Acknowledgments to theFirst EditionThis book is the outgrowth of many years of teaching and research in the field of wireless commu-nications. During that time, I worked at two universities (Technical University Vienna, Austria andLund University, Sweden) and three industrial research labs (FTW Research Center for Telecom-munications Vienna, Austria; AT&T (Bell) Laboratories–Research, Middletown, NJ, U.S.A.; andMitsubishi Electric Research Labs., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.), and cooperated with my colleaguesthere, as well as with numerous researchers at other institutions in Europe, the U.S.A., and Japan.All of them had an influence on how I see wireless communications, and thus, by extension, onthis book. To all of them I owe a debt of gratitude. First and foremost, I want to thank ErnstBonek, the pioneer and doyen of wireless communications in Austria, who initiated this project,and with whom I had countless discussions on technical as well as didactic aspects of this bookand the lecture notes that preceded it (these lecture notes served for a course that we gave jointly atTU Vienna). Without his advice and encouragement, this book would never have seen the light ofday. I also want to thank my colleagues and students at TU Vienna, particularly Paulina Eratuuli,Josef Fuhl, Alexander Kuchar, Juha Laurila, Gottfried Magerl, Markus Mayer, Thomas Neubauer,Heinz Novak, Berhard P. Oehry, Mario Paier, Helmut Rauscha, Alexander Schneider, GerhardSchultes, and Martin Steinbauer, for their help. At Lund University, my colleagues and studentsalso greatly contributed to this book: Peter Almers, Ove Edfors, Fredrik Floren, Anders Johan-son, Johan Karedal, Vincent Lau, Andre Stranne, Fredrik Tufvesson, and Shurjeel Wyne. Theycontributed not only stimulating suggestions on how to present the material but also figures andexamples; in particular, most of the exercises and solutions were created by them and Section 19.5is based on the ideas of Ove Edfors. A special thanks to Gernot Kubin from Graz University ofTechnology, who contributed Chapter 15 on speech coding. My colleagues and managers at FTW,AT&T, and MERL – namely, Markus Kommenda, Christoph Mecklenbraueker, Helmut Hofstetter,Jack Winters, Len Cimini, Moe Win, Martin Clark, Yang-Seok Choi, Justin Chuang, Jin Zhang,Kent Wittenburg, Richard Waters, Neelesh Mehta, Phil Orlik, Zafer Sahinoglu, Daqin Gu (whogreatly contributed to Chapter 24), Giovanni Vanucci, Jonathan Yedidia, Yves-Paul Nakache, andHongyuan Zhang, also greatly influenced this book. Special thanks and appreciation to Larry Green-stein, who (in addition to the many instances of help and advice) took an active interest in thisbook and provided invaluable suggestions.

A special thanks also to the reviewers of this book. The manuscript was critically read by anony-mous experts selected by the publisher, as well as several of my friends and colleagues at variousresearch institutions: John B. Anderson (Chapters 11–13), Anders Derneryd (Chapter 9), LarryGreenstein (Chapters 1–3, 7, 17–19), Steve Howard (Chapter 22), Thomas Kaiser (Chapter 20),Achilles Kogantis (Chapter 23), Gerhard Kristensson (Chapter 4), Thomas Kuerner (Chapter 21),Gerald Matz (Chapters 5–6), Neelesh B. Mehta (Chapter 20), Bob O’Hara (Chapter 24), Phil Orlik(Section 17.4), John Proakis (Chapter 16), Said Tatesh (Chapter 23), Reiner Thomae (Chapter 8),

xxx Acknowledgments to the First Edition

Chintha Tellambura (Chapters 11–13), Giorgia Vitetta (Chapter 16), Jonathan Yedidia (Chapter 14).To all of them goes my deepest appreciation. Of course, the responsibility for any possible remainingerrors rests with me.

Mark Hammond as publisher, Sarah Hinton as project editor, and Olivia Underhill as assistanteditor, all from John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, guided the writing of the book with expert advice andconsiderable patience. Manuela Heigl and Katalin Stibli performed many typing and drawing taskswith great care and cheerful enthusiasm. Originator expertly typeset the manuscript.

Abbreviations

2G Second Generation3G Third Generation3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project 23SQM Single Sided Speech Quality MeasureA/D Analog to DigitalAB Access BurstAC Access CategoryAC Administration CenterAC Alternate CurrentACCH Associated Control CHannelACELP Algebraic Code Excited Linear PredictionACF AutoCorrelation FunctionACI Adjacent Channel InterferenceACK ACKnowledgmentACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage RatioACM Address Complete MessageAD Access DomainADC Analog to Digital ConverterADDTS ADD Traffic StreamADF Average Duration of FadesADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code ModulationADPM Adaptive Differential Pulse ModulationADPS Angular Delay Power SpectrumADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineAF Amplify-and-ForwardAGC Automatic Gain ControlAGCH Access Grant CHannelAICH Acquisition Indication CHannelAIFS Arbitration Inter Frame SpacingALOHA random access packet radio systemAMPS Advanced Mobile Phone SystemAMR Adaptive Multi RateAN Access NetworkANSI American National Standards InstituteAODV Ad hoc On-Demand Distance VectorAP Access PointAPS Angular Power SpectrumARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

