ACHROMATIC A M CHROMATIC DREAM' PATTERN'S AS RELATED.10 THE USE OF COLOR ON

THE RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST

byJohn JB. Leman, Jr.'

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of theDEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements . For the Degree of’ MASTER OF ARTS

In the Graduate CollegeTHE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

1 9 6 3

STATMENT BY AUTHOR

This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.

Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the pro­posed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship.In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.

SIGNED:

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:

ARNOLD MEADOW Professor of Psychology

A COOW M GIIM TS

The writer wishes to express his thanks to Br. Arnold Meadow for his helpful assistance in this study. A word of thanks is also extended to Br. Jack Capehart, Dr. Randall Martin, and Br. Salvatore Bagona for their suggestions and courtesies extended to the author.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 m

LIST OF TABLES vABSTRACT . . . o o . . . ♦. . . . . . . . ... . „ . . . viINTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29SSSI3LT S o o . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . o . . . 33DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40CONCLUSION O O O O O 6 6 . . O O O © . . O 6 . O O O . 46BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

iv

LIST OF TABLESNumber Page

I Analysis of Covariance, CF Variable, Sex byDream Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

II Adjusted Dream Group CF Means Combined Malesand Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

III Analysis of Covariance, FC Variable, BreamGroups by Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

.IV Adjusted FC Means for Sex According to DreamGroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

V Analysis of Covariance (FC-CF), Iream Groups bySex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 35

VI Adjusted (FC-CF) Combined Group Means for Malesand Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

VII Analysis of Variance, Rorschach Productivity,Bream Groups by Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

VIII Combined Group Productivity Means for Both Malesand Females . . . . . . 36

IX Analysis of Variance for Bream Recall Frequency,Bream Group by Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

X Dream/Week Means, Group and Sex . . . . . . . . 37

v

ABSTRACT OF ACHROMATIC AM) CHROMATIC mS&M KATTBMS 'AS RELATE!) TO THE US! OF COLOR

OH THE RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST

The purpose of this study was to investigate the rela­tionship between various dream classifications and color reponse to the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Sixty normal, Rorschach naive, introductory psychology students were individually administered the Standard Rorschach Inkblots. Color responses were scored during the inquiry period. Subjects were classi­fied into three groups according to their use or non-use of color as reported in dreams. The three dream groups were (1) Black-White, 2) Black-White-Color, 3) Color. Analyses qf Covariance and Variance Methods were used to test the significance of the data at the 5 percent level.

It was demonstrated that color dreamers use more CF on the Rorschach, are less emotionally controlled, give more responses and report more dreams than do BIf dreamers. The author further attempted to demonstrate various factors that have contributed to the controversy surrounding the color- affect hypothesis (CAM).

I N T R O D U C T I 0 N

One of the major theoretical assumptions underlying the Rorschach Inkblot Test is the relationship between color perception and other personality variables = Rorschach (1942) stated that the influence of color in perceiving figures could be interpreted as representing the extent of emotional excitability of the individual and that furthermore, there appeared to be a definite correlation between the extent of motor activity and the number of responses influenced by color. In addition, color responsescwere hypothesized as representing the more ego-centric affective characteristics of the individual or possibly the more adaptive emotional responses. Rorschach felt that individuals characterized by stable emotionality gave few or no color responses while those characterized by labile affective tendencies gave many color responses. Pure color and color-form responses were thought to be indicative of emotional impulsivity and lability while form-color responses were presumed to be a measure of the degree of control that an individual exercised over his affective drives. In essence, Rorschach's formulation of the color-affeet hypothesis states that the response to color reflects an individual's emotional life and his methods of responding to the external environment.

1

2

The color-affect hypothesis has been the center of controversy among psychologists ever since Rorschach first introduced it into the literature. Numerous studies have been published with results both pro and con concerning its validity. One of the goals of this paper will be an attempt to clarify much of the controversy surrounding the color- affect hypothesis as it relates to Rorschach Theory and personality dynamics. The discrepancy exists between clini­cians and research investigators, the former convinced that color does reflect an individual8s emotionality and the latter vigorously claiming that it does not.

The author’s opinion is that much of the confusion surround­ing the color-affect hypothesis, hereafter designated by Cl®, emanates from misinterpretations of the theory and research findings generated from various studies employing different sample types, subjects and methodologies. Indeed, a prime purpose of this paper will be an investigation and clarifica­tion of color and affect in addition to an explanation of the possible meaning of color as it is perceived in dreams, and its relation to personality dynamics.

A review of the literature concerning the CAH and related studies will first be presented. At the conclusion of the historical review an attempt will be made to suggest reasons why the CAH has been the subject of confusion and furthermore, to demonstrate that beneath the disharmony and discrepancy

3

among studies there actually exists a degree of commonality.In clinical practice, the color response is generally

thought of as relating to the individual's emotional nature. Rorschach (1942) suggested that the C * CF answers expressed the more ego-centric functions of the personality while the adaptive affective drives and their management were reflected in the PC responses. This hypothesized link between color and affect is largely accepted by clinical workers today notwithstanding the fact that certain ramifications of the CAE have not always proved'to be accurate according to research findings.

The link between color and affect proposed by Rorschach has been supplemented by an article dealing with affectivity and color perception by Schachtel (1943). Schachtel suggested that the response to color was in fact an excellent indication of an individual's affective life because the experience of color and the experience of affect have two characteristics in common , . . "the passivity of the subject and the immediacy of the relationship object-subject(p. 399) Schachtel offered the following illustrations for his theory.

An individual enters a room in which there are two designs. On one wall is a large blob of color while on the other there is a large design in black and white. The blob of color is immediately per­ceived almost without conscious attention and the individual is aware only of color. The design in black and white, however, requires directed atten­tion before it can be perceived.

An individual becomes angered. He strikes out blindly at his antagonist without regard for the consequences of his act. He is aware only of his anger and an object upon which to vent it.

Passivity, in this instance, refers not to the individual'sovert behavior but rather to the precise nature of ego controlover affective drives. Although the above illustrations areextreme, they serve to clarify Schachtel's point. Haturally,it becomes the tas of the ego to control and direct affectivedrives whether produced internally or externally. (Hartmann,1946)

Rickers-Ovisankina (1943) suggested that the response to color gave considerable insight into the degree of permeability of the individual's ego. She felt that the individual whose ego was more responsive to color was also more responsive to the outside world and as permeability increased the response to color would also increase. Both theorists felt that the extratensive individual responded more to color and was also more responsive to external stimuli. But Schachtel also feels that response to color is characteristic of an ego less able to exort control over affective drives with internal origins. Schachtel feels that the individual who responds to color per se not only possesses an ego which readily responds to outside stimuli but which is also less capable of exerting control upon affective drives having internal origin. Ego permeability is a two-way affair for there is also a more direct lease of affective drive upon the external environment.

