paleo-lacustrine clay deposits in areas with less than500mm/pa rainfall. Poor drainage characteristics of thesubstrates are attributed as the principal reason for theabsence of trees and larger shrubs.Floristics: As so few examples remain, it is difficult toassemble the true floristic nature of this EVC. Remnantsare often dominated by Rough Spear-grass Austrostipascabra and/or Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthoniacaespitosa, although a number of other dominants maybe encountered, and there is little confidence that theabove species are the true dominants of pre-Europeanvegetation. On the heaviest soils, often demonstrating a ‘gilgai’nature, Plump Spear-grass Austrostipa aristiglumis andBrown-back Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia duttonianaare the dominant tussocks. Rigid Panic Whalleya prolutaand Common Tussock-grass Poa labillardierei may alsobe present (the latter less so). A range of forbs adaptedto an edaphic environment which may experience bothseasonal waterlogging and summer moisture deficitoccur in the inter-tussock spaces. Such forbs includeRosinweed Cressa australis, Pale Beauty-headsCalocephalus sonderi, Milky Beauty-heads Calocephaluslacteus, Paper Sunray Rhodanthe corymbiflora, JoyweedAlternanthera spp., Rough Burr-daisy Calotisscabiosifolia, Woodland Swamp-daisy Brachyscomebasaltica var. gracilis Prickly Woodruff Asperulascoparia, Poison Pratia Lobelia concolor, Broughton PeaSwainsona procumbens, Prickfoot Eryngium vesiculosum,

and Long Eringyum Eryngium paludosum.In areas experiencing less waterlogging, the originaldominants are thought to be (variously) Kangaroo GrassThemeda triandra or Spider Grass Enteropogonacicularis, with the latter dominating in slightly wetterareas. Geophytes are prevalent in this vegetation andinclude lilies such as Bulbine Lily Bulbine bulbosa,Milkmaids Burchardia umbellata, Blue Grass-lily Caesiacalliantha, Small Vanilla-lily Arthropodium minus,Chocolate Lily Arthropodium strictm s.l, Common EarlyNancy Wurmbea dioica and Yellow Star Hypoxis glabellas.l.. Other forbs include Grassland Wood-sorrel Oxalisperennans, Blushing Bindweed Convolvulusangustissimus, Lemon Beauty-heads Calocephaluscitreus, Cut-leaf Burr-daisy Calotis anthemoides, BlueDevil Eryngium ovinum, Cut-leaf Goodenia Goodeniapinnatifida, Variable Sida Sida corrugata, FrostedGoosefoot Chenopodium desertorum, WinglessBluebush Maireana enchylaenoides, Bottle BluebushMaireana excavata, Hairy Bluebush Maireana pentagona,Black Cotton-bush Maireana decalvans, Yam DaisyMicroseris scapigera spp.agg., Woolly New Holland DaisyVittadinia gracilis, Nodding Saltbush Einadia nutanssubsp. nutans, Berry Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata, andMulla Mulla Ptilotus exaltatus..Distribution: Formerly on heavy soil plains west ofEchuca in the Victorian Riverina such as the Patho Plains.

EVC 55 Plains Grassy WoodlandDefining characteristics: An open, eucalypt woodlandoccurring on a number of geologies and soil types.Occupies poorly drained, fertile soils on flat or gentlyundulating plains at low elevations. The understoreyconsists of a few sparse shrubs over a species-rich grassyand herbaceous ground layer. Structure: An open woodland with an understorey ofscattered shrubs and a high species diversity of grasses,sedges, lilies, orchids and herbs.Floristics: Dominanted by River Red-gum Eucalyptuscamaldulensis and often Grey Box Eucalyptusmicrocarpa. The shrub layer includes Gold-Dust WattleAcacia acinacea, Hedge Wattle Acacia paradoxa, DwarfBush-pea Pimelea humilis, Guinea-flower Hibbertia spp,Sweet Bursaria Bursaria spinosa and occasionally Acaciawilliamsonii Whirrakee Wattle near creeks aroundBroadford. Black Wattle Acacia mearnsii may also occurin the south west of the study area. The ground layerincludes: a dense layer of Kangaroo Grass Themedatriandra, Spear grasses Stipa spp., and Common Wheat-grass Elymus scaber var. scaber. Typical forbs includeBlue Devil Eryngium ovinum, Common Everlasting,Chrysocephalum apiculatum s.l., Lemon Beauty-headsCalocephalus citreus, Pale Sundew Drosera peltata, PinkBindweed Convolvulus erubescens, Scaly ButtonsLeptorhyncos squamatus, Chocolate Lily Arthropodiumstrictum s.l., Early Nancy Wurmbea diocea, Yellow Rush-lily Tricoryne elatior, Bulbine Lily Bulbine bulbosa,Common Onion-orchid Microtis unifolia and MilkmaidsBurchardia umbellata. Sedges and rushes present includeCommon Bog-sedge Schoenus apogon, Club SedgeIsolepis spp., Sedge Carex spp. and Rush Juncus spp.Distribution: Formerly an extensive distribution acrossthe southern and eastern Victorian Riverina in areas ofhigher effective rainfall than Plains Woodland.


EVC 803 Plains WoodlandDefining characteristics: Grassy woodland, rich insmall chenopods and annual or geophytic forbs,occurring on non-riverine alluvial deposits. Outside ofincluded small seasonal wetlands or associated gilgaidepressions lacking flood dependant species in theground-layer.Structure: Woodland (sometimes including areas oftussock grassland). In most remnants, shrubs are aminor component, but it is considered that theabundance and diversity of the shrub layer has generallybeen reduced in diversity by grazing.Habitat : Low-lying areas within former drainagesystems on heavy soils plains. The habitat is not subjectto flooding, though can include low-lying seasonallywater-logged areas. Clay alluvial soils, sometimes withshallow sandy overlay, at elevations of c. 70 - 130 m.Floristics: The overstorey comprises Black BoxEucalyptus largiflorens (sometimes with other boxeucalypts, e.g. Grey Box Eucalyptus microcarpa, YellowBox Eucalyptus melliodora) and/or Buloke Allocasuarinaluehmannii, with sometimes scattered Gold-dust WattleAcacia acinacea s.l. in the understorey. Other rarelyencountered shrubs include Umbrella Wattle Acaciaoswaldii, Golden Wattle Acacia pycnantha, Small Hop-bush Dodonaea bursariifolia, Silver Needlewood Hakealeucoptera subsp. leucoptera, Weeping PittosporumPittosporum angustifolium, Pale-fruit Ballart Exocarposstrictus, Water Bush Myoporum montanum, SugarwoodMyoporum platycarpum subsp. platycarpum, CommonEutaxia Eutaxia microphylla, Cranberry heath Astrolomahumifusum and Peach Heath Lissanthe strigosa subsp.subulata. A grassy ground layer is dominated by speciesof Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia and Spear-grassAustrostipa and a diversity of small chenopod (saltbush)species. Main dominants in the ground layer includeBristly Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea, RoughSpear-grass Austrostipa scabra subsp. falcata, KneedWallaby-grass Austrodanthonia geniculata, CommonWheat-grass Elymus scaber var. scaber, Grey Tussock-grass Poa sieberiana and Nigger-heads Enneapogonnigricans or with associated species including MalleeLove-grass Eragrostis dielsii, Spider Grass Enteropogonacicicularis and a diverse range of small chenopods,mainly Bluebush Maireana spp. (Wingless BluebushMaireana enchylaenoides, Black Cotton-bush Maireanadecalvans), Saltbush Atriplex spp. (Berry Saltbush Atriplexsemibaccata, Small Saltbush Atriplex eardleyae, MealySaltbush Atriplex pseudocampanulata, Flat-top SaltbushAtriplex lindleyi), Ruby Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosavar. tomentosa and Nodding Saltbush Einadia nutanssubsp. nutans. In relatively intact sites, a range of forbsand sedges can be found such as Sheep’s Burr Acaenaechinata, Blushing Bindweed Convolvulus angustissimus,Smooth Solenogyne Solenogyne dominii, Common EarlyNancy Wurmbea dioica, Common Bog-sedge Schoenusapogon, Twining Fringe-lily Thysanotus patersonii, RubySaltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa, andLemon Beauty-heads Calocephalus citreus. Smallephemeral depressions support Common SwampWallaby-grass Amphibromus nervosus and Spike-sedgeEleocharis spp. with a range of small herbs indicative ofephemeral wetland within gilgai terrain, or otherwiseseasonally waterlogged soils, broader-scale wetland and

species indicative of more sustained or deeperinundation are absent. Distribution: Scattered in heavy soil areas of drier partsof the Northern Plains but principally around the fringesof the Murray River and Loddon River floodplains, buthabitat now largely modified and few relatively intactremnants persist.

EVC 18 Riparian ForestDefining characteristics: A tall forest along river banksand associated alluvial terraces with occasionaloccurrences in the heads of gullies leading into creeksand rivers.Habitat: Confined to river flats, alluvial terraces andperennial streams on Quaternary alluviums derived froma variety of parent geologies.Structure: A tall eucalypt forest over an open tosecondary tree layer of wattles and scattered densepatches of shrubs, ferns, grasses and herbs.Floristics: The overstorey is dominated by Manna GumEucalyptus viminalis though a range of other eucalyptsmay be present including Narrow-leaf PeppermintEucalyptus radiata s.l. and Eurabbie Eucalyptus globulussubsp. bicostata. The EVC has a well-developedsecondary tree layer with Blackwood Acacia melanoxylonand Silver Wattle Acacia dealbata being common. A diversity of tall shrubs, also common to Wet or DampForest, form a major component in the understoreyincluding Hazel Pomaderris Pomaderris aspera, TreeLomatia Lomatia fraseri and Prickly Currant-bushCoprosma quadrifida.The ground layer is generally diverse in both species andlife forms. Due to the constant supply of water and, inmany cases shade, ground ferns form a majorcomponent of Riparian Forest, often lining the stream-banks and are dispersed across the flats in moister sites.Common ferns include Fishbone Water-fern Blechnumnudum,, Soft Water-fern Blechnum minus, MotherShield-fern Polystichum proliferum and Soft Tree-fernDicksonia antarctica. Tall Sedge Carex appressa oftendominates stream banks and the more open areas.The most common forbs are Ivy-leaf Violet Violahederacea, Bidgee Widgee Acaena nova-zelandiae,Creeping Cudweed Euchiton involucratus s.l. and Small-leaf Bramble Rubus parvifolius. Common grasses includeWeeping Grass Microlaena stipoidse var. stipoides,Common Hedgehog-grass Echinopogon ovatus andYorkshire Fog *Holcus lanatus in disturbed sites. Thecommon and seriously invasive weeds of this EVC areWillow *Salix spp,, .Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus spp.agg., Cat’s Ear *Hypochoeris radicata, Self Heal*Prunella vulgaris, Yorkshire Fog *Holcus lanatus, MuskMonkey Flower *Mimulus moschatus and White Clover*Trifolium repens.

EVC 103 Riverine Chenopod Woodland Defining characteristics: Eucalypt woodland of mostelevated riverine terraces, intact examples with a diverseshrubby-grassy understorey. Formerly prone to irregularshallow flooding.Habitat: Heavy clay soils on higher level terraces withinor on the margins of riverine floodplains (or formerfloodplains), naturally subject to only extremelyinfrequent incidental shallow flooding from majorevents if at all flooded.


