Ackerman, B. B., F. A. Leban, M. D. Samuel, and E. O. Garton. 1990. User's · PDF file · 2015-08-05... and E. O. Garton. 1990. User's manual for program Home Range. 2nd ed. Tech

Wolverine (Gulo gulo)Bibliography

Ackerman, B. B., F. A. Leban, M. D. Samuel, and E. O. Garton.1990. User's manual for program Home Range. 2nd ed.Tech. Rep. 15, For. Wildl. and Range Exp. Stn., Univ. ofIdaho, Moscow. 80 pp.

Adams, M. G. 1980. Odour-producing organs of mammals. Symp.Zool. Soc. Lond. 45:57-79.

Addison, E. M. and B. Boles. 1978. Helminth parasites ofthe wolverine Gulo Gulo from the District of Mackenzie,

Northwest Territories, Canada. Can. J. Zoo. 56:2241-2242.

Aebischer, N. P., A. Robertson, and R. E. Kenwood. 1993.compositional analysis of habitat use from radio-trackingdata. Ecology 74:1313-1325.

Allen, A. W. 1987. The relationship between habitat andfurbearers. In M. Novak, J. A. Baker, and M. E. Obbard,comps. wild furbearer management and conservation inNorth America. Ch. 18, pp. 164-179. Toronto, Ontario:Ministry of Natural Resources.

Allen, G. M. 1942. Extinct and vanishing mammals of thewestern hemisphere with the marine species of all theoceans. Am. Comm. Int. wildl. Protection, Spec. Pub. 11.620 pp.

Allen, H. February 3, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Allredge, J. R. and J. T. Ratti. 1986. Comparison of somestatistical techniques for analysis of resource selection.J. Wildl. Management 50:157-165.

Anderson, M. July 1997. Idaho's vanishing wild lands: Astatus report on road less areas in Idaho's NationalForests. Washington, D.C.: The Wilderness Society.

Anderson, R. A. 1946. Catalogue of Canadian recent mammals.Biological Series 31. Ottawa, Ontario: National Museumof Canada Bulletin No. 102.

Biodiversity Legal Foundation 90

Anderson, R. M. 1929. Report on the natural historycollections of the expedition. In V. Stefansson. Pp.436-527. My life with the Eskimo. NY: Macmillan Co.

Anderson, R. M. November 13, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Anderson, S. Letter to J. Jensen, November 23, 1998.

Armstrong, D. B. 1972. Distribution of mammals in Colorado.Univ. of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. Pp. 1-415.Monograph.

Armstrong, J. 1998. Colorado Natural Heritage records forColorado wolverine.

Armstrong, K. November 16, 1998 and December 28, 1998. Email to J. Jensen.

Arthur, S. M., W. B. Krohn, and J. R. Gilbert. 1989. Homerange characteristics of adult fishers. J. wild.Management 53:674-679.

Audubon, J. J. and J. Bachman. 1849. The quadrupeds of NorthAmerica. Vol. I. NY: GR Lockwood. 383 pp.

Austin, D. A. 1990. Summary report, winter snow track countsurveys, timber sale project opportunity areas. Mt. HoodNational Forest, Columbia Gorge and Zizag RangerDistricts.

Austin, M. 1994. Wolverine habitat use and movements in theKicking Horse Pass Corridor between Yoho and Banffnational parks. Unpublished thesis proposal. Canmore,AB.

Bachman, D., G. Gadwa, and C. Groves. 1990. A winter surveyfor wolverines (Gulo gulo) on the Sawtooth and ChallisNational Forests, Idaho. Challenge Cost Share Rep. toSawtooth and Challis National Forests. Boise: IdahoDept. of Fish and Game. 29 pp.

Bailey, R. G. 1980. Descriptions of ecoregions of the unitedStates. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1391. Washington,D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 77 pp.


Bailey, R. G., P. E. Avers, T. King, and W. H. McNab, eds.1994. Ecoregions and subregions of the united states(map). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey. Scale1:7,500,000, colored. With supplementary table of map unitdescriptions comp. and ed., W. H. McNab and R. G. Bailey.Prepared for USDA Forest Service.

Bailey, T. N. 1974. Social organization in a bobcatpopulation. J. Wildl. Management 38:435-446.

Bailey, T. N. 1981. Factors influencing furbearerpopulations and harvest on the Kenai National Moose Range,Alaska. Proc. Worldwide Furbearer Conf. 1:249-272.

Bailey, V. 1926. Biological survey of North Dakota. NorthAm. Fauna 49. 226 pp.

Bailey, V. 1936. The mammals and life zones of Oregon.North American Fauna 55. 416 pp.

Baird, R. August 10, 1994. Group seeks "endangered" tag forwolverine. Colorado Daily.

Baker, W. L. and R. L. Knight (in press). Roads and forestfragmentation in the southern Rocky Mountains. In R. L.Knight, F. W. Smith, S. W. Buskirk, W. H. Romme, and W. L.Baker, eds. Forest fragmentation in the southern RockyMountains. Boulder, CO: Univ. of Colorado Press.

Ballard, W. B., A. W. Franzmann, and C. L. Gardner. 1982.Comparison and assessment of drugs used to immobilizeAlaskan gray wolves (Canis lu~us) and wolverines (~ gulo)from a helicopter. wildl. Dis. 18:339-342.

Banci, V. A. 1982. A bibiography on the wolverine Gulo gulo.Research. Ministry of Environment and Forests. IWIFR-9.victoria, BC. 53 pp.

Banci, V. 1982. The wolverine in British Columbia:Distribution, methods of determining age and status ofGulo gulo vancouverensis. Victoria, BC: British ColumbiaMinistries of Environment and Forests IWIFR-15. 90 pp.

Banci, V. 1986. The wolverine in the Yukon: Myths andmaangement. Discovery 15:134-137.

Banci, V. 1987. Ecology and behavior of wolverine in Yukon.M.S. thesis, Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC.


Banci, V. 1994. Wolverine. In L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S.W. BUskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski, tech eds.The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores:American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in thewestern united states. Pp. 99-127. U.S.D.A. Forestservice General Technical Report RM-254.

Banci, V. and A. S. Harestad. 1988. Reproduction andnatality of wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Yukon. AnnalsZoologica Fennici 25:265-270.

Banci, V. and A. S. Harestad. 1990. Home range and habitatuse of wolverines Gulo gulo in Yukon, Canada. HolarcticEcology 13:195-200.

Banci, V., D. A. Demarchi, and W. R. Archibald. 1994.Evaluation of the population status of grizzly bears inCanada. International Conference on Bear Research andManagement, Missoula, MT. 9:000-000.

Bandolin, T. November 12, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. Toronto:univ. of Toronto Press. 438 pp.

Banfield, A. W. F. and J. S. Tener. 1958. A preliminarystudy of the Ungava caribou. Journal of Mammalogy 39:560573.

Bangs, E. E. and T. N. Bailey. 1987. Furbearer and trappermanagement on the Kenai National wildlife Refuge, Alaska.Abstract. In Abstracts, 4th Northern Furbearer Conference,Juneau, AK, April 3-4, 1987.

Banks, W. J. 1981. Applied veterinary histology. Baltimore,MD: Williams and Wilkins. 540 pp.

Barker, M. S., Jr. and T. L. Best. 1976. The wolverine inNevada. Southwest Nat. 21:133.

Barrett, R. H., R. Golightly, and T. E. Kucera. 1994.California wolverine. In C. G. Thelander and M. Crabtree,eds. Life on the edge: A guide to California'sendangered natural resources: wildlife. Pp. 92-94.Santa Cruz, CA: Biosystems Books. 550 pp.

Beauvais, G. P. November 16, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Becker, E. F. 1991. A terrestral furbearer estimator basedon probability sampling. J. wildl. Management 55:730-737.


Becker, E. F. and C. Gardner. 1990. Wolf and wolverinedensity estimation techniques. Juneau, AK: AlaskaDepartment of Fish and Game.

Becker, E. F. and C. Gardner. 1992. Wolf and wolverine densityestimation techniques. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Federal Aid in wildlife Restoration. Research progressreport, July 1 1991-June 30, 1992. Project W23-5. study 7.15. 31 pp.

Bee, J. W. and E. R. Hall. 1956. Mammals of northern Alaska onthe Arctic slope. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Pub.8 309 pp.

Beidleman, R. G. 1956. An early record of the wolverine inwestern Nebraska. J. Mammal. 37:445-446.

Bevanger, K. 1992. Report on the Norwegian wolverine (~qulo L.) Small Carnovire Conservation 6:8-10.

Biodiversity Legal Foundation (BLF) and Predator Project.1994. Petition to list the North American wolverine (~gulo luscus). Boulder, CO: BLFi Office of EndangeredSpecies, Fish and wildlife Service.

Biodiversity Legal Foundation, Predator Project, and Voice ofthe Environment v. Bruce Babbitt and Mollie Beattie.[4/11/1995]. United States District Court for the Districtof Colorado. Complaint for injunctive and declaratoryrelief.

Birney, E. C. 1974. Twentieth century records of wolverinein Minnesota. Loon 46:76-81.

Bissell, S. et al. n.d. Lynx and wolverine verification.State of Colorado, Proj. No. SE-3-3.

Boles, B. K. 1977. Predation of wolves on wolverines.Canadian Field Naturalist 91:68-69.

Booth, E. S. 1947. Systematic review of the land mammals ofWashington. Ph.D. diss. State College of Washington.

Breckel, R. November 19, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Brown, R. E. and D. W. Macdonald, eds. 1985. Socialodoursin mammals. Vol. 2. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.


Bryant, H. N. 1987. Wolverine from the Pleistocene of theYukon, Canada: Evolutionary trends and taxonomy of Gulocarnivora Mustelidae. Can. J. Sci. 24:654-663.

Buecking, K. Wolverine, Gulo gulo. Paper, Univ. of Montana.

Bulmer, M. F. 1974. A statistical analysis of the 10-yearcycle in Canada. J. Animal Ecol. 43:701-718.