xxxii Abbreviations

ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan)ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuestASIC Application Specific Integrated CircuitASK Amplitude Shift KeyingATDPICH Auxiliary forward Transmit Diversity PIlot CHannelATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry SolutionsATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeATSC-M/H Advanced Television Systems Committee – Mobile/HandheldAUC AUthentication CenterAV Audio and VideoAVC Advanced Video CodingAWGN Additive White Gaussian NoiseBAM Binary Amplitude ModulationBAN Body Area NetworkBCC Base station Color CodeBCCH Broadcast Control CHannelBCF Base Control FunctionBCH Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (code)BCH Broadcast CHannelBCJR Initials of the authors of Bahl et al. [1974]BEC Backward Error CorrectionBER Bit Error RateBFI Bad Frame IndicatorBFSK Binary Frequency Shift KeyingBICM Bit Interleaved Coded ModulationBLAST Bell labs LAyered Space TimeBm Traffic channel for full-rate voice coderBN Bit NumberBNHO Barring all outgoing calls except those to Home PLMNBPF BandPass FilterBPPM Binary Pulse Position ModulationBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base StationBSC Base Station ControllerBSI Base Station InterfaceBSIC Base Station Identity CodeBSS Base Station SubsystemBSS Basic Service SetBSSAP Base Station Application PartBTS Base Transceiver StationBU Bad UrbanBW BandwidthCA Cell AllocationCAF Compute and ForwardCAP Controlled Access PeriodCAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero AutoCorrelationCB Citizens’ BandCBCH Cell Broadcast CHannelCC Country CodeCCBS Completion of Calls to Busy Subscribers

Abbreviations xxxiii

CCCH Common Control CHannelCCF Cross Correlation FunctionCCI Co Channel InterferenceCCITT Commite’ Consultatif International de Telegraphique et TelephoniqueCCK Complementary Code KeyingCCPCH Common Control Physical CHannelCCPE Control Channel Protocol EntityCCSA China Communications Standards AssociationCCTrCH Coded Composite Traffic CHannelcdf cumulative distribution functionCDG CDMA Development GroupCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCELP Code Excited Linear PredictionCEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications AdministrationsCF Compress-and-ForwardCF-Poll Contention-Free PollCFB Contention Free BurstCFP Contention Free PeriodCI Cell IdentifyC/I Carrier-to-Interference ratioCM Connection ManagementCMA Constant Modulus AlgorithmCMOS Complementary Metal Oxide SemiconductorCN Core NetworkCND Core Network DomainCNG Comfort Noise GenerationCONP Connect Number Identification PresentationCOST European COoperation in the field of Scientific and Technical researchCP Contention PeriodCP Cyclic PrefixCPC Cognitive Plot ChannelsCPCH Common Packet CHannelCPFSK Continuous Phase Frequency Shift KeyingCPICH Common PIlot CHannelCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeCS-ACELP Conjugate Structure-Algebraic Code Excited Linear PredictionCSD Cyclic Shift DiversityCSI Channel State InformationCSIR Channel State Information at the ReceiverCSIT Channel State Information at the TransmitterCSMA Carrier Sense Multiple AccessCSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision AvoidanceCTS Clear To SendCTT Cellular Text TelephonyCUG Closed User GroupCW Contention WindowD-BLAST Diagonal BLASTDAA Detect and AvoidDAB Digital Audio Broadcasting

xxxiv Abbreviations

DAC Digital to Analog ConverterDAF Diversity-Amplify-and-ForwardDAM Diagnostic Acceptability MeasuredB DecibelDB Dummy BurstDBPSK Differential Binary Phase Shift KeyingDC Direct CurrentDCCH Dedicated Control CHannelDCF Distributed Coordination FunctionDCH Dedicated (transport) CHannelDCM Directional Channel ModelDCS1800 Digital Cellular System at the 1800-MHz bandDCT Discrete Cosine TransformDDF Diversity-Decode-and-ForwardDDIR Double Directional Impulse ResponseDDDPS Double Directional Delay Power SpectrumDECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (ETSI)DF Decode-and-ForwardDFE Decision Feedback EqualizerDFT Discrete Fourier TransformDIFS Distributed Inter Frame SpaceDL DownlinkDLL Data Link LayerDLP Direct Link ProtocolDM Delta ModulationDMC Discrete Memoryless ChannelDMT Discrete Multi ToneDNS Domain Name ServerDOA Direction Of ArrivalDOD Direction Of DepartureDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control CHannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data CHannelDPSK Differential Phase Shift KeyingDQPSK Differential Quadrature-Phase Shift KeyingDRM Discontinuous Reception MechanismsDRT Diagnostic Rhyme TestDRX Discontinuous ReceptionDS Direct SequenceDS-CDMA Direct Sequence–Code Division Multiple AccessDS-SS Direct Sequence–Spread SpectrumDSA Dynamic Spectrum AccessDSCH Downlink Shared ChannelDSDF Destination-Sequenced Distance VectorDSI Digital Speech InterpolationDSL Digital Subscriber LineDSMA Data Sense Multiple AccessDSP Digital Signal ProcessorDSR Distributed Speech RecognitionDSR Dynamic Source RoutingDTAP Direct Transfer Application Part