Structure: Woodland, mostly, < c. 15 m but to c. 25 min mature examples. In relatively intact examples theunderstorey is shrubby-grassy and can be rich in annualspecies. Where present the shrub component is to 2 (-5)m, with the grassy-herbaceous component typicallymostly < 0.2 (-0.5) m) - depending on current grazingpressure.Floristics: Dominated by an overstorey of Black BoxEucalyptus largiflorens (and in some areas Grey BoxEucalyptus microcarpa) with a characteristic salt-bushdominated understorey. Common species includeNodding Saltbush Einadia nutans subsp. nutans, andRuby Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa.Other less common species are Prickly Saltwort Salsolatragus, Slender-fruit Saltbush Atriplex leptocarpa, SmallSaltbush Atriplex eardleyae, Black Cotton-bush Maireanadecalvans, Grey Roly-poly Sclerolaena muricata varvillosa, Hedge Saltbush Rhagodia spinescens, BerrySaltbush Atriplex semibaccata, Sprawling SaltbushAtripex suberecta, Old-man Saltbush Atriplexnummularia, Mealy Saltbush Atripexpseudocampanulata, Flat-top Saltbush Atriplex lindleyi,Beaded Glasswort Sarcocornia quinqueflora, LeaflessBluebush Maireana aphylla, Rounded Noon-flowerDisphyma crassifolium subsp. clavellatum, Saloop Einadiahastata, Cottony Saltbush Chenopodium curvispicatum,Nitre Goosefoot Chenopodium nitrariaceum and TangledLignum Muehlenbeckia florulenta. A number of shrubs can also be present, including Emu-bush Eremophila spp. – Bignonia Emu-bush Eremophilabignoniiflora, Spotted Emu-bush Eremophila maculatavar. maculata and Spreading Emu-bush Eremophiladivaricata subsp. divaricata; also Wattle Acacia spp. -variously including Eumong Acacia stenophylla, HakeaWattle Acacia hakeoides and Willow Wattle Acaciasalicina. Small locally elevated areas can have a mixtureof Black Box Eucalyptus largiflorens and MoonahMelaleuca lanceolata subsp. lanceolata - these representa transition towards Semi-arid Woodland and aredelineated below as Black Box - Moonah Woodland.Similarly, the woody species Cattle Bush Alectryonoleifolius subsp. canescens and Slender Cypress-pineCallitris gracilis subsp. murrayensis can be sparselypresent in some drier sites. Many areas are severelydisturbed by grazing and have a high proportion ofintroduced grasses. Common introduced grasses include *Perennial Rye-grass Lolium perenne, *Soft Brome Bromus hordeaceussubsp. hordeaceus, *Sterile Brome Bromus sterilis,*Rat’s-tail Fescue Vulpia myuros, *Squirrel-tail FescueVulpia bromoides, *Spider Grass Enteropogon acicularisand *Barley-grass Hordeum murinum s.l. In contrastBristly Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea andWarrego Summer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum are theonly common native grass species although RoughSpear-grass Austrostipa scabra subsp. falcata may bepresent. A diverse range of ephemeral/annual herbs and semi-shrubs include Hairy Burr-daisy Calotis hispidula, SandSpurrey Spergularia sp. 3, Slender-fruit Saltbush Atriplexleptocarpa, Variable Daisy Brachyscome ciliaris, Leek LilyBulbine semibarbata, Pale Beauty-heads Calocephalussonderi, Crassula Crassula spp., Nodding SaltbushEinadia nutans subsp. nutans, Peppercress Lepidium

spp., Clay Plantain Plantago cunninghamii, Variable SidaSida corrugata, Common Nardoo Marsilea drummondii,Slender Groundsel Senecio glossanthus, Goodenia spp..The following variations are noted:Distribution: Widespread along Murray Riverdownstream from Gunbower and major Wimmeradrainage lines and Loddon River floodplains. Vegetation Quality: Relatively intact remnants ofRiverine Chenopod Woodland are extremely rare due tomodification through grazing and reduced incidence andextent of flooding. Large Saltbush Atriplex spp., notablyOld-man Saltbush Atriplex nummularia have declinedgreatly as a consequence of grazing in most formerhabitats. Remnants of the habitat (e.g. around smalllakes) can also be vulnerable to salinization. Thesemodifications include reduction of diversity, notably lossof shrubby species, increases in abundance of speciesfrom drier habitats and reduction in the vigour of thestructural dominant. In some areas grazing anddesiccation have resulted in woodland vegetation with agrassy understorey, typically dominated by BristlyWallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea (or sometimesRough Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra subsp. falcata) andintroduced annuals. In such situations a component ofmore resilient chenopod species is usually present. Insome localities, notably at Hattah, extension of wind-blown sand into former Riverine Chenopod Woodlandhas resulted in major floristic changes, with colonisationof species indicative of adjacent non-riverine vegetation(e.g. Tangled Burr-daisy Calotis erinacea, Poached-eggsDaisy Polycalymma stuartii, Velvet Tobacco Nicotianavelutina, Cushion Knawel Scleranthus minisculus,Purslane Calandrinia spp.). This change appears to bepermanent and ultimately at the EVC level, with futurerecruitment of Black Box Eucalyptus largiflorens in theseareas now appearing ecologically impossible.Comments: Riverine Chenopod Woodland is potentiallysubject to only incidental shallow flooding from themost extreme inundation events (e.g. once in a hundredyear floods) and would generally not be considered asfunctionally representing wetland. Due to the droughtconditions of 2002 when the survey was carried out,herbaceous species were rare but Paper SunrayRhodanthe corymbiflora and Woolly Buttons Leiocarpapanaetioides may be more common after spring rains.A variable component of associated shrubby chenopods(e.g. Ruby Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var.tomentosa, Streaked Copperburr Sclerolaena tricuspis,Hedge Saltbush Rhagodia spinescens) reflects bothinherent site factors and disturbance history.

EVC 295 Riverine Grassy WoodlandDefining characteristics: Eucalypt woodland ofrelatively elevated sections of floodplain, understoreygrassy (to lightly shrubby), dominated by species notecologically reliant on flooding (but tolerant of relativelybrief and superficial inundation).Structure: Woodland to c. 25 m, often lower. Theunderstorey is generally dominated by tussock grasses,sometimes lightly shrubby or with chenopod semi-shrubs. The ground-layer is typically grazed bykangaroos to <0.1 m height.Habitat: Prone to high-level flooding only and thusoccupies the least flooded red gum environment andoccasionally grades into mixtures with Black Box


Eucalyptus largiflorens and Grey Box Eucalyptusmicrocarpa. This is reflected in reduced tree height,frequently severe crown die-back and an open woodlandformation that includes many of the low shrubs thatoccur scattered in the Black Box and Grey Boxwoodlands. It occupies higher ground throughout theforest and along the river levees. The understorey isdominated by species that respond to winter and springrains and do not depend upon flooding. Soils are oftensandy to silty.Floristics: Overstorey of River Red-gum Eucalyptuscamaldulensis, variously with a component of Black BoxEucalyptus largiflorens. There is generally a sparsescattering of low shrubs frequently including NoddingSaltbush Einadia nutans subsp. nutans but Berry SaltbushAtriplex semibaccata, Small Saltbush Atriplex eardleyae,Grey Roly-poly Sclerolaena muricata var. villosa, RubySaltbush Enychlaena tomentosa var. tomentosa, BlackCotton-bush Maireana decalvans, Cottony SaltbushChenopodium curvispicatum and Prickly Saltwort Salsolatragus occasionally occur at different times.The ground-layer is grassy and potentially herb-rich inrelatively intact vegetation. The dominant ground-layerspecies are Bristly Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setaceaand Rough Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra. Thedominant native grass Bristly Wallaby-grassAustrodanthonia setacea is one of the few able topersist under grazing pressure. Other native grassesrarely recorded include Common Wallaby-grassAustrodanthonia caespitosa, Velvet Wallaby-grassAustrodanthonia pilosa and Rough Spear-grassAustrostipa scabra. Other persistent species in theground-layer include Nodding Saltbush Einadia nutanssubsp. nutans, River Bluebell Wahlenbergia fluminalis,Knob Sedge Carex inversa, Grassland Wood-sorrel Oxalisperennans, Finger Rush Juncus subsecundus, SlenderDock Rumex brownii, Cotton Fireweed Senecioquadridentatus, Cranesbill Geranium sp., Variable SidaSida corrugata, Fuzzy New Holland Daisy Vittadiniacuneata, Woolly New Holland Daisy Vittadinia gracilisand Black Roly-poly Sclerolaena muricata. Dominantweeds include *Soft Brome Bromus hordeaceus subsp.hordeaceus, *Red Brome Bromus rubens and *Barley-grass Hordeum murinum s.l. Distribution: Once common along Murray Riverfloodplain downstream from Lake Hume to Echuca andin small, localised patches downstream of Echuca.Vegetation Quality: Typically it has been heavilyovergrazed in Gunbower State Forest. Less flood-proneareas along river banks are prone to degradation andweed invasion as a consequence of intensive recreationaluse (and at least elsewhere concentration of herbivoresduring flood events).

EVC 814 Riverine Swamp ForestDefining characteristics: Tall open eucalypt forest (towoodland), to 30 - 40 m or more in height withunderstorey dominated by obligate wetland species (oropportunistic annuals during sustained dry periods). Structure: Tall open forest (to woodland). The ground-layer can range from +/- low closed sedgeland orherbland to grassy-herbaceous (mostly < O.3 memergent) or extremely sparse and with cover primarilyleaf-litter, black water or exposed alluvium.

Habitat: Low-lying areas subject to reasonably regularflooding, typically flood-prone lower river terraces andlow-lying areas adjacent to floodways through or withinriverine forest, recorded from elevation of c. 95 - 135 m.Floristics: River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis withspecies-poor ground-layer dominated by Spiny Mud-grass Pseudoraphis spinescens and/or Common Spike-sedge Eleocharis acuta, (locally) River Swamp Wallaby-grass Amphibromus fluitans, or sometimes bare (leaf-litter/mud). Where present, associated species variouslyinclude Common Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformis,Riverina Bitter-cress Cardamine moirensis, Ferny Small-flower Buttercup Ranunculus pumilio, Water RibbonsTriglochin procera s.l. and Common SneezeweedCentipeda cunninghamii).[On localised areas of flood-prone sandy terraces,connected to the river or major floodway creeks, Love-grass Eragrostis spp. and Native Couch Cynodondactylon var. pulchellus can be locally dominant.Distribution: Restricted, by far the most extensiveoccurrences at Barmah.Vegetation Quality : Often subject to modification dueto changed river flows. Grazed by cattle (and brumbies)at Barmah, and subject to intense pugging. Feral pigscan also create considerable soil disturbance within therelevant habitat.

EVC 815 Riverine Swampy WoodlandDefining characteristics: Eucalypt woodland to openwoodland, ground-layer grassy to sedgy - herbaceous,with species indicative of periodic water-logging (andwith floristic affinities with Plains Grassy Wetland).Structure: Seasonally wet herbland, grassland or openwoodland (to woodland), sometimes with treeless grassy/sedgy areas; ground-layer grassy to sedgy – herbaceous.Habitat: Areas subject to shallow inundation only fromhigher-level flooding. Soils are typically heavy, crackingmottled grey-brown clays/clay-loams and water-retentive,often with a gilgai profile which can be wet duringwinter. Site range in elevation from c. 95 - 150 m.Floristics: River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis(sometimes with scattered Black Box E. largiflorens), withspecies including Brown-back Wallaby-grassAustrodanthonia duttoniana, Common Swamp Wallaby-grass Amphibromus nervosus, Common Spike-sedgeEleocharis acuta, Small Spike-sedge Eleocharis pusilla,Poison Pratia Lobelia concolor, River BluebellWahlenbergia fluminalis, Goodenia spp., Burr-daisyCalotis spp., Nardoo Marsilea spp. and WoodlandSwamp-daisy Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis. Sparsetussocks of Poong’ort Carex tereticaulis or WarregoSummer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum can also bepresent.Distribution: Mostly Murray River system upstream ofWakool Junction. Depleted and rare, most extensive atBarmah and upstream to Lake Hume. Grey BoxEucalyptus microcarpa dominated variant occurs inseasonally wet sites in the central area of the riverineplains, e.g. Echuca and Shepparton districtsVegetation Quality: Distribution of remnants requiresfurther investigation. Much of the former extent iscleared and heavily modifed by agricultural use. Theformer habitat of the Grey Box dominated variant inparticular is mainly in private ownership. Most remnantsare grazed.