Burkholder, B. L. 1962. Observations concerning wolverine.Journal of Mammalogy 43:263-264.

Buskirk, S. W. and L. F. Ruggiero. 1994. American marten.In L. F. Ruggier, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon,and W. J. Zielinsky, eds. The scientific basis forconserving forest carnivores: American amrten, fisher,lynx and wolverine in the western united states. Pp. 730.USDA Foest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp.Stn, Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-254.

Buskirk, S. W., P. F. A. Maderson, and R. M. O'Conner. 1986.Plantar glands in North American Mustelidae. In D.Duvall, D. Muller-Schwarze, and R. M. Silverstein, eds.Chemical signals in vertebrates 4:617-622. New York:Plenum Press.

Butts, T. W. 1992. Wolverine (Gulo gulo) biology andmanagement: A literature review and annotatedbibiolgraphy. USFS Northern Region, Threatened,Endangered, and Sensitive Program.

California Dept. of Fish and Game. 1997. Fact sheet,wolverine.

Camenzind, F. J. 1978. Behavioral ecology of coyotes on theNational Elk Refuge, Jackson, Wyoming. In M. Bekoff, ed.Coyotes: Biology, behavior, and management. Pp. 267294. NY: Academic Press.

Carbyn, L., ed. 1983. Wolves in Canada and Alaska: Theirstatus, biology and management. In Proceedings of theWolf Symposium, Edmonton, Alberta, May 12-14, 1981.Environment Canada, Canadian wildlife Service. ReportSeries No. 45. 135 pp.

Carthew, S. M. and E. Slater. 1991. Monitoring animalactivity with automated photography. J. wildl. Manage.55:689-692.


Caughley, G. 1977. Analysis of vertebrate populations.NY:

John Wiley and Sons. 234 pp.

Charris, C. November 25, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Cherry, M. February 10, 1999. Letter.

Chrisler, L. 1959. He scare not a damn. Nat. Mag. 52:181184

.

Chrisler, L. n.d. Arctic wild. NY: Harper and Brothers.

Clark, J. A. 1994. The Endangered Species Act: Its history,provisions, and effectiveness. In T. W. Clark, R. P.Reading, and A. L. Clarke, eds. Implementing endangeredspecies policy: Reviewing the experience and learningthe lessons. Pp.19-43. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Clark, T., A. Harvey, R. Dorn, D. Genter, and C. Groves, eds.1989. Rare, sensitive, and threatened species of theGreater Yellowstone ecosystem. Northern RockiesConservation Cooperative, Montana Natural HeritageProgram, The Nature Conservancy, and Mountain WestEnvironmental Services. 153 pp.

Clark, T. W. R., P. Reading, and A. L. Clarke, eds. 1994.Implementing endangered species policy: Reviewing theexperience and learning the lessons. Washington, D.C.:Island Press. 450 pp.

Clearwater National Forest. November 6, 1998. Letter to J.Jensen.

Cockerton, D. and S. Herrero. 1973. A study of wolverinehome range and behavior by tracking. Unpb. report. Mt.Assiniboine Prov. Park, British Columbia. 23 pp.

Colorado Division of wildlife, U.S. Forest Service, NationalPark Service, U.S. Fish and wildlife Service, New MexicoGame and Fish Department, Wyoming Game and FishDepartment. 1997. Draft strategy for the conservation andreestablishment of lynx and wolverine in the southernRocky Mountains. Carbondale, CO: Colorado Division ofWildlife. Unpublished report.

Colorado Natural Heritage Program. 1998. Wolverine data forColorado.


Commmittee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada(COSEWIC). 1993. Canadian species at risk. ottawa:Canadian Wildlife Service. 11 pp.

Commmittee on the Status of Endangered wildlife in Canada(COSEWIC). 1998. Canadian species at risk. ottawa:Canadian wildlife Service. 21 pp.

Conner, M. C, R. F. Labisky, and D. R. Progulske, Jr. 1983.Scent-station indices as measures of population abundancefor bobcats, racoons, gray foxes, and opossums. wildl.Soc. Bull. 11:146-152.

Conover, A. 1994, Summer. Demon of the north. Defenders ofwildlife.

Conover, W. J. and R. L. Iman. 1976. Rand transformation asa bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics.Am. Statistician 35:124-133.

Conservation Data Center. 1994. Rare, threatened, andendangered plants and animals of Idaho. 3rd ed. Boise:Idaho Dept. Fish and Game. 39 pp.

Cooperative Wolverine Study in Columbia Basin. 1997. Factsheet concerning organization and progress of study.

Copeland, J. 1992. Study plan: Wolverineecology and habitatuse in central Idaho. 3rd draft. Cooperative wildlifeResearch Project, Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game, Universityof Idaho, Sawtooth national Forest, Challis NationalForest, Boise National Forest.

Copeland, J. 1993. Assessment of snow-tracking and remotecamera systems to document presence of wolverines atcarrion bait stations. Idaho Dept. Fish and GAme. 8 pp.

Copeland, J. 1993. Progress report: Wolverine ecology andhabitat use in central Idaho. Unpublished report. Boise,ID: Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game. 18 pp.

Copeland, J. P. 1996. Biology of the Wolverine in CentralIdaho. M.S. thesis. Univ. of Idaho.

Copeland, J. and C. R. Groves. 1992. Wolverine ecology andhabitat use in central Idaho. Progress report, IdahoDept. Fish and Game. 26 pp.


Copeland, J. and C. E. Harris. 1993. Wolverine ecology andhabitat use in central Idaho. Progress report. IdahoDept. Fish and Game. 20 pp.

Copeland, J. and H. Hudak. 1995. Conservation assessmentfor wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Idaho. In Forest carnivoresin Idaho. Pp. 97-127. Draft. Saving all the Pieces.Prepared by Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Nez perceTribe, Sawtooth National Forest for Idaho StateConservation Effort, Idaho Department of Fish and Game.

Copeland, J. P., E. Cesar, J. M. Peek, C. E. Harris, C. D.Long, and D. L. Hunter. 1995. A live trap for wolverineand other forest carnivores. wildl. Soc. Bull. 23:535538.

Corbet, G. B. 1966. The terrestrial mammals of westernEurope. London: Foulis and Company.

Coues, E. 1877. Fur-bearing animals: A mongraph of NorthAmerican Mustelidae. washington, D.C.: Dept. of theInterior, U.S.G.S. Misc. Pub. No.8. 348 pp.

Coulter, M. W. 1960 The status and distribution of thefisher in Maine. Journal of Mammalogy 41:1-9.

Cowan, I. McT. 1938. The fur trade and the fur cycle: 18251857.

Crowe, D. M. 1972. The presence of annuli in bobcat toothcementum layers. J. wildl. Mange. 36:1330-1332.

Crowley, J. M. 1967. Biogeography. Canadian Geographer11(4):312-326.

Cunningham, J. D. 1959. The wolverine and the fisher in theYosemite region. J. Mammal. 40:614-615.

Curlee, A. P., T. W. Clark, D. Casey, and R. P. Reading.1994. Large carnivore conservation: Back to the future.Endangered Species Update 11(3 and 4):1-4.

Dagg, A. L. and C. A. Campbell. 1974. An annotatedbibloigraphy on the status and ecology of the wolverine inCanada. Can. wildl. Serv. MS Rep., Ottawa. 45 pp.

Dagg, A. L. and C. A. Campbell. 1974. Historic changes inthe distribution and numbers of wolverine in Canada andthe northern united States. Unpublished report. Ottawa:Canadian wildlife Service. 21 pp.


Dalquest, W. W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. Univ. ofKansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. 2. 444 pp.

Damarchi, D. A., R. D. Marsh, and A. P. Harcombe, et al. 1990.The environment (a regional ecosystem outline of BritishColumbia). In R. W. Campbell, N. K. Dawe, I. Cowan, andMcTaggart et al. The birds of British Columbia. 1:55-144.victoria, BC: Royal British Columbia provincial Museum.

Danilov, P. I. 1965. Some data on the reproduction of theglutton (Gulo gulo L.). Zool. Zh. 44:1737-1739. [Russianwith English summary]

Darden, T. November 17, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Dauphine, C. 1989. 1987 status report on the wolverine (~gulo) in Canada. Committee on International Trade ofEndangered Species.

Davis, D. g. 1967. A brief note on the birth of wolverines.Int. Zoo. Yearbook 7:127.

Davis, W. B. 1939. The recent mammals of Idaho. Caldwell,ID: Caxton Printers Ltd. 400 pp.

Deems, E. F. and D. Pursley. 1978. North Americanfurbearers. Int. Assoc. Fish wildl. Agencies. 171 PP.

Deems, E. F. and D. Pursley. 1983. Wolverine (Gulo gulo).

de Monte, M. and J. J. Roeder. 1990. Histological structureof the abdominal gland and other body regions involved inolfactory communication in pine martens (Martes martes).Z. Saugetierk. 55:425-427.

de Monte, M. and J. J. Roeder. 1990. Les modalites decommunication chez la martre (Martes martes). Mammalia54:11-22.

deVos, A. 1951. Overflow and dispersal of marten and fisherfrom wildlife refuges. Journal of wildlife Management15:164-175.

deVos, A. 1964. Range changes of mammals in the Great Lakesregion. American Midland Naturalist 71:210-231.

Dieterich, R. A. 1981. Alaskan wildlife diseases.Fairbanks, AK: Inst. of Arct. BioI., Univ. of Alaska.


Dixon, J. 1925. Closed season needed for fisher, marten andwolverine in California. Sacramento, CA. California Fishand Game 11:23-25.

Dunn, E. J. and E. A. Stanlake. 1978. The family Mustelidae:A bibliograpy. Fish and Wildl. Bull. No. B-4. Victoria:British Columbia wildlife Branch. 73 pp.

Durrant, S. D. 1952. The mammals of Utah. Univ. KansasMus. Nat. Hist. Pub. 6. 549 pp.

Edde, J. December 8, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Edelman and J. Copeland. 1999. Wolverine distribution inthe northwestern united States and a survey in the SevenDevils Mountains of Idaho. Northwest Science 73:295-300.

