Acquisition of Agricultural Land, Compensation, … July - August, 2011 1 socio - economic voices Acquisition of Agricultural Land, Compensation, Livelihood and Environmental issues

indiastat.com July - August, 2011 1 socio - economic voices

Acquisition of Agricultural Land, Compensation, Livelihood and Environmental issues in Urbanizing Fringe of Lucknow Metroplis (Prof. (Dr.) S.S.A. Jafri, Giri Institute of Development Studies Sector O, Aliganj Housing Scheme, Lucknow)

Introduction

India’s 1.5 per cent or more than 21 lakh hectares net sown area between 1990 and 2003 have

gone to non-farm activity. The actual figures could be much higher. If we accept 21 lakh hectares

of crop land which is diverted to non-agricultural uses and if this area was brought under wheat

then it would amount to a mind-boggling 57 lakh tones of produce, which could have fed more

than 43 million hungry people every year. In Uttar Pradesh 68.6 per cent land is cultivated and

31.4 pr cent land is under non farm uses. Only 7.0 per cent land is under forest, when according

to forest policy there should be one-third forest cover for healthy environment. Adverse

environmental impact is now reflected in falling yield and increasing other fallow and current

fallow land as it is becoming uneconomical to cultivate. For example in Sultanpur, Pratapgarh,

Lucknow and Unnao districts other and current fallow lands have increased up to 15.0 per cent.

In U.P. cereal production was 41.8 million metric tones in 2001-02 which has fallen to 37.6 million

metric tones in 2004-05 due to land degradation.

In Central region of U.P. the growth of land put to non-agricultural use in rural areas has risen to

19.1 per cent during 2001-08. Similarly growth rate of land put to non agricultural uses in

Bundelkhand has gone up to 17.6 per cent in rural areas. In Lucknow division we find that during

2004-05 from an area of 2420134 hectare the production was 4958114 metric tones, while during

2005-06 the area decreased to 2314603 hectare and with it the production also decreased to

4721101 metric tones.

Therefore, it is most essential to identify the non-agricultural infertile land through satellite

imageries and on the basis of data the area available should be compulsorily utilized for

urbanization. Million plus cities should not be allowed to further grow by putting ban on expansion

of industries or any kind of activities which are not directly required for the cities. In this way

urbanization would grow in un-urbanized areas and thus barren waste lands would be easily

available for urban use. Agricultural land should not be allowed at any cost to be used for non

farm activities. There should be strict check and control on the basis of clear cut formulated

policies at the state and local level so that an all round sustainable development should be

achieved and that too within a short period of time. If at all it is so essential to acquire the

agricultural land then on the basis of average



cost of the produce at present and future prices, it should be calculated for 30 years and paid to

farmers every year. During 30 years farmers would be able to adopt non-farm livelihood as it is

already in practice in Haryana State.

Lucknow district occupies about 2519 sq. km. area in Central region of Uttar Pradesh and it is

privileged with having the capital city of the most populated state of India. Lucknow district is

having 8 blocks, namely, Malihabad, Mal, Bakshi-ka-Talab, Kakori, Chinhat, Sarojininagar,

Gosaiganj and Mohanlalganj. Lucknow the capital city which is now a metropolis with 2.25 million

population (2001) is spreading quite fast on its peripheral areas and encroaching on adjoining

fertile agricultural land of rural blocks mainly Sarojininagar, Chinhat, Mohanlalganj, Mal and

Bakshi-ka-Talab. Lucknow city along with Cantonment was occupying only 50 sq. km. in 1950,

which spread on 110 sq.km. in 1971, 146 sq.km. in 1981, 338 sq.km. in 1991 and about 450

sq.km. in 2001. In 1981 its population was 1.08 million which doubled in 20 years to 2.25 million

in 2001 and in next 20 years, i.e. 2021 it is expected to be 4.50 million.

Till 1991 in U.P. land put to non-agricultural uses was around 8.0 per cent and by the beginning

of 2000 the land put to non-agricultural uses increased to around 9.0 per cent. In 2008 the land

put to non-agricultural uses occupies around 11.0 per cent of the geographical area of Uttar

Pradesh. The increasing size of land put to non-agricultural uses and recently decline in net area

sown in rural areas is an indication that the prime agricultural land is fast being encroached by

fringes of towns and cities and in due course of time they would become the part of urban land.

Earlier land put to non-agricultural uses was generally meant that the land is being used as a

common land for thrashing the harvested crops, exhibition grounds, playgrounds and other

amenities and it was well within 8.0 per cent of the geographical area. Now with the beginning of

the 21st century it is especially found that around some of the fast growing cities and towns a

large chunk of fertile land is being purchased and left by the industrialists, colonizers and

individual entrepreneurs for future use as urban land. It is generally found that the expansion of

cities is taking place on commercially viable areas ignoring the importance of environment and

land meant for cultivation purposes. Around every city and town and in every district there are

plenty of wastelands, which could have been brought under urbanization if there was any such

law to restrict and spare the agricultural land and also to protect environment.

The farmers on urban fringes are compelled and lured to sell their land to urban people and they

loose their centuries old traditional livelihood from farming forever. Farmers are left only with their


dwellings and it is found that once they become landless, for generations they do not become

capable to earn their proper livelihood from non-farm occupations. Mostly they work as a casual

labourers in their neighbourhood of city and their socio-economic condition remain deplorable for

decades together.