Abbreviations xxxv

DTE Data Terminal EquipmentDtFT Discrete-time Fourier TransformDTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency (signalling)DTX Discontinuous TransmissionDUT Device Under TestDVB Digital Video BroadcastingDVB-H Digital Video Broadcasting – HandheldDxF Diversity xFEC European CommissionECL Emitter Coupled LogicEDCA Enhanced Distributed Channel AccessEDCSD Enhanced Data rate Circuit Switched DataEDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM EvolutionEDPRS Enhanced Data rate GPRSEFR Enhanced Full RateEGC Equal Gain CombiningEIA Electronic Industries Alliance (U.S.A.)EIFS Extended Inter Frame SpaceEIR Equipment Identity RegisterEIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated PowerELP Equivalent Low PassEMS Enhanced Messaging ServiceEN European NormERLE Echo Return Loss EnhancementESN Electronic Serial NumberESPRIT Estimation of Signal Parameters by Rotational Invariance TechniquesETS European Telecommunication StandardETSI European Telecommunications Standards InstituteETX Expected Number of TransmissionsEV-DO EVolution-Data OptimizedEVD Eigen Value DecompositionEVM Error Vector MagnitudeEVRC Enhanced Variable Rate CoderF-APICH Forward dedicated Auxiliary PIlot CHannelF-BCCH Forward Broadcast Control CHannelF-CACH Forward Common Assignment CHannelF-CCCH Forward Common Control CHannelF-CPCCH Forward Common Power Control CHannelF-DCCH Forward Dedicated Control CHannelF-PDCCH Forward Packet Data Control CHannelF-PDCH Forward Packet Data CHannelF-QPCH Forward Quick Paging CHannelF-SCH Forward Supplemental CHannelF-SYNC Forward SYNChronization channelF-TDPICH Forward Transmit Diversity PIlot CHannelF0 Fundamental frequencyFAC Final Assembly CodeFACCH Fast Associated Control CHannelFACCH/F Full-rate FACCHFACCH/H Half-rate FACCH

xxxvi Abbreviations

FACH Forward Access CHannelFB Frequency correction BurstFBI Feed Back InformationFCC Federal Communications CommissionFCCH Frequency Correction CHannelFCH Fundamental CHannelFCH Frame Control HeaderFCS Frame Check SequenceFDD Frequency Domain DuplexingFDMA Frequency Division Multiple AccessFDTD Finite Difference Time DomainFEC Forward Error CorrectionFEM Finite Element MethodFFT Fast Fourier TransformFH Frequency HoppingFHMA Frequency Hopping Multiple AccessFIR Finite Impulse ResponseFM Frequency ModulationFN Frame NumberFOMA Japanese version of the UMTS standardFQI Frame Quality IndicatorFR Full RateFS Federal StandardFSK Frequency Shift KeyingFT Fourier TransformFTF Fast Transversal FilterFWA Fixed Wireless AccessGF Galois FieldGGSN Gateway GPRS Support NodeGMSC Gateway Mobile Services Switching CenterGMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift KeyingGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGPS Global Positioning SystemGSC Generalized Selection CombiningGSCM Geometry-based Stochastic Channel ModelGSM Global System for Mobile communicationsGSM PLMN GSM Public Land Mobile NetworkGSM 1800 Global System for Mobile communications at the 1800-MHz bandGTP GPRS Tunneling ProtocolH-BLAST Horizontal BLASTH-S/MRC Hybrid Selection/Maximum Ratio CombiningHC Hybrid CoordinatorHCCA HCF (Hybrid Coordination Function) Controlled Channel AccessHCF Hybrid Coordination FunctionHDLC High Level Data Link ControlHF High FrequencyHIPERLAN HIgh PERformance Local Area NetworkHLR Home Location RegisterHMSC Home Mobile-services Switching CenterHNM Harmonic + Noise Modeling

Abbreviations xxxvii

hostid host addressHO HandOverHPA High Power AmplifierHR Half RateHR/DS or HR/DSSS High Rate Direct Sequence PHYHRTF Head Related Transfer FunctionHSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched DataHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSN Hop Sequence NumberHSPA High-Speed Packet AccessHT High ThroughputHT Hilly TerrainHTTP Hyper Text Transfer ProtocolIAF InterSymbol Interference Amplify-and-ForwardIAM Initial Address MessageICB Incoming Calls BarredICI Inter Carrier InterferenceID IdentificationID IdentifierIDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier TransformIe Equipment impairment factorIE Information ElementIEC International Electrotechnical CommissionIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIF Intermediate FrequencyIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformationIFS Inter Frame Spaceiid independent identically distributedIIR Infinite Impulse ResponseILBC Internet Low Bit-rate CodecIMBE Improved Multi Band ExcitationIMEI International Mobile station Equipment IdentityIMSI International Mobile Subscriber IdentityIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsIMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000INMARSAT INternational MARitime SATellite SystemIO Interacting ObjectI/O Input/OutputIP Internet ProtocolIPO Initial Public OfferingIQ In-Phase – Quadrature PhaseIR Impulse RadioIRIDIUM ProjectIRS Intermediate Reference SystemIS-95 Interim Standard 95 (the first CDMA system adopted by the American

TIA)ISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkISI InterSymbol InterferenceISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical

xxxviii Abbreviations

ISO International Standards OrganizationISPP Interleaved Single Pulse PermutationITU International Telecommunications UnionIWF Inter Working FunctionIWU Inter Working UnitIxF Interference xFJD-TCDMA Joint Detection–Time/Code Division Multiple AccessJDC Japanese Digital CellularJPEG Joint Photographic Expert GroupJVT Joint Video TeamKc Cipher KeyKi Key used to calculate SRESKl Location KeyKs Session KeyKLT Karhunen Loeve TransformLA Location AreaLAC Location Area CodeLAI Location Area IdentityLAN Local Area NetworkLAP-Dm Link Access Protocol on Dm ChannelLAR Logarithmic Area RatioLBG Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithmLCR Level Crossing RateLD-CELP Low Delay–Code Excited Linear PredictionLDPC Low Density Parity CheckLEO Low Earth OrbitLFSR Linear Feedback Shift RegisterLLC Logical Link ControlLLR Log Likelihood RatioLMMSE Linear Minimum Mean Square ErrorLMS Least Mean SquareLNA Low Noise AmplifierLO Local OscillatorLPF LowPass FilterLOS Line Of SightLP Linear PredictionLP Linear PredictorLP Linear ProgramLPC Linear Predictive CodingLPC Linear Predictive voCoderLR Location RegisterLS Least SquaresLSF Line Spectral FrequencyLSP Line Spectrum PairLTE Long-Term EvolutionLTI Linear Time InvariantLTP Long Term PredictionLTP Long Term PredictorLTV Linear Time VariantM-QAM M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Abbreviations xxxix

