ACo410ACX702Wk3TOPIC3EthidsLecNote20151

8/18/2019 ACo410ACX702Wk3TOPIC3EthidsLecNote20151

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aco410acx702wk3topic3ethidslecnote20151 1/9

1

ACO410/ACX702: Communication Research Methods -2015

Week 3 !O"#C 3: Research $thics %"re&ared '( ) Weerakkod(*

Research $thics

Assi+ned Readin+s: !e,t: Chapter 5; Readin+ 3-1: Suich (2004, p. 17); Readin+ 3-2: Noble (2004; p.5); Readin+ 3-3: Ashenelter (2010); p. !; Readin+ 3-4: "err# (2010), p. 14.

$his topic e%a&ines: o'tainin+ ethics c.earance (re'uire beore carr#in out an# research

in*ol*in ani&al or hu&an sub+ects); ethics re.ated to the research &rocesses olloe urin researchesin, ata collection, anal#sis; an re&ortin+ and &u'.ication o indin+s. -t also e%a&ines h# it is

necessar# to appl# the sa&e ethical principles an stanars in +ournalis&, public relations an &eia prouction processes because &ost oten the# use the sa&e social science research &ethos in their

e*er#a# proessional practices.What is Research $thics

$he topic o research ethics relates to stanars o airness mora.it( and .e+a. reuirements or

Doing the right thing /. oe*er, hat is riht/ can be su'ectie because epenin on the ti&es, the

people &ain the +u&ent, locations etc. hat &a# be consiere riht/ &a# not be the sa&e.thical stanars also *ar# beteen academic disciplines (e.. so&e &eical an ps#choloical research

can actuall# cause har& to sub+ects); political systems (e&ocracies *s others ); religious and social

systems; legal systems (ith rele*ant las in place); research context (h# one, ith ho& an or

hat purpose); or setting (e.. ucational). thical beha*iour stanars (e.. Coes o ethics) are noset ith uielines, a&inistrati*e proceures, las an leislation relate to research in speciic iels.

6hosts rom the "ast

3esearch ethics beca&e an i&portant issue especiall# in the &eical an bioloical sciences, ue

to the inhu&an scientiic e%peri&ents carrie out b# the )a8is on the &ostl# eish concentration ca&pin&ates an prisoners o ar, hich inlicte pain, iseases, torture or e*en eath on the research

sub+ects. $his le to the Nuremberg Code o ethical uielines or bio&eical science research in 1!4!.$he &ost notorious unethical research reporte in recent ti&es are the to-ee &rison e,&eriment

conucte b# "ro. "hilip i&baro at 9tanord niersit(, CA in 1!71, hich in*ol*e 24 stuentsi*ie into prison uars an in&ates, hich sa the uars &istreatin the in&ates (in a situation

si&ilar to hat ent on at Abu 6hraib "rison in -ra' in 2004). $his resulte in our prisoners/ ha*inner*ous breaons an the to-ee stu# bein abanone ater onl# si% () a#s.

$he !uska+ee $,&eriment in Alaba&a conucte b# the 8S 6o*t in 1!92, e%a&ine the eects

o s#philis usin 412 poor, inecte blac &en as the control roup. $he e%peri&ental &eication asoun to be eecti*e but the researchers i not pro*ie it to the control roup at the en o the stu#, but

let the inecte sub+ects ie. ears later, "resient ill Clinton apoloi<e to the co&&unit# on behal o

the 8S 6o*t. or this unethical action.

$he Austra.ian ;edera. 6oernment a+encies ha use babies in =ictorian orphanaes anchilren/s ho&es beteen >ec. 1!5! an earl# 1!1, to test a ne 'uaruple antien *accination. $his

inclue a polio *accine possibl# conta&inate ith a &one# *irus since line to cancer. abies as

#oun as three (9) &onths in i*e (5) institutions, ha been so use in these stuies.

?ortunatel#, current ethics uielines an las set in place in &ost countries ill ensure that such

e%peri&ents are unliel# to be repeate but the# &a# still happen in secret in special circu&stances. e..