5

The validity of these theoretical assumptions formulated largely on the basis of clinical observation and experience m s soon diligently questioned by researchers in the clinical- personality area who sought experimental verification for them. Research flourished in an atmosphere of different methods, assumptions and subject groups, precipitating the inevitable confusion that currently surrounds the CAR. Investigators were soon divided into two rather distinct groups: thosewho favored the CAS and those who did not.

During the years 1948-1958, psychological journals reflected, the concern over the validity of the CAS. During this time the number of publications dealing with color and its various implications steadily increased. Several studies dealt directly with the CAH but the vast majority approached the problem from the standpoint of color as a contributory variable to the entire Rorschach protocol per se. Both types of studies will be presented, because in the writerfs opinion, many of them provide valuable information with respect to certain implications of the CAB

Bazarus (1948, 1949) sought to determine whether color influenced scoring categories other than those making direct use of color. He also investigated whether color shock was dependent upon color. Using 50 male and 50 female high school seniors matched for Otis IQ scores, Lazarus administered the

standard and achromatic versions of the Rorschach via the group method. He indicated that the achromatic series produced a higher S and ¥fo and that color shock indices did not depend on color. In addition, the presence or absence of color had little effect upon scoring categories. Wallen (1948) determined whether the liking of cards 2, 3, 8, 9? 10 was affected by color by testing 419 males in the armed services, 71 of whom were classified as neurotics. Subjects were shown each of the 10 cards and asked to tell if they liked it. Two hundred and eighty-three subjects responded to the standard series, 136 to the achromatic versions, and 45 subjects were asked to compare chromatic-achromatic versions of cards 2, 3, 8, 9,10. Wallen concluded that normals preferred colored versions of 8, 9, 10 achromatic version of 3 with no difference for 2. Eeurotics preferred 8, 10 in color, tended to prefer 9 in color, indicated no difference for 3, while tending to prefer the achromatic version of 2. He further stated the evident dislike of card 2 by the neurotics was definitely related to their association of it with blood. Lastly, Wallen suggested that color may produce shock because it facilitates associations with a disturbing affect, but in general, the contour and organization of the blot were the prime determiners of affec­tive reactions.

In order to study the influence of color on the Rorschach protocol, Reece (1949) used the Standard Rorschach and an

7

achromatic version. Using a group administration technique, he administered the standard and achromatic series to two groups comprising a total H of 54. He also asked each subject to indicate whether they liked the card. Reece reported that D responses were more frequent and li responses less frequent on cards 2, 3, 8, 9, 10 of the standard series as compared to the achromatic. Form responses were more frequent on 2,3, 8, 9, 10 for the achromatic series while in general, color did not affect the liking of cards. Sappenfield and Buker (1949) investigated whether the 8-9-10% was affected by color. The group testing of 283 psychology students, equated for age, sex and IQ, with the standard and achromatic versions, resulted in the conclusion that productivity and the 8-9-10% were not affected by color.

Dubrovner, Von Lackum and Jost (1950) investigated the influence of color on reaction time and productivity. Indi­vidually administering standard and achromatic Rorschachs to 30 nurses, they concluded that color did not affect productivity, 8-9-10% or reaction time. Siipola (1950) studied the affects of color on reaction time, emotional attitudes, rejections and conceptual content. One hundred thirty-two college females were individually administered the Rorschach test. Twenty colored areas were cut from the Rorschach blots and duplicate achromatic copies were produced. A group of 72 subjects responded to the chromatic sections and second group (60)

8

responded to the achromatic copies. All subjects indicated their like or dislike for each blot. Siipola found that color increased reaction time, frequency of both positive and nega­tive emotional accompaniments of response and the number of rejections. She suggested that whether the response content was affected depended upon whether the color was appropriate to the content suggested. Siipola, Kuhns and Taylor (1950) determined the effects of color by individually administering chromatic and achromatic Rorschachs to the same subject. Ninety-eight college females were tested. They reported a decrease in reaction time which they attributed to a memory factor and not color. Conceptual content was found to be altered by color.

Sterling (1950) investigated whether color shock was due to color or other test variables. Each of 20 neurotic subjects was given an achromatic Rorschach in addition to the standard version. They were also tested on a series of colored parts taken from standard blots and an achromatic reproduction of the colored parts. Each administration was given with two days between series. He concluded that color had a major role in the incitement of disturbance as evidenced by Rorschach responses. Responses to colored cards were more *emotional" and disturbing than responses to achromatic cards.

Allen, Manne and Stiff (1951) investigated the relationship between color and color shock signs. Twenty-five college

9

students were individually tested on the Standard lorschach and an achromatic series, six weeks apart. They concluded that frequency of color shock signs was as great on achromatic as on the standard series,

Allen (1951) reported that reaction times were not signi­ficant ly different for the standard and achromatic Sorschach cards. This conclusion was based upon the identical sample group as used by Allen, Manne and Stiff (1951). Buker and Williams (1951) determined the effect Of color on scoring categories other than direct color scores. They individually administered a standard and achromatic Rorschach to 21 male schizophrenics, and reported that color increased reaction time to cards 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, but did not influence produc­tivity. Canter (1951) studied the effect of color on performance by individually administering standard and achromatic Rorschachs to the psychology students, 32 of which were males. An attempt was made to match for emotional constriction on the basis of questionnaire items devised by the investigator. Cantor reported that productivity reaction time and F* scores did not vary significantly as a function of color. Meyer (1951) also studied whether color shock was due to color. Individually testing 30 male and 30 female students with standard and achromatic Rorschachs, he concluded that 80 percent of the subjects demonstrated color shock signs on both series with no indicated sex differences. Therefore, color shock was not

10

produced by color. Perlman (1951) sought to determine if color affected the 8-9-10%« Results obtained from individually testing 36 university students (20 males) and 34 neuro-psychiatric patients, demonstrated that color did not affect 8-9-10%, when standard and achromatic protocols were compared. York (1951) studied the general effects of color by individually testing 32 neurotics with the standard Rorschach and an achromatic version. He concluded, that reaction times were faster and P responses fewer due to color, when the achromatic version was given first and that color significantly imparted the F*%. York suggested that variables other than color made the chromatic blots more difficult to interpret than the achromatic cards.

Allen, Manne and Stiff (1952) investigated whether color changed the consistency of responses when retesting. Using identical methods as reported previously (1951, 1952) they found that about 30% of the responses on retest are identical to those given originally, thus color did not influence con­sistency of response between the standard and achromatic versions of the Rorschach. Allen, Stiff and Rosensweig (1953) determined whether frequency of color shock signs for neurotics and psycholtics as affected by color. Results obtained from standard and achromatic Rorschach indicated that shock signs were as frequent on the achromatic series as on the standard.Brody (1953) determined the color effects for both neurotics

11

and normals. The sample was composed of 100 male subjects,50 of tihich were classified as neurotic, (25) neurotics and 25 controls took the Standard Rorschach, followed a week later by an achromatic version. Groups matched for age, sex, and education took the achromatic series first, followed a week later by the standard administration, Brody reported that control subjects were not disturbed by color, but that neurotics were. They also became more disorganized and variable in their responses from one test to another.

Swartz (1953) desired to test the validity of the color shock hypothesis as a color phenomenon and determine precisely how hue affects the protocol. He individually administered standard and achromatic version of the Rorschach to a group of 50 neurotic and 30 normal males. Each population was further divided into the sub-group matched for age, intelli­gence and education. Swartz reported that removal of color increased the number of form responses for both groups while no other clearly established effects of color were found. Elimination of color did not affect the incidence of color shock signs.

Baughman (1954) sought to determine whether perceptual behavior changed when color, shading, figure ground and form characteristics on the Rorschach were changed. The sample of 100 male neurotics was divided into subject groups of 20 individuals. Each group was individually administered one of

12

the following series; achromatic, silhouette, simple outline, complex outline and the standard series. Baughman reported that the major dimensions of perceptual behavior remained constant even though marked alternations were made in stimulus attributes. He further suggested that the basic blot form was of overwhelming importance in determining perceptual behavior as compared to stimulus attributes such as color and shading.

Crumpton (1956) inquired as to whether color was actually the stimulus for reactions commonly attributed to color. The Standard Rorschach wasiindividually administered to ten psychotics, ten neurotics, and ten organics, while the achro­matic series was given to a comparable group. Subjects were asked to choose the most preferred and least preferred card in addition to comparing chromatic and achromatic versions of the same blot for preference. Crumpton arrived at the following conclusions. Color sufficiently influenced protocols so that it could be detected by a group of investigators who judged the protocols while color shock signs were as frequent on the achromatic versions as on the standard. Color changed the distribution of content categories with more Hd and GE responses on the Standard Rorschach and less Aobj. More attention was paid to form on the achromatic series and judges reported more aggressive and submissive concepts given to the chromatic blots in conjunction with greater expression of unpleasant affects. By comparing reaction times to highly

13

structured chromatic blots (X) and more ambiguous cards (IX), Crumpton reported that high hue-form incongruity was not asso­ciated with increased.reaction time. Subjects in general indicated preference for chromatic cards over achromatic dupli­cates, especially cards 8, 9 and 10.

Grayson (1956) investigated the effects of color and shading on productivity and card preference employing the Standard Rorschach and nine experimental series. Three of the series used varying degrees of blackness while six monochro­matic Rorschachs were presented in blue, green, yellow, orange-tan, brick and red. The standard sequence of forms was used, but each card, was from a different one of the 10 series. A latin square design with triple replications was used. Preference ratings were obtained for each card.(Thirty) nurses enrolled in psychology courses participated in the group Rorschach testing and Grayson concluded on the basis of his data that the interaction between color and form was significant in influencing productivity, but not color or shading alone. Ratings of ’•pleasantness* given to the cards were significantly influenced by color and shading. Holtzman(1954) administered standard and achromatic versions of the Rorschach to high and low anxious groups selected by perfor­mance scores on the Taylor Anxiety Scale. High anxious subjects gave more responses and faster reaction times to chromatic card II and III than to their achromatic counterparts. No

14

differences were demonstrated for cards 8 and 9. Holtzman interpreted this finding by postulating that red was more stimulating than the lighter pastel shades of 8, 9, subse­quently producing faster reaction times and more responses.

Goodman (1950) recorded the PSK during individual admini­strations of the Standard Rorschach and an achromatic version, assuming that a response to a chromatic blot should result in a higher PSR, while a lower PSR would be expected in responding to an achromatic version, if it were true that color and affect were related. On the basis of eliciting no difference between PSR’s for subjects responding to standard and achromatic blots, Goodman concluded that the color-affect hypothesis was not valid.

The studies just presented critically test the CfiS. or at least several of its implications. Studies will now be reviewed that deal more directly with the CJLH. Hamlin(1955) investigated the C M by means of card sorting tasks. Eighty-four subjects performed 10 different sorts which involved 48 cards for each task. Hamlin devised form cards which presented black designs on a white background and con­sisted of hearts, clubs, circles and tulip shapes. Colored cards, red, green, yellow, blue, were always presented in square shapes. Bach set of form-color cards was composed of an equal distribution for each of the 4 forms and the 4 colors. Subjects sorted the cards identically for the first 8 trials

15

tmt sorted differently for the last two trials. In Hamilin’s second study, 30 neurotics and 30 schizophrenics were tested.Each subject sorted 3 sets of 48 cards, always sorting for form. In one set of cards, all the forms were in black set against a white background. The second set had the same forms, but each form always"had the same color, i.e. circles were always red. The third set was composed of the same forms but with incongruous (different) colors. Subjects would sort blue circles into a box marked with a red circle.

On the basis of his results, Hamilin concluded that college students sorted faster for color than for form, while suggesting that this result is at least in keeping with Schachtel’s suggestion of the relative immediacy of color perception. The initial presence of incongruous color or form did not effect card-sorting efficiency, but introduction of incongruous form or color did result in temporary inefficiency, thus experimentally demonstrating color and form shock. In the second study, Hamlin reported that congruous colors increased card sorting efficiency, while incongruous colors decreased efficiency.

This result, like the previous one, tends to support Siipola’s hypothesis emphasis on blot incongruity as a major factor in the phenomenon attributed by clinicians to past affective asso­ciations or to basic perceptual qualities of color.

Levy (1955) investigated whether the connotative meaning of the Rorschach Inkblots would change with the presence or

16

absence of color and whether this change would vary directly with the subject’s anxiety level.

Subjects rated chromatic and achromatic slides of cards 8, 9, 10 on Osgood’s Semantic Differential in a test-retest design. The differences in ratings between the achromatic and chromatic presentations was found to be significant. The correlation between the change in a subject’s ratings from chromatic to achromatic and their Taylor Anxiety Scale scores was also significant. On the basis of these findings it was hypothesized that the more anxious subjects are, the more likely research will demonstrate that color plays an important role, while the less anxious subjects are, the more likely that structure will be found to be predominant in accounting for Rorschach performances on chromatic cards.

Oser (1932) expanded upon a previous experiment in which it had been found that individuals presented with tachisto- scopic stimuli allowing reactions to form and color, reacted predominantly either to form or color. The former were called form dominate (FD), the latter color dominate (CD). Oser administered the Rorschach Test to the individuals used in this initial experiment. The FD and CD individuals were found to be different personalities in several ways. The symmetry of the Rorschach cards was a source of difficulty to the CD’s but not to the FD. Color dominates gave more interpretations employing color than did the form dominates. Feeling played

17

a greater role in CD interpretation, and what they saw often bore little relation to the actual blot configuration. Color dominates gave more W response, more M response, and were all extratensive in Rorschach's classification. The FD's based most of their interpretations on form, selected more small details and were more introtensive. The color responses of the CB group were primarily CP and C in nature, while the FD's, if they used color, gave FC response. .

Holzberg and Schleifer (1955) investigated productivity, reaction time and the 8-9-10%. Thirty-nine mental patients, radomly selected, were asked to perform the following. Using tachistoscopic presentation 12 non-emotionally toned words were flashed on a white screen, followed by 12 words flashed on a red screen. The same lists were then reproduced on a neutral background and the speed of word recognition was measured. Secondly, objects were then produced on white and red backgrounds, requiring subjects to recall as many objects as possible. Thirdly, subjects were asked to name geometric designs, some occurring in red, others in white. Lastly, subjects were asked to name as many words as possible while looking at a plain white card and then a solid red one. All of these tests were designed to measure the impact of color on perceptual and associative processes. The difference between the number of words elicited by the "free association" to white and red cards was significant which may be thought of

18

as relating to productivity on the Rorschach. More responses were given to the red card. Also, in the task dealing with object recall, more objects were recalled that originally were presented chromatically than achormatically. For the tachis- to scopic presentation of words, recognition was sufficiently different and faster for chromatic words, thus demonstrating, in Holzberg's opinion, faster reaction times to stimuli asso­ciated with color.

Brechsler (1960). investigated verbal reaction times to colored stimuli. He presented colored rectangles to subjects who immediately responded to each presentation with a verbal response. He reported significant associative difference between the colors and verbal reaction times to them. Brechsler argued that colored stimuli would elicit more emotional responses than would achromatic colors and that different colors would have varying effects with red being the most disturbing. The results of this investigation supported this hypothesis and were interpreted upon the basis of an intrusion hypothesis.The degree of disturbance portrayed in a response to a colored stimulus will be associated with the disturbing connotations that a particular color arouses. Barnett (1947) investigated individual preferences for pure colors arid tints as they related to personality variables. She found that individuals who preferred colors as opposed to tints had different personality characteristics, namely, that individuals who preferred colors

19

responded more directly and with greater interest to the objects and objective events in their external environment. Conversely, individuals who preferred tings viewed the external world from the point of view of subjective values and live more in their own thoughts.

The third type of study deals with the color variable as it functions in individual dreams. Research in this area has generally lacked sophisticated experimental technique and conclusions have usually been based upon inference or intuition, with little or no statistical analysis. In reviewing the literature, only a few studies employing some semblence of . experimental technique could be found. Consequently, the reader frill understand the paucity of publications in this review.

The initial systematic treatment of the dream color variable was introduced by Hall (1951). He collected 1,000 dreams and analyzed them for various dream dimensions, one of these being color. On the basis of this research, Hall reported that females experienced more colored dreams than did males, but that no difference could be found between dreams occurring in black and white and those dreamed in color. Hall concluded that the presence of color in a dream signified nothing in itself but was rather an.embellishment on the part of the individual dreamer. Fortier (1952) collected dreams from college students and classified them according to.their use

20

of color. Group I was composed of individuals who saw color in 50 percent of their dreams. Group II comprised dreamers who recalled color in 10 to 25 percent of dreams while Group III included individuals who never dreamed in color. Fortier then administered the Rorschach to these individuals. Group I, however, contained no males. The investigator then proceeded to make 276 comparisons between groups for various scores, but did not employ any control for the number of responses. According to the present writer's method of dream classification, Group I and II represent a contamination of subject classifi­cation, and contains the present writer's designation classi­fication of BIfC dreamers. In this study, group I contained 17 females but no males. Group II contained 26 subjects, sub-divided into 12 males and 14 females, while group III included 10 males and 5 females. As mentioned previously,267 different comparisons were made between the various Rorschach scores and the probability of their occurrence reported. The present writer will report all of Fortier's findings with a probability of .05 or less.

In comparing females from groups I and II, no significant probabilities were reported that dealt with color or productivity. Group I females demonstrated a higher percent of color responses to cards 2 and 3 (p = .03) than did group III females. Group II females evidenced a higher color weight than group III females while also giving more colored responses to cards 2 and

21

3 than group III females (both findings indicate a p = .04). However, no statement is made as to type of color response.

Group III males were distinguished from group II males by having a greater percent of colored responses with a reported probability of .01. Fortier’s most striking finding involved the frequency of colored dreams as related to sex differences. Females reported more dreams in color than did the males. Noteworthy is that Fortier’s BW male dreamers indicated more interest in color than did males dreaming 10 to 25 percent in color. This difference will be discussed in a later section of this paper.

Mann (1955) investigated the dream dimensions of com­pleteness, detailedness and recency and attempted to relate these to Rorschach measures of extraversion and intraversion. No significant relationships were reported. Martino (1955) replicated the findings of Hall and Fortier by demonstrating that females reported more colored dreams than did males.

Lovitt (1951) investigated frequency of colored dreams in mental patients and concluded that psychotics experienced more colored dreams that did his normal controls. Schonbar (1959, 1961) reported a positive relationship between dream recall ability and manifest anxiety as measured by the Taylor Scale. He demonstrated that individuals who reported many dreams were more anxious than those who did not report as many.