Edwards, R. Y. and I. McT. Cowan. 1957. Fur production ofthe boreal forest region of British Columbia. J. wildl.Management 21:257-267.

Eisenberg, J. F. 1981. The mammalian radiations. Univ. ofChicago Press. 509 pp.

Eisenberg, J. F. 1989. An introduction to the Carnivora.In Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution. Pp. 1-10.Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.

Eisenberg, J. F. and D. G. Kleiman. 1972. Olfactorycommunication in mammals. In R. F. Johnson, P. W. Frank,and C. D. Michener, eds. Ann. rev. of ecol. and syst.,Vol. 3. Pp. 1-32. Palo Alto, CA: Ann. Rev. Inc.

Elliot, D. G. 1903. Descriptions of 27 apparently newspecies and subspecies of mammals. Philadelphia: FieldColumbian Museum, Zoological Series 87(3):260-261.

Ennis, K. R. December 8, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Environmental Groups Seek Protection for Wolverine. 19September 1994. Salt Lake Tribune.

Erickson, D. W. 1982. Estimating and using furbearer harvestinformation. In G. C. Sanderson, ed. Midwest furbearermanagement. Pp. 53-65. Proc. Symp. 43rd Midwest Fish andWildlife Conf., Whichita, Kansas.

Erlinge, S. 1986. Specialists and generalists among themustelids. Lutra 29:5-11.


Erlinge, S., M. Sandell, and C. Brinck. 1982. Scent markingand its territorial significance in stoats, Mustelaerminea: An effect of shifts between two decisiveresources. oikos 47:57-62.

Ewer, R. F. 1973. The carnivores. Ithaca, NY: CornellUniv. Press.

Fain, S. 1994. DNA fingerprint variation in populations ofNorth American black bear. International Conference onBear Research and Management, Missoula, MT. 9:000-000.

Federal Register. 1 October 1984. Listing endangered andthreatened species and designating critical habitat. Vol.49, no. 191.

Federal Register. 19 April 1994. Endangered and threatenedwildlife and plants; 90-day finding for a Petition to listas endangered or threatened the contiguous United StatesPopulation of the North American Wolverine. Vol. 60, no.75.

Fergunson, A. W. 1969. The wolverine: Bandit of theNorthland. Outdoor World 2:17-19.

Fitzgerald, J. P. 1994. Furbearer management analysis.Denver, CO: Dept. Nat. Res., Colo. Div. Wild.

Flook, D. R. and J. Rimmer. 1965. Cannibalism in starvingwolverines and sex identification from skulls. Can. FieldNat.79:171-173.

Foresman, K. R. January 29, 1999. Letter to J. Jensen.

Fox, M. W. 1975. Evolution of social behavior in canids.In M. W. Fox, ed. The wild canids--Their systematics,behavioral ecology and evolution. Pp. 429-459. NY: VanNostrand Reinhold Company. 508 pp.

Franklin, J. F. 1993. Preserving biodiversity: Species,ecosystems, or landscapes? Ecological Applications3(2):202-205.

Fraser, D. 1976. An esi5tmate of hunting mortality based onthe age and sex structure of the harvest. Proc. North Am.Moose Conf. Workshop 12:236-273.

Frazier, B. D. November 19, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.


Frederick, G. P. 1991. Effects of forest roads on grizzlybears, elk, and gray wolves: A literature review. USDAForest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Rl-91-73.

Friedrich, P. D., G. E. Burgoyne, T. M. Cooley, and S. M.Schmitt. 1983. Use of lower canine teeth for determiningthe sex of bobcats in Michigan. Mich. Dep. Nat. Resour., wildl.Dev., Rep. 2960. 5 pp.

Fry, W. 1923. The wolverine. California Fish and Game9:129-134.

Gaillard, D. 26 August 1998. E-mail to BLF.

Gaillard, D. 10 March 1999. E-mail to BLF.

Gardner, C. L. 1985. The ecology of wolverines insouthcentral Alaska. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks,AK.

Gardner, C. L. and W. B. Ballard. 1982. Susitna hydroelectric project. Phase I final rep. Vol. VII:wolverine. Anchorage: Alaska Dept. Fish and Game. 43pp.

Gardner, C. L., W. B. Ballard, and R. H. Jessup. 1986. Longdistance movement by an adult wolverine. Journal of Mammalogy67:603.

Gardner, C. L., M. E. McNay, and R. Tobey. 1993. Estimatesof wolverine densities and sustainable harvests in theNelchina Basin in southcentral Alaska. Abstract. InAbstracts: 7th Northern Furbearer Conference, Whitehorse,Yukon, April 22-23. 33 pp.

Gerhardt, G. August 13, 1994. Wolverines gather support inColorado. Rocky Mountain News.

Gill, D. 1978. Large mammals of the Macmillan Pass area,Northwest Territories and Yukon. Unpublished report. Vancouver,British Columbia: AMAX Northwest Mining Co. Ltd. 68 pp.

Gipson, P. S. 1979. Ecology of wolverines in an arcticecosystem. Natl. Geograph. Soc. Res. Rep. 1979: 253-263.

Gittleman, J. L. 1989. Carnivore group living: comparativetrends. In J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore behavior,ecology, and evolution. Pp. 183-208. Ithaca, NY:Cornell Univ. Press. 620 pp.


Gittleman, J. L. and P. H. Harvey. 1982. Carnivore homerange size, metabolic needs, and ecology. Behav. Ecol.Sociobiol. 10:57-63.

Gobar, C. F. December 14, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Golden, H. N. 1986. Survey of furbearer poulations on theYukon Flats National wildlife Refuge. prog. Rep.Fairbanks: Alaska Dept. Fish and Game. 23 pp.

Golden, H. N., W. R. Route, and E. F. Becker. 1993.Wolverine demography and ecology in southcentral Alaska.project outline and Phase I progress report. Incooperation with the National Park Srvice. Alaska Dept.of Fish and Game. 27 pp.

Gordon, F. December 29, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Gorman, M. L. and B. J. Trowbridge. 1989. The role of odourin the social lives of carnivores. In J. L. Gittleman,ed. Carnivore behavior, ecology and evolution. Ch. 2,57-88. NY: Cornell Univ.

Graham, J. 17 July 1998. E-mail to BLF.

Greer, K. R. and D. Palmisciano. 1982. wildlife labinvestigation reports. Helena: Montana Dept. Fish,wildl. and Parks.

Greer, K. R., P. L. Wright, D. palmisciano, R. McFarland, andM. G. Hornocker. 1979. Analysis of a trapper harvest ofMontana wolverine, Gulo gulo. Proc. 59th Ann. Meeting Am.Soc. Mammal., Corvallis, Oegon.

Grinnell, G. B. 1913. A distributional list of the mammalsof California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4,3:265-390.

Grinnell, G. B. 1920. As to the wolverine. Journal ofMammalogy 1:182-184.

Grinnell, G. B. 1921. The tree-climbing wolverine. Journalof Mammalogy 2:36-37.

Grinnell, G. B. 1926. Some habits of the wolverine. Journalof Mammalogy 7:30-34,

Grinnell, J., J. S. Dixon, and J. M. Linsdale. 1937.Furbearing mammals of California. Vol. 1. Berkeley:Univ. of California Press. 375 pp.

,


Groves, C. 1987. A bibliography of Idaho mammalogy (19401987). Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 63 pp.

Groves, C. 1987. Distribution of the wolverine (Gulo gulo)in Idaho, 1960-1987. Nongame and Endangered SpeciesProgram Report. Boise: Idaho Dept. Fish and Game. 24pp.

Groves, C. 1988. Distribution of the wolverine in Idaho asdetermined by mail questionnaire. Northwest Science62(4):181-185.

Groves, C. R. 1994. Candidate and sensitive speciesprograms: Lessons for cost-effective conservation. InT. W. Clark, R. P. Reading, and A. L. Clarke, eds.Implementing endangered species policy: Revewing theexperience and learning the lessons. Pp. 227-250.Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Groves, C. and G. Gadwa. 1989. Status survey for wolverines(Gulo gulo) on the Sawtooth National Forest and adjacentareas. Cooperative Challenge Cost Share Project, SawtoothNational Forest and Idaho Department of Fish and Game.

Guiget, C. J. 1951. An account of wolverine attackingmountain goat. Canadian Field Nturalist 65:187.

Gunson, J. R. 1983. Status and management of wolves inAlberta. In L. Carbyn, ed. Wolves in Canada and Alaska:Their status, biology and management. Proceedings of theWolf Symposium, Edmonton, Alberta, May 12-14. EnvironmentCanada. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series No. 45:25-29.

Habeck, J. R. 1972. Fire ecology investigations in theSelway Bitterroot Wilderness. Univ. Montana Publ. No.Rl-72-001.

Haglund, B. 1966. De stora rovdjurens vintervanos. viltrevy4:245-283.

Haglund, B. 1966. Winter habits of the lynx (L~nx l~nx L.)and wolverine (Gulo gulo L.) as revealed by tracking inthe snow. Viltrevy 4:81-309.

Haglund, B. 1974. Moose relations with predators in Sweden,with special reference to bear and wolverine. NaturalisteCanada 101:457-466.

,


Haines, R. 1993. Wolverine habitat guidelines for theMalheur National Forest. USFS, Region 6, Malheur NationalForest. 6 pp.

Halfpenny, J. C., D. Nead, and S. J. Bissell. 1979. Coloradowolverine-lynx verification program. Colo.-Wyo. Acad. Sci.11:89. Abstract.

Halfpenny, J. C., D. Nead, S. J. Bissell, and R. J. Aulerich.n.d. A bibliography of Mustelids. Part VI.. Wolverine.

Hall, E. R. 1926. The abdominal skin gland of Martes.Journal of Mammalogy 7:227-229.

Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2nd ed.NY: John Wiley and Sons.

Hall, E. R. and K. R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of NorthAmerica. NY: Ronald Press Co.

Hamilton, D. A., J. A. Baker, and M. E. Obbard, comps and eds.wild furbearer management and conservation in NorthAmerica. Pp. 1000-1116. Toronto: ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources.