MA Mobile AllocationMA Multiple AccessMAC Medium Access ControlMACN Mobile Allocation Channel NumberMAF Mobile Additional FunctionMAF Multi-hop Amplify-and-ForwardMAHO Mobile Assisted Hand OverMAI Multiple Access InterferenceMAIO Mobile Allocation Index OffsetMAN Metropolitan Area NetworkMAP Maximum A PosterioriMAP Mobile Application PartMB MacroblockMBE Multi Band ExcitationMBOA Multi Band OFDM AllianceMC-CDMA Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple AccessMCC Mobile Country CodeMCS Modulation and Coding SchemeMDC Multiple Description CodingMDF Multi-hop Decode-and-ForwardMDHO Macro Diversity HandOverME Maintenance EntityME Mobile EquipmentMEA Multiple Element AntennaMEF Maintenance Entity FunctionMEG Mean Effective GainMELP Mixed Excitation Linear PredictionMFEP Matched Front End ProcessorMIC Mobile Interface ControllerMIME Multipurpose Internet Mail ExtensionsMIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output systemMIPS Million Instructions Per SecondML Maximum LikelihoodMLSE Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimators (or Estimation)MMS Multimedia Messaging ServiceMMSE Minimum Mean Square ErrorMNC Mobile Network CodeMNRU Modulated Noise Reference UnitMOS Mean Opinion ScoreMoU Memorandum of UnderstandingMP3 Motion Picture Experts Group-1 layer 3MPC Multi Path ComponentMPDU MAC Protocol Data UnitMPEG Motion Picture Experts GroupMPR Multi-Point RelayMPSK M-ary Phase Shift KeyingMRC Maximum Ratio CombiningMS Mobile StationMS ISDN Mobile Station ISDN NumberMSC Mobile Switching Center

xl Abbreviations

MSCU Mobile Station Control UnitMSDU MAC Service Data UnitMSE Mean Square ErrorMSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification NumberMSISDN Mobile Station ISDN NumberMSK Minimum Shift KeyingMSL Main Signaling LinkMSRN Mobile Station Roaming NumberMSS Mobile Satellite ServiceMT Mobile TerminalMT Mobile TerminationMTP Message Transfer PartMUMS Multi User Mobile StationMUSIC Multiple Signal ClassificationMUX MultiplexingMVC Multiview Video CodingMVM Minimum Variance MethodMxF Multi-hop xFNAV Network Allocation VectorNB Narrow BandNB Normal BurstNBIN A parameter in the hopping sequenceNCELL Neighboring (adjacent) CellNDC National Destination CodeNDxF Nonorthogonal Diversity xFnetid network addressNF Network FunctionNLOS Non Line Of SightNLP Non Linear ProcessorNM Network ManagementNMC Network Management CentreNMSI National Mobile Station Identification numberNMT Nordic Mobile TelephoneNode-B Base stationNRZ Non Return to ZeroNSAP Network Service Access PointNSS Network and Switching SubsystemNT Network TerminationNTT Nippon Telephone and TelegraphO&M Operations & MaintenanceOACSU Off Air Call Set UpOCB Outgoing Calls BarredODC Ornithine DeCarboxylaseOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessOLSR Optimized Link State RoutingOMC Operations & Maintenance CenterOOK On Off KeyingOPT Operator Perturbation Technique

Abbreviations xli

OQAM Offset Quadrature Amplitude ModulationOQPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingOS Operating SystemsOSI Operator System InterfaceOSS Operation Support SystemOTD Orthogonal Transmit DiversityOVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading FactorP/S Parallel to Serial (conversion)PABX Private Automatic Branch eXchangePACCH Packet Associated Control CHannelPACS Personal Access Communications SystemPAD Packet Assembly/Disassembly facilityPAGCH Packet Access Grant CHannelPAM Pulse Amplitude ModulationPAN Personal Area NetworkPAPR Peak-to-Average Power RatioPAR Peak-to-Average RatioPARCOR PARtial CORrelationPBCCH Packet Broadcast Control CHannelPC Point CoordinatorPCCCH Packet Common Control CHannelPCF Point Coordination FunctionPCG Power Control GroupPCH Paging CHannelPCM Pulse Code ModulatedPCPCH Physical Common Packet CHannelPCS Personal Communication SystemPDA Personal Digital AssistantPDC Pacific Digital Cellular (Japanese system)PDCH Packet Data CHannelpdf probability density functionPDN Public Data NetworkPDP Power Delay ProfilePDSCH Physical Downlink Shared CHannelPDTCH Packet Data Traffic CHannelPDU Packet Data UnitPESQ Perceptual Evaluation of Speech QualityPHS Personal Handyphone SystemPHY PHYsical layerPIC Parallel Interference CancellationPICH Page Indication ChannelPIFA Planar Inverted F AntennaPIFS Priority Inter Frame SpacePIN Personal Identification NumberPLCP Physical Layer Convergence ProcedurePLL Physical Link LayerPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPN Pseudo NoisePNCH Packet Notification CHannelPOP Peak to Off Peak

