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acoustic module 4
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ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
SOUND
AMPLIFICATION
SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
INTRODUCTION
There are several architectural
methods to increase sound
levels in a room…
However, in certain situations,
the use of Sound Amplification
Systems is encouraged and
sometimes necessary:
the distance from sound source to receiver exceeds 15m
the room is filled to capacity
the room is heavily treated with sound absorbing finishes
high prevailing background noise levels
low voice intensity of sound source
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
The design and installation of sound amplification systems
involve several disciplines including:
Mechanical and electrical
consultants: involved with the
provision of electrical power
supplies and cable routes
Electronic consultants: involved
with the sound requirements,
specifications, equipment
performance, etc.
Theater consultants: involved
with how the sound system
interfaces with their respective
areas of concern
Acoustical consultants: involved
with structural isolation, material
finishes, reverberation time, etc.
The Architect: concerned with the
overall integration of the sound
system into the project design (i.e.
loudspeaker types, placement and
location, appearance, etc.)
INTRODUCTION
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Sound systems should meet the following criteria:
1. Sound amplification systems should properly transmit
a wide range of frequencies (32-12000 Hz)
to maintain a correct balance between fundamentals and
harmonics
to achieve perfect tone color for each musical instrument
to provide clear, undistorted sound
SOUND AMPLIFICATION SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Sound systems should meet the following criteria:
2. Sound amplification systems should provide a wide
dynamic range
a pianissimo sound must be clearly audible
a fortissimo sound must be reproduced without distortion
SOUND AMPLIFICATION SYSTEMS
3. Sound amplification systems should create a
sufficiently low room reverberation
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
4. Sound amplification systems should be free from
disturbing echoes or feedback
FEEDBACK:
squealing or howling sounds;
occurs when…
Sound systems should meet the following criteria:
SOUND AMPLIFICATION SYSTEMS
radiated sound picked up
by the microphone reflective surfaces return
amplified sounds in reverberant rooms
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
5. Sound amplification systems should remain undetected.
The illusion should be preserved that amplified sound comes
from the natural sound source
The Time Delay between the arrival of
direct and amplified sound must not
exceed 20 to 25 msec
The distance between sound source
and loudspeaker should not exceed
7.0 to 8.0M
Sound systems should meet the following criteria:
SOUND AMPLIFICATION SYSTEMS
7 -8M
7 -8M
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Sound amplification systems
have 3 basic components.
Microphone: picks up the
sound energy radiated by
the source, converts it into
electric energy and feeds it
into the amplifier
Amplifier: increases
magnitude of the electric
signal; delivers it to the
loudspeaker. May include
separate mixers.
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Loudspeaker: converts the
electric signal into airborne
sound waves for distribution
to the listeners
COAXIAL UNITS
Sound amplification systems
have 3 basic components.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
SUBWOOFER
loudspeaker dedicated to the
reproduction of low-pitched audio
frequencies known as bass
loudspeaker system in which the
individual driver units radiate sound
from the same point or axis
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
Central Loudspeaker System:
uses a single cluster of loudspeakers over the sound
source. The preferred type because it gives maximum
realism.
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
Central Loudspeaker System:
provides the room with
even coverage
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Cases where Central Loudspeaker System is impractical
The ceiling height is too low for the
Central System
Majority of the listeners do not have
an adequate sightline to the central
loudspeaker
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Cases where Central Loudspeaker System is impractical
Sound has to be provided to
overflow audiences
The spaces are too large for a
Central System
The halls are divided into smaller
spaces
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Distributed Loudspeaker System:
uses a number of low level overhead loudspeakers
located throughout the auditorium.
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Artificial Echo:
Rear end of the hall receives
amplified sound way before
direct sound.
Sound Overlaps: Some areas
receive amplified sound from
more than one speaker
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
Distributed Loudspeaker System:
uses a number of low level overhead loudspeakers
located throughout the auditorium.
PROBLEMS
This may be overcome by a Time
Delay Mechanism
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Artificial Echo:
Rear end of the hall receives
amplified sound way before
direct sound.
Sound Overlaps: Some areas
receive amplified sound from
more than one speaker
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
Distributed Loudspeaker System:
uses a number of low level overhead loudspeakers
located throughout the auditorium.
PROBLEMS
This may be overcome by a Time
Delay Mechanism
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Sound Overlaps: Some areas
receive amplified sound from
more than one speaker
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
Distributed Loudspeaker System:
uses a number of low level overhead loudspeakers
located throughout the auditorium.
Speakers should be spaced 12-15m
apart when facing the same direction
Speakers should be spaced at least
25m apart when facing each other
Artificial Echo:
Rear end of the hall receives
amplified sound way before
direct sound.