EVC 264 Sand Ridge WoodlandDefining characteristics: Open pine-box woodlandwith a small or medium shrub layer of variable densityand including a range of annual herbs, grasses andgeophytes, in the dense ground layer. Occupiesdistinctive sandy rises (or sand mounts) adjacent tomajor rivers and wetlands. Very sandy, deep, free-draining, moderately fertile soil, developed on sandblown up by wind action from a prior stream bed. Habitat: Source-bordering dunes composed of deepsandy soils support this vegetation. These soils types aredeveloped on sand blown up by wind action from theprior stream bed. Structure: A woodland to low open forest. Theunderstorey appears to be dominated by grasses at thesites in Victoria, however less disturbed remnants inN.S.W. have a moderately dense shrub layer.Floristics: The overstorey is often dominated by WhiteCypress-pine Callitris glaucophylla with Yellow BoxEucalyptus melliodora and Drooping SheokeAllocasuarina verticillata. Sites adjacent to the riverineenvironment may also support River Red-gum Eucalyptuscamaldulensis. Shrubs recorded from a range of sitesinclude: Common Fringe-myrtle Calytrix tetragona, GreyMulga Acacia brachybotrya, Lightwood Acacia implexa,Golden Wattle Acacia pycnantha, Mallee Wattle Acaciamontana, Gold-dust Wattle Acacia acinacea, WeepingPittosporum Pittosporum angustifolium, Sweet BursariaBursaria spinosa, and Drooping Cassinia Cassiniaarcuata. The few native ground layer species detected inVictoria provide an indication of the distinctive andunusual flora. Grasses are Jericho Wire-grass Aristidajerichoensis var. subspinulifera and Purple Wire-GrassAristida personata, Summer Grass Digitaria spp., HairyPanic Panicium effusum, Nigger-heads Enneapogonnigricans, Common Wheat-grass Elymus scaber var.scaber and Spear Grasses Austrostipa spp. including (yetto be confirmed) Balcarra Spear-grass Austrostipa nitida.Herbs include Blue-bush, Maireana spp., Small Scurf-peaCullen parvum, and Smooth Minuria Minuriaintegerrima.Historical records indicate a number of species whichonce occurred on sandy ridges : Silver Banksia Banksiamarginata, Yarran Wattle Acacia omalophylla, andHooked Needlewood Hakea tephrosperma. Sand ridgesadjacent to rivers may also have supported RiverBottlebrush Callistemon sieberi on the fringe. NorthernSandalwood Santalum lanceolatum once occurred onsandy rises near creeks and the Murray River.Distribution: Within close proximity to the Murrayupstream of Echuca and lower Goulburn floodplain.

EVC 816 Sedgy Riverine ForestDefining characteristics: Eucalypt forest (to woodland)with understorey dominated by larger sedges (to sedgy-herbaceous), floristics with some affinities to Red GumSwamp.Structure: Open forest to woodland - at Barmah, mostlyc. 20 - 35 m in height, sometimes with taller emergentveteran trees.Habitat: Typically on heavy clay/clay-loam soils in areasprone to only shallow (but more than occasional andoriginally reasonably regular) flooding. The habitat caninclude billabongs, floodways and old anabranches.

Floristics : River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis withPoong’ort Carex tereticaulis, with understorey rangingfrom closed-tussock sedgeland (e.g. at Barmah whereincluding with Marsh Club-sedge Bolboschoenusmedianus) to more open sedgy-grassy with WarregoSummer-grass Paspalidium jubiflorum also present.Other common species include Common Spike-sedgeEleocharis acuta, Hollow Rush Juncus amabilis, PoisonPratia Lobelia concolor, Brachyscome basalticavar.gracilis, Common Swamp Wallaby-grassAmphibromus nervosus, Common Blown-grassLachnagrostis filiformis and Burr-daisy Calotis spp., withSmall Spike-sedge Eleocharis pusilla on drier margins).Where not grazed out of the vegetation, otherassociated species can include Swamp Starwort Stellariaangustifolia, Common Reed Phragmites australis andSwamp Billy-buttons Craspedia paludicola. Obligatewetland species such as Common Spike-sedge Eleocharisacuta and Common Nardoo Marsilea drummondii maybe prevalent in inter-tussock gaps, but are not dominantover sustained areas - if so, then the vegetationrepresents a complex with Riverine Swamp Forest.Distribution: Widespread (within restricted floodplainhabitat) in less arid riverine areas, but absent fromfurther north-west of State (Murray River and majortributaries, downstream to Murphy Island near theMurrumbidgee junction).Vegetation Quality: Remaining areas of Sedgy RiverineForest are mostly subject to disturbance (variously fromtimber harvesting, recreational vehicles and/or grazing).Within the Wimmera and outside of larger tracts ofriverine forests, substantially reduced by clearing (forgrazing land and irrigation farming). Disturbed areaslacking regular flooding are vulnerable to weed invasion,notably by *Fog-fruit Phyla canescens along the MurrayRiver (e.g. at Nyah and Vinifera Forests, where theoriginal floristics of this vegetation are almost obscured).

EVC 817 Sedgy Riverine Forest/Riverine SwampForest ComplexDefining characteristics: Understorey dominants ofRiverine Swamp Forest conspicuous in association orfine-scale mosaic with larger tussock or rhizomatousspecies characteristic of Sedgy Riverine Forest.Structure: Eucalypt forest (to tall open forest) with opensedgy-herbaceous ground-layer.Habitat: Flood-prone areas, where inundation isreasonably regular and reasonably sustained butshallower and typically less frequent or sustained relativeto sites supporting Riverine Swamp Forest. Recordedfrom elevations of c. 80 - 110 m, on mottled heavyclay/clay-loam soils.Floristics: River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis, withPoong’ort Carex tereticaulis and, variously Marsh Club-sedge Bolboschoenus medianus, Common ReedPhragmites australis and Warrego Summer-grassPaspalidium jubiflorum in association or mosaic withCommon Spike-sedge Eleocharis acuta and/or SpinyMud-grass Pseudoraphis spinescens (also CommonSwamp Wallaby-grass Amphibromus nervosus,Knotweed Persicaria spp. - in particular CreepingKnotweed P. prostrata, Common Sneezeweed Centipedacunninghamii, Yellow Twin-heads Eclipta platyglossa andPoison Pratia Lobelia concolor.


Distribution: Low-lying river terraces prone toreasonably regular flooding, most extensive at Barmah.Vegetation Quality: In the north-west part of its range,Sedgy Riverine Forest is heavily invaded and largelydominated by the introduced *Fog-fruit Phyla canescens.In some areas, particularly where the floodplain isrestricted to narrow terraces, the respective habitat issubject to extensive disturbance due to recreationalpressure. The respective habitats (of Sedgy RiverineForest) at Barmah Forest are within areas subject tocattle grazing. However the denser variants of SedgyRiverine Forest vegetation are mostly of lower interest tocattle, which prefer the more open grassy types ofground-layer. Consequently, while the habitat may becrossed by a network of cattle (and brumby) tracks, itstill provides some refugia for a range of relativelygrazing-sensitive species. In general it is considered thatthese species would mostly have been more abundant inother habitats, but have been eliminated either byselective grazing or vulnerability to the deep puggingcaused by stock when the soil is wet.

EVC 818 Shrubby Riverine WoodlandDefining characteristics: Eucalypt woodland (to openforest) of less flood-prone (riverine) watercourse fringes,principally on levees and higher sections of point-bardeposits. Understorey includes a range of species sharedwith drier floodplain habitats (e.g. those supportingBlack Box Eucalyptus largiflorens), with a sparse shrubcomponent, ground-layer patchily dominated by variousgrowth-forms. A range of large dicot herbs (mostlyherbaceous perennial, several with a growth-formapproaching that of small shrub) are conspicuous,notably daisies and peas) are conspicuous in relativelyintact vegetation.Structure: Woodland (to open forest), mostly c. 15- 25m, but sometimes taller with veteran trees. The ground-layer is primarily grassy - herbaceous to c. 1 m. A sparsecomponent of shrubs to 2m or small trees is typicallypresent.Habitat: River verges (and also along major anabranchcreeks), on more elevated portions of lower terraces.Flooding is infrequent, and the habitat is free-drainingfollowing recession of floodwaters. The alluvial soilsoften have a conspicuous sandy component.Floristics: River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis (+/-Black Box Eucalyptus largiflorens, Eumong Acaciastenophylla), with open Warrego Summer-grassPaspalidium jubiflorum and scattered shrubs includingNitre Goosefoot Chenopodium nitrariaceum, TangledLignum Muehlenbeckia florulenta, Ruby SaltbushEnchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa and HedgeSaltbush Rhagodia spinescens. Dicot herbs includeBranching Groundsel Senecio cunninghamii var.cunninghamii, Variable Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius,Golden Everlasting Xerochrysum bracteatum, Squat PicrisPicris squarrosa, Grey Germander Teucrium racemosums.l., Austral Trefoil Lotus australis, Blue Burr-daisy Calotiscuneifolia and (very localised) Hairy Darling-peaSwainsona greyana.Distribution: Murray River, best developed (both interms of floristics and extent) at Lindsay Island, MulcraIsland and Walpolla Island (far north-west), but moremarginal examples are scattered upstream at least tonear the junction with the Wakool River.

Vegetation Quality: Many examples are subject torecreational disturbance due to their proximity towatercourses. In general, weeds appear relatively minor(at least under drought conditions), and vegetationquality is high in areas not subject to major recreationalpressure.

EVC 819 Spike-sedge WetlandDefining characteristics: Low sedgy vegetation ofspecies-poor seasonal or intermittent wetlands,dominated by spike-sedges.Structure: Sedgeland (typically closed), mostly c. 0.2 -0.5 m at maximum culm growth, with dead culmsforming a dense prostrate mat during drier periods.Habitat: Mostly confined to a narrow ring around theupper margins of floodway ponds. Soils are typicallyheavy clays (e.g. mottled yellow-grey clay, grey loamyclay), occasionally silty near the surface. The elevationsof quadrat samples range from c. 60 - 130 m but can bepresumed to occur over a somewhat wider elevationrange. The relevant floristic balance appears to bedetermined by a subtle combination ofreliability/variability, timing and depth of inundation, inassociation with soil characteristics (such that CommonSpike-sedge Eleocharis acuta is able to form acompetitive sward within stages of very shallow springto early summer inundation). In some riverine sites,annual inundation is not reliable and the rhizomicrootstocks of Common Spike-sedge Eleocharis acutaappear capable of surviving at least occasional periods oflonger dormancy.Floristics: Common Spike-sedge Eleocharis acuta (andat some Barmah locations, with Small Spike-sedgeEleocharis pusilla). The vegetation is often virtuallymonospecific, but can be richer in drier or peripheralsites. Typically treeless, but sometimes with thickets ofsaplings or scattered more mature specimens of RiverRed-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Shallow seasonalwetlands in flood-prone areas, dominated by low sedgesthat are tolerant of inundation. In its flooded and dryingphase, some of the following may be present, WaterRibbons Triglochin procera s.l., Upright Water-milfoilMyriophyllum crispatum, Common Nardoo Marsileadrummondii, Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis,Poison Pratia Lobelia concolor, Drain Flat-sedge*Cyperuseragrostis, Matted Water-starwort Callitriche sonderi,and Western Water-starwort Callitriche cyclocarpa. In adrier phase, Creeping Knotweed Persicaria prostrata,Common Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformis may bethe most common associated species. Often densestands of Cotton Fireweed Senecio quadridentatus occuron the margins of this community. Similar vegetation,occurs along many of the deeper creek channels. Wherethese receive irrigation effluent, some may remainperpetually wet and Water Couch*Paspalum distichummay be prolific, replacing the Common Spike-sedgeEleocharis acuta and Common Sneezeweed Centipedacunninghamii. In wet but unsaturated locations, densestands of Tall Flat-sedge Cyperus exaltatus sometimesoccur. Distribution: Scattered distribution on the Riverinafloodplain (eg. Benwell Swamp and Guttram Swampnear Levee Track in Gunbower State Forest) Vegetation Quality: Spike-sedge Wetland ischaracteristically species-poor, except around the verges.