Hamlin, R. 1992. Status summary. U.S. Fish and wildlifeService, Reno Field Office.

Hammer, K. 1998. Road access standards threaten grizzlies.Friends of the wild Swan 11(2).

Harestad, H. E. and F. L. Bunnell. 1979. Home range andbody weight--A re-evaluation. Ecology 69:389-402.

Hardy, T. 1948. Wolverine fur frosting. J. Woldl. Manage.12:331-332.

Harrison, J. A. 1979. The Pliocene wolverine, Plesiogula,from North America and Asia. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.82:87-88. Abstract.

Hart, M. M., Copeland, J. P., and Redmond, R. I. 1997. Mappingwolverine habitat in the northern Rockies using a GIS. Aposter presented at the Wildlife society's 4th AnnualConference, Snowmass Village, Colorado, September 25.

Hash, H. S. 1980. Habitat characteristics of bobcat, Canadalynx and river otter. Job Progress Report W=120-R10(5892). State of Montana. 7 pp.

i


Hash, H. S. 1987. Wolverine. In N. Novak et al., eds.wild furbearer management and conservation in northAmerica. Pp. 683-694. Toronto, ontario: ontarioTrappers Association and Ministry of Natural Resources.

Hash, H. S. and M. G. Hornocker. 1980. Immobilizingwolverines (Gulo gulo) with ketamine hydrochloride. J.wildl. Manage. 44:713-715.

Hatler, D. F. 1988. A wolverine management strategy forBritish Columbia. Prepared for B.C. Ministry ofEnvironment, wildlife Branch, victoria, BC. wildlifeBulletin No. B-61. 122 pp.

Hatler, D. F. 1989. A wolverine management strategy forBritish Columbia. Prepared for B.C. Ministry ofEnvironment, Wildlife Branch, Victoria, BC. WildlifeBulletin No. B-60.

Haugen, A. O. 1961. Wolverine in Iowa. J. Mammal. 42:546547.

Hawley, V. D. and F. E. Newby. 1957. Marten home ranges andpopulation fluctuations.

Hayne, D. W. 1949. Calculation of size of home range. J.Mammal. 30:1-18.

Haynes, G. 1982. Utilization and skeletal disturbances ofNorth American prey carcasses. Arctic 36:266-281.

Heard, D. C. 1983. Historical and present status of wolvesin the Northwest Territories. In L. Carbyn, ed. Wolvesin Canada and Alaska: Their status, biology andmanagement. Proceedings of the Wolf Symposium. Edmonton,Alberta, May 12-14, 1981. Environment Canada. Canadianwildlife Service Report Series No. 45:44-47.

Heinemeyer, K. S. 1988. Temporal dynamics in the movements,habitat use, activity, and spacing of reintroduced fishersin northwestern Montana. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Montana,Missoula. 158 pp.

Heinemeyer, K. S. and J. L. Jones. 1994. Fisher biology andmanagement in the western united States: A literaturereview and adaptive management strategy. USDA ForestService, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 108 pp.

Heydon, C., ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. February3, 1999. Letter to J. Jensen.

,


Hickman, C. P., Sr., C. P. Hickman, Jr., and F. M. Hickman.1974. Integrated principles of zoology. st. Louis: TheC. V. Mosby Co. 1,025 pp.

Hillis, M. December 10, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Hinman, R. A. and R. Kramer, eds. 1986. Alaska trappingregulations. Alaska Dept. Fish and Game Publ. 26. 50 pp.

Hoak, J. H., J. L. Weaver, and T. W. Clark. 1982. Wolverinein western Wyoming. Northwest Science 56:159-161.

Hoffman, R. S. and D. L. Pattie. 1968. A guide to Montanamammals: Identification, habitat, distribution, andabundance.

Holbrow, W. C. 1976. The biology, mythology, distributionand management of the wolverine in western Canada.Winnipeg, Manitoba: Univ. of Manitoba, Natural ResourcesInstitute. MNRM Practicum. 214 pp.

Holland, G. P. 1949. A revised check list of the fleas ofBritish Columbia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. B.C. 45:7-14.

Hornocker, M. G. 1969. Winter territoriality in mountainlions. J. wildl. Manage. 33:457-464.

Hornocker, M. G. 1974. Wolverine status: 1974. U.S. Fishand wildl. Ser. Rep. 1. 10 pp.

Hornocker, M. G. 1976. A new look at the mountain lion.Natl. Wildl. 14:42-47.

Hornocker, M. and H. Hash. 1980. Ecology of the wolverinein northwestern Montana. Journal of wildlife Management44(3) :1286-1301.

Hornocker, M. and H. Hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverinein northwestern Montana. Canadian Journal of Zoology59:1286-1301.

Hornocker, M. G., J. P. Messick, and W. E. Melquist. 1983.spatial strategies in three species of Mustelidae. ActaZool. Fenn. 174:185-188.

Houston, D. B. 1978. Cougar and wolverine in YellowstoneNational Park. Res. Note No.5, Yellowstone NationalPark.

,


Hunt, C. B. 1974. Natural regions of the United states andCanada. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co. 725 pp.

Ingles, L. G. 1965. Mammals of the Pacific states.Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.

Ingram, R. 1973. Wolverine, fisher and marten in centralOregon. Oregon State Game Comm., Cent. Reg. Adm. Rep. 7372. 41 pp.

Irving, L. 1972. Arctic life of birds and mammals includingman. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 192. pp.

Iverson, J. A. 1972. Basal metabolic rate of wolverinesduring growth. Norwegian Journal of Zoology 20:317-322.

Jackson, C. F. 1922. Notes on New Hampshire mammals. J.Mammal. 3:13-15.

Jackson, H. H. T. 1954. Wolverine (Gulo luscus) specimensfrom Wisconsin. J. Mammal. 35:254.

Jackson, H. H. T. 1961. Mammals of Wisconsin. Madison:Univ. Wisconsin Press. 504 pp.

Jakimchuk, R. D., ed. 1974. Mammal studies in northernAlaska with emphasis within the Canning River Drainage.Pp. 19-21. Renewable Resources Consulting Services, Ltd.

Johnson, C. S. 1989. Manitoba fur fact book. Manitoba Dept.of Natl. Res.

Johnson, C. S. 1990. Re-evaluation of the status of thewolverine in Manitoba. Tech. Rep. No. 90-01. ManitobaDept. of Natl. Res., Wildl. Branch.

Johnson, D. H. and I. D. Watt. 1981. A rapid method forsectioning undecalcified carnivore teeth for aging. In

J. A. Cahapman and D. Pursley, eds. Proc. WorldwideFurbeaarer Conf., Frostburg, MD. Pp. 407-422.

Johnson, R. E. 1977. An historical analysis of wolverineabundance and distribution in Washington, USA. Murrelet58:13-16.

Johnson, V. 8 March 1999. E-mail to Wild Forever GrizzlyRecovery Network.

I


Johnson, V. K. 1999. Rural residential development trendsin the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem since the listing ofthe grizzly bear. Bozeman, Montana: Sierra Club GrizzlyBear Ecosystems Project.

Jones, F. L. 1950. Recent records of the wolverine (~luscus luteus) in California. California Fish and Game36:320-322.

Jones, F. L. 1955. Records of southern wolverine Gulo luscusluteus in California. J. Mammal. 36:569.

Jones, J. K., Jr. 1964. Distribution and taxonomy of mammalsof Nebraska. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 16. 456pp.

Kebbe, C. E. 1966. Wolverine killed in Oregon. Murre let47:65.

Keith, L. B. 1990. Dynamics of snowshoe hare populations.In H. H. Genoways, ed. Current mammalogy. Pp. 119-196.NY: Plenum Press.

Kelly, B. T. 1991. Carnivore scat analysis: An evaluationof existing techniques and the development of predictivemodels of prey consumed. M.S. thesis, University ofIdaho, Moscow. 200 pp.

Kelsall, J. P. 1966. The migratory barren-ground caribou ofCanada. Ottawa: Canadian wildlife Service. 340 pp.

Kelsall, J. P. 1981. Status report on the wolverine, GulogylQ, in Canada in 1981. ottawa, ON: Committee on theStatus of Endangered wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 47 pp.

Kerasote, T. 1996, June/July. Life at the top of the foodchain. Sports Afield.

Ketchum Ranger District, Sawtooth National Forest. 1997.Environmental assessment for outfitted and guided backcountry helicopter skiing on the Sawtooth National Forest.14 pp.

Kleiman, D. G. and J. R. Malcolm. 1981. The evolution ofmale parental investment in mammals. In D. J. Gubernickand P. H. Klopfer, eds. Parental care in mammals. Pp.347-387. NY: Plenum Press.

,


Knorre, E. P. 1959. Ecology of the elk. In G. A. Novikov,ed. Transactions of the Pechora-Hych State GAme Preserve.Translated by the Canadian wildlife Service 1966.3895(7):324.

Knudsen, L. L. and F. W. Allendorf. 1994. Conservationgenetics of North American brown bear. InternationalConference on Bear Research and Management, Missoula, MT.9:000-000.

Koehler, G. M. 1990. Winter survey for wolves and wolverineon the Clearwater National Forest 1989-1990. Order No.43-0276-9-0505. Moscow, Idaho: wildlife ResearchInstitute.

Koehler, G. M. and M. G. Hornocker. 1979. A winter survey ofthreatened, endangered, and status undetermined speciesin north Idaho. Report. Portland, OR: U.S. Fish andWildlife Service. 30 pp.

Koehler, G. M., M. Hornocker, and H. Hash. 1980. Wolverinemarking behavior. The Canadian Field Naturalist 94:339341.

Korschgen, L. J. 1969. Procedures for food-habits analyses.In R. H. Giles, Jr., ed. Wildlife management techniques,3rd ed. Pp. 233-250. Washington, D.C.: The wildlifeSociety.

Kovach, S. D. 1981. Wolverine, Gulo aulo, records for theWhite Mountains, California. California Fish and GAme67:132-133.

Krebs, J. and D. Lewis. 1997. Columbia basin fish andwildlife compensation program HCTF project progressreport. Kootenay wolverine. BC Forest Service ResearchBranch, Kootenay Region. 19 pp.

Krebs, J. A. and D. Lewis. 1999. Wolverine ecology andhabitat use in the North Columbia Mountains: Progressreport. Columbia Basin Fish and wildlife CompensationProgram. British Columbia: Nelson.

Krebs, J. R. and N. B. Davies. 1981. An introduction tobehavioural ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates,Inc. 292 pp.

Krevitz, A. n.d. Reasons to protect wolverines, Bulo guloin the lower 48 states. Unpublished report.

I


Krott, P. 1959. Demon of the North. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, Inc.

Krott, P. 1959. Der Vielfrass (Gulo aulo L. 1758). Monogr.wildsauget. 13:1-159.

Krott, P. 1960. Ways of the wolverine. Natural History69:16-29.

Krott, P. 1982. The wolverine (Gulo gulo Linnaeus 1758)in

the ecosystem. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 30:136150.

Krott, P. and C. Gardner. 1985. Wolverine breeding behaviorin Alaska. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 32:87.

Kruuk, H. 1972. The spotted hyena: A study of predationand social behavior. Univ. of Chicago Press. 335 pp.

Kucera, T. E. and R. H. Barrett. 1991. Cooperative wolverinestudy--first annual report. Berkeley, CA: U.C. Dept.For. and Res. Manage.

Kucera, T. E. and W. J. Zielinski. 1995. The case of forestcarnivores: Small packages, big worries. EndangeredSpecies Update 12(3).

Kurten, B. 1968. Pleistocene mammals of Europe. London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 317 pp.

Kurten, B. and R. Rausch. 1959. A comparison betweenAlaskan

and Fennoscandian wolverine (Gulo gulo Linnaeus). ActaArctica 11:5-20.

Kvam, T., K. Overskaug, and O. J. Sorensen. 1984. Jerven(Gulo gulo L.) i Norge. Utbredelse og bestand 1978-1983.

Viltrapport 32, Trondheim Norway. 76 pp + map.

Kvam, T., K. Overskaug, and O. J. Sorensen. 1984. Thewolverine (Gulo gulo L.) in Norway. Lutra 31:7-20.

LaRoche, L. 13 October 1998. E-mail to BLF.

Larrison, E. J. and D. R. Johnson. 1981. Mammals of Idaho.Moscow, ID: Univ. Press of Idaho.

Larson, J. S. and R. D. Taber. 1980. criteria of sex andage. In S. D. Schemnitz, ed. Wildlife managementtechniques manual. 4th ed. Pp. 143-202. washington,D.C.: The wildlife Society.

I ,


Lauckhart, J. B. 1970. Rare mammals of Washington.Washington Chapter, The wildlife society. 5 pp.

Lechleitner, R. R. 1969. Wild mammals of Colorado. Boulder,CO: pruett Publishing Co. 254.

Ledig, F. T. 1993. Secret extinctions: The loss of geneticdiversity in forest ecosystems. In M. A. Fenger et al.,eds. Our living legacy: proceedings of a symposium onbiological diversity. Pp. 127-140. Victoria, BC: RoyalBritish Columbia Museum.

Leptich, D. J. and P. Zager. 1991. Road access managementeffects on elk mortality and population dynamics. In A. G.Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, comps.Proc. elk vulnerability symp. Pp. 126-131. Bozeman, MT:Montana State Univ.

LeResche, R. A. and R. H. Hinman, eds. 1973. Alaska'swildlife and habitat. Anchorage, AK: Alaska Dept. ofFish and Game. 144 pp. + maps.

Leschner, L. L. n.d. Wolverine. Olympia, WA: WashingtonDept. of Game. 19 pp.

Levere, W. P. 1996. Decision notice and finding of nosignificant impact. USDA Forest Service, R-4, SawtoothNational Forest, Ketchum Ranger District. 10 pp.

Lewis, L., BLM. November 13, 1997. Notice of Canada lynxworkshop.

Leyhausen, P. 1965. The communal organization of solitarymammals. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 14:249-264.

Lindquist, E. November 23, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Lipton, D. December 24, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Liskop, K. S., R. M. F. S. Sadleir, and B. P. Saunders. 1981.Reproduction and harvest of wolverine (Gulo gulo L.) inBritish Columbia. In J. A. Chapman and D. Pursley, eds.Proceedings of the Worldwide Furbearer Conference. Pp.469-477. Worldwide Furbearer Conference Inc., Frostburg,MD.

Lockie, J. D. 1966. Territory in small carnivores. Symposiaof the Zoological Society of London 18:143-165.


LoFroth, E. 1997. Northern wolverine project: Wolverineecology in logged and unlogged plateau and foothilllandscapes. Research program overview. wildlife Branch,Ministry of Environment, victoria B.C. 5 pp.

Long, C. A. 1965. The mammals of Wyoming. Univ. KansasMus. Nat. Hist. Pub. 14:493-758.

Long, C. D. 1987. Intraspecific communication of thewolverine. Unpubl. report. Abstract. Abstracts, 4thNorthern Furbearer Conference, Juneau, AX, April 3-4,1987. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game. 35 pp.

Lott, D. F. 1991. Interspecific variation in the socialsystems of wild vertebrates. Cambridge Univ. Press. 238pp.

Luttich, S. 1983. Summary of the status of wolves inNewfoundland and Labrador. In L. Carbyn, ed. Wolves inCanada and Alaska: Their status, biology and management.Proceedings of the Wolf Symposium, Edmonton, Alberta, May12-14, 1981. Environment Canada. Canadian wildlifeService Report Series No. 45:126.

Lyon. L. J. 1984. Road effects and impacts on wildlife andfisheries. Paper presented at the Forest Transportationsymposium. Casper, Wyoming, December 11-13, 1984.proceedings. Denver, CO: USDA Forest Service, RockyMountain Region.

Macdonald, D. W. 1979. Some observations and fieldexperiments on the urine marking behaviour of the red fox,VulDes vul~es. Z. Tierpsychol. 51:1-22.

Macdonald, D. W. 1980. Patterns of scent marking with urineand feces amongst carnivore communities. In D. M.Stoddard, ed. Olfaction in mammals. Pp. 107-135.London: Academic Press.

Macdonald, D. W. 1983. The ecology of carnivore socialbehavior. Nature 301:379-384.

Macdonald, D. W. 1985. The carnivores: Order Carnivora.In R. E. Brown and D. W. Macdonald, eds. Social odours inmammals. Vol. 2, pp. 619-722. NY: Oxford Univ. Press.

Mace, R. D., J. S. Waller, T. L. Manley, L. J. Lyon, and H.Zuuring. 1996. Relationships among grizzly bears, roadsand habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Journal ofApplied Ecology 33:1395-1404.

I


MacFarlane, D. 1994. National Forest system statusinformation. In L. F. Ruggiero et al., eds. Thescientific basis for conserving forest carnivores:American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine. Pp. 176184.U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254.

Magoun, A. J. 1978. Studies of wolverines on and adjacentto NPR-A. Unpub. report. Alaska Cooperative wildl.Research Unit. 39 pp.

Magoun, A. J. 1982. Ecology of wolverines in an arcticecosystem. Alaska Coop. wildl. Res. Unit prog. Re.Fairbanks: Univ. of Alaska.

Magoun, A. J. 1985. Population characteristics, ecology andmanagement of wolverines in northwestern Alaska. Ph.D.thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. 197 pp.

Magoun, A. J. 1987. Sociobiollogy of the wolverine innorthwestern Alaska. Trans. Cong. Int. Union Game BioI.18:110-111. Abstract.

Magoun, A. J. 1987. Summer and winter diets of wolverines,Gulo gulo, in arctic Alaska. Can. Field Nat. 101:392-397.

Magoun, A. J. and P. S. Gibson. 1985. Ecology of wolverinesin an arctic ecosystem. Natl. Geogr. Soc. Res. Pub.20:253-263.

Magoun, A. J. and P. Valkenburg. 1983. Breeding behavior offree-ranging wolverines (Gulo gulo). Acta ZoologicaFennici 174:175-177.

Maj, M. 1994. Fisher, lynx, wolverine summary distributioninformation. In L. F. Ruggiero et al., eds. Thescientific basis for conserving forest carnivores:American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine. Pp. 169175. U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical ReportRM-254.

Maj, M. and O. Garten. 1992. Wolverine-fisher-lynx, summaryof distribution information. Unpubl. report. Prepared forthe Inter-agency Forest Carnivore Group. 3 pp.

Maj, M. and O. Garten. 1994. Fisher, lynx, wolverine.Summary of distribution information.

Makridin, V. P. 1964. The distribution and biology of thewolverine in the far north. Zool. Zhurnal 43:1688-1692.

i


Manning, T. H. 1943. Notes on the mammals of south andcentral Baffin Island. Journal of Mammalogy 24:47-59.

Markley, M. H. and C. G. Bassett. 1942. Habits of captivemarten. Am. MidI. Nat. 28:604-616.

Mauer, F. J. 1985. Distribution and abundance of wolverinesin the northern portion of the Arctic National wildlifeRefuge. Arctic Natl. wildl. Refuge, Program Rept. FY8516. 14 pp.

McCarthy, D. P. 13 November 1998. E-mail to BLF.

McFetridge, R. J. 1991-1993. Summary of the (1990-1992)questionanire of registered trappers in Alberta.Unpublished report. Edmonton: Alberta Forestry, Landsand Wildlife, wildlife Branch. 80 pp.

McKay, R. 1991. Biological assessment and inventory planfor the wolverine (Gulo gulo) in the uinta Mountains.Salt Lake City: Utah National Heritage Program and UtahDept. of Natl. Res.

McMaster, K. 19 May 1995. Letter to J. Tutchton.

Mead, E. M. and J. I. Mead. 1989. Snake Creek burial caveand a review of the quaternary mustelids of the GreatBasin. U.S.A. Great Basin Nat. 49:143-154.