A &eical ournal article b# 8S Ar&# >octor 3e&inton Ne*in in 2012 clai&e that hih osaes o the



anti-&alarial ru mefloquin as orcibl# a&inistere to 6uantana&o a# etainees on arri*al,incluin Australian >a*i ics hen the# ha no sins o the isease. $he ru is non to ha*e ps#chotic sie eects, &a# cause brain in+uries an is to be a*oie b# those ith ps#chiatricisturbances or a histor# o epression.

$he article 'uestions i it as part o an illeal e%peri&ent hich he calle &harmaco.o+ica.

<ater 'oardin+. $here are also other accusations an e*ience pro*ie b# oranisations such asA&nest# -nternational about such illeal e%peri&ents carrie out on 6uantana&o a# etainees .

#ssues Re.ated to Research $thics

$oa#, societ# acnolees that all research beneit societ# an &e&bers o the public ha*e a

ut# to participate in research hen in*ite. oe*er, all researchers are re'uire to ahere to theolloin ethical uielines.

$thics C.earance

>eain 8ni*ersit#/s u&an 3esearch thics Co&&ittee (>83C) strictl# enorces these

re'uire&ents b# &anatin that all stuents (onours, @A, "h>) an sta conuctin research ith

hu&ans, ani&als or bioha<ars an o*erseas, &ust obtain or&al, prior appro*al ro& the co&&ittee

usin the )ationa. $thics A&&.ication ;orm (NA?). h ttp : .n ea . o *.a u

ach acult# also has a u&an thics A*isor# 6roup (A6) hich re*ies .o< risk ethics

a&&.ications usin a speciic or& a*ailable at:

http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/researcher-support/integrity-secure/human-ethics/human-ethics-forms-and-guidelines

thics applications re'uire consent or&s, plain lanuae state&ents that e%plain the pro+ect/s ai&s

an proceures or sub+ects an obtain their consent an etails o the researchers in*ol*e. $hese

proceures also help protect the uni*ersit# an its personnel ro& uture lasuits. See lin abo*e.

All stuents an sta nee to pass the online $thics ui8 beore the# can sub&it an ethicsapplication-lo ris or otherise or the irst ti&e. >eain thics also pro*ie ethics trainin to sta anstuents. See: http:.eain.eu.auresearchresearcherBsupportinterit#Bsecurehu&anBethicshu&anBresearchBethicsBtrainin

ou can tae the $thics ui8 ia C.oud. o in etails are pro*ie at abo*e site. -t ill be a oo iea toDtae this 'ui< earl# in preparation or #our onours theses @aster research pro+ects units.

See the 8nit/s Clou>eain site uner this topic or an e%a&ple o a "lain anuae State&ent

("S)Consent or& an an actual co&plete NA? Application an a o ris application ?-. See

ho it actuall# re'uires a brie research proposal ro& the applicants an co*ers all aspects o ethics.

!he Main #ssues o Research $thics

$he &ain issues relate to research ethics are: =o.untar( &artici&ation inormed consent

aoidance o harm to su'ects (hu&an as ell as ani&als), commitment to end an e,&eriment ioun to be har&ul to the sub+ects (e.. 3$ an breast cancer), anon(mit( conidentia.it(,

a*oiance o concea.ment and dece&tion an to inclue a de'riein+ hen rele*ant or necessar#. $o be ethical, research shoul onl# be conucte b# suitabl# 'ualiie researchers, hile the# &ust be

conucte onl# to beneit societ# (e.. &ust be &oral leal).

1- =o.untar( "artici&ation: @ost co&&unication research in*ol*es intrusion into people/s li*es. e..-nter*ies, unsolicite contact ith sub+ects at ho&e in person, b# eB&ail or phone, isruptin their

http://www.neaf.gov.au/







http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/researcher-support/integrity-secure/human-ethics/human-research-ethics-training









scheules an asin or personal pri*ate inor&ation. So&e o the inor&ation souht b#

researchers can be e&barrassin or trau&atic or sub+ects to tal about. Therefore, all research participation has to be voluntary with no use of force or coercion direct or implied .

$he# &ust not be alloe to eel that nonBparticipation ill ha*e neati*e repercussions anthereb# aree unillinl#. $his can be a*oie b# not usin sub+ects ho are in a less poerul

situation to the researchers. (e.. Stuent-teacher; e&plo#er -e&plo#ee etc.) ?or e%a&ple, it is

unethical to &anate that a person taes part in a research pro+ect (e.. *ia a sur*e#) to be alloe too or et so&ethin the# are alrea# entitle to. e.. Eithholin a stuent/s inal rae, unless the

stuent co&pletes the unit/s e*aluation sur*e#.

"articipants ho eel orce or co&pelle to tae part in a stu#, can conta&inate the ata b# pro*iin unreliable or ba/ ata. e.. -n a sur*e#, si&pl# tic responses at rano&, ithout e*en

reains the 'uestions. "ro*iin an incenti*e o a lotter# pri<e or pa#&entit *oucher coul recti#this situation.

2- )o harm to &artici&ants: No research shoul inlict unnecessar# pain, in+ur# or har& on its sub+ects.

$his inclues eepin the ata the# pro*ie coniential to protect the& ro& causin har&,isa*antae, e&barrass&ent or neati*el# aectin their sel -estee&. e.. Not to &ae the& eel the#

are losers/ racists/, e*iants/ etc. A researcher &ust anticipate an# possible har& to sub+ects an tae

precautions aainst the& or a*oi 'uestions that &a# cause e&barrass&ent or pain to sub+ects hen not

re'uire or the pro+ect.

- a stu# is oun to be har&ul to sub+ects, it &ust be stoppe i&&eiatel#; the act &ae public;

the sub+ects counselle; an pro*ie ith the necessar# treat&ent support to help the&. e.. 3$ an

breast cancer.

3- #normed Consent: Sub+ects &ust *oluntaril# consent to participate in research ater bein ull#

inor&e an unerstanin its purpose, their rihts, hat is e%pecte o the&, an possible riss anhar&s resultin ro& participation. e., "ossible sie eects o &eical e%peri&ents or e%peri&ental

rus treat&ent rei&es. e.. $he to #oun &en ho al&ost ie in the 8F in 200 urin a &eicale%peri&ent, ha taen part ue to the &onetar# incenti*e oere.

"articipants also ha*e the riht to ithra ro& a stu# at an# ti&e urin the pro+ect anor as

to re&o*e their ata ro& the stu# i possible (i the# ere not anon#&ousl# collecte as in a sur*e#.)

oe*er, in so&e iel research, the sub+ects &a# be unaare o bein obser*e or stuie, as per&ission is souht ro& the super*isor or the orani<ation an not the ini*iuals concerne. Gten

hen sub+ects no the# are uner obser*ation, the# ill act ierentl#. So sub+ects/ consent canso&eti&es lea to sein the results. e.. $he athorne Stuies here sub+ects ept orin harer

hile the intensit# o lihtin as reuce, as the# ere happ# to be chosen or the stu# an ante to please the researchers.

4- Anon(mit(: $his is here no one -e*en the researchers ill not no hich sub+ect a*e hich

responseopinion in the research. e.. Not ha*in an# ientiication nu&bers or responents/ personal

inor&ation on sur*e#s to uarantee anon#&it# o responses ater collection o ata. Feepin the

inor&ation about sub+ects (e.. $heir na&es an contact etails) an the ata collecte ro& or about

the& (such as inter*ie tapes an transcripts) separate ro& each other, also saeuars anon#&it#. (Note

that this is ierent to the concept o anon(mit( in ourna.ism hich reers to not na&in a source or an

inter*ieee in a reporte stor#.)

"ro*iin anon#&it# &a# also encourae so&e sub+ects to participate. e.. &plo#er -conucte

sur*e#s o e&plo#ees; S$8s.



5- Conidentia.it(: ere the researcher nos the ientit# an other etails o the sub+ects, but their na&es an other ienti#in etails ill not be re*eale or reporte publishe in a a# the# ill be

ientiiable b# an#one as to ho the# are oran hat the# sai. $his is one b# usin pseuon#&s or

nu&bers or sub+ects or locations hen reportin an publishin. .. @ar#/ thouhtH.. or At the

appiness Centre in ?unton etc.

Anon#&it# an conientialit# are &ost i&portant or sub+ects pro*iin sensiti*e inor&ation.e.. >ru ealersusers; sub+ects critical o their authoritarian countr# orani<ation; sur*i*ors o

trau&atic e*ents etc. Such uarantees o anon#&it#conientialit# ill encourae sub+ects to pro*ie&ore accurate or coniential ata (i&pro*e *aliit#).

-nter*ie transcripts &ust onl# carr# a nu&ber or pseuon#& so that a person other than theinter*ieer cannot iure out the true ientit# o the sub+ect. oe*er, so&e reaers &a# still be able to

ienti# the sub+ects, i the# are a&iliar ith the settin or location stuie. e. . -n s&all co&&unities,

research reports, +ust lie personals a*ertise&ents in nespapers carr#in certain speciic inor&ation

about a person, help others to uess ho it is.

Caution>:

e aare that e*en i e &a# pro&ise confidentiality an anonymity to sub+ects, social research ata are

not leall# classiie an protecte as privileged information an &a# be leall# e&ane b# the

+uiciar# an la enorce&ent aencies. e.. Ater the $,,on =a.de8 oil spill, a San >ieo research

co&pan# carrie out a research on seconar# conse'uences o the accient such as increase a&il#

*iolence in Nati*e A&erican co&&unities in the aecte areas pro&isin the& conientialit#. $heresults o the stu# conir&e the eects. Ehen the co&&unities sue the oil co&pan# or a&aes, the

co&pan# successull# souht a court orer to ha*e the sur*e#s subpoenae, ith the sub+ect ientiication

nu&bers intact so that rele*ant responents coul be calle to appear in court. - this happene, it oul

ha*e been e&barrassin an trau&atic or the Nati*e A&erican responents as the ientit# o the eectea&ilies oul beco&e public. ?ortunatel#, the case as settle out o court.

A 8S postrauate stuent ho i a participant obser*ation ith anima. actiists as +aile or 15! a#s or conte&pt o court hen he reuse to ienti# the acti*ists to a ran +ur#. Note this is

analogous to journalists being jailed for contempt of court when they refuse to divulge their sources.

?- Concea.ment and @ece&tion:

Concealment is eliberatel# not pro*iin the ull etails o the research stu# or its purposes. e.. Actor

Sacha aron Cohen (Ali I6, orat) ent to a 8S &ilitar# acae&# in Alaba&a as runo-a a# Austrian

ashion riter, but pretenin to be ith a 6er&an ocu&entar# $= sho in ?eb. 200! an as briel#e&bee. e unerent trainin earin a unior& till he as reconise; A +ournalist orin

unerco*er in a actor#.

Deception is eliberatel# i*in alse inor&ation to research sub+ects.8sin a conederate (a person ho is orin ith the researcher) to beha*e in a i*en a# to illicit a particular beha*iour ro& the sub+ects is 'uite co&&on. e.. "reten to areeisaree ith a particular *ie as part o the research esin to e%a&ine a speciic beha*iour o sub+ects; -ncitin ocus roup

sub+ects to e%press racist *ies b# plantin a conederate ho ill raise the topic an pro*oe othersub+ects to +oin in. ut these still in*ol*e an ethical issue, as it is a or& o eception.

*en i the ientit# an purpose o the researcher/s presence nees to be hien or conceale at ti&es,such as in iel stuies, a researcher &ust &ae sure sub+ects are not ecei*e in the research process.



oe*er, so&eti&es it &a# be necessar# to conceal the real purpose o the stu# or ho is sponsorin itto a*oi response bias or the socia. desira'i.it( eect (i*e ansers that soun oo or hat the# thin

the researcher ants to hear.) e.. Not sa# that the# support an e%tre&ist political part# or alsel# clai&in

the# atch hihbro/ $= prora&s.