Lucknow being the capital city has a continuously fast process of occupying the neighbouring

fertile land of the villages. The result is during last 13 years, i.e. between 1994-95 and 2007-08,

the growth rate of land put to non-agricultural uses in neighbouring rural areas of Lucknow

metropolis was recorded 45.1 per cent. For example, in Sarojininagar block the land put to non-

agricultural uses grew to 109.8 per cent, Chinhat block 83.3 per cent, Mohanlalganj block 43.7

per cent, Gosaiganj block 34.0 per cent, Mal block 30.0 per cent and in Bakshi-ka-Talab block

21.5 per cent. If we see the proportion of geographical area of Chinhat block brought under land

put to non-agricultural uses was maximum in Lucknow district, i.e. 31.3 per cent in 2008.

It is an interesting study to survey few villages and their households, enquiring about the value of

land received and its utilization, their changing occupation and income and their overall socio-

economic and living conditions. This would guide us how to control the agricultural land brought

to non-agricultural uses and how to plan the rehabilitation of agricultural farmers and their families

before the city encroaches in an unplanned manner. In Lucknow metropolitan city, after

independence the settlements of villages which had lost their valuable agricultural land are still

existing and the plight of their dwellers is quite obvious.

Sample Villages:

Among two, one slow and another fast urbanizing villages i.e. Dhawan and Shivpuri respectively

are located adjacent to eastern side of Lucknow metropolis in Chinhat Block were identified for

sample survey. The geographical area of Dhawan Village was 200 hectare and Shivpuri 300

hectare. Among these villages Dhawan is left with only about 50 hectare of agricultural land when

in Shivpuri most of the land is occupied in urban process. There are 250 households in Dhawan

village with 3500 population when in Shivpuri 5000 households are there with 15,9000 population.

Most of the houses in both the villages are pucca. Religion wise only less than 10 per cent

population belong to minority. Caste wise majority population belong to OBC (Other Backward

Caste). In records 84 households (64 Hindu, 20 Muslim) in Dhawan Village and 341 (326 Hindu

and 15 Muslims) in Shivpuri village belongs to BPL (Below Poverty Level) category who are

entitled for various benefits under Government schemes.


In Dhawan village about 6 ponds were there which were perennial but today only 3 ponds are left

perennial and 1 pond non perennial. In Shivpuri only 1 pond was perennial earlier, which is now

non perennial. In both the villages the ground water is about 20 to 25 feet below the ground

surface, but for perennial boring farmers go up to 120 feet deep. In remaining agricultural land

mainly wheat and paddy is grown and the productivity is lowered to 5 to 10 quintal per bigha and

food grain is retained for only household consumption, except vegetable is sold in the market.

Most of the households have almost shifted their dependence on non farm activities, as the

remaining agricultural land has become non productive and it is in the process of selling with the

hope of better prices for urbanization which is imposed. Lands purchased by Government by

force are paid only less than Rs.50,000/- per bigha when private parties are paying in millions of

rupees (present rate is between Rs.3 to 6 million). It is highly objectionable that farmers are

deprived by Government by force and their livelihood is snatched through spurious laws. It is high

time that Government must adopt the Haryana pattern where the productivity of land is calculated

and the value is paid to the farmers for 30 years with consideration of cost escalation of

agricultural produce during the years. It is the proper method through which farmers would slowly

adopt to adjust with the non-farm livelihood, otherwise it is injustice to impose least value of land.

During rainy season both villages suffer from the effects of bad drainage system. Household of

both the villages mostly depend upon private hand pumps, except few households depends on

public hand pumps mark IV. Households suffer mainly by stomach diseases, fewer, cough, blood

pressure, small pox and sugar but none of these villages have proper health centre. About 15.0

per cent natives of these villages have their own toilets. When 60.0 per cent newly settled

households have their own toilets. There is a lot to do to improve the hygienic condition in these

villages. There is co-ed primary-middle school in Dhawan village when in Shivpuri 3 primary-

middle schools are there, however children of affluent class go out for convent education i.e.

English medium education.

Under Indra Awas Yojana 11 houses are constructed in Dhawan village when in Shivpuri village

42 houses are constructed. In both the villages 50 to 80 per cent households have got T.V.,

Mobile phone and scooter/motor bike, when VCD, fridge, and 4 wheelers are rare in their

household assets. No community or caste tension is reported in both the villages, but few police

cases are recorded under crimes. There are also few court cases due to property and land

compensation claims. Over all it is a big question before the uneducated native youth and

working age population in both the villages that how to adjust with the changing scenario from

centuries old agricultural dependence to non agricultural non-acquainted alien means of

livelihood.