Mead, R. A. 1989. The physiology and evolution of delayedimplantation in carnivores. In J. Gittleman, ed. Carnivorebehaviour, ecology and evolution. Pp. 437-457.Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press. 620 pp.

Mead, R. A., M. Bowles, G. Starypan, and M. Jones. 1993.Evidence for pseudopregnancy and induced ovulation incaptive wolverines (Gulo gulo). Zoo. BioI. 12:353-358.

Mead, R. A., M. Rector, G. Starypan, S. Neirinckx, M. Jones,and M. N. DonCarlos. 1991. Reproductive biology ofcaptive wolverines. J. Mammal. 72:807-814.

Meefe, G. K. and C. R. Carroll. 1994. Principles ofconservation biology. Sinauer Assoc. 599 pp.

Meese, G. M. 1989. Saving endangered species: Implementingthe Endangered Species Act. In G. Mackintosh, ed.preserving communities and corridors. Washington, D.C.:Defenders of wildlife.

,


Mehrer, C. E. 1976. Gestation period in the wolverine, GulogylQ. Journal of Mammalogy 57:570.

Melchoir, H. R., N. F. Johnson, and J. S. Phelps. 1987.wild furbearer management in the western United states andAlaska. In M. Novak, J. A. Baker, and M. E. Obbard, eds.wild furbearer management and conservation in NorthAmerica. Ch. 71, pp. 1117-1128. Toronto: OntarioMinistry of Natural Resources.

Melquist, W. E., J. S. Whitman, and M. C. Hornocker. 1981.Resource partitioning and coexistence of sympatric minkand river otter populations. In J. Chapman and D. Pursley,eds. Proc. Worldwide Furbearer Conf. Pp. 187220.Frostburg, MD.

Messick, J. and M. G. Hornocker. 1981. Ecology of the badger(Taxidea taxus) in southwestern Idaho. wildl. Mongr. No.76.

Miller, C. November 25, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Miller, G. C. 1980. Lynx and wolverine verification.Project No. SE-3-3. Colo. Div. of wildl.

Mills, S. L. and F. F. Knowlton. 1990. Coyote space use inrelation to prey abundance. Can. J. Zool. 69:1516-1521.

Minta, S. C. 1992. Tests of spatial and temporal interactionamong animals. Ecol. Appl. 2:178-188.

Moehlman, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked andgolden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). In J.F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds. Advances in the studyof mammalian behavior. Pp. 433-453. Am. Soc. Mammal.Special Pub. No.7.

Mohr, C. O. 1947. Table of equivalent population of NorthAmerican small mammals. amer. Midland Nat. 37:223-249.

Mohr, E. 1938. Vom Jarv (Gulo gulo L.) Zoologische Garten,Leipzig 10:14-21.

Monaghan, J. 1959. Custer: The life of General GeorgeArmstrong Custer. Boston: Little, Brown.

Montana Department of Fish and Game. 1975. Fish and gameplanning. Upper Yellowstone and Shield River drainages.

Restor. Proj. FW-3-R.

i


Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. n.d. Chartsof Montana trapping records, 1984-1996; track detection,1990-1997.

Montana Field Office, USFWS. 14 December 1994.

Morgan, B. J. T., M. J. A. Simpson, J. P. Hanby, and J. HallCraggs. 1974. Visualizing interaction and sequentialdata in animal behaviour: Theory and application ofcluster-analysis methods. Behaviour 56:1-43.

Morrison, M. L. B. G. Marcot, and R. W. Mannan. 1992.wildlife-habitat relationships: Concepts and applications.Univ. of Wisconsin Press. 364 pp.

Morse, D. H. 1980. Behavioral mechanisms in ecology.Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press. 383 pp.

Mosely, R. and C. Groves. 1992. Rare, threatened andendangered plants and animals of Idaho. Report preparedfor Conservation Data Center, Nongame and Endangeredwildlife Program, Iaho Department of Fish and Game.

Murie, O. J. 1974. A field guide to animal tracks. PetersonField Guide Series 19. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Mychasiu, L. and M. Haefs. 1988. Access-related impacts ofback country roads to wildlife and management approachesto mitigate them. Habitat and Research Section, Fish andwildlife Branch, Yukon. 44 pp.

Myrberget, S. 1968. Jervens ynglehi. Fauna 21:108-115.

Myrberget, S. 1970. The Norwegian population of wolverine(Gulo gulo L.) and Lynx (Lynx lynx) Orkanger 2:1-33.

Myrberget, S. 1979. Time of birth and litter size inwolverines. Fauna 32:9-13. In Norwegian with Englishsummary.

Myrhe, R. and S. Myrberget. 1975. Diet of wolverines (~gylQ) in Norway. J. Mammal. 56:752-757.

Nead, D. M., J. C. Halfpenny, and S. Bissell. 1985. Thestatus of wolverines in Colorado. Northwest Science58:286-289.

Neu, C. W., C.R. Byers, and J. M. Peek. 1974. A techniquefor analysis of utilization-availability data. J. wildl.Manage. 48:541-545.


Newby, F. E. and J. J. McDougal. 1964. Range extension ofthe wolverine in Montana. Journal of Mammalogy 45:485-486.

Newby, F. E. and P. L. Wright. 1955. Distribution and statusof the wolverine in Montana. Journal of Mammalogy 36:248-253.

Newell, D. S. 1978. A wolf, wolverine, fox and bear scatstudy from northern British Columbia. Unpubl. report.Victoria, BC: Fish and Wildlife Branch. 53 pp.

Noblitt, B. November 10, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Noss, R. F. and A. Y. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving nature'slegacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity.Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 416 pp.

Novikov, G. A. 1956. Carnivorous mammals of the fauna ofthe USSR. Jerusalem, Israel. O.T.S. 61-11403.Translated by the Israel Program for ScientificTranslations, 1962. 62-116-126, 196-202.

Nowak, R. M. 1973. Return of the wolverine. National ParksConservation 47:20-23.

Nowak, R. M. and J. L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's mammals ofthe world. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins Univ.Press. 1362.

Obbard, M. E. 1987. Fur grading and pelt identification.In M. Novak, J. A. Baker, and M. E. Obbard, comps and eds.Wild furbeaerer management and conservation in NorthAmerica. Ch. 53, pp. 717-826. Toronto: ontario Ministryof Natural Resources.

Obbard, M. E., J. G. Jones, R. Newman, A. Booth, A. J.satterthwaite, and G. Linscombe. 1987. Furbearerharvests in North America. In Novak et al., eds. wildfurbearer management and conservation in North America.

Ognev, S. I. 1935. Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries.Vol. 3: Carnivora (Fissipedia and Finnepedia). Jerusalem,Israel. Translated by Israel Program for ScientificTranslations, 1962. 641 pp.

Olterman, J. H. and B. J. Verts. 1972. Endangered plantsand animals of Oregon. Vol. 4: Mammals. Oregon State Univ.Agric. Exp. Stn. Spec. Rep. 364. 47 pp.

,


Overrein, O. and J. L. Fox. 1990. The wolverine andlivestock predation in north Norway. Trans. Cong. Int.Union Game BioI. 19:604. Abstract.

Palmer, R. S. 1937. Mammals of Maine. B.A. thesis. Orono:Univ. of Maine. 181 pp.

Parrish, B. November 16, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Pasitschniak-Arts, M. and S. Larivere. 1995. Gulo gulo.Mammalian Species 499:1-10.

Patterson, J. R. and E. L. Bowhay. 1968. Four recent recordsof wolverines in Washington. Murrelet 49:12-13.

Paulin, K. November 13, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Peck, R. B. 26 January 1999. E-mail to BLF.

Pengelly, L. W. 1951. Recent records of wolverine in Idaho.Journal of Mammalogy32:224-225

Pengeroth, D., FS. November 30, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Peters, R. and L. D. Mech. 1975. Scent-marking in wolves.Am. Sci. 63:628-637.

Peterson, R. L. 1966. The mammals of eastern Canada.Toronto: Oxford Univ. Press. 465 pp.

Pfister, R. D., B. L. Kovalchik, S. F. Arno, and R. C. Presby.1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. USDA ForestService, Gen. Tech Rep. INT-34.

Pocock, R. I. 1914. On the feet and external features ofthe Canidae and Ursidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 14:914941.

Pocock, R. I. 1921. On the external characters andclassification of the Mustelidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,pp. 803-807.

Poole, K. G. 1991-1992. Wolverine carcass collections inthe western Northwest Territories. Unpubl. reports.Yellowknife, NWT: Dept. of Renewable Resources. 6 pp.

Porter, L. 1988. Late Pleistocene fauna of Lost ChickenCreek, Alaska. Arctic 41:303-313.


Powell, R. A. 1979. Mustelid spacing patterns: variations ona theme by Mustela. Zhurnal Tierpsychologie. 50:153165.

Powell, R. A. 1982. The fisher. Life history, ecology andbehavior. Univ. of Minnesota Press. 217 pp.

Predator Project. [1999]. Background on the wild wolverine.(Gulo gulo). Fact sheet.

Predator Project. 1998. Comments on the FWS rule to listthe lynx. Unpubl. report. Bozeman, MT.

Prescott, J. 1983. Wolverine in Lake st. John area, Quebec.Can. Field Nat. 97:457-458.

primack, R. B. 1993. Essentials of Conservation biology.Sinauer Associates. 564 pp.

Prout, L. November 30, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Pulliainen, E. 1968. Breeding biology of the wolverine (~gylQ L.} in Finland. Annales Zoologica Fennici 5:338-344.

Pulliainen, E. 1982. Scent marking in the pine marten(Martes martes) in Finnish Forest Lapland in winter. Z.

saugetierk 47:91-99.

pulliainen, E. 1988. Ecology, management, and status ofFinnish wolverine Gulo gulo populations. Lutra 31:21-28.

Pulliainen, E. and P. Ovaskainen. 1975. Territory markingby a wolverine (Gulo aulo} in northeastern Lapland. Ann.

Zool. Fenn. 12:268-270.

Quick, H. F. 1952. Some characteristics of wolverine fur.Journal of Mammalogy 33:492-493.