22

Im summarizing the studies that deal directly with the dream color variable, it becomes readily apparent that a significant sex difference occurs with respect to the pheno­menon of colored dreams. Investigations indicate that females report more dreams in color than do males, while Schonbar reports a significant positive relationship between dream recall and manifest anxiety.

The study by Fortier most closely resembles the writer’s study. Even though there exists differences in research methodologies, the basic results of the two studies appear to coincide to some degree. Essential to the interpretation of Fortier’s results is the fact that he lacked male color dreamers, and possibly did not have pure color dreamers in his female group I. Consequently, it is possible that no pure color dreamers existed in group I and that basically all that groups I and II represent writer’s classification of BWC dreamers. However, Fortier reports that generally individuals who dream sometimes in color give more color responses to the Rorschach than BW dreamers. The exception to this occurs in the case of male dreamers, where Fortier reports that BW dreamers give more color responses than males who dream in color 10 to 25 percent. Noteworthy is the greater interest in color indicated by the BW males as compared to group II males, dreaming in color 10 to 25 percent. Perhaps the amount of color usage is not sufficient to psychologically

23

differentiate the two groups with respect to the color variable. The present writer's dream classification of male BWC contains individuals who dream in color and. black and white with no discriminating percentages employed, Perhaps the fact can account for the differences between the two studies.

Turning to physiological studies (Aserinsky, Kleitman and Dement, 1955; Dement and Kleitman, 1957; Kleitman, 1960) advance the hypothesis that all individuals dream at least once a night. This phenomenon of nightly dreaming was deter­mined from eye movement and BIG- recordings, obtained during sleep. These investigators mutually agreed that dreamers should be classified as recallers and non-recallers in view of the reported findings that all individuals dream nightly. Jelliffe (1944) demonstrated that colored dreams could be easily induced in previously Bli dreamers by the use of morphine injections. Kahn (1962) investigated the incidence of colored dreams. He reported that 70 to 80 percent of all dreams are dreamed in color when subjects are interviewed immediately following the dream. The cessation of dream activity is determined by EE& recordings or eye-movements. Kahn interpreted his findings with a level of awareness hypothesis stating that individual reporting of colored dreams is a function of the time between the actual dream and the attempt to recall it.

In this section, the writer will attempt to provide a common basis upon which to interpret research findings pertaining

24

to Rorschach color studies and color-affect investigations.The writer suggests that the confusion surrounding the CAH has been produced by misinterpretations of its implications.

There are few individuals engaged in clinical work today who would not agree with Rorschach's statement; "The C 4- CF answers express the more ego-centric affective responses while the more adaptive responses are expressed in the number of PC'S" (p. 33). However, much experimental evidence has been presented that seemingly casts considerable doubt on this assertion. This assumed relationship between color and affect was generally opposed by investigators as reflected in the ever increasing number of publications reporting results which were interpreted as contradicting the CAH hypothesis.

Investigators had set out to determine experimentally the influence of color in the Rorschach Test in conjunction with testing various implications of the CAH. Research workers in the area reasoned that if an individual's color response pattern reflected his emotionality, certain types of behavior could be expected when a subject was presented with a color stimulus. Hamely, reaction time would increase, affective response content would be elicited, color shock signs might be produced and an increase in productivity noted for the . colored blots. The majority of studies concerned with color, experimentally altered this independent variable by presenting subjects with achromatic versions of the Rorschach followed

25

at some later date with the standard series or vice-versa.Most investigators with the exception of Siipola (1950),Sterling (1950), Buker and Williams (1951), York (1951), Brody (1953), Crumpton (1956) and Holtzman (1954), have reported no relationship between color, reaction time, content and productivity. Based on these findings, the authors generally suggested that the importance of the CAH had been overvalued in psychology and that the significance of colors as a critical stimulus in the Rorschach Test was minor at best. Since the various studies presented have failed to control for the emotional characteristics of the subjects, it appears that a certain ^heterogeneity of emotionality88 has existed, culminating in a controversy regarding the role of color in the Rorschach.It is suggested by the writer that perhaps the studies reporting significant findings with respect to color have inadvertently controlled for emotionality, while those reporting no signi­ficant differences have not.

Noteworthy is the appearance of "absolutism88 in the literature concerning the Rorschach color response. It seems that investigators expected all subjects to respond to color, evidence a shorter reaction time, and demnostrate an affective response content, if the GAH was correct. This assumption is grossly in error because it presupposes that any response to color would entail impulsivity and lability, and that all individuals would respond to color. Yet, Rorschach's original

26

formulation provided for differential use of color and related these to separate personality characteristics, such as the PC response that represented control over emotionality.

Inherent in the logic of research was the idea that individuals responded to color because of past affective asso­ciations with it. This is true for some individuals but certainly not all. There need not be any emotional or affec­tive reaction to color per se because it is the response to color and not response to "magic affective properties" of color which is important. Response to color parallels the emotional response patterns of the individual. It appears that research workers categorized all emotional types into one homogeneous lot and predicted the meaning of color from their combined performances. This, in fact, is possibly the major reason why such a discrepancy exists between researchers, who claim color means nothing, and clinicians who feel it suggests emotional patterns. Investigators have characteristically neglected to control for the emotional characteristics of the individual subject.

In general terms, there exists individuals who use color a great deal, and those who do not employ it at all. Until these conditions are controlled, the meaningfulness of color as it relates to the Rorschach and personality theory will be obscured. For example, let us assume there exists a group of subjects who are emotionally improverished and

27

constricted. According to Rorschach theory and clinical observation these subjects would be expected to avoid color on the Rorschach and evidence a restricted productivity.Due to the emotional constriction, the response to color is avoided. Color means nothing to them and their constric­tion is paralleled by the reduced productivity.

On an achromatic series, the subjects’ performance would not be expected to differ as compared with his chromatic productions because of,the emotional constriction reflected in the inadequate use of color. Under these conditions it is possible to experimentally demonstrate that reaction times do not differ significantly between chromatic and achromatic blots and that color is therefore not linked with affect. Clinicians do not feel that all individuals respond to color regardless of their emotional structure, but it would appear as though most investigators assumed the very presence of color would alter the response pattern of any individual regardless of his emotional characteristics. When considering the lack of experimental control regarding the subject’s emotionality and the various conclusions generated from data obtained by testing vastly different sample populations, it is not difficult to see why investigators disagreed with the CAH. Conclusions relating to the CAH have been based upon results obtained from normals, organic, psychotics and neu­rotics.

28

As previously stated, by the writer, the function of color, as it contributes to the Rorschach Test, can only be accurately understood when investigators attempt to control for the emotional characteristics of the subjects. Since the CAH assumes that response to color reflects an individual’s emotionality, subjects for this study have been selected on the basis of their tendency to use color in dreams. The author suggests this method of control will possibly control for various emotional levels of individuals.

M E T H O D

The subjects used in this experiment were students enrolled in the introductory psychology course at the University of Arizona, A total of 60 Sorschach naive subjects were used,30 male and 30 female, whose ages ranged from 18 to 21. Individuals volunteered on the basis of being told that they would be participating in a dream study that would investigate various individual differences as they related to common everyday characteristics of dreams such as frequency. They were also told that they would be asked to look at some pictures and give their impressions of them. Subjects were also instructed that the study was not designed to investigate them personally but rather to study some of the properties concerning dreams.In any event, all subjects were told that any information they gave would not be made public but rather used only for experi­mental purposes. Each subject was then given a research number in his presence in order to convey the feeling of anonymity. As subjects volunteered, they were interviewed and tested M t h the standard Rorschach Inkblots according to common procedure. The following directions were used.

I am going to show you a series of cards one by one. The cards have on them designs made up out of inkblots. Your task will be to look at the pictures and tell me what you see or anything that they could possibly represent. BE sure and tell me everything that you see on the cards as you look at it. "When

29

30

you are through with a card, hand it to me as a sign that you have completed it and I will give you another one until we are finished with the series.

The complete Rorschach was then administered in standard fashion.Throughout the test no encouragement or prodding was used andthe color responses were scored during the inquiry as theyappeared. In this manner, each color response was soaredwithout knowledge of the individual’s dream classification,which was obtained at the completion of scoring and testing.At the conclusion of testing, subjects were asked how theysaw their dreams and whether they appeared in black and whiteor color. The following questions were used for classifyingsubjects into the various dream groups. Do you always dreamin black and white? Do you sometimes dream in black and whiteand at other times in color? Do you always; dream in color?The final sample was composed of 60 individuals with 10 malesand 10 females in each of the 3 dream groups.

Previous research attempts (Fortier, 1952; Hall, 1950)have stated the relative difficulty of obtaining pure colormale dreamers, and the writer wholeheartedly agrees with them.The present study was nearly completed within two months withthe exception that only two male color dreamers were presentin the initial tested sample of approximately fifty. Sincea subject’s dream classification was not known until completionof testing, it appeared likely that hundreds of subjects wouldhave to be tested in order to obtain the desired color dreamers.

31

In view of this, a questionnaire was distributed, to an intro­ductory psychology section which attempted to assess the fre­quency of dreamers along with the presence or absence of color in dreams. Some 386 students filled in the questionnaire and were told by the author that if selected to participate in an experiment, they would be asked, to look at some pictures and give their empressions. A list was then prepared by another individual with names of color male dreamers inter­spersed with BW dreamers. In this manner, the remainder of color male dreamers was obtained quite efficiently, yet the examiner was still unaware, as before, of the subjects dream classification until the completion of testing.

The sample of 386 introductory psychology students revealed that 12 percent dreamed in color, 35 percent in black-white- color , while 53 percent reported dreaming in black and white.The writer concluded that this sample was somewhat unique because males and females in each dream group were equal on a percentage basis as compared to the total. For instance,12 percent of males reported color dreams while 13 percent of the females did so. In essence, the total percentages were roughly equal to the separate sex percentages within any dream group.

The statistical analysis of Rorschach scores can only be meaningfully understood when the number of responses is controlled for. In the present study the Rorschach color variables

32

(CP, PC, PC-CP) were analyzed by an analysis of covariance which controlled for the fact that color scores and procutivity are positively correlated. The covariate employed for the analysis of the three color variables was the number of non­color responses on a given protocol. Productivity arid dream frequency were analyzed by the analysis of variance. Dream frequency was obtained by asking the subjects, $?0n the average, how many nights out of the week do you dream?55 It was then explained to each subjte'ct that this did not mean how many different dreams per week, but rather how many nights out of a week could he recall having experienced a dream. Productivity was measured by total number of responses, not including additional responses.

In testing the difference between means for individual comparisons, the Tukey technique was applied. The Scheffe test was used in one instance when multiple comparisons were desired. When comparing means obtained from covariate tech­niques, adjusted means were obtained and tested for significant differences. The 5 percent level of significance was employed for all statistical analyses.

In this section the results of the statistical analyses will be presented. Following this presentation the various results and their interactions will be discussed in terms of personality structure.

The analysis of covariance for the CF score is presented in Table I.

' TABES IAnalysis of Covariance,

CF Variable, Sex by Bream GroupSource . SS df MS F

Sex ■ .89 ■ 1 .89 .212Breams . 46.84 2 23.42 5.5 9#Sex-Br earns 24.79 - 2 12.39 2.96Error 222.23 53 4.19■frSignificant at the 1% level

Table II presents the adjusted combined means for dream groups and sex.

TABLE IIAdjusted Bream Group CF Means

Combined Males & Females#_b w m e c11.23 12.67 13.49#The above means include a constant of 10 to exclude zero scores.

33

34

The F test reveals that a significant difference occurs among dream groups. Tukey’s procedure for mean comparisons indicates that the color dream group uses more CF than the Bli dream group and that the BIO dream group uses more CF than the BF dream group. No significant difference occurs between the BlfC and C groups.

Table 111 presents the analysis of covariance for the FC variable.

TjUSLE IIIAnalysis of Covariance,

PC Variable, Bream Groups by SexSource SS df MS.

Sex 11.73 1 . 11.73Dreams 1.26 2 .63Sex-Drearns 1.40 2 .70Error 75.35 53 1.42^Significant at the 1% level

Table IV presents the adjusted FC means for sex according to dream group.#

TABLE IVBW(M) BF(F) BgC(M) ' E1C(F) C(M) C(F)10.75 11.19 10.88 11.94 10.67 11.57

#A constant of 10 was added to each individual score. Overall, the F test indicates that females in any dream

group tend to give more FC fesponses, indicating more control over affective drives than males. The Scheffe test for any and all mean comparisons indicated no significant differences

35

between adjusted means for all possible comparison between groups o The fact that no comparisons between, all possible means are significantly different, reveals the presence of a main effect with no simple effects. Consequently, this leads to the conclusion that females, regardless of dream group, give more FC responses than males, regardless of dream group classification. Generally, females are more controlled than males.

Table T presents the analysis of covariance for the Rorschach emotional control index (FC-CF).