However, the species-richness of the relevant systemscan be further reduced by grazing of cattle (throughselective grazing, pugging and trampling). Whilereasonably resilient to longer dry periods, deteriorationand contraction of riverine floodplain occurrences can beanticipated as a consequence of reduced flooding of theMurray River. When disturbed, Spike-sedge Wetland canbe invaded by weeds such as Curled Dock *Rumexcrispus, *Sagittaria spp., Water Plantain *Alismalanceolata, Water Couch*Paspalum distichum andLilaea*Lilaea scillioides.

EVC 820 Sub-saline Depression ShrublandDefining characteristics: Low open shrubland/herblandof the highest terraces of the former (i.e. pre-1750)Murray River floodplain in far north-west, dominated bychenopods and succulents, occupying semi-salinetreeless pans within the Black Box - ChenopodWoodland zone.Structure: Low open shrubland/herbland, dominated bychenopods and succulents, mostly < 0.5 - 1 m in height.Habitat: Low-lying areas with very heavy and mildlysaline clay soils. On higher terraces, and presumably nolonger subject to occasional shallow flooding. Recordedfrom elevations within the range of c. 30 - 50 m.Floristics: The major species include StreakedCopperburr Sclerolaena tricuspis, Goat Head Malacoceratricornis and Rounded Noon-flower Disphymacrassifolium subsp. clavellatum, variously with HairyBluebush Maireana pentagona and Rosinweed Cressacretica/Sea Heath Frankenia spp./Sarcocornia spp.South of Lindsay River: Streaked Copperburr Sclerolaenatricuspis, Goat Head Malacocera tricornis, RosinweedCressa cretica, Rounded Noon-flower Disphymacrassifolium subsp. clavellatum, Flat-top Saltbush Atriplexlindleyi, Hairy Bluebush Maireana pentagona, Short-wingSaltbush Sclerochlamys brachyptera, Slender GroundselSenecio glossanthus, Salt Sea-spurrey Spergularia sp. 3,Goodenia spp. and Daisy Brachyscome spp.Lambert Island: Sarcocornia spp. and Sea-heathFrankenia spp. in association with Streaked CopperburrSclerolaena tricuspis.Distribution: Very localised in far north-west, mostextensive in the vicinity of Lindsay Island, with smallerexamples at Walpolla Island and Lambert Island - originalextent difficult to ascertain due to habitat degradation.Vegetation Quality: The former floristics of higher-levelfloodway depressions are poorly understood due to theimpacts of grazing and virtual cessation of higher-levelflooding.

EVC 937 Swampy WoodlandDefining characteristics: Open eucalypt woodland withground-layer dominated by tussock grasses and/orsedges and often rich in herbs. Occurs on poorlydrained, seasonally waterlogged heavy soils, primarily onswamp deposits but extending to suitable substrateswithin some landscapes of sedimentary origin. Once a common vegetation type along broad drainagelines with slight gradients and on lower slopes nearstreams or larger rivers, Swampy Riparian Woodland hasbeen largely altered particularly by drainage foragriculture. It may be found growing on lower slopesnear streams and less commonly in gentle basins onvalley slopes in association with permanent soaks or

springs, not necessarily associated with permanentstreams. Rainfall is in the range of 900-1500 mm peryear and the elevation range is between 300 and 800 m.The soils are generally Quaternary alluviums in streamenvironments derived from a broad range of parentgeologies which are mostly Cambrian and Ordovicianmarine sediments and metamorphosed sediments. The woodland overstorey often forms mosaics withwetter treeless areas dominated by sedges, rushes andmany other plants associated with riparianenvironments. Mountain Swamp Gum Eucalyptuscamphora is the dominant overstorey species. A widerange of other eucalypts can be present, mainly asadventive species from the surrounding drier forests,The understorey shrubs consist of Blackwood Acaciamelanoxylon (as it rarely reaches tree-form in thiscommunity) and Prickly Currant-bush Coprosmaquadrifida. Common Cassinia Cassinia aculeata andSilver Wattle Acacia dealbata are also sporadicallypresent as adventive species from the surrounding driervegetation. Ovens Wattle Acacia pravissima, Prickly Tea-tree Leptospermum continentale may also be present.The ground stratum is the most characteristic feature ofthis EVC and is normally dense with sedges such asLeafy Flat-sedge Cyperus lucidus and Tall Sedge Carexappressa competing for space with ferns like FishboneWater-fern Blechnum nudum, Soft Water-fern Blechnumminus and Mother Shield-fern Polystichum proliferum. There are many other plants which also occur in RiparianForest which compete for space between the inter-tussock gaps of sedges and ferns such as Bidgee WidgeeAcaena novae-zelandiae, Kidney-weed Dichondrarepens, Cinquefoil Cranesbill Geranium potentilloides,Austral Brooklime Gratiola peruviana, and HairyPennywort Hydrocotyle hirta.

EVC 821 Tall MarshDefining characteristics: Wetland dominated by tallemergent graminoids, typically in thick species-poorswards. Competitive exclusion in core wetland habitat -of optimum growing conditions for species tolerant ofsustained shallow inundation.Structure: Rushland, sedgeland or reedbed. Usuallydense vegetation, varying from locally closed to inassociation or fine-scale mosaic with Aquatic Herbland(e.g. along floodway lagoons). Mostly within (1-) 2- 4 mheight range.Habitat: Wetlands (usually associated with anabranchcreeks) and spontaneous along irrigation drains. Also inaltered habitat where high water levels associated withlocks create wet terraces, especially on small islands andin areas not subject to grazing by domestic stock. Soilsare almost permanently moist. Dominant species aretolerant of relatively deep and sustained inundation, butnot total immersion for any sustained period.Floristics: Sparse specimens of Eucalyptus camaldulensiscan be present (or form an overhanging canopy alongnarrow floodways), but well developed examples of thisvegetation type are typically treeless or virtually so. Inthe far north-west, Bulrush Typha spp. (mainly Narrow-leaf Cumbungi Typha domingensis but tentatively alsoBroad-leaf Cumbungi Typha orientalis) are the usualdominant species, sometimes in association or mosaicwith River Club-sedge Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani.Common Reed Phragmites australis sometimes occurs as


a thin riparian verge, but mostly below map scale.Other graminoids that can be present include RushJuncus spp. such as Giant Rush Juncus ingens#andSedge Cyperus spp. A range of aquatic andopportunistic herbaceous species is present in moreopen areas supporting Bulrush Typha spp. (e.g. withinfloodway channels). Common associated species includeSlender Knotweed Persicaria decipiens, Pale KnotweedPersicaria lapathifolia, Small Loosestrife Lythrumhyssopifolia, Pacific Azolla Azolla filiculoides, RobustWater-milfoil Myriophyllum papillosum, Wavy MarshwortNymphoides crenata, Common Spike-sedge Eleocharisacuta, Water Ribbons Triglochin procera s.l., FloatingPondweed Potamogeton tricarinatus s.l., Clove-stripLudwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis and SpinyMud-grass Pseudoraphis spinescens. Under drierconditions Common Sneezeweed Centipedacunninghamii, Lesser Joyweed Alternanthera denticulatas.l. and Common Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformismay be present. Introduced herbaceous species (e.g.Marsh Yellow-cress*Rorippa palustris, Dock *Rumexspp., Sow-thistle *Sonchus spp. and Lettuce *Lactucaspp.) and the grass Annual Beard-grass *Polypogonmonspeliensis can also be conspicuous, especially duringdrier periods. In many areas the community has beeninvaded by Grey Sallow *Salix cinerea. This Willow iswell established along Gunbower Creek. Distribution: Scattered, mostly as thin strips anddisjunct small patches on the riverine floodplain such ason the southern verges of Kings Billabong.Vegetation Quality: Smaller occurrences are typicallyhighly modified by changed hydrology and weedinvasions. Artificial habitats maintained by irrigationwater can be colonised by tall emergent graminoids,

notably Narrow-leaf Cumbungi Typha domingensis. Thiscommunity occupies all the semi permanent waterbodies of Gunbower Forest and has probablyexperienced a considerable decline with river regulationeg. this vegetation was probably well represented inBlack Swamp before the installation of the regulator onGunbower Creek. Traces of the community can be seenin some of the swamps within Gunbower Forest wherethey still receive irrigation waters eg. Batemans Lagoon.Comments: Generally occupies deep water adjacent tothe flooded Sedgy Riverine Forest/Riverine Swamp Forest.Tall Marsh can be adventive in Floodplain GrassyWetland and Floodway Pond Herbland, (and relatedcomplexes and mosaics).Ginat Rush #Juncus ingens occupies areas within theforest whose frequency and duration of floodingexceeds the tolerance of forest. Under natural floodingregimes, these low areas may remain flooded into thesummer months when air temperatures are high. Thisfeature, when combined with the dense resilient foliagehas attracted colonies of breeding water birds in thepast. The late spring/early summer flood recessionresults in high water temperatures and poor soil aerationduring the growing season, causing tree death butwhich can be tolerated by Giant Rush Juncus ingens.This species is also capable of withstanding periods ofdrought provided these are infrequent and of shortduration. It is probable that this community hascontracted greatly at Gunbower Forest as a result of thehydrological changes that have occurred since floodcontrol and it formerly would have been associated withmost of the semi-permanent swamps within the forest.This contraction is still evident at the Reed Beds inGuttram State Forest.


APPENDIX 8: Potentially Threatening Processesin the River Red Gum Forests study area

Potentially Threatening Process Act

Alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams FFG

Alteration to the natural temperature regimes of rivers and streams FFG

Collection of native orchids FFG

Degradation of native riparian vegetation along Victorian rivers and streams FFG

Habitat fragmentation as a threatening process for fauna in Victoria FFG

High frequency fire resulting in disruption of life cycle processes in plants and animals and loss of vegetation structure and composition FFG

Inappropriate fire regimes causing disruption to sustainable ecosystem processes and resultant loss of biodiversity FFG

Increase in sediment input into Victorian rivers and streams due to human activities FFG

Input of toxic substances into Victorian rivers and streams FFG

Introduction of live fish into waters outside their natural range within a Victorian river catchment after 1770 FFG

Invasion of native vegetation by ‘environmental weeds’ FFG

Loss of coarse woody debris from Victorian native forests and woodlands FFG

Loss of hollow-bearing trees from Victorian native forests FFG

Loss of terrestrial climatic habitat caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. FFG

Predation of native wildlife by the cat, Felis catus FFG

Predation of native wildlife by the introduced Red Fox Vulpes vulpes FFG

Prevention of passage of aquatic biota as a result of the presence of instream structures FFG

Reduction in biomass and biodiversity of native vegetation through grazing by the Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus FFG

Removal of wood debris from Victorian streams FFG

The introduction and spread of the Large Earth Bumblebee Bombus terrestris into Victorian terrestrial environments FFG

Threats to native flora and fauna arising from the use by the feral honeybee Apis mellifera of nesting hollows and floral resources FFG

Use of lead shot in cartridges for the hunting of waterfowl FFG

Wetland loss and degradation as a result of change in water regime, dredging, draining, filling and grazing FFG

Invasion of native vegetation by Blackberry Rubus fruticosus L. agg. FFG

Competition and land degradation by feral Goats EPBC

Competition and land degradation by feral Rabbits EPBC

Infection of amphibians with chytrid fungus resulting in chytridiomycosis EPBC

Land clearance EPBC

Loss of climatic habitat caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases EPBC

Predation by feral Cats EPBC

Predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) EPBC

Predation, Habitat Degradation, Competition and Disease Transmission by Feral Pigs EPBC

Psittacine Circoviral (beak and feather) Disease affecting endangered psittacine species EPBC

Potentially threatening processes expected to occur in or have impacts within the River Red Gum Forestsstudy area listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG) or the Environment Protection andBiodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC).


Preamble1. Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation represents

the Yorta Yorta People who assert culturalconnection, based on ancestry and tradition, to theDesignated Areas (described in Schedule 2).

2. The State of Victoria recognises the culturalconnection of the Yorta Yorta People to theDesignated Areas.

3. Accordingly, the State has agreed to recommend tothe Minister responsible for the Conservation, Forestsand Lands Act 1987 (Vic) the establishment of acommittee pursuant to section 12 of that Act.