xlii Abbreviations

POTS Plain Old Telephone ServicePPCH Packet Paging CHannelPPDU Physical Layer Protocol Data UnitPPM Pulse Position ModulationPRACH Packet Random Access CHannelPRACH Physical Random Access CHannelPRake Partial RakePRB Physical Resource BlockPRMA Packet Reservation Multiple AccessPSD Power Spectral DensityPSDU Physical Layer Service Data UnitPSK Phase Shift KeyingPSMM Pilot Strength Measurement MessagePSPDN Packet Switched Public Data NetworkPSQM Perceptual Speech Quality MeasurementPSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkPTCCH-D Packet Timing advance Control CHannel-DownlinkPTCCH-U Packet Timing advance Control CHannel-UplinkPTM Point To MultipointPTM-M Point To Multipoint MulticastPTM-SC Point To Multipoint Service CenterPTO Public Telecommunications OperatorsPUSC Partial Use of SubcarriersPUK Personal Unblocking KeyPWI Prototype Waveform InterpolationPWT Personal Wireless TelephonyQAM Quadrature Amplitude ModulationQAP QoS Access PointQCELP Qualcomm Code Excited Linear PredictionQFGV Quadratic Form Gaussian VariableQOF Quasi Orthogonal FunctionQoS Quality of ServiceQPSK Quadrature-Phase Shift KeyingQSTA QoS STAtionR-ACH Reverse Access CHannelR-ACKCH Reverse ACKnowledgement CHannelR-CCCH Reverse Common Control CHannelR-CQICH Reverse Channel Quality Indicator CHannelR-DCCH Reverse Dedicated Control CHannelR-EACH Reverse Enhanced Access CHannelR-FCH Reverse Fundamental CHannelR-PICH Reverse PIlot CHannelR-SCH Reverse Supplemental CHannelRA Random Mode Request information fieldRA Routing AreaRA Rural AreaRA Random AccessRAB Random Access BurstRACH Random Access CHannelRAN Radio Access Network

Abbreviations xliii

RC Raised CosineRCDLA Radiation Coupled Dual L AntennaRE Resource ElementRF Radio FrequencyRFC Radio Frequency ChannelRFC Request For CommentsRFL Radio Frequency subLayerRFN Reduced TDMA Frame NumberRLC Radio Link ControlRLP Radio Link ProtocolRLS Recursive Least SquaresRNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network SubsystemRNTABLE Table of 128 integers in the hopping sequenceRPAR Relay PAth RoutingRPE Regular Pulse Excitation (Voice Codec)RPE-LTP Regular Pulse Excited with Long Term PredictionRS Reed–Solomon (code)RS Reference SignalRS Relay StationRSC Recursive Systematic ConvolutionalRSC Radio Spectrum CommitteeRSSI Received Signal Strength IndicationRTSP Real Time Streaming ProtocolRTP Real-time Transport Protocolrv random variableRVLC Reversible Variable Length CodeRX ReceiverRXLEV Received Signal LevelRXQUAL Received Signal QualityS-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical CHannelSABM Set Asynchronous Balanced ModeSACCH Slow Associated Control CHannelSAGE Space Alternating Generalized Expectation – maximizationSAP Service Access PointSAPI Service Access Point IdentifierSAPI Service Access Points IndicatorSAR Specific Absorption RateSB Synchronization BurstSC-CDMA Single-Carrier CDMASC-FDMA Single-Carrier FDMASCCP Signalling Connection Control PartSCH Synchronisation CHannelSCN Sub Channel NumberSCxF Split-Combine xFSDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control CHannelSDCCH/4 Standalone Dedicated Control CHannel/4SDCCH/8 Standalone Dedicated Control CHannel/8SDMA Space Division Multiple AccessSEGSNR SEGmental Signal-to-Noise Ratio

xliv Abbreviations

SEP Symbol Error ProbabilitySER Symbol Error RateSFBC Space Frequency Block CodingSFIR Spatial Filtering for Interference ReductionSFN System Frame NumberSGSN Serving GPRS Support NodeSIC Successive Interference CancellationSID SIlence DescriptorSIFS Short Infer Frame SpaceSIM Subscriber Identity ModuleSINR Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise RatioSIR Signal-to-Interference RatioSISO Soft Input Soft OutputSISO Single Input Single OutputSLNR Signal-to-Leakage and Noise RatioSM Spatial MultiplexingSMS Short Message ServiceSMTP Short Message Transfer ProtocolSN Serial NumberSNDCP Subnetwork Dependent Convergence ProtocolSNR Signal-to-Noise RatioSOLT Short Open Loss TerminationSON Self Organizing NetworkSP Shortest PathS/P Serial to Parallel (conversion)SQNR Signal-to-Quantization Noise RatioSR Spatial ReferenceSRake Selective RakeSRMA Split-channel Reservation Multiple AccessSSA Small Scale AveragedSSF Small-Scale FadingST Space – TimeSTA STAtionSTBC Space Time Block CodeSTC Sinusoidal Transform CoderSTDCC Swept Time Delay Cross CorrelatorSTP Short Term PredictionSTP Short Term PredictorSTS Space Time SpreadingSTTC Space Time Trellis CodeSV Saleh–Valenzuela modelSVD Singular Value DecompositionTA Terminal AdapterTAC Type Approval CodeTAF Terminal Adapter FunctionTBF Temporary Block FlowTC Traffic CategoryTC Topology ControlTCH Traffic CHannelTCH/F Full-rate Traffic CHannels