TABIE VAnalysis of Covariance (FC-CF),

Dream Groups by SexSource SB df MS P

Sex 18.76 . 1 . 18.76 2.99Dr earns 42.76 2 21.38 3.41%Sex-Drearns 34.64 2 17.32 2.76Error 332.04 53 6.26^-Significant at the 5% levelThe F test indicates that a difference in emotional

control exists between dream groups only. Tukey’s test for mean comparisons reveals that BW dreamers are more controlled than color dreamers. No other mean comparisons are signifi­cant .

36

TJJBIJS YIAdjusted (FC-CF) Combined Group

Means for Males & FemalesBW BWC C

11.70 10.68 9.52constant of 12 was added to each indi­

vidual (FC-CF) score.Table Til presents the analysis of variance for produc­

tivity.TJLBLiE VII

Analysis of Variance, Rorschach Productivity, Bream Groups by Sex

Source SS ' df MS FSex 33 1 33 .17Breams 1785 ' 2 892.5 4.67%Sex-Brearns 92 2 46.00 .24Error 10311 54 190.94-^Significant at the 5% level.

The F test indicates that a difference in productivity exists between dream, groups. Tulcey’s mean comparison procedure points out that both BWC and C groups are more productive than the BW group. No difference exists between the color groups =

Table VIII presents the combined group productivity means for both males and females.

TABLE VIII BW " ’ BWC C15.3 25.9 27.6

37

Table IX presents the analysis of variance for reported dream frequency.

TABLE IXAnalysis of Variance for Dream Recall

Frequency, Bream Group by SexSource 5S df MS F

Sex 31 1 31 6.82#Dreams 57 2 28.5 6.27##Sex-Drearns 2.80 2 1.40 . .30Within 245.45 54 4.54# Significant at the 5j§ level

## Significant at the 1% levelThe F test indicates that dream frequency differences

occur between sexes as well as dream groups. The Tukey mean comparison procedure indicates that with respect to sex differences, females dream more than males. In addition, color female dreamers report more dreams than do BW female dreamers. Regarding group differences, Tukey's procedure yields significant mean differences between the BW and color dream groups. Color dreamers report more dreams than do BW dreamers.

Table X presents the dream/week means, group and sex.■ ' , TA.BIS X

bw m e cMales 2.37 3.6 4.8Females 3.15 4.4 5.4Group 2.76 . 4.0 5.1

In summary, the results of the statistical analyses veri­fied, some hypotheses and rejected others. With respect to the

38

CF variable, it was demonstrated that color dreamers used more CF than BTC dreamers. This result is in agreement with the predetermined hypothesis. It was also hypothesized with respect to all the variables, that significant differences would occur between all three dream groups. However, this hypothesized difference was not indicatdd by the statistical analysis.

It was hypothesized that the (FC-CF) variable would indicate that color dreamers were less emotionally controlled than B¥ dreamers and that significant differences would occur between all the dream groups. Though the trend appears to be linear and directional, the amount of difference between the BIfC and C groups is not statistically significant, but color dreamers are less controlled than BW dreamers.

The PC variable was explored on an exploratory basis, the results of which proved extremely interesting. It was found that the females in the present sample were more emotionally controlled than the males with respect to females significant use of PC.

It was also hypothesized that subjects dreaming in color would give more responses to the Rorschach Inkblots than would BW dreamers or BWC dreamers. It was found that BWC and C dreamers did differ in productivity with respect to BW dreamers but that BWC and C dreamers did not differ significantly in number of responses.

lastly, it was hypothesized that color dreamers would report more dreams than B1C or B¥ dreamers. This hypothesis was confirmed. The sex difference that appeared was also predicted and confirmed, namely, that generally females report more dreams than do males.

D I S C U S S I O U

Assuming that response to color reflects emotional characteristics, it is now possible to examine the emotional patterns of individuals classified according to their use or non-use of color in dreams, in conjunction with their color responses to the Rorschach Inkblots.-

-As predicted, color and. black-white-color dreamers give more CF responses to the Rorschach than BW dreamers. Further­more, they are less controlled in the expression of affects than Bii dreamers, and probably tend to be more labile according to the FC-CF score, as compared to BW dreamers. In any dream group, however, females give more FC responses than males, indicating that, generally, females exercise more control over their emotionality than do males. Even though some control is present in all three dream groups, it appears that BW dreamers maintain more emotional control, but at the expense of tending not to express any affects as reflected by non­utilization of color on the Rorschach. In the color groups, emotional response to the environment is present and readily expressed without sufficient control in many instances.

In the author’s opinion, three types of emotional control appear on the Rorschach. First is "control” by emotional constriction, i.e., no expression of or complete absence of

40

41

affectivity. Such is the case with respect to Bli male dreamers. Seven out of ten subjects in this group gave no response to color, indicating the absence of emotional spontaneity. This type of individual may be subject to "acting out" because in the event that an impulse would seek overt expression, no controlling factors would be present to channelize it construc­tively as indicated by the absence of FC responses. The second type of emotional control is evidenced by exclusive FC responses to color, indicating an increased restraint in the regulation of self-expression. These individuals would tend to be "tense and formal" in their interpersonal relationship and less expressive than individuals who give both CF # FC responses.In this instance, affectivity is present, but the expression of it is over-controlled. The third type of emotional control is characterized by use of both CF and FC responses, with a greater frequency of FC, which represents the capacity to be emotionally spontaneous and expressive, yet with the presence of controlling factors, mediating the expression of these affects. If sufficient control is lacking, emotionality tends to be labile.

Over-all, BW dreamers are characterized by a lack of emotional responsivity and colored dreamers, by an abundance of it. BW dreamers appear more controlled because in effect, there exists no affective expression to be controlled. Con­versely, color dreamers are significantly endowed with affective

42

expression, which does not appear to be sufficiently controlled, indicated by the lack of PC„

The differences in Rorschach productivity between the BW and color dreamers significant beyond the 1 percent level, parallels their over-all pattern of emotional interaction with; the environment. BW dreamers responded with an average of 16 responses while BWC and C dreamers averaged approximately 26 responses. This difference further substantiates the fact that BW dreamers are more emotionally constricted than those individuals who report dreaming in color. The greater pro­ductivity of colored dreamers taken in conjunction with insufficient emotional control appears to further reflect their emotional lability. Although not statistically signi­ficant, a noteworthy trend is evident with respect to the sex difference in BW dreamers. As mentioned previously, the majority of males in this group gave no response to color while only one female performed similarly. Furthermore, males average approximately 12 responses, while females gave on the average 17 responses. It appears that even though the entire group is emotionally constricted, the males are more constricted and capable of "acting out" than the females are.