Population Dynamics:

Over all 120 households were surveyed for this study. Total 60 households from each Dhawan

and Shivpuri villages were identified belonging to their dominant occupations. Cultivators, animal

husbandry, business, agricultural labourers non agricultural labourer and services. Thus

information of 354 people of Dhawan and 365 of Shivpuri village were recorded. In Shivpuri sex

ratio was recorded 1006 females per thousand males because here SC households are

comparatively more in household sample and higher castes households are less in comparison to

Dhawan village where sex ratio was found 989. (See Table-1)

Table No. 1: Caste wise Households and Population in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation/ Sample Villages

SurveyedH.H

Households Population Higher Caste OBC SC Male Female Total

Cultivators Dhawan 21 4 12 5 78 80 158 Shivpuri 5 1 4 - 15 12 27 Animal Husbandry Dhawan 6 - 6 - 16 13 29 Shivpuri 3 - 3 1 9 8 17 Business Dhawan 6 2 3 1 12 12 24 Shivpuri 6 1 5 - 13 8 21 Agricultural Labour Dhawan 10 1 8 1 26 26 52 Shivpuri 2 - - 2 4 7 11 Non Agri. Labour Dhawan 14 - 12 2 41 35 76 Shivpuri 34 - 16 18 117 122 239 Service Dhawan 3 1 1 1 5 10 15 Shivpuri 10 2 5 3 24 26 50 Total Dhawan 60 8 42 10 178 176 354 Shivpuri 60 4 33 24 182 183 365

Source: Based on survey conducted by the author and his team during December 17, 2009 to January 3, 2010 at Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow

Out of total surveyed population in Dhawan village 9.0 per cent are in the age group of 0-5, 23.5

per cent in 6-14, 64.4 per cent in 15-60 and 3.1 per cent in 60 plus age group. When in Shivpuri

village 0-5 age group children are 7.7 per cent, 6-14 children are 25.8 per cent, 15-60 working

age group in 66.0 per cent and old age of 60 plus are only 0.6 per cent. Children and old age

dependents are slightly more in Dhawan village i.e. 35.6 per cent than Shivpuri village with 34.0

per cent.(See Table-2)


Table No. 2: Age Structure and Dependency Ratio in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation /Sample Villages

Surveyed H.H

Age-group/Population % Dependents 0-5 6-14 15-60 60+

Cultivators M F T M F T M F T M F TDhawan 21 5 4 9 19 21 40 50 49 99 4 6 10 37.34Shivpuri 5 1 1 2 2 3 5 12 8 20 - - - 25.93Animal Husbandry Dhawan 6 2 - 2 3 2 5 11 11 22 - - - 24.14Shivpuri 3 - - - 3 3 6 6 5 11 - - - 35.29Business Dhawan 6 2 2 4 4 4 8 6 6 12 - - - 50.00Shivpuri 6 1 1 2 4 4 8 8 3 11 - - - 47.62Agricultural Labour Dhawan 10 - 5 5 5 3 8 21 18 39 - - - 25.00Shivpuri 2 - 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 7 - - - 36.36Non Agri. Lab. Dhawan 14 6 4 10 11 6 17 24 24 48 - 1 1 36.84Shivpuri 34 10 9 19 29 27 56 77 85 162 1 1 2 32.22Service Dhawan 3 1 1 2 2 3 5 2 6 8 - - - 46.67Shivpuri 10 1 3 4 7 9 16 16 4 30 - - - 40.00Total Dhawan 60 16 16 32 44 39 83 114 114 228 4 7 11 35.59Shivpuri 60 13 15 28 46 48 94 122 119 241 1 1 2 33.97Source: Based on survey conducted by the author and his team during December 17, 2009

to January 3, 2010 at Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow

Economic Activity:

In both Dhawan and Shivpuri villages people engaged in different activities are accounted and

found it differed due to more available cultivable land in Dhawan village than in Shivpuri village

which is almost urbanized. In Dhawan village 12.0 per cent people are self employed, when in

Shivpuri only 5.3 per cent are self employed. In Dhawan regular salaried employees are 2.0 per

cent, when Shivpuri they are 3.0 per cent. In primary activities 6.0 per cent people are engaged

in Dhawan village when in Shivpuri only 2.0 per cent people are engaged. In Dhawan non

agricultural labourers are only 4.0 per cent when in Shivpuri they are 11.5 per cent. Just opposite

in Dhawan 1.0 per cent are agricultural labourers when in Shivpuri it is less then 0.2 per cent. In

Dhawan unemployment is only 5.0 per cent when in Shivpuri where almost all the agricultural

land is urbanized, unemployment is 12.0 per cent. In household work, where mainly females are

found in both the villages i.e. Dhawan and Shivpuri. It is 21.0 and 22.5 per cent respectively. In

household and other activity also mainly females are engaged the proportion is the same in both

villages i.e. 2.0 per cent. In Dhawan 40.0 per cent and in Shivpuri 34.5 per cent students are

recorded, which deferred due to more concentration of economically weaker sections in Shivpuri

than Dhawan village. Non school age children and old age dependents are 7.0 per cent in each

of the surveyed villages. (See Table-3)


Table No. 3: Household Population Engaged in Different Activities in Chinhat Block

Main OccupationSample VillagesPopulation (Per cent)Self Employed

Dhawan 12.00Shivpuri 5.28

Regular Salaried


Primary Activities


Non Agri. Labour


Agri. Labour


Unemployed


H.H Work


H.H+Other Act.


Student


Dependent


Total (Per cent)

Dhawan 354 (100.00)Shivpuri 365 (100.00)


Land Acquisition and Compensation:

Till nineties agricultural land in Dhawan and Shivpuri villages was about 216 and 147 bigha which

was owned by 35 and 27 households respectively. At the time of household survey it was

reported that from both Dhawan and Shivpuri villages about 83.0 and 45.0 per cent households

respectively sold their lands, partially or completely. From Dhawan village 66.7 per cent

agricultural land was sold while from Shivpuri village 58.2 per cent agricultural land was sold.