Abbreviations xlv

TCH/H Half-rate Traffic CHannelsTCM Trellis Coded ModulationTCP Transmission Control ProtocolTD-SCDMA Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple AccessTDD Time Domain DuplexingTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessTE Temporal ReferenceTE Terminal EquipmentTE Transmitted ReferenceTE Transversal ElectricTETRA TErrestrial Trunked RAdioTFCI Transmit Format Combination IndicatorTFI Transport Format IndicatorTH-IR Time Hopping Impulse RadioTIA Telecommunications Industry Association (U.S.)TM Transversal MagneticTMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber IdentityTPC Transmit Power ControlTR Technical Report (ETSI)TR Temporal referenceTR Transmitted referenceTS Technical SpecificationTS Time SlotTSPEC Traffic SPECificationsTTA Telecommunications Technology Association of KoreaTTC Telecommunications Technology CommitteeTTS Text To Speech synthesisTU Typical UrbanTX TransmitterTXOP Transmission OPportunityU-NII Unlicensed National Information InfrastructureUARFCN UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel NumberUCPCH Uplink Common Packet CHannelUDP User Datagram ProtocolUE User EquipmentUE-ID User Equipment in-band IDentificationUED User Equipment DomainUL UplinkULA Uniform Linear ArrayUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUP User PriorityUS Uncorrelated ScattererUSB Universal Serial BusUSF Uplink Status FlagUSIM User Service Identity ModuleUTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkUWB Ultra Wide BandwidthUWC Universal Wireless CommunicationsVAD Voice Activity Detection/Detector

xlvi Abbreviations

VCDA Virtual Cell Deployment AreaVCEG Video Coding Expert GroupVCO Voltage Controlled OscillatorVLC Variable Length CodingVLR Visitor Location RegisterVoIP Voice over Internet ProtocolVRB Virtual Resource BlockVQ Vector Quantization/QuantizerVSELP Vector Sum Excited Linear PredictionWAP Wireless Application ProtocolWB Wide BandWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple AccessWF Whitening FilterWG Working GroupWH Walsh-HadamardWI Waveform InterpolationWiFi Wireless FidelityWLAN Wireless Local Area NetworkWLL Wireless Local LoopWM Wireless MediumWSS Wide Sense StationaryWSSUS Wide Sense Stationary Uncorrelated ScattererZF Zero-Forcing

Symbols

This list gives a brief overview of the use of variables in the text. Due to the large number ofquantities occurring, the same letter might be used in different chapters for different quantities.For this reason, this will need checking as chapter numbers have changed in which the variable isprimarily used, though they can occur in other chapters as well. Those variables that are used onlylocally, and explained directly at their occurrence, are not mentioned here.

Lowercase symbols:ap, am auxiliary variables 4a1 amplitudes of the MPCs 5, 6, 7, 8a(hm) auxiliary function 7a(φ) steering vector 8an,m amplitudes of components from direction n,

delay m

13

bm mth bit 11, 12, 13, 14, 16,17

cdf cumulative distribution function 5ci,k amplitudes of resolvable MPCs; tap weights

for tapped delay lines7

c0 speed of light 5, 13, 19cm complex transmit symbols 11, 12, 13, 16d distance BS–MS 4d distance in signal space diagram 12, 13dR Rayleigh distance 4dbreak distance BS–breakpoint 4dlayer thickness of layer 4ddirect direct pathlength 4drefl length of reflected path 4dp distance to previous screen 4dn distance to subsequent screen 4d0 distance to reference point 5da distance between antenna elements 8, 13dw distance between turns of helix antenna 8dkm euclidean distance between signal points

with index k and m

11

d(→x ,

→y ) distance of codewords 14

dH Hamming distance 14dcov coverage distance 3ddiv diversity order 20e basis of natural logarithm

xlviii Symbols

e(t) impulse response of equalizer 16f frequency 5f ( ) functionfc carrier frequency 5, 7, 8frep repetition frequency 8fslip frequency slip 8finst instantaneous frequency 12fk impulse response of discrete-time channel 16fn carrier frequencies in OFDM 19fD modulation frequency in FSK 11g network encoding vector 22g( ) functiong(t) basis pulse 11, 12, 19gR(t) rectangular basis pulse 11g(t) phase pulse 11gm discrete impulse response of channel plus

feedforward filter16

gN Nyquist raised cosine pulse 11gNR root Nyquist raised cosine pulse 11h(t, τ ) channel impulse response 2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13,

18, 19, 20hTX height of TX 4hRX height of RX 4hs height of screen 4hb height of BS 7hm height of MS 7hr,d complex channel gain from relay to

destination22

hroof height of rooftop 7hmeas(ti , τ ) measured impulse response 8hs,d complex channel gain from source to

destination22

hs,r complex channel gain from source to relay 22hw height of helix antenna 9h(t, τ, φ) directionally resolved impulse response 7hmod modulation index of CPFSK signal 11hd vector of desired impulse responses 13, 20i index counterj index, imaginary unit 4k, k0 wavenumber 4, 13k index counter 8, 11, 13, 19, 20,

22, 28kscale scaling factor for STDCC 8kB Boltzmann constant 3l index counter 8, 19, 20m Nakagami m-factor 5, 13m counter 11, 12, 13, 14, 16,