4. The committee will be known as the Yorta Yorta JointBody.

5. In establishing the Yorta Yorta Joint Body the Ministeror the Secretary intends to refer the matters describedin this Agreement to it for consideration.

6. The Yorta Yorta Joint Body will formalise the YortaYorta People's involvement in the management of theDesignated Areas and facilitate the development of asustainable partnership based on recognition, mutualrespect and agreed goals .

7. The State will adopt a flexible and learning approachto working with and meeting the aspirations of theYorta Yorta People. The Yorta Yorta People will adopta flexible and learning approach to state landmanagement policies and processes.

8. The Yorta Yorta People and the State recognise thatSchedule 2 of the Conservation, Forests and LandsAct has effect on committees established pursuant tosection 12 of that Act.

9. The purpose of this Agreement is to set out the termsand conditions reached between the State and theYorta Yorta People, including the Terms of Referenceof the Yorta Yorta Joint Body (Schedule 3) that theState will recommend to the Minister.

10. This Agreement successfully completes negotiationsfor the co-operative management of the DesignatedAreas between the State and the Yorta Yorta People,consistent with the signed Negotiating Principles.

Acknowledgment11. The State recognises:

• the right of the Yorta Yorta People to retain their identity and intellectual property; and

• the Yorta Yorta People’s role in management decision making within the Designated Areasrelating to the protection, maintenance andsustainable of cultural and environmentalvalues.

12. The Yorta Yorta People recognise the State as therepresentative of all Victorians, and its established andon-going responsibilities for the sustainablemanagement of the Designated Areas.

Objectives13. The objectives of this Agreement are to facilitate:

13.1 the active and resourced (in accordance withSchedule 4) involvement of the Yorta YortaPeople in decisions about the management ofthe Designated Areas including the integrationof Yorta Yorta knowledge, internal decision-making processes and perspectives intomanagement planning and works programming;

13.2 the development of mutual recognition and trust between the Yorta Yorta Peopleand the State; and

13.3 the identification and promotion ofemployment, training and economicdevelopment opportunities for the YortaYorta People.

Designated Areas14. The Agreement will apply to the Designated Areas, as

defined in Schedule 2.

Relationships

Relationship of the Yorta Yorta Joint Body with landmanagement bodies

15. The State shall assist and to the extent possiblerequire other organisations responsible for managingand/or providing advice regarding the management ofthe Designated Areas to develop communicationprotocols and working relationships with the YortaYorta Joint Body.

Relationship of the Yorta Yorta Joint Body with theMinister and Secretary

16. In the process of making a decision regarding themanagement of the Designated Areas, the Minister orthe Secretary will take into account relevant adviceand recommendations he or she has received from:

16.1 the Yorta Yorta Joint Body in accordancewith this Agreement; and

16.2 the organisations responsible for managingand/or providing advice regarding themanagement of the Designated Areas.

17. If there is conflicting advice prior to making adecision regarding the management of the DesignatedAreas, the Minister or Secretary, as applicable, willtake into account advice from the Yorta Yorta JointBody in relation to that conflicting advice.

18. If the Minister or the Secretary, as applicable, inmaking a decision in relation to a matter on whichthe Yorta Yorta Joint Body has provided advice or arecommendation, decides to act otherwise than inaccordance with that advice or recommendation, theMinister or Secretary, as applicable, may provide theYorta Yorta Joint Body with written reasons for thedecision.

APPENDIX 9: Extract of the Co-operative ManagementAgreement between Yorta Yorta Nation AboriginalCorporation and The State of VictoriaNote: the agreement, map and a factsheet are available at the following website:http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/nrenlwm.nsf/LinkView/7FA349BEAE0F5A3FCA256E8D00210309A4AD52AC7C448F1A4A256DEA0024EDD2


Affect of this Agreement on rights andobligations19. To be clear, nothing in this Agreement:

19.1 compromises the legal rights or politicalaspirations of the Yorta Yorta Peoplerelative to any of their other social, culturaland economic goals;

19.2 affects any rights that the Yorta YortaPeople may have to their intellectual andcultural property;

19.3 limits the State’s prerogatives under anyrelevant laws and policies;

19.4 limits the powers of the Minister or theSecretary in relation to any matter, in particular, the powers of the Minister unders12 of the Conservation, Forests and LandsAct 1987 (Vic) to deal with the Yorta YortaJoint Body;

19.5 affects any rights, duties or obligations arisingfrom the operation of the Archaeological andAboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972 (Victoria)or the Aboriginal and Torres Strait IslanderHeritage Protection Act 1984 (Commonwealth);

19.6 limits the capacity of organisationsresponsible for managing the DesignatedAreas to continue to perform theirestablished functions including, asapplicable, in relation to the managementof lands or waters and the provision ofindependent advice; or

19.7 affects the valid rights of parties, bothIndigenous and non-Indigenous.

Review20. The role and structure of the Yorta Yorta Joint Body

will be subject to ongoing internal review.21. The Minister may review the structure and role of the

Yorta Yorta Joint Body, at the end of the first 2-yearperiod from the date of its establishment.21.1 The review period shall be 30 days.21.2 In conducting a review, the Minister or the

Secretary may take into account any AnnualReport prepared by the Yorta Yorta Joint Body.

21.3 At the end of the review period, the Ministeror the Secretary shall discuss with the YortaYorta Joint Body any changes that the Ministeror the Secretary wishes to make to thestructure, role or terms of reference of the

Yorta Yorta Joint Body.

Resources22. The Yorta Yorta Joint Body will be resourced, as

detailed in Schedule 4.

Termination by the Yorta Yorta People23. The Yorta Yorta People may at any time, and in their

sole discretion, provide a written request to theMinister or the Secretary to abolish the Yorta YortaJoint Body.

Schedule 1List of Definitions“Convenor” means the person referred to in Clause 17 ofSchedule 3.

“Cultural Heritage Officer” means the person referred bythis name in Schedule 4.

“Designated Areas” means the areas set out in Schedule 2.

“Elders” according to Yorta Yorta traditional law and custommeans a mature, capable, wise and respected adult YortaYorta person who has knowledge of Yorta Yorta culture andis recognised and respected by the Yorta Yorta People ingeneral as having such knowledge.

“Elders Council” means a group of Yorta Yorta Elders, eachnominated by their respective family groups, who are theguardians of the objects of YYNAC.

“Executive Officer” means the person referred to by thisname in Schedule 4.

“Funding Agreement” means the Funding Agreementbetween the State and the YYNAC.

“Minister” means the Minister for Environment and delegates.

“Negotiation Principles” means the signed principles ofnegotiation approved by Cabinet in May 2002.

“Secretary” means the Secretary of the Department ofSustainability and Environment.

“Specialist Officer” means the person referred to by thisname in Schedule 4.

“State” means the State of Victoria.

“VEAC” means the Victorian Environmental AssessmentCouncil.

“Yorta Yorta Joint Body” means the Committee establishedunder s12 of the Conservation Forests and Lands Act 1987(Vic).

“Yorta Yorta People” means the Indigenous peoples who areeligible to be members of the YYNAC.

“YYJB” means the Yorta Yorta Joint Body.

“YYNAC” means Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation,a body corporate incorporated under the Aboriginal Councilsand Associations Act 1976 (Cth) on 27 November 1998 torepresent the Yorta Yorta People.

Schedule 2Designated Areas1. “Designated Areas” means (using the same land and

water identification numbers (ID) referred to in theYorta Yorta Proceedings) the following areas:

(a) Barmah State Park (IDs 58; 63); Barmah StateForest (IDs 56; 118); The Ranch (ID 134); Top IslandReference Area (ID 68); Top End Reference Area (ID64); Murray River State Reserved Forest (IDS 46;919); Murray River Reserve (ID 908) to andincluding Ulupna Creek Reserve (ID 909);

(b) Kow Swamp Water Supply Reserve (ID 82) ; and

(c) Goulburn River State Forest (IDs 145; 221);Kanyapella Timber Reserve (ID 159) ; KanyapellaState Forest (ID 160); Redgum Swamp State Forest(ID 176); Monroes Reserved Forest (ID 181) ; LochGary Wildlife Reserve (ID901); Reedy SwampWildlife Reserve (ID 203) ; Youngs Bend State Forest(ID 213) ; Gemmill Swamp Wildlife Reserve (ID 216);Goulburn River Reserved Forest (IDs 237; 240);Goulburn River Reserve (ID 912); and MurchisonNorth Crown Land (ID 913).

2. A legal plan reflecting the Designated Areas will bedrawn up within six months of the execution of thisAgreement.


APPENDIX 10: Nature Conservation Reserves

Name ofReserve

Area(ha)

LCC rec CurrentReservation Status

Date ofcreation

Comments (see also information sourcesprovided below)

Boort FloraReserve

43 G2(a) Not currentlyreserved

– Scrub community of dumosa mallee and yellowgum woodland.

Cannie FloraReserve

16 G69(c) Not currentlyreserved

– Relatively undisturbed buloke woodland andassociated grassland growing on calcareous clays.Very little of this vegetation and soil type remainas public land in the southern Mallee.

DartagookWildlifeReserve

746 D9 andadditionD15(c)

Not currentlyreserved

– Nature Conservation Status pending reservation.The forest of black box, river red gum andlignum is part of the floodplain at the junction ofthe Loddon River and Sheepwash Creek.

Duck LakeWildlifeReserve

413 D27(c) Not currentlyreserved

– Reservation as a wildlife reserve (no hunting)pending. This saline wetland has wide muddyshores frequented by wading birds.

FlanneryWildlifeReserve

51 C12(a) Reserved for themanagement ofwildlife under theCrown Land(Reserves) Act 1978,and the Wildlife Act1975

1986 Wetland of lignum with some black box anddead trees.

GemmillSwampWildlifeReserve


1986 Also known as ‘Youngs Bend’. Semi-permanentfresh-water wetland comprising rushes and reedswith a river red gum forest and some yellow boxwoodland to the north.

Karadoc Flora Reserve


– A reasonably intact remnant of the higher riverterrace carrying alluvial-plain shrublands togetherwith the black box and river red gum terracesdescending to the River Murray afford this areasignificant botanical variety. The climbing herbtwining purlane and the subshrub twin-flowersaltbush, both being rare plants usuallyassociated with saline shrublands, are foundhere.

KingsBillabongWildlifeReserve

2135 D1(c) Reserved for themanagement ofwildlife under theCrown Land(Reserves) Act 1978

1979 Contains a mosaic of wet and dryland habitatson the Murray River floodplain. It has a largewaterfowl population. A Proposed ManagementPlan was implemented in 1991.

Kotta NatureConservationReserve

226 No LCCrec (landpurchase)

Temporarily reservedfor the preservationof an area ofecologicalsignificance underthe Crown Land(Reserves) Act 1978

2004 Purchased through the National Reserve SystemProgram. A management statement (2005) is inplace. Contains a diverse example ofendangered Northern Plains Grasslands with anumber of threatened flora species. Provideshabitat for plains-wanderer, barking marsh frogand fat-tailed dunnart. Adjoins Trust for Nature-owned Glassons Grassland and conservationcovenant-protected grasslands. (2) (4)


Name ofReserve

Area(ha)


Date ofcreation


LakeMoodemereNatureConservationReserve


Part temporarilyreserved for theconservation of anarea of naturalinterest and parttemporarily reservedfor the preservationof an area ofecologicalsignificance underthe Crown Land(Reserves) Act 1978

2001 Purchased through the National ReserveSystem Program. A management statement(2005) is in place. Significant areas ofthreatened grey box-buloke woodland occuron the site and the vulnerable buloke mistletoeis also present. Adjoins Lake Moodemere LakeReserve. (1) (5)

Lakes Powelland CarpulWildlifeReserve

683 D2 andadditionof D14(c)

Reserved for themanagement ofwildlife andpreservation ofwildlife habitat underthe Crown Land(Reserves) Act 1978,and the Wildlife Act1975

1979 Lakes surrounded by river red gum and blackbox woodlands filled when the Murray Riverfloods.

MullarooCreekWildlifeReserve


- A range of values including broad grasslands,river red gum forests, blackbox-chenopodwoodlands, and alluvial plain shrubland..