Since agricultural land in both the villages was not sufficient for proper livelihood, therefore from

very beginning majority of households were engaged in non-farm activities. Land sold to

Government was only due to compulsion as land owners were forced by the Government orders

to acquire the land. Since Government compensation was too low which ranged merely between

Rs.16,000 to 36,000 per bigha, land owners try to evade it or sell their land to private parties from

whom they get Rs.1,00,000 to Rs. 16,00,000 per bigha. Those land owners who were able to sell

their land privately were lucky which is reflected from their life style but contrary to that land

owners getting meager land compensation from Government remained poorer and poorer.


Land owners of Dhawan village were extreme unlucky where 32.0 per cent land was sold to

private buyers and 63.0 per cent was sold to Government. When in Shivpuri village 66.0 per cent

land was sold to private parties and rest 34.00 per cent land was bought by the Government.

Land owners who got hefty amounts from private buyers were able to enhance their income by

investing in income generating activities, when those who got compensation from Government

became hand to mouth. Haryana model of land compensation must be adopted by the

Government where average value of crop yield is calculated for 30 years with keeping in mind the

price escalation. Then farmers are paid annually for 30 years. In this way, slowly farmers switch

on to non farm activities and do not fall pray suddenly. (See Table -4)

Table No. 4: Land Sold by Households in Chinhat Block Main Occupation/ Sample Villages

Household owned/sold

the land

Total Land initially owned

in bigha

% of H.H sold land/ affected

% of land sold

% ageland sold privately

% age land sold to Govt.

Cultivator Dhawan 14 62.00 67.00 75.00 21.00 79.00Shivpuri 5 25.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 50.00Animal Husbandry Dhawan 4 30.00 100.00 50.00 73.00 27.00Shivpuri 2 24.00 67.00 50.00 50.00 50.00Business Dhawan 2 17.00 100.00 66.67 34.00 66.00Shivpuri 5 35.00 83.00 71.43 71.43 28.57Agricultural Labour Dhawan 4 18.00 100.00 100.00 00.00 100.00Shivpuri 1 3.00 100.00 66.67 67.00 33.00Non Agri. Labour Dhawan 8 49.00 100.00 81.33 30.00 70.00Shivpuri 9 45.00 27.00 60.00 60.00 40.00Service Dhawan 3 40.00 100.00 61.54 34.00 66.00Shivpuri 4 12.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 50.00Total Dhawan - 216.00 83.00 66.67 32.00 68.00Shivpuri 1 147.00 45.00 58.18 66.00 34.00Source: Based on survey conducted by the author and his team during December 17, 2009 to January 3, 2010 at Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow Note: Private and Government rates of land per bigha was Rs. 100,000 to Rs. 16, 00,000 and Rs. 16,000 to Rs. 36,000 respectively.

Before acquisition 35 surveyed households of farmers were having average 6.0 bigha of land in

Dhawan village, when in Shivpuri village average per household agricultural land among 27.0

households of farmers was 5.5 bigha, which reduced to 2.0 and 2.3 bigha after acquisition

respectively. In most of the cases the main source of livelihood is no more agriculture, which has


shifted to non-farm activities. Even those households which are identified as cultivators are for

name sake, their economic condition is deplorable. In few cases where households have more

than 5 bigha, but their agricultural production has gone down due to over whelming urban

environment like pollution and congestion. During nights the astray animals (mainly cows) from

city inter into the fields and graze away the crops. Thus the remaining agricultural land is awaited

to be sold preferably to private buyers if it is spared from Government grabbing by throw away

prices (See Table-5).

Table No. 5: Average Land Owned by Households Before/After Acquisition in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation

Sample Villages

H.H owned/

sold land

Per H.H. Avg. Agri. Land owned Before acquisition in bigha

Per H.H. Avg. Agri. Land owned After acquisition

in bigha

Cultivators Dhawan 14 4.00 1.00Shivpuri 5 5.00 2.50

Animal Husbandry

Dhawan 4 8.00 4.00Shivpuri 2 12.00 6.00

Business Dhawan 2 9.00 3.00Shivpuri 5 7.00 2.00

Agri. Labour

Dhawan 4 4.50 -Shivpuri 2 3.00 1.00

Non Agri. Labour

Dhawan 8 6.00 1.12Shivpuri 9 5.00 2.00

Service Dhawan 3 13.00 5.00Shivpuri 4 3.00 1.50

Total Dhawan 35 6.00 2.00Shivpuri 27 5.50 2.30

Source: Based on survey conducted by the author and his team during December 17, 2009 to January 3, 2010 at Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow The compensation money which was received by the land owners after selling their

agricultural land to either Government or private buyers was utilized in two major heads i.e. for

personal use or construction of their house. After fulfilling their personal needs like construction,

marriage ceremonies etc. very few households have also invested their money in livelihood

enhancing activities. Since most of the houses were of mud and thatched, they were built pucca.

Thus in Dhawan village average 69.0 per cent land owners spent their compensation money in

personal needs and 31.0 per cent land owners spent money in house constructions. In Shivpuri

village also about 61.0 per cent land owners spent their land compensation money in personal

needs whereas 39.90 per cent land owners spent their money in house construction. It is worry

some that most of the land owners spent their compensation money which was received by them

after selling their valuable agricultural land which was the only base of their livelihood, was

utilized in fundamental day to day needs. Therefore, it is high time to chalk out the compensation

policy by the Government urgently, so that farmer’s livelihood could be saved.(See Table-6)


Table No. 6: Utilization of Compensation Money by Households/Court cases in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation

Sample Villages

H.H owned/ sold land

Percentage of H.H Utilized money for

%H.H.Cases in Court related to LandPersonal

Use House

ConstructionCultivators

Dhawan 14 50.00 50.00 -Shivpuri 5 60.00 40.00

Animal Husbandry

Dhawan 4 100.00 - 25.00Shivpuri 2 50.00 50.00

Business

Dhawan 2 50.00 50.00 -Shivpuri 5 50.00 50.00

Agri. Labour

Dhawan 4 75.00 25.00 -Shivpuri 2 100.00 -

Non Agri. Labour

Dhawan 8 100.00 - 62.50Shivpuri 9 56.00 44.00

Service

Dhawan 3 33.00 67.00 -Shivpuri 4 75.00 25.00

Total

Dhawan 35 69.00 31.00 17.00Shivpuri 27 61.00 39.00


Income among sample households under different dominant occupations who may also possess

some agricultural land varied during a decade or in between before and after land acquisition. In

all cases some of households have grown income during a decade. In Dhawan village the

income of some households has grown 10.6 per cent after acquisition of land, when the growth

of income was comparatively more in Shivpuri village i.e. 14.4 per cent may be due to

comparatively fast urbanization. After acquisition average household per month income of

Dhawan and Shivpuri villages was recorded Rs.4058.00 and Rs.4470.00 respectively. In

Dhawan village the household income grew more than average among business and service

occupation only. When in Shivpuri village household income was found growing above the

average in all occupations except among business and non agricultural labourers. Cultivators

income growth during a decade was above the average growth in Shivpuri village, it is because

land owners received a hefty amount of land compensation from private buyers, which is the main

reason of fast growth viz-a-viz Dhawan village.(See Table-7)


Table No. 7 : Household Income Before/After Acquisition of Land in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation Sample Villages

Households owned/ sold the land

H.H Average Annual Income in Rs.

Before acquisition

After acquisition

Cultivators Dhawan 14 42,100 44,879Shivpuri 5 55,500 64,380

Animal Husbandry Dhawan 4 46,250 49,950Shivpuri 2 47,800 54,205

Business Dhawan 2 75,500 90,600Shivpuri 5 57,000 64,638

Agricultural Labour Dhawan 4 30,000 34,020Shivpuri 2 28,000 33,600

Non Agri. Labour Dhawan 8 28,870 3,15,838Shivpuri 9 35,000 39,550

Service Dhawan 3 69,000 81,144Shivpuri 4 51,000 61,200

Total Dhawan 35 44,031 48,697Shivpuri 27 46,885 53,636


Living Condition: During survey questions were asked from the sample households about their living condition

before and after the acquisition of their agricultural land. Among 35 households who owned/sold

or both of Dhawan village reported good living condition by 47.0 per cent before acquisition and

53.0 per cent reported good living condition after acquisition. It means more than half of the

sample households in Dhawan village enjoying better living condition than before even after

acquisition. In Shivpuri village only 28.0 per cent sample households reported better living

condition before acquisition when majority households i.e. 72.0 per cent reported better living

condition after acquisition. Here it is important to explain that acquisition of land does not take

place all of a sudden but a sort of urban environment is created physically and mentally which

discourages the agricultural growth. In this process farmers become half hearted towards

agriculture and start thinking how to fetch better prices of their land. Dhawan farmers were quite

unfortunate that most of their land was acquired by the Government which paid only less than

one-tenth as compared to Shivpuri farmers who were quite fortunate by selling to private buyers

and getting up to unimaginable Rs.6.0 million per bigha.(See Table-8)


Table No. 8: Living Condition Before and After Acquisition of Land in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation Sample Villages

H.H owned/ sold land

Reported Good Living Condition Before Acquisition After Acquisition

Cultivators

Dhawan 14 67.00 33.00Shivpuri 5 20.00 80.00

Animal Husbandry

Dhawan 4 - 40.00Shivpuri 2 33.00 67.00

Business

Dhawan 2 - 100.00Shivpuri 5 33.00 67.00

Agri. Labour

Dhawan 4 33.00 67.00Shivpuri 2 - 100.00

Non Agri. Labour

Dhawan 8 53.00 47.00Shivpuri 9 35.00 65.00

Service

Dhawan 3 12.00 88.00Shivpuri 4 00.00 100.00

Total

Dhawan 35 47.00 53.00Shivpuri 27 28.00 72.00


Though annual income and expenditure reporting is always doubtful even then it is recorded just

as approximation. The average annual income of 60 sample households is Rs.48697 of Dhawan

village who spend average Rs.38286 per annum i.e. 78.62 per cent. Almost the same in Shivpuri

village where average income and expenditure of 60 sample households is Rs.53636 and

Rs.42174 respectively which is almost the same 78.63 per cent. In most of the cases it doesn’t

mean that respondents are saving money, rather many expenses like debt installment, taxes, fee,

festival, ceremony and liabilities are not included. Otherwise then how they live malnourished

and in poor condition. Out of 60 sample households 6 to 10 per cent households in Dhawan

village had taken low interest, average Rs.24,000 loans for various purposes. Similarly in