PROBLEMS
This may be overcome by a Time
Delay Mechanism
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Stereophonic System:
employs two or more microphones adequately spaced
in front of the performing area and connected through
separate amplifying channels to two or more
corresponding loudspeakers
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Combination Central- Distributed Loudspeaker System:
uses a cluster of loudspeakers over the sound
source, plus additional speakers at the rear end of
the hall or under balconies.
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Combination Central- Distributed Loudspeaker System:
uses a cluster of loudspeakers over the sound
source, plus additional speakers at the rear end of
the hall or under balconies.
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Types of Loudspeakers
Line or Column:
concentrates most of the sound
in a narrow angular spread in the
vertical plane and a semi-narrow
spread in the horizontal plane.
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Radial or Multicellular:
concentrates most of the sound
in a wide angular spread in both
the vertical and horizontal plane.
LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
Types of Loudspeakers
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
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ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Home Theater Systems have five basic components:
Sources: players, tuners, game
consoles, etc.
Receivers: A/V receivers, controllers,
decoders, power amplifiers, etc.
Displays: direct projector, rear
projector, flat panel, standard sized
televisions, computer monitors, etc.
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Home Theater Systems have five basic components:
Speakers: front and side speakers,
surround sound speakers,
subwoofers
Connections: antennas, satellite,
cable connections, internet DSL
connections, etc.
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Home Theaters have varying
set-up classifications:
2-channel systems: front left and
right speakers only.
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Speakers should form an equilateral
triangle with the sweet spot.
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Home Theaters have varying
set-up classifications:
Multi-channel (i.e. 5.0, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1):
front, side, and rear speakers. Set-
up relies heavily on encoding and
decoding technologies
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Home Theaters have varying
set-up classifications:
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Multi-channel (i.e. 5.0, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1):
front, side, and rear speakers. Set-
up relies heavily on encoding and
decoding technologies
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Front speakers should be direct
radiating speakers.
Midrange speakers should be
located away from enclosures, while
Subwoofer locations are flexible, but
are best placed in corners.
Surround sound speakers may be
Dipole or Bipole, and may be placed
at the side or the rear.
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Home Theaters have varying
set-up classifications:
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Furniture should not be placed
between the sound paths.
Room proportions are critical for
good sound diffusion. Ideally , the
room is rectangular in shape, with
the short side equivalent to 2/3
the length of the long side. For
small square rooms, a diagonal
layout is ideal.
Tweeter heights of front speakers
should be within 300mm of each
other for a seamless, consistent
front soundstage
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Home Theaters have varying
set-up classifications:
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Room Acoustics
Requirements:
The most important consideration
is speech intelligibility.
Thus, of primary concern is
reducing or eliminating, first and
second reflections
This can be solved with acoustical
treatment at points of reflection.
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Room Acoustics
Requirements:
The most important consideration
is speech intelligibility.
Thus, of primary concern is
reducing or eliminating, first and
second reflections
This can be solved with acoustical
treatment at points of reflection.
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Room Acoustics
requirements:
ABSORPTION COVERAGE
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
HOMETHEATER SYSTEMS
Sound Isolation
Soundproofing of Home Theaters
is achieved with 3 main concepts:
Mass - make walls heavier, or
provide multiple layers
Decoupling - preventing sound
transmission by physically
separating connections
Damping - to reduce sound and
vibration through absorption,
which in turn mitigate the
transmission of sound to an
adjacent room.
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
To reinforce sound levels in an auditorium
To provide amplified sound for overflowing audiences
To increase sound level on the stage of an auditorium
To provide sound in motion picture theaters
To reduce the masking effect of an excessive background
noise level in an auditorium
To provide sound effects
To provide artificial reverberation in dead halls
General purposes of Sound Systems:
SOUND SYSTEM USES
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
Electronic devices have several other uses:
To distribute radio and recording programs in factories, schools,
hospitals, hotels, restaurants, etc.
To provide paging and announcing facilities in offices,
stores, transportation buildings, hotels, etc.
To provide background music in stores, offices, elevators, etc.
To provide personal communicating facilities between
individuals in separate locations in a building
To provide simultaneous translation for certain conferences
For signalling time periods
To provide individual hearing aids in an auditorium
To operate electronic organs, chimes, and carillons
SOUND SYSTEM USES
ARCH 255 EVANGELISTA
REFERENCES:
Leslie L. Doelle. Environmental Acoustics
Cyril M. Harris. Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects
and Engineers, 1994
William Cavanaugh. Architectural Acoustics: Principles and Practice, 2010
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ILLUSTRATIONS: