ACIDS & BASES

Sour Turn litmus paper red pH below 7 Contain hydronium ion

(H3 O +) at the beginning

Proton donors electron acceptors Ex HCl-found in

stomach

Bitter Turn litmus paper blue pH above 7 Contain hydroxide ion

(OH --) at the end Electron donors Proton acceptors Slippery to touch Can be amphoteric (can

act as either acid or base)

ACIDS BASES

NEUTRALIZATION

Acid + base yields salt (metal & n.m) + water

Forms products with pH of 7

PH SCALE

TYPES OF ACIDS

Contain carbon Weaker Found in foods Ex: malic, lactic,

carbonic, citric, acetic

Do not contain carbon

Usually stronger Ex: nitric, sulfuric,

hydrochloric, phosphoric

Organic Inorganic

Monoprotic acids---donate 1 HEx: hydrochloric, nitric

Diprotic acids ---donate 2 HEx: sulfuric

Triprotic acids---donate 3HEx: phosphoric

Formed when metals in Groups 1A---3A react with water

Ex: sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide

ammonia

Strong Bases Weak Bases

INDICATORS Substances that change color with pH

change Ex: litmus paper, pH paper, red cabbage

juice, bromthymol blue, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, methyl red

ACID RAIN

Sulfur oxides + water Formed from

smokestacks of power plants

****natural acid rain is carbonic acid

Nitrogen oxides + water

Formed from car exhausts

Sulfuric Nitric

DISSOCIATION (AKA IONIZATION)

The breaking apart of a molecule into its ions in solution

The stronger acid or base, the faster & more completely it breaks apart

What is produced when a base gains a proton

Ex:HCl + H2O yields Cl-

What is produced when an acid loses a proton

Ex:H2O + H2

Conjugate Acid Conjugate Base

Part of the acid without water

Ex:

Part of the base without water

Ex:

Acid anhydride Base anhydride

TITRATION

The controlled addition of an acid to a base using a buret

Is really a type of neutralization reaction End point—when the end of titration is

reached

PH FORMULAS