7- @e'riein+: $his is a solution or situations that in*ol*e eception. e.. A bit lie sa#in, S&ile, ou

are on Cani Ca&era/ ou ha*e been "une/ (b# Actor Ashton Futcher in the realit# $= co&e#

sho), at the en o eception. >ebriein helps correct proble&s cause b# the eception such as aner,resent&ent, e&barrass&ent etc. $his can also be one, b# e%plainin the true nature o the research at the

en. ither a#, one shoul &ae sure there is no trau&a, oubts or har eelins ater the ebriein.

$thics in @ata Ana.(sis and Re&ortin+ o ;indin+s

thical responsibilities o researchers e%ten to ata anal#sis, reportin an publication as ell. $hisaspect o ethics is applicable to all pro+ects e*en i the# o not use ani&al or hu&an sub+ects.

O'ectiit( #deo.o+(: A bsolute ob+ecti*it# &a# not be possible, because hu&ans carr# a certain le*elo sub+ecti*it# in hate*er e o. $hereore, e tr# to achie*e a certain le*el o ob+ecti*it# *ia inter

sub!ectivity or shared reality. i.e. Ee arri*e at the sa&e result b# usin the sa&e stanar research

techni'ues. >urin the research process one &ust set asie one/s on *ies an *alues, &ain acts

*alueBneutral an ree o personal politics. oe*er, base on poststrcturalis&, one coul also arue thatthe personal -S political an that nothin is *alue ree or neutral.

@ominant "aradi+ms: -n co&&unication, so&e perspecti*es parai&s can be &ore pri*ilee than

others base on the o&inant parai& *ie o the ti&e situation in a i*en conte%t an as a result,

others hich are e'uall# i&portant an *ali, can be e%clue. e"g" # countr# uni*ersit# &a# ha*e itsresearch priorit# areas so labelle at a i*en ti&e. $hereater, priorit# in an# stateuni*ersit# rants or

unin ill be i*en to research in these priorit# areas. oe*er, pro+ects ro& other areas too oten et

une.$he critical parai& e%pects researchers to e%a&ine ho their research ser*es to &aintain the

status 'uo an hat their ethical obliations in research are, or social action an chane. oe*er, thecritical parai& too is not absolutel# neutral or ob+ecti*e as it also has its on aenas.

"rotection o Research "artici&ants: A researcher &ust tae care to escribe one/s research sub+ects inritten reports an publications in such a a# that the# cannot be ientiie, e*en b# the sub+ects

the&sel*es (anon#&it# an conientialit#). $his is i&portant as so&eti&es a sub+ect &a# turn out to bea *illain/ or buoon/ an inin he or she is escribe in an unlatterin a# &a# lea to an unpleasant

situation. A balance portra#al o such a sub+ect ith both the positi*es an neati*es iscusse &ihtreuce such tensions. >escribin participants as a roup (e.. ?e&ale Co&&unication &a+orsinter*iee) rather than ini*iuall# or not stereot#pin is another solution. Careul use o pseuon#&s

or locations an oranisations can also help &aintain conientialit# an anon#&it#.

Bonest( #nte+rit(: thical responsibilities o a researcher, e%tens not onl# to one/s research sub+ects,

but to one/s colleaues in the acae&ic co&&unit#. $he &ain responsibilit# is to be true to one/s ata b#

bein honest in their collection an anal#sis an not alsi#in ata at an# ti&e. istin the research$s

shortcomings and limitations at the en o the report is one a# o &aintainin interit#. Neati*einins (those that o not aree ith the pro+ect/s ai&) too shoul be reporte i relate to the anal#sis.

$hese too a to our nolee in the iscipline.