Shivpuri village out of 60 sample household 9 to 15 per cent households had taken average

Rs.7389 loans at low interest. Most of these loans are under Government schemes that is why

interest rate is lowest i.e. between 4 to 8 per cent. Most of these loans are for agriculture, animal

husbandry, artisan works and for house construction purposes. If low interest loans are easily

available especially to artisans then they can free themselves from the clutches of entrepreneurs

who pay least wages and exploit. Low interest loans as micro-financing would help in changing

their farm dependence to non farm dependence with suitable income especially in urbanizing

villages.(See Table-9)


Table No. 9: Household Income, Expenditure and Loan taken in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation

Sample Villages

Surveyed H.H

Avg. Income

in Rs.

Avg. Expend.

in Rs. H.H taken

LoanAvg. Loan

taken in Rs.Rate of Interest

%

Cultivators Dhawan 21 44879 43892 - - -Shivpuri 5 64380 41718 1 10,000 4

Animal Husbandry

Dhawan 6 49950 47852 - - _Shivpuri 3 54205 35493 1 15,000 4

Business Dhawan 6 90600 70143 - - -Shivpuri 6 64638 38835 - - -

Agri. Labour Dhawan 10 34020 32819 - - -Shivpuri 1 33600 28560 - - -

Non-Agri. Labour

Dhawan 14 31584 30488 5 23,800 4-8Shivpuri 34 39550 37185 7 5,929 4-8

Service Dhawan 3 81144 48808 1 25,000 4Shivpuri 10 61200 45851 - - -

Total Dhawan 60 48697 38286 6 24,000 4-8Shivpuri 60 53636 42174 9 7,389 4-8


Overall in 60 sample households each in Dhawan and Shivpuri villages, it reveals that only less

than one-fifth households reported that they have some technical skill 18.0 per cent in Dhawan

and 10.0 per cent in Shivpuri villages among their family members, which is quite negligible.

Technical skill is most important in villages where agricultural land is no more available as it helps

in earning livelihood from non farm activities. Technical skill may be of auto-mechanic, tailoring,

handicraft skill chikan, zardozi, manufacturing of candle, agarbatti, handloom, iron work, welding

carpentry etc. Therefore Jan Shiksha Sansthan have to work effectively among villagers to

impart technical skill so that they may stand on themselves in earning their livelihood. It is irony

that in Dhawan and Shivpuri villages majority of households have no technical skill except

manual, they are 82.0 and 90.0 per cent respectively. Manual workers only can be engaged in

agricultural land which is scarce or maximum in house/road construction where labourers are in

surplus. it is unfortunate that household with their main occupation as cultivators and animal

husbandry in both the villages Dhawan and Shivpuri do not posses any technical skill. similarly

among households of Shivpuri village with their main occupation as business and agricultural

labour do not posses any technical skill.

On asking what type of help you expect from Government which may help you in getting your

livelihood. Majority expected to get micro-financing (low interest loans) as 58.0 per cent from

Dhawan and 67.0 per cent from Shivpuri village desired from Government. About one-fifth

households expected agriculture land to be provided to them by the Government i.e. 28.0 per

cent in Dhawan and 20.0 per cent in Shivpuri villages, which is not practical. Only 7.0 per cent


households belong to non-agriculture labourer as their main occupation desired training to be

given to them in Dhawan village. Majority of households of both the villages were having their

account in the bank i.e. 92.0 per cent in Dhawan and 78.0 per cent in Shivpuri village.(See Table-10)

Table No. 10: Skilled/Unskilled Households and Wanted Government Help in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation/ Sample Villages & Surveyed H.H

Percentage of H.H Having Existing

Skills

Percentage H.H wanted Government Help to Improve

Living condition %H.H Having

Account in BankTech. Manual Micro-

Finance Land Training Other

Cultivators Dhawan 21 - 100.00 67.00 33.00 - - 100.00Shivpuri 5 - 100.00 40.00 40.00 - 20.00 100.00Animal Husbandry Dhawan 6 - 100.00 - 100.00 - - 100.00Shivpuri 3 - 100.00 100.00 - - - 100.00Business Dhawan 6 33.00 67.00 - 55.00 - 45.00 89.00Shivpuri 6 - 100.00 83.00 - - 17.00 83.00Agricultural Labour

Dhawan 10 17.00 83.00 67.00 16.50 - 16.50 83.00Shivpuri 1 - 100.00 100.00 - - - 100.00Non Agri. Labour Dhawan 14 16.00 84.00 59.00 21.00 10.00 10.00 91.00Shivpuri 34 15.00 85.00 65.00 21.00 - 14.00 74.00Service Dhawan 3 25.00 75.00 62.50 37.50 - - 100.00Shivpuri 10 10.00 90.00 60.00 30.00 - 10.00 100.00Total Dhawan 60 18.00 82.00 58.00 28.00 7.00 67.00 92.00Shivpuri 60 10.00 90.00 67.00 20.00 - 13.00 78.00Source: Based on survey conducted by the author and his team during December 17, 2009 to January 3, 2010 at Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow

Health Condition:

Health of population is most important for overall development. Health starts from motherhood

and child delivery. If child is not born under medical care in hospital then their persistent health

complications exist for both mother and child. Unfortunately about half of child births are reported

at home under the premature care of Dai who is generally illiterate and does not know even the

importance of hygiene. In Dhawan village 48.0 per cent and in Shivpuri village 53.0 per cent

recent births were taken place at home, which is not a good sign when these villages are almost

the part of metropolitan city of Lucknow. In Dhawan village 35.0 per cent and 17.0 per cent and


in Shivpuri village 10.0 and 37.0 per cent deliveries were performed at Government and private

hospitals respectively. Since most of the households are poor, they go to charitable hospitals,

which fall under private hospitals. Deliveries of Government hospitals are too low which are yet

to be improved.

Similarly for general treatment households reported mostly going to quacks rather to Government

or private hospitals, which is again a matter of worry, despite of huge investment is done in

Government medical system. In Dhawan village 35.0 per cent reported visiting Government

hospitals, 40.0 per cent to private hospitals and 42.0 per cent to quacks, when Shivpuri this

proportion was 22.0, 17.0 and 61.0 per cent. (See Table-11)

Table No. 11: Recent Child Birth and General Treatment of Household Population in

Chinhat Block

Main Occupation

Sample Villages

Surveyed H.H

Per cent of last delivery in Households

Per cent H.H visit for Treatment

AtHome

Govt. Hospital

Pvt.Hospit

al

Govt. Hospital

Pvt.Hospital

Quack

Cultivators

Dhawan 21 67.00 33.00 - 33.00 33.00 34.00Shivpuri 5 20.00 20.00 60.00 20.00 40.00 40.00

Animal Husbandry

Dhawan 6 50.00 50.00 - 50.00 50.00 -Shivpuri 3 33.00 - 67.00 33.00 33.00 34.00

Business

Dhawan 6 33.00 67.00 - 50.00 50.00 -Shivpuri 6 67.00 - 50.00 17.00 17.00 66.00

Agri. Labour

Dhawan 10 50.00 33.00 - 20.00 70.00 20.00Shivpuri 2 100.00 - - - - 100.00

Non Agri. Labour

Dhawan 14 47.00 34.00 19.00 14.00 13.00 73.00Shivpuri 34 62.00 3.00 35.00 15.00 15.00 70.00

Service

Dhawan 3 63.00 25.00 12.00 13.00 67.00 20.00Shivpuri 10 40.00 40.00 20.00 40.00 10.00 50.00

Total Dhawan 60 48.00 35.00 17.00 35.00 40.00 42.00Shivpuri 60 53.00 10.00 38.00 22.00 17.00 61.00


Education: For over all development educational level is most important as it enhances quality of human

being by which they perform quite well in all sphere of life. Being adjacent and becoming part of

Lucknow metropolis, both Dhawan and Shivpuri villages have impressive literacy rate which is

80.0 per cent in each village respectively. However literacy rate is only the indication that a

person can read and write, not the level of education or level of enlightenment. However, literacy

among females is comparatively less than male counterparts, which is 78.0 per cent in Dhawan


and 72.01 per cent in Shivpuri village. Overall 40.0 per cent in Dhawan and 32.2 per cent in

Shivpuri village are students out of their total population. In Shivpuri village, females are behind

the male counterpart than Dhawan village among school going children. About one-fifth of the

population is primary pass, in which females are a head than the males. However, middle pass

are one-fourth in Dhawan village where females are a head than the males. In Shivpuri village

middle pass are quite less i.e. only 14.0 per cent and there females are behind the males. Only

10.0 per cent people are high school in Dhawan village and only 5.0 per cent in Shivpuri village

where females are almost half of the males. Similarly intermediate pass population in Dhawan

village is only 4.0 per cent and in Shivpuri village only 1.0 per cent where also females proportion

is almost half than their counterpart males. However, Graduate pass in Dhawan village are 5.0

per cent and females are also slightly more than males, otherwise in Shivpuri no one was found

Graduate in our sample survey. Post Graduates, Technical Diploma/Degree holders are quite

negligible in Dhawan village and in Shivpuri village all these degree holders are absent. We can

see the trend that after middle education the percentage goes on falling sharply specially among

females, as the importance of education and also availability of affordable education goes on

declining in lower strata of society. (See Table-12)

Table No. 12: Literate, Students and Educated in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation Sample Villages Male (Per cent) Female (Per

cent) Total (Per cent)

Literate

Dhawan 80.00 76.00 78.00Shivpuri 80.00 72.13 76.00

Students

Dhawan 38.74 41.00 40.00Shivpuri 37.00 28.00 32.19

Primary Pass

Dhawan 19.00 22.00 20.00Shivpuri 19.00 29.00 24.21

Middle Pass

Dhawan 24.00 26.00 25.00Shivpuri 15.50 12.00 14.00

High School Pass

Dhawan 13.00 7.00 10.00Shivpuri 7.14 3.00 5.00

Inter Pass

Dhawan 5.00 3.00 4.00Shivpuri 1.20 1.00 1.00

Grad. Pass

Dhawan 4.00 5.00 5.00Shivpuri - - -

P.G. Pass

Dhawan 1.00 - 0.30Shivpuri - - -

T. Dip Pass

Dhawan 1.00 1.00 1.00Shivpuri - - -

T. Deg. Pass

Dhawan - 1.00 0.30Shivpuri - - -

Population (%)

Dhawan 178 (100.00) 176 (100.00) 354 (100.00)Shivpuri 182 (100.00) 183 (100.00) 365 (100.00)

Source: Based on survey conducted by the author and his team during December 17, 2009 to January 3, 2010, at Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow


Housing Condition: Housing condition is also most important as it reflects the living condition of households. In both

the villages about 80.0 per cent houses are pucca in Dhawan and 98.0 per cent in Shivpuri.

