Acids and Bases

Properties of Acids and Bases

Properties of Acids and Bases Objectives

List five general properties of aqueous acids and bases

Name common binary acids and oxyacids, given their chemical formulas

List five acids commonly used in industry and the laboratory, and give two properties of each

Define acid and base according to Arrhenius’s theory of ionization

Explain the differences between strong and weak acids and bases

Properties of Acids and Bases Acid

Aqueous solutions of acids have a sour taste

Acids change the color of acid-base indicators

Some acids react with active metals and release hydrogen gas, H2.

Ba(s) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + H2(g)

Acids react with bases to produce salts and water.

Acids conduct electric current.

Properties of Acids and Bases Acid Nomenclature

A binary acid is an acid that contains only two different elements: hydrogen and one of the more electronegative elements

Binary Acid Nomenclature

1. The name of a binary acid begins with the prefix hydro-

2. The root of the name of the second element follows this prefix

3. The name then ends with the suffix -ic

HF, HCl, HBr, and HI

Properties of Acids and Bases Acid Nomenclature

Properties of Acids and Bases Acid Nomenclature

An oxyacid is an acid that is a compound of hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element, usually a nonmetal

HNO3, H2SO4

The names of oxyacids follow a pattern

The names of their anions are based on the names of the acids

Properties of Acids and Bases Acid Nomenclature

Properties of Acids and Bases Some Common Industrial Acids

Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric acid is the most commonly produced industrial chemical in

the world

Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid Hydrochloric Acid

Concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid are commonly referred to as muriatic acid

Acetic Acid Pure acetic acid is a clear, colorless, and pungent-smelling liquid

known as glacial acetic acid

Properties of Acids and Bases Bases

Aqueous solutions of bases taste bitter

Bases change the color of acid-base indicators

Dilute aqueous solutions of bases feel slippery

Bases react with acids to produce salts and water

Bases conduct electric current

Properties of Acids and Bases Arrhenius Acids and Bases

An Arrhenius acid is a chemical compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous solution

An Arrhenius base is a substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH−, in aqueous solution

Properties of Acids and Bases Aqueous Solutions of Acids

Arrhenius acids are molecular compounds with ionizable hydrogen atoms

Their water solutions are known as aqueous acids

All aqueous acids are electrolytes

Properties of Acids and Bases Common Aqueous Acids

Properties of Acids and Bases Strength of Acids

A strong acid is one that ionizes completely in aqueous solution A strong acid is a strong electrolyte

HClO4, HCl, HNO3

A weak acid releases few hydrogen ions in aqueous solution. hydronium ions, anions, and dissolved acid molecules in aqueous

solution

HCN Organic acids (—COOH), such as acetic acid

Properties of Acids and Bases Aqueous Solutions of Bases

Most bases are ionic compounds containing metal cations and the hydroxide anion, OH− dissociate in water

Ammonia, NH3, is molecular Ammonia produces hydroxide ions when it reacts with water

molecules

s aq + aq2H O –NaOH( ) Na ( ) OH ( )

aq + l aq + aq–3 2 4NH ( ) H O( ) NH ( ) OH ( )

Properties of Acids and Bases Strength of Bases

The strength of a base depends on the extent to which the base dissociates

Strong bases are strong electrolytes

Properties of Acids and Bases Relationship of [H3O+] to [OH–]