"retenin to ha*e the stu# ell esine an planne hen it as actuall# not, is also

unethical. An# suen or une%pecte results shoul be reporte as such alon ith an# &istaes in theesin, plan an e%ecution o the stu#. $he# ill teach uture researchers an beinnin researchers ho



to a*oi the&.

e.. "ro. ruce all o the 8ni* o NSE Ian e&inent oran transplant i&&unoloist, as accuse b#

to o his ello researchers an a octoral stuent in Sept. 2001, o abricatin ata on e%peri&ents notcarrie out an appl#in or a rant clai&in that the# ere. $he 8NSE as bla&e or not tain action

on it but punishin the <hist.e '.o<ers instea. $he =C 3or# u&e o*erturne the inin o an e%ternalin'uir# chaire b# or&er Chie ustice 6erar renan in earl# 2009 an eclare ruce all not uilt#

o scientiic &isconuct/ but uilt# o the lesser oence o acae&ic &isconuct/, hich oes not carr#is&issal or e&otion. oe*er, =C u&e resine o*er this contro*ers# in April 2004. "ressure tocontinue innin rants to support their research an publishin to sho the# are bein proucti*e areclai&e as reasons or such &isconuct.

Aoidin+ ".a+iarism: $his reers to the i&proper use o &aterials an others/ or in one/s onresearch an reportin, ithout attribution. -t coul in*ol*e not reconi<in the contribution &ae b#

research assistants or listin people ho i not or on the pro+ect as authors or contributors to helpthe& ain reconition, prestie or career a*ance&ent. e.. At 8NSE, postra research assistants

accuse their proessor o i*in co-authorship to his ie, ho i not or on their pro+ect.

-t &a# appl# to authorship, reerencin an citation, hich &a# be intentional or acciental. e..

$he or&er =ice Chancellor o @onash 8ni*ersit# ha to resin hen so&eone pointe out that he haaile to cite the sources o reerence in so&e o his earl# publications. oe*er, so&e ieas &a# be so

co&&onl# use that the# &a# be in the public o&ain/ - not belonin to an#one in particular.

3ussian "resient =la&ir "utin has been accuse o clai&in to ha*e one a "h> hen it is apparentl#e'ui*alent to an @A hich is unethical an ettin so&eone else to rite #our "h> thesis is consiereco&&onplace a&on the poerul elites in 3ussia.

$thics in Research Re.ated to ourna.ism "u'.ic

Re.ations Media Content "roduction and On.ine Research

*en thouh the sa&e social science research &ethos are use in the e*er#a# proessional

practices o ournalis&, "3, @eia prouction an online research, the stanars o ethical beha*iourtoars participants or sources appear to be less strinent in co&parison to acae&ic research, ue totheir ierent realities. oe*er, toa# &an# +ournalis& an &eia scholars arue that in spite o thereeo& o the press an the riht to artistic e%pression, these proessionals still ha*e an ethicalresponsibilit# toars the peopleB especiall# &e&bers o the public the# eal ith an that the sa&eethical stanars shoul be applie hen +ournalists an other proessionals use the sa&e research&ethos in their e*er#a# proessional practices.

$thics in @ocumentar( / ;i.m /=ideo "roduction / ourna.ism

a) $he 200! Einner o the Gscars or est ?il&>irector an Screenpla# The %urt &oc'er$ ace a

lasuit ro& the 8S solier ith ho& the screenriter - a +ournalist, as e&bee an base on hose

e%periences an inor&ation the &o*ie as ritten, or not i*in hi& creit or pa#&ent or hiscontribution- Readin+ 4-3 %Ashenelter, 2010) %".a+iarism) (Note that &ost orein corresponents i*e

oicial creits to a i%er/ I the local contact ho helpe the& in their +ob.)

3ihts o participants inter*iee or eature shoul be protecte relate to the riht to pri*ac#, reeo& ro& slaner or ea&ation, inor&e consent, protection ro& har& an a*oi &ain the&

*icti&s/ in the process. Stain thins or ocu&entaries unless ientiie as a re-enact&ent is also

unethical (honest( and inte+rit(). e., A Eater &onitor iht in a Sri anan rainorest in a 6er&an $=

ocu&entar#, actuall# ha been set up an il&e at the otanic 6arens near the capital cit#; >a*i

Attenborouh/s popular nature ocu&entaries ere clai&e as bein stae/ b# one o the cre

&e&bers recentl#.