LambertIsland FloraReserve


1990 Extensive black box—chenopod woodlandsand small stands of cypress-pine and river redgum, notable species include the flood-dependent herb jerry-jerry and a large colonyof the endangered herb yellow tails. Currentlyhas apiary sites.

LeaghurWildlifeReserve


1990 Nature Conservation Status pendingreservation. Portion of a braided stream.Lignum wetland, with common wetlandgrasses and herbs and relatively low weedcover. Moderately high native species diversity.Significant species are pale spike-sedge, bluishraspwort form glauca, and swamp buttercup(all vulnerable in Victoria).

One TreeSwampNatureConservationReserve


Reserved for thepreservation of anarea of ecologicalsignificance underthe Crown Land(Reserves) Act 1978,small area currently aWater Reserve.

2003 Purchased through the National ReserveSystem Program. Large Cane Grass Wetlandwith small areas of Northern Plains Grasslandand Plains Woodland. Important brolgabreeding habitat. Adjoins Two Tree SwampWildlife Reserve to the north. (2)

Ovens RiverFlora Reserve(Peechelba)

220 G8(a) Reserved for thepreservation ofspecies of nativeplants under theCrown Land(Reserves) Act 1978

1986 Also known as ‘Peechelba Flora Reserve’. Riverred gum forest on the Ovens River with ashrub understorey of river bottlebrush, silverwattle, and swamp paperbark. The occurrenceof this melaleuca here is unique in the areaand of conservation significance. The OvensHeritage River is an overlay.


Name ofReserve

Area(ha)


Date ofcreation


PassageCamp FloraReserve

21 G65(c) Reserved underForests Act 1958

1990 River red gum forest grows on an island bendof the River Murray with a large population ofthe grass silky browntop.

Patho WildlifeReserve

75 C14(c) Reserved for themanagement ofwildlife under theCrown Land(Reserves) Act 1978,and the Wildlife Act1975

1986 Permanent and semi-permanent wetland andlagoon system with river red gum open forestand black box open forest-woodland.

Pelican LakeWildlifeReserve


– Nature Conservation Status pendingreservation. A brackish wetland, anddegrading; it is used by large numbers ofwaterfowl.

Pine GroveNatureConservationReserve



2001 Purchased through the National ReserveSystem Program. Management Statement inplace (2005). Contains endangered NorthernPlains Grasslands and habitat for plains-wanderer. Gilgais and drainage lines are stillpresent, while the cracks in the heavier greysoils provide habitat for reptiles and fat-taileddunnarts. (1) (6)

Red GumSwampWildlifeReserve(Gannawarra)


1986 Wetland containing saltbush, lignum, andnumerous dead river red gum trees.

RoslynmeadFlora Reserve

574 G4(a) plusadditionofpurchasedland

Partly reserved forthe preservation ofspecies of nativeplants, partlytemporarily reservedfor the conservationof an area of naturalinterest, partlytemporarily reservedfor public purposes,and partlytemporarily reservedfor the preservationof an area ofecologicalsignificance underthe Crown Land(Reserves) Act 1978

1986,2001

Mostly purchased through the NationalReserve System Program to be combined withTurrumberry North Flora Reserve asRoslynmead Nature Conservation Reserve.Management Statement in place (2005).Contains endangered Northern PlainsGrasslands and habitat for plains-wanderer. Sixthreatened plant species have been recordedon the site and there is a high level of diversityand complexity in the habitats found acrossthe site due to small changes in relief andvarying soil types. (1) (7)

RowlandWildlifeReserve


1986 Heathy wetland of saltbush with some blackbox and dead trees.


Name ofReserve

Area(ha)


Date ofcreation


Ryans LagoonWildlifeReserve

151 C5(b) Reserved for PublicPurposes (RegionalParklands) under theCrown Land(Reserves) Act 1978

1987 Nature Conservation Status pendingreservation. Managed as part of the Albury-Wodonga Regional Parklands. Shallow fresh-water swamp with floodways, lagoons, andgrasslands. This reserve supports a breedingrookery of Australian white ibis, nankeennight herons, egrets, and other waterfowl.

SheppartonFlora andFauna Reserve

21 No LCCrec

Reserved for thepreservation ofnative flora andfauna under theCrown Land(Reserves) Act 1978

1972 Former township land excluded from LCCinvestigations.

Terrick TerrickEast NatureConservationReserve


Temporarily reservedfor the conservationof an area of naturalinterest under theCrown Land(Reserves) Act 1978

2000 Purchased through the National ReserveSystem Program. Management Statement inplace (2005). Contains endangered NorthernPlains Grasslands community and habitat forplains wanderer. Contains populations of twonationally threatened plants: chariot wheelsand slender darling-pea, as well as a numberof species of state and regional significance.(1) (8)

TomaraGilgais NatureConservationReserve



2005 Purchased through the National ReserveSystem Program. Contains endangeredNorthern Plains Grasslands and habitat forplains-wanderer. Significant flora includeslong eryngium, pin sida, umbrella wattle,spiny lignum and yakka grass. Brolgas havebeen recorded using the wetland area. (3)

TowaninnyFlora Reserve


– Relatively undisturbed grassland again occurson calcareous clays, very little of whichremains as public land in the southernMallee.

TowaninnySouth FloraReserve


– Relatively undisturbed grassland again occurson calcareous clays, very little of whichremains as public land in the southernMallee.

TragowelSwampWildlifeReserve

274 C4(a) Partly reserved forthe management ofwildlife, publicpurposes forrecreation and publicamenity under theCrown Land(Reserves) Act 1978,and the Wildlife Act1975

1986 Grassy, fresh-water wetland with scatteredblack box. An ibis breeding area.

Two TreeSwampWildlifeReserve

167 C11(a) Deemed reserved for the managementof wildlife andpreservation ofwildlife habitat underthe Crown Land(Reserves) Act 1978,and the Wildlife Act1975

1982 Cane grass wetland. Adjoins One TreeSwamp Nature Conservation Reserve to thesouth.


Name ofReserve

Area(ha)


Date ofcreation

Comments (see also informationsources provided below)

Wandella Floraand FaunaReserve


– Black box with an understorey of lignum,grasses and herbs and excellent waterbirdhabitat.

WanurpNatureConservationReserve

120 No LCC rec(landpurchase)


2003 Purchased through the National ReserveSystem Program. Management Statementin place (2005). Contains endangeredNorthern Plains Grasslands and grassywoodlands, rare and threatened flora andknown habitat for Bush stone-curlew. (3)(9)

WinlatonNatureConservationReserve

91 No LCC rec(landpurchase)

Part temporarilyreserved for theconservation of anarea of naturalinterest and partreserved for thepreservation of anarea of ecologicalsignificance underthe Crown Land(Reserves) Act 1978

2004 Main block purchased through the DSEConservation Land Purchase Program withaddition of small Crown land parcel.Contains Riverine Chenopod ShrublandEVC with a number of rare or threatenedflora species. Adjoins land containingnative vegetation protected by aconservation covenant. (3)

YassomSwamp Floraand FaunaReserve


– Important breeding and feeding area forwaterbirds and the grassland to the southis growing on red duplex soils of the higheralluvial plains of the Avoca River system.The grasslands are also the habitat of theendangered plains-wanderer.

QuambatookFlora & FaunaReserve.


–

Notes:

Nature Conservation Reserves includes the following reserves: Flora, Flora and Fauna, Nature Conservation, Wildlife Area (nohunting). All Nature Conservation Reserves are managed by Parks Victoria.

Although some of these areas are not formally reserved (i.e. LCC recommendation have not been implemented) or are temporarilyreserved as Nature Conservation Reserves, all are managed as if they were so reserved.

LCC recommendations as follows: (a) Murray Valley (1985); (b) North-East (BUM) (1986); (c) Mallee Review (1989).

Source:

(1) Fitzsimons and Ashe (2003)

(2) Fitzsimons et al. (2004)

(3) Fitzsimons et al. (2006)

(4) Robertson & Fitzsimons (2005a)

(5) Robertson & Fitzsimons (2005b)

(6) Robertson & Fitzsimons (2005c)

(7) Robertson & Fitzsimons (2005d)

(8) Robertson & Fitzsimons (2005e)

(9) Robertson & Fitzsimons (2005f)


APPENDIX 11: Natural Features Reserves

NATURAL FEATURES

Murray River Reserve 16,061 Murray Valley (1985); Mallee Review (1989)

PUBLIC LAND WATER FRONTAGES

various public land water frontages 16,708 various various

BUSHLAND RESERVES

Barrakee Bushland Reserve 9 I162 Wimmera (1986) 1987

Barwo Bushland Reserve 10 H20 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Barwo Bushland Reserve 6 H22 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Bockie Bushland Reserve 5 I16 Mallee Review (1989) –

Bonegilla Bushland Reserve 6 I97 North-eastern Area (Benalla-Upper Murray) Review (1986) 1987

Bonegilla Station Bushland Reserve 4 I98 North-eastern Area (Benalla-Upper Murray) Review (1986) 1987

Boosey Bushland Reserve 18 H42 Murray Valley (1985), H8 Box-Ironbark Investigation (2001) 1986

Bumbang Bushland Reserve 27 I261 Mallee Review (1989) 2005

Carlyle Bushland Reserve 5 H115 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Carwarp Natural Features Reserve 6 No LCC Rec 1989

Chiltern West Bushland Reserve 4 H126 Murray Valley (1985) –

Echuca South Bushland Reserve 28 H12 Murray Valley (1985) (also known as Nanneella 1902Bushland Reserve)

Gunbower Bushland Reserve 7 H4 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Gunbower Bushland Reserve 9 H5 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Kaarimba Bushland Reserve 32 H24 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Kotta (Torrumbarry) Bushland 19 H9 Murray Valley (1985); proposed Little Kotta NatureReserve Conservation Reserve

Kotupna Bushland Reserve 4 H21 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Kotupna Bushland Reserve 3 H23 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Lockington Public Purposes Reserve 3 H9A Murray Valley Area 2002

Milloo Bushland Reserve 12 H8 Murray Valley (1985) then H8 Box-Ironbark 1986Investigation (2001)

Moira Bushland Reserve 8 H13 Murray Valley (1985) then H8 Box-Ironbark Investigation 1986(2001)

Moira Bushland Reserve 1 H14 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Moira Bushland Reserve 2 H15 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Mologa Bushland Reserve 3 H7 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Murrabit Bushland Reserve 7 H3 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Mystic Park Bushland Reserve 646 I291 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Narioka Bushland Reserve 2 H16 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Ninyeunook Bushland Reserve 8 I205 Mallee Review (1989) 1979

Nyah Bushland Reserve 150 I164 Mallee Review (1989) 1979

Piangil Bushland Reserve 1 I272 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Quambatook Bushland Reserve 9 D8 Mallee Review (1989) 1979

Rushworth-Colbinabbin rail line 4 H114 Box-Ironbark Investigation (2001) 2002Bushland Reserve

Shepparton Bushland Reserve 4 H48 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Strathmerton Bushland Reserve 4 H29 Murray Valley (1985), then H8 Box-Ironbark Investigation 1986(2001)

Name ofReserve

Area (ha)

LCC/ECCrecommendations

Date of creation




Tallygaroopna Bushland Reserve 7 H25 Murray Valley (1985) –

Terrapee Bushland Reserve 40 I183 North Central (1981) 1983

Towaninny Bushland Reserve 40 I203 Mallee Review (1989) 1979

Turrumberry North Bushland Reserve 7 H10 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Undera Bushland Reserve 1 H24 Murray Valley (1985) 1990

Wharparilla Bushland Reserve 2 H11 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Wodonga Bushland Reserve 5 I95 North-eastern Area (Benalla-Upper Murray) Review (1986) 1987

Wyuna Bushland Reserve 201 H113 Box-Ironbark Investigation (2001) 2002

HIGHWAY PARKS

Ballendella (Campaspe River) Northern 21 L9 Murray Valley (1985) 1986Highway Park

Runnymede Highway Park 12 L12 North Central (1981), then H137 Box-Ironbark 1982Investigation (2001)

LAKE RESERVES

Cranes Lake 34 U1 Mallee Review (1989)

Lake Boort Lake Reserve 597 N2 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Lake Marmal Lake Reserve 151 N1 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Lake Meering Lake Reserve 205 T7 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Lake Moodemere Lake Reserve 265 N3 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

SCENIC RESERVES

Red Cliffs Scenic Reserve 23 M1 Mallee Review (1989) 1979

Roslynmead Natural Features Reserve 26 G4 Murray Valley (1985) –

STREAMSIDE RESERVES

Arcadia Streamside Reserve 143 K17 Murray Valley (1985), then H4 Box-Ironbark 1986Investigation (2001)

Campaspe River Streamside Reserve 20 K3 North Central Study (1981), H4 Box-Ironbark Investigation 1982(2001)

Dargalong Streamside Reserve 1 K48 North Central Study (1981) 1875

Deep Creek Streamside Reserve 5 K7 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Englishs Bridge Streamside Area 14 H4 Box-Ironbark Investigation (2001) 1979

Eurobin Streamside Reserve 2 D5 North-eastern Victoria Oven Softwood Plantation Zone –Special Investigation (1981) but not accepted by Government

Goulburn River Streamside Reserve 24 H4 Box-Ironbark Investigation (2001) –

Goulburn River Streamside Reserve 3 K49 North Central Study (1981), then H4 Box-Ironbark 1982Investigation (2001)

Goulburn River Streamside Reserve 218 K50 North Central Study (1981), then H4 Box-Ironbark 1982Investigation (2001)

Goulburn River, McCoys Bridge 135 K6 Murray Valley (1985) 1986Streamside Reserve

Goulburn River, Yambuna Bridge 44 K5 Murray Valley (1985) 1986Streamside Reserve

Hayanmi Streamside Reserve 17 K30 North Central Study (1981), then H4 Box-Ironbark Investigation (2001) 1982

Kergunyah Streamside Reserve 2 K10 North-eastern Area (Benalla-Upper Murray) Review (1986) 1981

Murray River Streamside Reserve 11 K15 Murray Valley (1985), then H4 Box-Ironbark Investigation 1986(2001)

Murray River Streamside Reserve 14 K16 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Ovens River Streamside Reserve 12 J5 North-eastern 3,4,5 (1977) 1979

Name ofReserve

Area (ha)


Date of creation


Ovens River Streamside Reserve 13 K15 North-eastern Area (Benalla-Upper Murray) Review (1986) 1987

Ovens River Streamside Reserve 11 K16 North-eastern Area (Benalla-Upper Murray) Review (1986) 1987

Oxley Streamside Reserve 1 J4 North-eastern 3,4,5 (1977), then H4 Box-Ironbark Investigation (2001) 1979

Pompapiel Watering Purpose Reserve 17 North Central (1981) (frontage to Bullock Creek) –

Skeleton Creek Streamside Reserve 100 K8 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Wahring Streamside Reserve 3 No LCC recommendation –

various unnamed streamside reserves 219 various various

WILDLIFE RESERVES (HUNTING ALLOWED)

Baillieu (Richardsons) Lagoon Wildlife 191 C15 Murray Valley (1985) 1986Reserve

Big Reedy Lagoon Wildlife Reserve 274 C30 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Cemetery Forest Wildlife Reserve 163 C3 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Corop Wildlife Reserve 2 H1 Box Ironbark (2001)

Cullens Lake Wildlife Reserve 749 D25 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Gaynor Swamp Wildlife Reserve 452 C10 North Central Study (1981) 1982

Great Spectacle, Little Spectacle, 150 D32 Mallee Review (1989) 1990Round Lake, Tobacco Lake, Little Lake Meran Wildlife Reserve

Heywood Lake Wildlife Reserve 567 D18 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Hird Swamp Wildlife Reserve 449 C10 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Johnson Swamp Wildlife Reserve 465 C9 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Kanyapella State Wildlife Reserve 9 No LCC Rec

Koorangie (The Marshes & Avoca 3255 D8 Mallee Review (1989) and D16 Mallee Review (1989) 1979Floodway) Wildlife Reserve (also known as Koorangie State Game Reserve)

Lake Elizabeth Wildlife Reserve 121 D28 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Lake Lyndger Wildlife Reserve 332 C2 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Lake Mannaor Wildlife Reserve 87 D23 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Lake Murphy Wildlife Reserve 222 D11 Mallee Review (1989) 1979

Lake Tutchewop Wildlife Reserve 515 D24 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Lake Wandella Wildlife Reserve 62 D30 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Lake Yando Wildlife Reserve 87 D12 Mallee Review (1989) 1979

Little Lake Charm Wildlife Reserve 61 D26 Mallee Review (1989) 1990

Mansfield Swamp Wildlife Reserve 490 C13 North Central Study (1981) 1982

McDonald Swamp Wildlife Reserve 215 C7 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Mooroopna Sand Reserve 3 C12 Murray Valley (1985) (to be added to Gemmels Swamp)

Murchison Lagoon Wildlife Reserve 6 C18 North Central Study (1981), then H1 Box-Ironbark 1982Investigation (2001)

Murphy Swamp Wildlife Reserve 85 C16 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Reedy Swamp Wildlife Reserve 263 C18 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Stevenson Swamp Wildlife Reserve 93 D10 Mallee Review (1989) 1979

Tang Tang Swamp Wildlife Reserve 129 C9 North Central Study (1981) 1982

The Meadows Wildlife Reserve 50 C13 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Thunder Swamp Wildlife Reserve 90 C8 North Central Study (1981) 1982

Two Mile Swamp Wildlife Reserve 134 C5 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Wallenjoe Swamp Wildlife Reserve 425 C12 North Central Study (1981) 1982

Westblades Swamp Wildlife Reserve 70 C6 Murray Valley (1985) 1986

Woolshed Swamp (Boort) Wildlife 472 C1 Murray Valley (1985) 1986Reserve

Name ofReserve

Area (ha)


Date of creation


APPENDIX 12: Sites of Geological and GeomorphologicalSignificance in and near the study area

INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

BN 079 Murchison Meteorite fall site, MurchisonEast

MD 009 Raak Plain boinka, 16 km NW of Hattah

SH 002 Lake Boga granite quarry mineral typelocality, Lake Boga

NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

BD 001 Kow Swamp lake and lunette, 3 km S ofLeitchville

BD 003 Barmah forest alluvial fan and anabranchnetwork, Barmah forest

BN 053 Bama-Goulburn drainage complex,Murray / Goulburn confluence area,Echuca

MD 001 Hattah Lakes overflow land andanabranch system, Hattah

MD 007 Lindsay Island floodplain, scroll bars,active and abandoned channel complex,15 km N of Meringur North

STATE SIGNIFICANCE

BD 003.4 Moira and Barmah Lakes digitate deltaand silt jetty, Barmah forest

BD 003.7 Barmah Choke River Murray constriction,Picnic Point to Barmah

BD 006 Ulupna Creek and Ulupna Islandfloodplain complex, N of Strathmerton

BD 009 Bumbang Bend recent meander cut-off(avulsion), Robinvale

BD 013 Wakool Junction abandoned channels andplains, near Kenley

BN 052 Palaeolake Kanyapella area, E of EchucaVillage

BN 053.3 Murray and Goulburn rivers confluencearea, Echuca

BN 057 Cadell Fault southern trace, KanyapellaSouth

BN 081 Lake Cooper quarry mineral locality,Colbinabbin

BN 086 Shepparton Formation type-section, KiallaWest

MD 007.2 Websters Lagoon and Websters IslandReference Area disrupted drainage andscroll plain

Note: site numbering follows the conventions of GSA Heritage subcommittee- Mapsheets: BD Balranald andDeniliquin; BN Bendigo; SH Swan Hill; SR St Arnaud; MD Mildura; TL Tallangatta; and WN Wangarattaincluding part of Jerilderie.

MD 011 Kings Billabong and the floodplainbetween Butlers and Psyche Bends

MD 018 Olney Bore Eocene to Miocene OlneyFormation type-section, SW of PollardIsland.

MD 019 Wallpolla Island and Creek anabranch andfloodplain, W of Mildura

MD 022 Cowanna Bend neck meander andpotential avulsion site, Redgrove

SH 006 Kerang ground-water discharge area,Kerang to Lake Boga

TL 139 Tawonga Fault, Kiewa Valley Highway

WN 042 Wodonga quarry outwash fans, 6 km Wof Huon Hill

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

BD 002 Murray River cliffs, Robinvale, betweenWemen Cliffs and Euston Lock

BD 003.3 Old Barmah palaeolake area, Barmahforest

BD 003.5 Barmah forest Grass Plains (Long Plain,Duck Hole Plain, Hut Lake Grass Plain,War Plain, and Top Lake)

BD 003.8 Buck's Ridge sand hill, Barmah forest

BD 004 Gunbower Island and Creek, Koondrookto Gunbower

BD 004.3 Little Reedy Lagoon plains area,Gunbower

BD 005 Gunbower Reach of the Murray River,Kate Malone's Bend

BD 006.3 Paddy Hennessy's Cutting, Ulupna Island

BD 007 Murray and Murrumbidgee riversconfluence, near Narrung

BD 010 River Murray floodplain accretion, BelsarIsland, ~15 km SE of Robinvale

BD 012 Haywood Lake, 11 km SE of BoundaryBend

BD014 Murray River channel and concave beach,Boundary Bend

BN 006 Rochester Shire quarry, Rochester

BN 052.2 Bama Sandhill, ~16 km E of Echuca.

BN 053.1 Barmah palaeochannel complex, Barmahforest

SiteNumber

Site Nameand Location

SiteNumber



BN 054 Kotupna gravel pit, Kotupna

BN 060 Lake Cooper and lunettes, E of theHeathcote

BN 074 Mt. Terrick Terrick, Mitiamo

MD 001.1 Chalka Creek, Yerring Crossing

MD 001.2 Red sand dune, Yerring Track

MD 004 Boundary Point, near state bordersbetween SA, NSW and Victoria

MD 005 Merbein Cliffs, River Murray, Merbein

MD 006 Red Cliffs Murray River, Red Cliffs

MD 007.1 Mullaroo Ck, and floodplain south of theCreek

MD 011.1 Psyche Bend, Murray River

MD 012 Nangiloc cliffs Murray River, at Nangiloc

MD 015 Lake Wallawalla and lunette, 14 km W ofNeds Corner homestead

MD 019.1 grass plain

MD 021 Yelta cliff exposures, Yelta

MD 024 Patterwallkagee Creek, Neds CornerHomestead

SH 003 Lake Tutchewop, Lake Charm

SH 005 Lake Boga and lunette, Lake Boga

SH 006.10 Kangaroo Lake and 3 lunettes, LakeCharm

SH 006.12 Lake Wandella and lunettes, Lake Charm

SH 006.7 Lake Bael Bael and lunette, Lake Charm

SH 013 Meering Lake (Meran Lake) andassociated lakes and lunettes, 13 km SWof Kerang

SH 014 Tragowel Swamp, Two Mile Swamp,Kerang

SH 015 Avoca River terminus area, Lalbert-KerangRoad, Kerang

SH 016 Tyntynder palaeolake, Tyntynder

SH 016.1 Tyntynder choke, Vinifera

SR 001 Gredgwin Ridge quarry, 7 km south ofBoort

SR 013.1 Tyrrell Marsh, Nineunook

SR 027 Loddon River distributary channel system,Serpentine to Kerang

SR 030 Parilla Sand exposure in Woollen Risesquarry, Narrewillock

SR 031 Barrakee Creek - Lake Marmal terminalsystem, Boort-Charlton road, NE ofCharlton

SR 032 Boral hornfels quarry, 5 km E of Charlton

TL 058 Hume Weir quarry and racing circuit, 2.5km SE of Bonegilla

TL 059 Yackandandah Granite and RubyviewGneiss exposures, Kookaburra Point, nearBonegilla

WN 002 Yackandandah and Mudgegonga granitesand metamorphic aureole- crescenticvalley and pinnacles, 11 km SE ofMyrtleford

WN 005 Mitta Junction red clay dune/ ridgelandform, Bonegilla

WN 026 Ordovician-Silurian Barnawartha GneissicGranodiorite and pegmatite dykes, HuonHill De Kerilleau Quarry, Wodonga

WN 063 Shepparton Formation DongawarraTerrace landform, Bonegilla

WN 073 Oxley Flats avulsion channel, Tea GardensCreek

WN 076 Buckland River and terraces, Buffalo River

WN 076.1 Buffalo River incision and Palaeozoicexposures, Osborne’s Bridge,

WN 077 Confluence Ovens and King rivers,Wangaratta

WN 078 Boorhaman East 1 bore, 21 km N ofWangaratta

WN 079 Confluence Ovens- Murray rivers, Brimin

WN 081 Golf Course Bend, 4.5 km S of Corowa

WN 082 Source-bordering dunes Cobram toCobram East

WN 082.1 Source-bordering dune, Dick's Bend, eastCobram

WN 084 Ovens River floodplain, NW of Wangaratta

WN 085 Yarrawonga Reach River Murray andfloodplain, Bruce's Bend.