Quick, H. F. 1953. Wolverine, fisher and marten studies ina wilderness region. Transactions of the North Americanwildlife Conference 18:513-532.

Ramirez, P. R., Jr., and M. G. Hornocker. 1981. Small mammalpopulations in different-aged clearcuts in northwesternMontana. J. Mammal. 62:400-403.

Rausch, R. L. 1953. On the status of some arctic mammals.Arctic 6:91-148.

,


Rausch, R. L. 1959. Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska.XXXVI. Parasites of the wolverine, Gulo gulo L., withobservations on the biology of Taenia twirchelli Schwartz,1924. Journal of Parasitology 45:465-484.

Rausch, R. L. and A. M. Pearson. 1972. Notes on thewolverine in Alaska and the Yukon Territory. Journal ofwildlife Management 36:249-268.

Reel, S., L. Schassberger, and W. Ruediger. 1989. Caringfor our natural community: Region 1--Threatened,endangered, and sensitive species program. Missoula, MT:USDA Forest Service, Region One. 309 pp.

Regional Director, Region 6. Letter to Director, AES/TE.February 20, 1995.

Reichel, J. D., D. L. Genter, and E. Atkinson. 1992. Sensitiveanimal species in the Elkhorn and Big Belt Mountains ofthe Helena National Forest. Unpublished report to theHelena National Forest. Helena: Montana Natural HeritageProgram. 158 pp.

Reichhardt, T. 1995. Protecting wildlife becomes endangeredact. Nature 374:9.

Reichman. January 28, 2000. Letter to Forrest.

Rich, A. December 8, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Richardson, S, Washington Dept. of Fish and wildlife.November 13, 1994. Letter to J. Jensen.

Robinson, B. and S. Gehman. Summer 1998. Searching for"skunk bears," the elusive wolverine. YellowstoneNational Park, wyoming: Yellowstone Science.

Rocky Mountaion Front Ranger District. 1992. Rare furbearerand mountain lion observations along the Rocky MountainFront: 1989-1992. USDA, Lewis and Clark National Forest,Annual Report. 27 pp.

Rodriguez-Pastor, S. 9 July 1995. Memo to J. Carlton, T.Skeele, J. Tutchton, M. Hughes, F. Snody.

Rollins, R. 1993. Abundance of furbeareers in BritishColumbia: A survey of trappers, 1992. Unpubl. report.victoria, BC; Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks,wildlife Branch. 12 pp.

I


Roskaft, E. 1990. Jerven. In. A. Semb-Johansson and E.Frislid, eds. Norges Dyr. Pattedyren I. Cappelen, Oslon:152-164.

Rothman, J. and L. D. Mech. 1979. Scent marking in lonewolves and newly formed pairs. Anim. Behav. 27:750-760.

Rotta, G. W., FS. November 18, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Roughton, R. A. and M. W. Sweeny. 1982. Refinements in scentstation methodology for assessing trends in carnivorepopulations. J. wildl. Management 46:217-229.

Rowe, J. S. 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Canadian ForestService. Publication 1300. 171 pp.

Rubenstein, D. I. and R. W. Wrangham. 1986. Socioecology:Origins and trends. In D. I. Rubenstein and R. W.Wrangham, eds. Ecological aspects of social evolution. Pp.3-20. Princeton Univ. Press.

Rue, L. L., III. 1981. Furbearing animals of North America.NY: Crown Publishers. 343 p.

Ruediger, B. 1996. The relationship between rare carnivoresand highways. In G. Evink et al., eds. Transportationand wildlife: Reducing wildlife mortality and improvingwildlife passageways across transportation corridors.proceedings from the Transportation Related wildlifeMortality Seminar. Pp.24-38. Federal HighwayAdministration.

Ruediger, B. 1999. Personal comm.

Ruediger, B., J. Claar, and J. F. Gore. 1999. Restorationof carnivore habitat connectivity in the northern RockyMountains. In press.

Ruggiero, L. F., K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, andW. J. Zielinski, eds. 1994. The scientific basis forconserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher,lynx, and wolverine. U.S.C.A. Forest Service GeneralTechnical Report RM-254.

I


Ruggiero, L. F., S. W. Buskirk, K. B. Aubry, L. J. Lyon, andW. J. Zielinski. 1994. Information needs and a researchstrategy for conserving forest carnivores. In Ruggiero, L.F., K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J.zielinski, eds. The scientific basis for conserving forestcarnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine.Pp. 138-152. U.S.C.A. Forest Service General TechnicalReport RM-253.

Ruggiero, L. F., W. J. Zielinski, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk,and L. J. Lyon. 1994. A conservation assessmentframework for forest carnivores. In L. F. Rugiero etal., eds. Pp. 1-6. The scientific basis for conservingforest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, andwolverine. Pp. 138-152. U.S.C.A. Forest service GeneralTechnical Report RM-253.

Rust, H. J. 1946. Mammals of northern Idaho. Journal ofMammalogy 27:308-327.

Ruth, F. S. 1954. Wolverine seen in Squaw Falley,California. J. Mammal. 35:594-595.

Rybak, E. n.d. Aerial wolverine surveys in Oregon andWashington (1997-1998). compiled for USDA Forest Service,Region 6.

Ryke, N. December 14, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Safford, S. April 7, 1999. E-mail to BLF.

Safford, S. April 9, 1999. E-mail to BLF.

Salwasser, H., C. Schonewald-Cox, and R. Baker. 1987. Therole of interagency cooperation in managing for viablepopulations. In M. Soule, ed. Viable populations forconservation. Pp. 159-174. Cambridge, MA: CambridgeUniv. Press.

Samson, F. 1998. Conversation with J. Krebs.

Samuel, M. D. and E. O. Garton. 1987. Incorporation activitytime in harmonic home range analysis. J. wild. Manage.51:254-257.

Samuel, M. D., D. J. Pierce, and E. O. Garton. 1985.Identifying areas of concentrated use within the homerange. J. Amin. Ecol. 54:711-719.

I


Sandell, M. 1989. The mating tactics and spacing patternsof solitary carnivores. In J. Gittleman, ed. Carnivorebehaviour, ecology, and evolution. Pp. 164-182. Ithaca,NY: Cornell Univ. Press.

Schaller, G. B. 1972. The Serengeti lion: A study ofpredator-prey relations. chicago: Univ. of ChicagoPress. 480 pp.

Schamberger, M. L. 1970. Mammals of Mt. Rainier Park. Ph.D.thesis. Oregon state Univ., Corvallis, OR. 121 pp.

Scheffer, V. B. 1938. Notes on wolverine and fisher in thestate of Washington. Murrelet 19:8-10.

Scheffer, V. B. 1941. Wolverine captured in Okanogan county,Washington. Murrelet 22:37.

Schempf, P. F. and M. White. 1977. Status of six furbearerpopulations in the mountains of northern California. USDAForest Service, California Region. 51 pp.

Schlorff, R. S. 1987. Five-year status report--wolverine.Unpublished report. California Department of Fish andGame.

Schmidt, K. December 7, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Schommer, T. J. November 17, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Schorger, A. W. 1948. Further records of the wolverine forWisconsin and Michigan. J. Mammal. 29:295.

Schultz, C., FS. November 13, 1998. Letter to J. Jensen.

Schupback, T. A. 1977. History, status, and management ofthe pine marten in the upper peninsula of Michigan. M.S.thesis, Michigan Technological Univ.

Scott, J. M., F. Davis, B. Csuti, R. Noss, B. Butterfield, C.Groves, H. Anderson, S. Caicco, F. D'Erchia, T. C.Edwards, Jr., J. Ulliman, and R. G. Wright. 1993. Gapanalysis: A geographic approach to protection ofbiological diversity. wildl. Mongr. 123, pp. 1-41.

Scotter, G. W. 1964. Occurrence of a wolverine in southwestAlberta. Journal of Mammalogy 45:629.

Seal, U.S. 1991. Life after extinction. Symp. Zool. Soc.Lond. 62:39-55.


Seal, u.s. and R. C. Lacy. 1989. Florida panther populationviability analysis. Report to the u.s. Fish and WildlifeService. captive Breeding specialist Group. AppleValley, Minnesota: IUCN Species Survival Commission.

Seal, u.s. and R. C. Lacy. 1990. Florida key deer(Odocoileus verginianus clavium) population viabilityanalysis. Report to the U.S. Fish and wildlife Service.Captive Breeding Specialist Group. Apple Valley,Minnesota: IUCN species Survival Commission.

Seidensticker, J. C., IV, M. G. Hornocker, W. V. wiles, and J.P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization inthe Idaho primitive area. Wildl. Mongr. 35:1-60.

Seton E. T. 1909. Life histories of northern animals. NY:Charles Scribner's Sons. 2 vols, 1267 pp.

Seton, E. T. 1929. Lives of game animals. Garden City, NY:Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc.

Seward, A. 1984. Beaver, lynx, wolf, and wolverine. Ann.Rep. Inventory Activ. Alaska Fish and Game 14:1-140.

Shaffer, M. L. 1987. Minimum viable populations: copingwith uncertainty. In M. E. Soule, ed. Viable populationsfor conservation. Pp. 69-86. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Shilo, R. A. and M. A. Tamarovskaya. 1981. The growth anddevelopment of wolverines (GuIO gulo) at Novosibirsk zool.Int. Zoo Yearbook 21:146-147.

Singer, F. J. 1991. Some predictions concerning a wolfrecovery into Yellowstone National Park: How wolf recoverymay affect visitors, ungulates, and otherpredators. Trans. North Am. wildl. and Natl. Res. Conf.56:567-583.

Skinner, M P. 1927. The predatory and furbearing animals ofthe Yellowstone National Park. Roosevelt wildlife Bulletin4(2):194-195.

Smith, B. L. 1983. Status and management of wolves on theYukon Territory. In L. Carbyn, ed. Wolves in Canada andAlaska: Their status, biology and management. Proceedingsof the Wolf Symposium, Edmonton, Alberta, May12-14, 1981. Environment Canada. Canadian wildlifeService Rport Series No. 45:48-50.


Smith, H. C. 1993. Alberta mammals, an atlas and guide.Edmonton: Prov. Mus. Alberta. 238 pp.

Snake River Basin Office, FWS. November 30, 1998. Letter toJ. Jensen

Snody, F. 7 August 1995. Earthlaw letter to B. Babbitt,Secretary of the Interior and M. Beattie, Director, FWS.Notice of Violations.

Soper, J. D. 1964. The mammals of Alberta. Edmonton,Alberta: Hannly Press Ltd.

Soule, M. E. 1980. Thresholds for survival: Maintainingfitness and evolutionary potential. In M. E. Soule andB. A. wilcox, eds. Conservation biology: Anevolutionary-ecological perspective. Pp. 151-170.Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

Soule, M., ed. 1987. Viable populations for conservation.Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Southwood, T. R. E. 1966. Ecological methods. London:Methuen.

Spear, M. 14 March 1995. Memo to Regional Director, USFWS,Region 4.

Stardom, R. R. P. 1983. Status and management of wolves inManitoba. In L. Carbyn, ed. Wolves in Canada and Alaska:Their status, biology and management. Proceedings of theWolf Symposium, Edmonton, Alberta, May 12-14, 1981.Environment Canada. Canadian wildlife Service ReportSeries No. 45:30-35.

Stickel, L. F. 1954. A comparison of certain methods ofmeasuring ranges of small mammals. J. Mammal. 35:1-15.

Stoddart, M. D. 1980. The ecology of vertebrate olfaction.NY: Chapman and Hall. 234 pp.

Stoddart, M. D., ed. 1980. Olfaction in mammals. Symp.Zool. Soc. Lond.

Stroganov, S. U. 1969. Carnivorous mammals of Siberia.Jerusalem, Israel. Translated by the Israel Program forScientific Translation. 522 pp.


Sullivan, T. P. 1986. Influence of wolverine Gulo aulo odoron feeding behavior of snowshoe hares Legus americanus.J. Mammal. 67:385-388.

Summerfield, B. October 15, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Taylor, W. P. and W. T. Shaw. 1929. Provisional list ofland mammals of the state of Washington. Occ. Pap. Chas.R. Conner Mus. 2:1-32.

Telfer, E. S. and J. P. Kelsall. 1984. Adaptation of sonmelarge North American mammals for survival in the snow.Ecol. 65:1828-1834.

Teplov, V. P. 1948. The problem of sex ratio in ermine.Zool. Zh. 27:567-570.

Teplov, V. P. 1955. On the winter ecology of the glutton inthe Petchora Natura Preserve. Byull. Mosk. Obschch. Ispyt.prir., Otd. BioI. 60:1.

Terra-Burns, M., P. Call, C. Harris, J. Klott, L. Lewis, C.Vullo, and G. Wright. [1997]. Canada lynx in Idaho.Idaho Conservation Effort. Idaho Parks and Recreation,Bureau of Land Management, Idao Department of Fish andGame, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA Forest Service.Draft.

Terrell, T, Deputy Regional Director, Mountain Prairie Region.October 6, 1995. Letter to F. Snody, Earthlaw.

Thomas, E. M. 1952. The fur-bearing mammals of wyoming--Thecommon wolverine. Wyoming wildl. 16:24-27.

Thomas, P. December 1, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Thomson, L. S. 1982. Distribution of Montana amphibians,reptiles, and mammals. Helena: Montana Audubon Council.

Thompson, I. D., J. Davison, S. O'Donnell, and F. Brazeau.1988. Use of track transects to measure the relativeoccurrence of boreal mamals. Can. J. Zool. 67:1816-1823.

Turner Enterprises, Incorporated. n.d. [1999] 1999 Flying Dcarnivore surveys--final report.

Unsworth, J., L. Kuck, M. D. Scott, and E. O. Garton. 1993.Elk mortality in the Clearwater drainage of northcentralIdaho. J. Wild. Management 57:495-502.


U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of the Solicitor. 19October 1983. Memo to Associate Director, FederalAssistance, FWS.

u.s. Fish and wildlife Service. 1974. Wolverine status:1974. USFWS Office of Endangered Species. Specialreport.

u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service. April 19, 1995. Endangeredand threatened wildlife and plants; 90-day finding for apetition to list as endangered or threatened thecontiguous united States population of the North Americanwolverine. Federal Register 60(75)19567-19568.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Director. 19 July 1995. Memo toRegional Directors.

U.S. Forest Service. september 14, 1994. Wolverine, lynxand fisher habitat and distribution maps, drafthierarchical approach and draft conservation strategies.Internal memo from Western Forest carnivore CommitteeChairperson Bill Ruediger to Forest Supervisors (R-1),Regional Foresters (R-2, R-4, R-5 and R-6) , andcooperating agencies (state and federal).

U.S. Forest Service. 1998. Stateline snowmobileenvironmental assessment. Missoula, MT: Lolo NationalForest.

U.S. Forest Service. March 1999. Forest plan monitoring andevaluation report, Shoshone National Forest, Fiscal Year1998. Cody, Wyoming: U.S.D.A. Forest Service.

U.S. Forest Service. 16 March 1999. Memo to WFCC (WesternForest Carnivore Committee) members and interested parties+ Draft agenda for meeting.

U.S. Forest Service. May 1992. Draft analysis of themanagement situation, Targhee National Forest. st.Anthony, Idaho: U.S.D.A. Forest Service.

U.S. Forest Service. 1979. Land management plan, TargheeNational Forest. st. Anthony, Idaho: U.S.D.A. ForestService.

[Utah Division of Wildlife]. n.d. Fact sheet on wolverinein Utah.


Van Dyke, F. G., R. H. Brocke, and H. G. Shaw. 1986. Use oftrack counts as indices of mountain lion presence. J.wildl. Manage. 50:102-109.

van Zyll de Jong, C. G. 1975. The distribution and abundanceof the wolverine in Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist89:431-437.

Warder, J. November 16, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Weaver, J. 1993. Lynx, wolverine, and fisher in the westernunited States. USDA Forest Service, IntermountainResearch station.

Webb, L. November 19, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Weiland, N. November 17, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Wells, M. C. and M. Bekoff. 1981. An observational study ofscent marking in coyotes, Canis latrans. Anim. Behav.29:332-350.

White, G. C. and R. A. Garrott. 1990. Analysis of wildliferadio-tracking data. San Diego: Academic Press. 383 pp.

White, J. A., H. G. McDonald, E. Anderson, and J. M. Soiset.1984. Lava blisters and carnivore traps. Spec. Pub.Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 8:241-256.

White, J. S. and W. B. Barrett. 1979. A review of thewolverine in California with recommendations formanagement. San Francisco: USDA Forest Service. 71 pp.

White River National Forest. n.d. Letter to J. Jensen.

Whitman, J. S. and W. B. Ballard. 1983. Big game studies.Unpubl. report. Vol. VII: Wolverine. Alaska Departmentof Fish and Game. Susitna Hydroelectric Project, Phase IIProgress Report. 25 pp.

Whitman, J. S., W. B. Ballard, and C. L. Gardner. 1986.Home range and habitat use by wolverines in southcentralAlaska. Journal of wildlife Management 50:460-462.

Wilkinson, T. 1998, July/August. Without a trace. NationalParks.

Williams, R. November 18, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.


Wilson, D. E. 1982. Wolverine. In J. A. Chapman and G. A.Feldhamer, eds. wild mammals of North America. Biology,management, and economics. Pp. 644-652. Baltimore: JohnsHopkins Univ. Press.

Winkley, B. and J. Fallon. 1974. Wolverine: Fact orfiction? Outdoor Life 154:68-69.

Winn, D. S. 1976. Relationships between terrestrialvertebrate fauna and selected coniferous forest habitattypes on the north slope of the uinta Mountains. Ph.D.diss., Utah State Univ., Logan.

Winter, K. November 16, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources. 1998. Letter to J.Jensen.

Wolfe, M. L. and J. A. Chapman. 1987. Principles offurbearer management. InK. Novak et al., eds. wildfurbearer management and conservation in North America.Pp. 101-112. ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and theontario Trappers Association.

Wolverine Foundation, Inc. n.d. Life history speciesaccount. 9450 S. Blackcat Road, Kuna, Idaho, USA 83634-1118. Gulo@micron net.

Woods, G. T. 1944. Longevity of captive wolverines. Am.MidI. Nat. 31:505.

Wright, P. L. 1963. Variations in reproductive cycles inNorth American mustelids. In A. C. Enders. Delayedimplantation. Pp. 77-97. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

Wright, P. L. and R. Rausch. 1955. Reproduction in thewolverine, Gulo gulo. Journal of Mammalogy 36:346-355.

Wyoming Game and Fish Department. 1977. Current status andinventory of wildlife in Wyoming. Cheyenne.

Wyoming Game and Fish News. 10 June 1999. Alta + 4-H Clubputting wolverines on the map. Cheyenne.

Yocum, C. F. 1973. Wolverine records in the Pacific coastalstates and new records for northern California.California Fish and Game 59:207-209.


Yocum, C. F. 1974. Recent wolverine records in Washingtonand Oregon. Murrelet 55:15-18.

Youngman, P. M. 1975. Mammals of the Yukon Territory.Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. 192 pp.

Zalunardo, D. November 24, 1998. E-mail to J. Jensen.

Zar, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical analysis. 2nd ed.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. 718 pp.

Zielinski, W. J. and T. E. Kucera. 1995. Lynx, wolverines,fishers, and martens: Survey methods for their detection.U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-156.

Zielinski, W. J. and T. E. Kucera, eds. 1996. Americanmarten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine. Survey methods fortheir detection. USADA Forest Service, Pac. Southwest Res.Stn., Gen. Tech. Rpt. PSW-GTR-157. 163 pp.

Documents

Ackerman, B. B., F. A. Leban, M. D. Samuel, and E. O. Garton. 1990. User's · PDF file · 2015-08-05... and E. O. Garton. 1990. User's manual for program Home Range. 2nd ed. Tech