$he portra#als o people in il&s an other content shoul be balance, in oo taste an reconi<ethe poer i&balances beteen il& &aers an the participants. e.. 3e&ote co&&unities; a*erae

&e&bers o the public cannot iht bac aainst lare &eia oranisations hen &isrepresente oran

sha&e.

b) >urin research or a planne $= script on "eople s&ulin/, a +ournalistscriptriter tale to so&e boat people ho ha since been rante reuee status in Australia, pretenin to see a#s to et

so&eone out o the reuees/ oriinal countr# usin people s&ulers. e also entertaine a roup o such reuees, treate the& ith alcohol to et the& to tal about their e%periences o co&in to Australia

b# boat. (@ece&tion and concea.ment)

c) $he (orat il& on Fa<ahstan (200) ha &an# a*erae A&ericans bein inter*iee b# orat hotoo the persona o a +ournalist ro& Fa<ahstan *isitin the 8SA. $he inter*ieees later co&plaine

that the# i not no about the nature o the il& or hat their role as hile the Fa<ahstan6o*ern&ent accuse the il&&aers as e&eanin an insultin to their countr#. %#normed

consent harm to su'ects concea.ment dece&tion o'ectiit(). oe*er, since the &o*ie asrelease, Fa<ahstan has reporte increase touris& to the countr# ue to the e%posure i*en to its na&e b# the &o*ie.

On.ine Research

Ehen a ?acebooBsupporte scholarl# research pro+ect i not inor& ?aceboo users that their posts ere &anipulate or an e%peri&ental research pro+ect, it le to a contro*ers# e*en thouh?aceboo clai&e that users aree to participate in research hen the# clic the bo% sa#in the# areeith the co&pan#/s policies about users an their rihts. (#normed consent concea.ment o.untar(

&artici&ation and harm to su'ects).

$thics in ourna.ism Research

ournalists ollo the sa&e social science research &ethos as acae&ic researchers in their ataatherin an reportin-hich ill be iscusse in etail in later topics. $he# inter*ie sources an carr#

out iel stuies or an o*ert participant obser*ation hen reportin an a co*ert participant obser*ationhen orin unerco*er .

Sensationalis& in +ournalis& leas to &anipulation an &istreat&ent o nes sources as ell as

lac o o'ectiit(. &pathic listenin/ an latterin/ b# +ournalists lea to dece&tion here people

ill sa# &ore than the# intene to sa#. As the +ournalists ha*e the inal sa# in ho so&ethin is reporte

or so&eone is portra#e, the# are in a &ore &o<eru. &osition in co&parison to the sources. e. $oa#

$oniht/ an A Current Aair/ &ae poerless ini*iuals an roups such as s&all businesses, elare

recipients, the une&plo#e etc. loo ba in a one-sie portra#al. 6ettin it riht/ appears to be &ore

i&portant than oin ittreatin the sources riht/. "laiaris& such as b# a#son lair o the Ne or

$i&es relates to honest( and inte+rit(-

!he Media $ntertainment and Arts A..iance %M$AA* ourna.ists Code o $thics lists honest#,airness, inepenence an respect or the rihts o others as the &ain ethical co&&it&ents.http:.alliance.or.aucoeBoBethics.ht&l

$thics in "u'.ic Re.ations Research

$he "ublic 3elations -nstitute o Australia ("3-A) has a Code o $thics that &ust be olloe hen its

research is conucte ithin the proession b# its &e&bers or co&&issione outsie. < <<- p r ia.c o&.a u I Coe o thics *ia St. a&es thics Centre.http:.ethics.or.auabouthatBisBethics

http://www.alliance.org.au/code-of-ethics.html

http://www.pria.com.au/








http://www.ethics.org.au/about/what-is-ethics

http://www.alliance.org.au/code-of-ethics.html


http://www.ethics.org.au/about/what-is-ethics



Market and 9ocia. Research 6uide.ines: Australian @aret an Social 3esearch Societ# (A@S3S)Coe o "roessional eha*iour http : .a & s r s.c o &. a u o c u & e nt s it e &1!4

9ome Contem&orar( Austra.ian 9ituations #no.in+ $thics in Research

1. @a+or political parties ere creatin an &aintainin atabases about *oters to ienti# an tarettheir speciic ca&pain &essaes to sin *oters. $hese relate to collectin an &aintainin ata on

*oters ithout their consent or nolee. (=o.untar( &artici&ation #normed consent)

Readin+ 4-1: 9uich %2004*-

2- Caller -> in @"/s oices, ienti# telephone nu&bers o callers e*en i the# &a# ant to re&ainanon#&ous hen callin. $he &essaes recei*e are e into a atabase. "etitions are use to

collect na&es an *oter interests on speciic issues such as the en*iron&ent reuees etc. So&esur*e#s are reall# political part#Binitiate pollin ithout tellin the responents hat the# are.