WN 087 Upstream Ulupna Creek, junction RiverMurray, Eastern end of Ulupna Island (partof BD 006)

WN 088 Horseshoe Lagoon, Ulupna Island (see BD006)

LOCAL SIGNIFICANCE

BD 001.1 Mt. Hope Creek, 4 km S of Leitchville

BD 001.2 Bullock Creek palaeo-drainage, 5 km S ofLeitchville

BD 002.1 Happy Valley cliffs, Robinvale

BD 002.2 Euston Lock 15 cliffs, Robinvale

BD 002.3 Wemen cliffs, Wemen

BD 003.1 Tullah Creek, Double Crossing

BD 003.2 Barmah Borrow Pit, Barmah

SiteNumber


SiteNumber



BD 003.6 Punt Paddock Lagoon

BD 004.1 Reedy Lagoon, Gunbower

BD 004.2 Sandpit, Near the Spence Bridge ScoutCamp

BD 006.1 Dead River Lagoon, Ulupna Island

BD 006.2 ‘The Junction’, the downstream end ofUlupna Creek, Ulupna Island

BD 008 Haysdale palaeolake, Haysdale

BD 011 Narrung Bend, Narrung

BN 040 Goulburn Weir, Nagambie

BN 044 Reedy Lake, Nagambie

BN 051 Barmah sand pit, Barmah

BN 052.1 Kanyapella lake sediment, Echuca

BN 053.2 Goulburn River and lake sediments,Echuca

BN 055 Tallygaroopna Prior Stream, Tallygaroopna

BN 056 Little Lake Kanyapella and lunette, ~13km E of Echuca

BN 056.1 Kanyapella prior stream, E of Echuca

BN 059 Goulburn River floodplain at McCoysBridge, ~ 4 km SW of Kotupna

BN 083 Goulburn River ancestral point bars, N ofShepparton

BN 084 Loch Garry, Bunbartha

BN 085 Ancestral River Point Bars, near Yambuna

MD 010 Karadoc Swamp and lunette, ~10 km eastof Yatpool

MD 013 Berribee Tank dry lake and lunette,Berribee Tank

MD 014 Horseshoe Bend and lagoon, Merbein

MD 016 Lake Hawthorn, Lake Ranfurley, Mildura

MD 017 Lake Iraak and lunette, Iraak

MD 023 Lake Cullulleraine, Lake Cullulleraine

SH 005.1 Round Lake and lunette, Lake Boga

SH 005.2 Long Lake and lunette, Lake Boga

SH 006.1 Pelican Lake and lunette, Lake Charm

SH 006.11 Third Lake and lunette, Lake Charm

SH 006.2 Reedy Lake and lunette, Lake Charm

SH 006.3 Lake Elizabeth and lunette, Lake Charm

SH 006.4 Duck Lake and lunette, Lake Charm

SH 006.5 Lake Cullen and lunette, Lake Charm

SH 006.6 The Marsh and lunette, Lake Charm

SH 006.8 Middle Lake and lunettes, Lake Charm

SH 006.9 Lake Charm and lunette, Lake Charm

SH 012 Foster Swamp, Nine-Mile Creek

SH 016.2 River bank exposure, Tyntynder Central

SH 017 Little Murray River, Near Lake Boga

SR 013 Avoca River mid-system floodout,Glenloth Road / Avoca River bridge

SR 026 Boort lake and lunette system, Boort

WN 013 Pliocene gravel beds exposure in railwaycutting, Bonegilla

WN 076.2 Pool-and-riffle stream forms at McGuffie'sBridge, Buffalo River

WN 082.2 Source-bordering dune landform, E ofCobram

WN 082.3 Source-bordering dune landform, ~5 km Sof Tocumwal

WN 083 King River lagoonal floodplain,Wangaratta

WN 086 Torgannah Lagoon, Mays Bridge

SiteNumber


SiteNumber



APPENDIX 13: Planning hierarchy for timberharvesting in Victorian state forests

COUPE PLANDetailed management requirements for coupes and

post harvesting monitoring, including:• all coupe boundaries

• location of all excluded areas• location of filter strips and buffers

• habitat tree requirements• trees for retention or tress for removal

• assessing stocking and need for regeneration works• post-harvest monitoring and regeneration

Independent environmental audit(Under the Environment Protection Act 1970)

Federal legislative and policy contextState

land and natural resource legislative and policy context

Code of Forest Practices for Timber Production

Management Procedures

Forest ManagementPlan

Timber Release PlanFive-year plan, for areas allocated to

VicForests, detailing wood production interms of areas scheduled for harvest, wood

volumes, product types, silviculturaloperations and associated roading

(for commercial timber production operations)

Wood Utilisation PlanAnnual plan, for land managed by DSE,detailing wood production in terms of

areas scheduled for harvest, woodvolumes, product types, silviculturaloperations and associated roading

(for all timber production operations)


APPENDIX 14: Tree diameter distribution in Barmahforest

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

3545

5565

7585

95105

115

125

135

145

150+

1961

1995

Dia

met

er C

lass

(cm

)

Stems per Hectare

Sour

ce:

DN

RE (

2002

a)

Not

e: D

iam

eter

-cla

ss d

istr

ibut

ion

of m

erch

anta

ble

and

pote

ntia

lly m

erch

anta

ble

stem

s sh

owin

g th

e in

crea

se o

ver

time

of t

he n

umbe

r of

larg

er t

rees

in t

he f

ores

t an

d a

redu

ctio

n in

the

num

ber

of t

rees

in t

he s

mal

ler

size

-cla

sses

.


APPENDIX 15: River red gum log grades

Three grades of river red gum log are applied, determined by size (diameter and length) and the amount ofdefect. Where the proportion of defect exceeds the maximum allowable, the log is consigned to a lowergrade; the allowable proportion of defect increasing with the size of the log.

Red gum sawlog (RGSA)

Logs from which a higher proportion of the highest-quality timber can be expected.

Minimum dimensions: • 40 cm small-end diameter

• 2.1 m length.

Allowable defect:• 25% for RGSA with a centre diameter underbark less

than or equal to 45 cm.

• 30% for RGSA with a CDUB greater than 45 cm.

Allowable sweep:

The maximum allowable sweep is 1/5 of the centrediameter underbark, measured over a minimum 2.1 mof log length.

Red gum standard log (RGSB)

Logs that are expected to produce mostly landscape andutility grade timbers, although some railway sleepers andhigh-quality timber may be produced.

Minimum dimensions:• 30 cm small-end diameter

• 2.1 m length

Allowable defect:• 20% for RGSB with a centre diameter underbark less

than or equal to 35 cm

• 35% for RGSB with a centre diameter underbarkbetween 36 cm and 50 cm (inclusive)

• 50% for RGSB with a centre diameter underbarkgreater than 50 cm.

Allowable sweep:

The maximum allowable sweep is 1/5 of the centrediameter underbark, measured over a minimum 2.1 mof log length.

Red gum residual log (RGRL)

Logs that are not expected to produce sawn timber, butwill produce fuel wood. The purchaser, however, maybe able to extract some sawn material, depending onhow it is processed.

Minimum dimensions:• 10 cm small-end diameter

• 1.8 m length.

Allowable defect and sweep:

No minimum is specified for defect or sweep.

Source: DSE (2005f)


APPENDIX 16: Timber productivity related to waterand forest management strategies

Present FloodFrequency

10 years out of 10

7–8 years out of 10

4–5 years out of 10

≤2 years out of 10

Timber Productivity (m3/ha/yr)

Scenario 1: current forestmanagement, stand

structure, environmentalprescriptions

Source: Maunsell Australia Pty Ltd (2003)

Timber productivity averaged for all river red gum site qualities (SQ I, SQ II & SQ III) in the Barmah Forest under various forest andwater management strategies.

Scenario 2: timber production asprimary aim but full cognisance of

active water management, silviculturetreatment and environmental

prescriptions and conservation areas

Scenario 3: timberproduction as primary aim

sawlogs

1.48

0.78

0.22

negligible to negative

otherproducts

1.10

0.57

0.16

sawlogs

2.12

1.35

0.43

0.04

other products

1.57

1.00

0.32

0.02

sawlogs

2.50

1.87

0.75

0.15

otherproducts

1.85

1.39

0.56

0.11

Explanatory notesValues are for timber productivity averaged across all sitequalities for each forest management scenario underpresent/predicted and managed flood frequencies.

Level of management input:1. Present forest management for timber production under

present stand structure, current environmental prescriptions,forest flooding and water management policy.

2. Forest management in zones specified for sustainabletimber production as a primary aim and in fullcognisance of:

• active water management in accordance with the Murray-Darling Basin Commission’s approved WaterManagement Strategy for the Barmah–Millewa Forest

• silvicultural treatment facilitating full stocking andsubsequent progressive selective thinning over therotation

• environmental prescriptions that meet the Code ofForest Practice and ensure a high level of flora andfauna conservation

• forest management takes account of significant areasset aside where environmental conservation is theprimary aim to the exclusion of timber production.

3. Forest management for sustainable timber production asthe primary aim.

Flood frequency:

10 years out of 10 – annual flooding.

Except in severe drought years, annual flooding may occuron small sections of forest, wetlands and low-lying plainsfed from major flood runners via on-river regulators. Theseareas flood at low river flows below Yarrawonga/Tocumwal(6500–15,000 ML/day) and are the areas generally mostprone to unseasonable flooding, particularly as a result ofrain rejections in summer and early autumn.

7–8 years out of 10 – pre-river regulation flood frequency(1891–1934)

Only on very rare occasions were there three consecutiveyears without a flood and few occasions, usually widelyspaced, when there were two consecutive years withoutsome flooding over 75–80% of the forest and wetlands.Consequently, the forest did not experience severecumulative drought stress. This situation is reflected inforest productivity described by Jacobs (1955).

4–5 years out of 10 - present flood frequency on 25–50%of the forest and wetlands as a result of actual Murray Riverflows below Yarrawonga/Tocumwal since 1955.

Cumulative drought stress results in a cessation of growthand recovery to pre-stressed levels takes several seasons.Flood duration, apart from 2–3 years each decade, is oftenless (up to 2 months) than that under natural (pre-regulation) flooding conditions. The shorter duration offlooding and season of flooding are considerably less thanoptimal for many biological processes including tree growthand overall vitality for flora and fauna (viz: moira grass,frogs and water bird breeding).

Equal to or less than 2 years out of 10 –present/predicted flood frequencies on up to 75% of theforest area as a consequence of MDBC and NSW andVictoria state land and water management policy decisions.

Tree vitality and growth are very significantly reduced.Cumulative drought stress is much more evident particularlyas the frequency of two or more consecutive years withouta flood is a regular occurrence. Biological activity, includingtree growth, is also more dependent on general seasonalconditions and duration of any flooding. As rainfalldecreases from east (700 mm per annum) to west ( lessthan 200 mm), the lack of flooding results in severecumulative drought stress as evidenced by recent surveys(Brett Lane & Associates Pty Ltd 2005).