17m index for parity check bits 14n propagation exponent 4, 7

Symbols xlix

n1 refraction index for medium 4n(t) noise signal 8, 12, 13, 14, 16,

18nLP(t) low-pass noise 12nBP(t) bandpass noise 12n index counter 11nm sampled noise values 16, 19nn sampled noise values 14, 21n vector of noise samples 20nm sample values of colored noisep transition probability 14pdf probability density function 5p(t) modulated pulse 8p(t) pulse sequence 11qm impulse response of channel + equalizer 16r position vector 4r absolute value of fieldstrength 5r spectral efficiency 14rLP(t) low-pass representation of received signal 12r received signal vector 12r(t) received signal 14, 15, 16s subcarrier channel index 28s(t) sounding signal 8s1(t) auxiliary signal 8sLP,BP(t) low-pass (bandpass) signal 11sLP,BP signal vector in low-pass (bandpass) 11ssynd syndrome vector 14s vector of signals at antenna array 8, 20, 27, 28s transmit signal vector 14t absolute time 2, 11, 12, 13, 16,

17t precoding vector 20t0 start time 6ts sampling time 12u auxiliary variable 11um sequence of sample values at equalizer input 16u vector of information symbols 14v velocity 5v singlar vector 20wl antenna weights 8, 13, 20x x-coordinate 4x general variable 5x transmit signal 22x(t) input signal 6x code vector 14x sequence of transmit signals 14y y-coordinate 4y decision variable 21y received signal 22y sequence of receive signals 14

l Symbols

y(t) output signal 6z z-coordinate

Uppercase symbols:A steering matrix 8A antenna mapping matrix 27ARX antenna area of receiver 4A(dTX, dRX) amplitude factors for diffraction 4ADF average duration of fadesA amplitude of dominant component 7A state in the trellis diagram 14B(νf ) Doppler-variant transfer function 6Bcoh coherence bandwidth 6B bandwidth 11BER bit error probability 12Bn noise bandwidth 12Br receiver bandwidth 12B state in the trellis diagram 14BG bandwidth of Gaussian filter 11C capacity 14, 17, 20C covariance matrixCcrest crest factor 8C proportionality constantC state in the trellis diagram 14D diffraction coefficient 5DW diameter of helix antenna 8D quadratic form 12D maximum distortion 16D state in the trellis diagram 14D unit delay 27Dleav interleaver separation 14D antenna directivityE electric fieldstrength 4Ediff fieldstrength of diffracted field 4Einc fieldstrength of incident field 4E{} expectation 4, 13, 14, 18E1, E2 fieldstrength of multipath components 5E0 normalization fieldstrength 13ES Symbol energy 11, 12, 13EB bit energy 11, 12, 13EC chip energy 18Es,k energy of kth signal 11, 18E(f ) transfer function of equalizer 16F(νF) Fresnel integral 4F modified Fresnel integral 4F local mean of fieldstrength 5F (z) factorization of the transfer function of the

equivalent time discrete channel16

F noise figure 3GRX antenna gain of receive antenna 3, 4

Symbols li

GTX antenna gain transmit antenna 4G(D) code polynomial 27G(γ ), G(ϕ, θ) antenna pattern 5G(ν, ν1, ν2) Gaussian function 7Gmax maximum gainGR spectrum of rectangular pulse 11GN spectrum of Nyquist pulse 11GNR spectrum of root Nyquist pulse 11G generator matrix 14Gcode code gain 14GG matrix with iid Gaussian entries 20G gain of an amplifier stage 3H transfer function of the channel 5, 6, 19, 20H(X) entropy 14HD(X) entropy of binary symmetric channel 14HR(f ) transfer function of receive filter 12, 18H parity check matrix 14Hhad Hadamard matrix 18, 19I (t) in-phase component 5I (t) link control action 22I (x, y) mutual information 14I0 modified Bessel function 5, 12|J | Jacobi determinant 5J0 Bessel function 7Kr Rice factor 5K(t, τ ) kernel function 6K number of resolvable directions 8KI system margin 3K number of bits in a symbol 11K number of information symbols in a

codeword14

2K + 1 number of equalizer taps 16K scaling constant for STDCC 8K number of users 20K number of relays 22L number of clusters 7Lmsd multiscreenlossLrts diffraction loss 7Lori street orientation loss 7La antenna dimension 4Li attenuation at the ith screenLc correlation length 4L duration of the impulse response of the

equivalent time discrete channel f

16

L number of cells in convolutional encoder 14L number of data streams 20L dimension of space-time code 20LTr truncation depth 14Lsymb number of symbols where two possible

sequences differ14

lii Symbols

Lf losses in feeder 3L number of RF chains in HS-MRCM(φ, θ) array factor 8M number of elements in the alphabet 11M(s) moment-generating function 12, 13N number of screens 4N number of MPCs 5, 7, 8N size of the set of expansion functions 12N total number of symbols in the code 14N number of mod-2 adders in the

convolutional encoder14

N0 noise power-spectral density 12N(f ) noise spectrum 6, 12Nsymb number of information bits/symbols in TCM 14N number of bits for convolutional encoder in