$hese atabases o not co&e uner the reeo& o inor&ation reulations an cannot be

chece b# the ini*iuals liste in the& or accurac#. $hese atabases are ta%pa#er une but o not

co&e uner pri*ac# leislation an ears e%ist as these can be sol to pri*ate etecti*es an others. $heseare aitional ethical issues o the inor&ation ae. (=io.ates "riac( =o.untar( &artici&ation

inormed consent harm to su'ects concea.ment dece&tion anon(mit( and conidentia.it()

Readin+ 4-1: 9uich %2004*-

9. A 2@ stron atabase o bloo sa&ples is &aintaine in @elbourne since 1!5. $hese bloo sa&plesere collecte ro& neborns intene to chec or conenital iseases urin their irst to #ears olie ater hich parents can as or the&. ut &an# are unaare ho, here or ho& to as. >ue tochanes o onership, its current oner as not clear an 1000 cars ha*e been i*en to researchers

ithout consent souht ro& their oners. $he co&pan# currentl# controllin the atabase is not uner

the +urisiction o the =-C parlia&ent. $hese cars can be store ineinitel# an be i*en to police ith acourt orer ($he bloo belons to &an# ho are aults toa#) or to researchers ithout the nolee or

consent o the sub+ects. (=iolates =oluntar# participation, -nor&e Consent harm to su'ects &riac(conidentia.it( anon(mit() Readin+ 4-2 )o'.e %2004*-

4- -n 200J, the 8 o $as&ania/s ani&al ethics co&&ittee ithre its appro*al or a pro+ect hen it as

oun that the ata-atherin collars itte on the !asmanian dei.s or a research stu# cause chain

o the ani&al/s nec, or cause their les to be cauht in the collar. $he# also oun that 1J o the o

sub+ects in the stu# at the Narantapu National "ar in $as&ania/s north ha been &issinB belie*e to be ea. $he collars carrie a =? raio trans&itter to trac &o*e&ent o the os to ithin 50B100

&etres. $he $as&anian $ier is ace ith e%tinction ithin about 25 #ears ro& a acia. tumour

diseaseBa rare trans&issible cancer, passe *ia ph#sical contact beteen the&. $he stu# as hopin to

in hich ani&als ha &ore contact than others an thereore the liel# super spreaers/ o the isease.

$hese ani&als coul then be re&o*e ro& the area to slo the proress o the isease. (Barm tosu'ects &o<er im'a.ance*

5. -n the 1!20s, Aboriinal chilren in state institutions as part o the Stolen 6eneration/ &a# ha*e beenuse as 6uinea pis/ or &eical e%peri&ents or lepros# treat&ent. -t is clai&e to ha*e been a co&&on

practice at the ti&e hich &ae the chilren 'uite ill an al&ost ille the&. (#normed consent harm

to su'ects &o<er im'a.ance)

. -n earl# April 2019, @elbourne 8ni*ersit# acae&ics ere threatenin inustrial action ue toconcerns o*er li&its to their acae&ic reeo& uner a ne aree&ent here the uni*ersit# as seein

the poer to &ae sta reunant i their research ails to &atch their epart&ent/s research irection/.

http://www.amsrs.com.au/documents/item/194










oe*er, the uni*ersit# clai&e it as esine or e%tre&e situations such as the unliel# closure oacae&ic epart&ents. "reiss, 2019, Strie threat o*er li&its on research/, The #ge, April 1, p. J.

(@ominant ideo.o+ies*

Documents

ACo410ACX702Wk3TOPIC3EthidsLecNote20151