Households belonging to animal husbandry, business and service as the main occupation have

cent per cent their pucca houses in both the villages. About 2.0 and 3.0 rooms are in houses

belonging to sample households of both Dhawan and Shivpuri villages respectively. Maximum

5.0 rooms are in Shivpuri village belonging to households engaged mainly in animal husbandry,

while maximum 4.0 rooms are there in Dhawan village belonging to service class households.

Only 25.0 per cent houses of respondents in Dhawan village and 22.0 per cent houses in Shivpuri

village have flush latrine in their premises. There are no latrines in the premises of households

belonging to cultivators, animal husbandry, agricultural labourers of Dhawan village. Agricultural

labourers of Shivpuri village also don’t have flush latrine in their premises.

Provision of Bath rooms in the sample household premises are in 22.0 per cent houses in

Dhawan village and 52.0 per cent in Shivpuri village. Cultivators of Dhawan village and

agricultural labourers of Shivpuri village do not have bath rooms in their house premises.

Drainage problem is a major problem of both the sample village, especially when it is a rainy

season. However about 56.0 per cent sample households of Dhawan village and 42.0 per cent of

Shivpuri village reported that their houses are connected with pucca drains. Those houses which

are without pucca drains create drain flood affecting the entire neighbourhood. Hygienic

condition is extremely poor in both the villages, where a lot of efforts are required while making

them urbanized. (See Table -13)

Table No. 13: Housing Condition according to Occupation in Chinhat Block

Main Occupation/ Sample Villages

Surveyed H.H

Percentage of Houses

Avg. No. of Rooms

per H.H.

Percentage of H.H with

Flush Latrine

Percentage H.H with

Bathroom

Percentage Houses

Connected with Pucca Drain

Cultivators Dhawan 21 67.00 2.00 - - 43.00Shivpuri 5 100.00 3.40 20.00 80.00 60.00Animal Husbandry Dhawan 6 100.00 3.00 - 33.00 83.00Shivpuri 3 100.00 5.00 33.00 33.00 67.00Business Dhawan 6 100.00 3.33 100.00 50.00 33.00Shivpuri 6 100.00 3.33 67.00 67.00 67.00Agricultural Labour

Dhawan 10 70.00 2.00 - 20.00 40.00Shivpuri 1 100.00 4.00 - - -Non Agri. Labour Dhawan 14 86.00 2.43 43.00 21.00 27.00


Shivpuri 34 97.00 2.41 41.20 44.12 35.30Service Dhawan 3 100.00 4.00 100.00 100.00 50.00Shivpuri 10 100.00 2.20 30.00 70.00 40.00Total Dhawan 60 80.00 2.00 25.00 22.00 56.00Shivpuri 60 98.00 3.00 22.00 52.00 42.00Source:Based on survey conducted by the author and his team during December 17, 2009 to January 3

,2010, at Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow. Conclusion and Suggestions: Two sample villages namely Dhawan and Shivpuri were identified. Dhawan village is located

about 2.00 kms. away from Faizabad road, which is partially urbanized, whereas Shivpuri village

is located along Faizabad road which is almost urbanized. According to our survey most of the

agricultural land of Dhawan village is forcibly purchased by the Government at a very nominal

compensation as compared to market cost. In Shivpuri village most of the agriculture land is

purchased privately and money is paid to farmer which is according to the market rate.

Government rate and market rate varies between Rs.16000-36000/- to Rs.100,000-16,00,000/-

respectively (per bigha/20 biswa).

Since there is no urban policy, wherever market economy is growing the land cost is increasing

with the process of urbanization which is generally observed around metropolitan cities, while

ignoring the small and medium towns. Prime agricultural land is seriously threatened around

metropolitan cities and farmers are simply dislodged from their traditional occupation i.e.

agriculture. The agricultural land which is most important to feed million of people is gradually

reducing. The ideal situation could have been to spread urbanization in all regions to stop

metropolitan expansion. Equal distribution of urbanization would have the advantage for utilizing

the uncultivable land for urban expansion.

Prime agricultural land has to be protected and urban regional disparity has to be minimized by

controlling the unnecessary metropolitan growth. If situation becomes so compelled to acquire the

land by the Government then farmers have to be paid a suitable compensation for their valuable

land, so that they may comfortably be settled down during at least four to five decades and

gradually switch over to some other non farm livelihood.

The following key suggestions are made to resettle the landless and marginal farmers of rural-

urban fringe :

i) For compensation Haryana model should be adopted, in which farmers get crop value

according to the cost escalation for 30 years.


ii) Working age population should be identified and they should be trained in non-farm

activities so that they may change their source of livelihood. Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) can

serve the purpose.

iii) Similar to Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Shilpkar Credit Card (SCC) must be introduced to

avoid procedural complication like in SHG formation etc.

iv) School age children should be given scholarship up to High School to compulsorily go to

school and desist of becoming the child labour.

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