TCM14

N number of users in MA 17Nreg length of shift register 14Nr number of receive antennas 8, 13, 20Nsubchannel number of subchannels 28Nt number of transmit antennas 13, 20Ns number of significant scatterers 20NBS number of BS antennas 20NMS number of MS antennas 20NR level crossing rate 5PTX transmit power 4PRX receive power 4Pm average power 5Ph,S,B cross-power spectral densities 6Ph(τ ) PDP 6P(t, τ ) instantaneous PDP 7Pn noise powerPpair pairwise error probability 12Pinst instantaneous received power 12Pmax maximum TX power 20Pf false alarm probability 21Pmd missed detection probability 21Ps transmit power of source 22Pr transmit power of relay 22Pr probabilityProut outage probabilityPL pathloss 4, 5Ps signal power 3, 11Q(x) Q-function 12, 13Q antenna quality 9Q codebook size 20Q queue backlog 22Q quantization function 23Q(t) quadrature component 5QT interference quotient 6

Symbols liii

QM Marcum’s Q-function 12Q(z) transfer function of equivalent channel and

equalizer16

R radius of circle 5R cell size 17R transmission rate 14Rth threshold transmission rate 22RTX transmit correlation matrix 6, 7, 20RRX receive correlation matrix 6, 7, 20Rxx autocorrelation function of x 11Rxx correlation matrix of x 8Rrad radiation resistance 8RS symbol rate 11RB bit rate 11Rc code rate 14Re rank of error matrix 17Rh impulse response correlation function 6Rni noise and interference correlation matrix 20Ryy(t, t ′) autocovariance signal of received signal 7SIR signal-to-interference ratio 5S(f ) power spectrum 5, 6, 12S(t) topology state 22S(ν, τ ) spreading function 6Sτ delay spread 6SD(ν, τ ) Doppler spectrum 7SLP,BP(f ) power spectrum of LP (BP) signal 11SER symbol error probability 12SN noise power-spectral densitySφ angular spread 6, 7, 13TB bit durationT transmission factor 4Tm mean delay 6Tm(t) instantaneous mean delay 6Trep repetition time of pulse signal 8TB time bandwidth product 8Tslip slip period 8T auxiliary matrix 8T transmit beamforming matrix 20T duration (general) 11Tper periodicity 11Ts sampling timeTS symbol duration 11Tp packet duration 17Tcp duration of cyclic prefix 19TC chip duration 18Te temperature of environment 3Td delay of pulse in PPM 11Tcoh coherence time 6Tg group delay 12U unitary matrix 8, 20

liv Symbols

W correlation spectrum 4Wa delay window 6W system bandwidthW unitary matrix 19X complex Gaussian random variable 12X(x) code polynomial 14Y complex Gaussian random variable 12Z complex Gaussian random variable 12Z virtual queue backlog 22

Lowercase Greek:α dielectric length 4α complex channel gain 12α rolloff factor 11α steering vector 8β decay time constant 7β amplification at relay 22γ SNRγ mean SNRγMRC SNR at output of maximum ratio combiner 13γEGC SNR at output of equal gain combiner 13γ angle for Doppler shift 5γS ES/N0 12γB EB/N0 12, 13, 16, 17δ complex dielectric constant 4δik Kronecker delta 13, 16, 19δ(τ ) Dirac function 12, 13, 16, 18∈ dielectric constant 4∈r relative dielectric constant 4∈eff effective relative dielectric constant 4εm error signal 16ε error vector of a code symbol 14ϕ orientation of a street 7ϕ phase of an MPC 5ϕ deterministic phaseshift 7ϕm(t) base functions for expansion 11φ azimuth angle of arrival 6, 7η(t) g(t) * h(t) 16κ auxiliary variable 13λ, λ0 wavelengthλp packet transmission rate 17λi ith eigenvalueμ metric 12μ stepwidth of LMS 16μ(t) transmission matrix 22ν Doppler shift 6νmax maximum Doppler shift 7νm mean Doppler shift 5νF Fresnel parameter 5ω angular frequency 4

Symbols lv

ρ position vectorρkm correlation coefficients between signals 11σc conductivity 4σh standard deviation of height 4σ standard deviation 5σF standard deviation of local mean 5σG standard deviation of Gaussian pulse 11σn noise standard deviationσ 2

S power in symbol sequence 11τ delay 4, 5τGr group delay 5, 12τi delay of the ith MPC 7τmax maximum excess delayχi(t) distortion of the i-th pulse 13ζ ACF of η(t) 16ξ SNR loss for discrete precoding 20ξn(t) noise correlation function 12ξs (t) FT of the normalized Doppler spectrum 12ξs(ν, τ ) scattering function 12ξh(t, τ ) FT of the scattering function 12

Uppercase Greek:�hb = hb − hroof 7�xs distance between measurement points 8�τmin minimum resolvable τ 8�fchip difference in chip frequency 8�ϕ angle difference of paths 4�τ runtime difference 5�ν Doppler shift 5� phaseshift between two antenna elements 8� Lyapunov drift 22�C determinant of C 13�φ angular range 13�H phase of the channel transfer function 5, 12�CPFSK(t) phase of transmit signal for CPFSK signal 11� matrix of eigenvalues�TX(t) phase of transmit signal� mean quadratic power Nakagami 5� direction of departure�n nth moment of Doppler spectrum 5, 13�(t) queue backlog 22�e angle of incidence 4�r angle of reflection 4�t angle of transmission 4�n transmission phase of nth bit�d diffraction angleφTX angle TX wedge 4φRX angle RX wedge 4φ azimuth 7φ0 nominal DOA 7, 13

lvi Symbols

φi DOA of ith wave 13ψ auxiliary angle 4, 13ψ angle of incidence 90 − �e 4x = E{x}r = dr/dt

U† Hermitian transposeUT transposex∗ complex conjugate� Fourier transform of ζm

F Fourier transformX transmit alphabet 14