The analysis of dream frequency reveals that color dreamers report more dreams than BW dreamers and that, furthermore, females report more dreams than males in any dream group.This finding leads to considerable insight regarding personality

43

dynamics when it is interpreted in conjunction with previous research reporting a positive correlation between dream recall ability and manifest anxiety, in relation with physiological studies reporting the fact that all individuals dream nightly.

Initially, let it be assumed that dreams represent wish fulfillments, to a degree, and that they further provide an atmosphere where conflictual material can be dealt with. Secondly, if it is true that all individuals dream nightly, then dream recall ability is a measure of individual *level of awareness.%

The author suggests that individuals who are able to recall their nightly dreams do so because they are less repressed and consequently more aware of the presence of personal conflicts. Since they are in fact less repressed with respect to dynamic patterns, they exhibit more manifest anxiety.

In this study color dreamers report more dream frequency or awareness than do BW dreamers, while in each dream group females dream more than males. This, in turn, leads to the conclusion that BW dreamers are more repressive and less able to recall dreams than,color dreamers, and as would be expected in the light of this theory, less anxious. Perhaps the anxiety that color dreamers theoretically experience, in view of their increased dream recall ability, emanates from their indicated labile emotionality, as evidenced by a preponderance

44

of CP in conjunction with insufficient PC responses. In essence, color dreamers have concern over their emotionality which tends to be less controlled due to a lack of sufficient control.Concern emanating from expression of affects arouses anxiety and is not repressed. BW dreamers, however, are sufficiently repressive and constricted, thus preventing an affective response. Since there is theoretically no concern over manage­ment of affective drives, anxiety is not aroused, or in any event, if anxiety is present, it is sufficiently repressed.

Logically, the next issue to present itself deals with the results of this study in relation to previous research.

With respect to other dream studies, this present experi­ment substantiates the fact that females dream more in color than do males. This finding is in agreement with Fortier (1952) and Hall (1950).

The results of the present study also suggest essential agreement with respect to Fortier’s finding that female color dreamers evidenced more use of color than did BW female dreamers. However, Fortier contended that BW male dreamers had higher color weight scores than did males dreaming 10 to 25 percent in color. This result is dramatically opposed to the present writer’s findings. This is probably due to differences in subject dream categories.

This study also agreed with some past research that has purported a significant relationship between color and

productivity. In essence, this study, by attempting to control for "levels of emotionality" by use of color in dreams, has demonstrated a positive relationship between productivity and color use. A second study to be executed in the future will deal directly with the various other Rorschach scores and attempt to relate the findings to previous research findings. Future studies will also be attempted in relation to protocol differences between dream groups for color and black-white dreamers.

C O C C L U S I O N

It is the author’s opinion that the results and method of the present study serve to clarify much of the discrepancy surrounding the CAH and its implications with respect to personality dynamics. As previously mentioned, the majority of studies have not provided control methods in relation to individual's emotionality. In essence, heterogenity of emotionality has existed in the reported studies. Since labile, controlled and constricted subjects have been treated alike experimentally, and. not categorized according to their respective emotional characteristics, the basic meaning of color in the Rorschach Test has been obscured. Labile indi­viduals characteristically give CF responses, while stable individuals are more likely to be controlled as evidenced by the use of PC. However, constricted subjects have a tendency to avoid color on the Rorschach.

The present study has attempted to control the emotional level of subjects by employing an emotional criterion of color in dreams. The assumption here is that response to color on one situation will be accompanied by response to color in another, lamely, since the theoretical formulations underlying Rorschach responses and dreams is similar, i.e., both are manifestations of personality variables, then it follows that

colored dreamers should respond more to color on the Rorschach than Bli dreamers. This dream classification system has demon­strated differentially that color dreamers use more color on the Rorschach than BW dreamers, and that the particular type of color response evidenced is indicative of affectivity with insufficient controlling mechanisms. The author has contended that color response reflects emotionality because of the perceptual qualities inherent in color per se, i.e., that it is an immediately perceived stimulus. The immediate percep­tion of color appears analogous to an individual's emotional response pattern. In essence, if an individual responds to the first thought or stimulus that reacts upon him, without exhibiting control over the tendency to follow the initial impulse, it appears that this individual is characterized by labile emotional tendencies. This is exemplified in the Rorschach Test by responding to color in a relatively undiffer­entiated manner.

The stable individual can express his emotionality, yet is capable of controlling it. When this type of individual responds to a Rorschach card, color is immediately perceived, but because he does not respond to the initial stimulus that acts upon him, he is likely to evaluate the blot more thoroughly, and respond with a higher level response (FC).

The Rorschach Test presents itself as an integrational system of form and color. The basic question with respect to

individual emotional patterns is, 8?lfhich stimulus will the subject respond to, color as the immediately perceived, or form which requires more directed sustained activity?” These methods of responding to color, can than be interpreted as reflecting the individual’s emotional response pattern with his environment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, R. Mo The infInence of color in the Rorschach onreaction time in a normal population. J. Proj. Tech., 1951, 15, 481-485.------------------------------ -----

Allen, R. M,, Manne, S. H., & Stiff,' M. The role of color in Rorschach’s Tests a preliminary normative report on a college student population. J. Proj. Tech., 1951, 15, 235-242.

Allen, Ro M., Manne, S„H5, and Stiff, M, . The influence of color on the consistency of responses.in the Rorschach Test. J. Clin. Psychol., 1952, 8, 97-98.

Allen, R, M., Stiff, M."& Rosensweig, M. The role of color in Rorschach’s Tests a preliminary survey of neurotic and psychotic groups. J". Clin. Psychol., 1953, 9, 81-83.

Aserinslcy, E. & Eleitman, H. Two types of ocular motilityoccuring during sleep. J. Appl. Physiol., 1955, 8, 1-10.

Barnett, B., & Eaton, E. Preference for color or tint and some related personality data. J. Pers., 1947, 15, 222-232.

Barnett, I. The influence of color and shading on the Rorschach Test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University.of Pittsburgh, 1950.

Brody, G. G. A study of the effects of color on Rorschach responses. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1953, 48, 261-311.

Bruner, J. S. Perceptual theory and the Rorschach Test.J. Pers., 1948, 17, 157-168.

Buker, M. ¥. Color as a determinant of responsiveness to Rorschach cards in schizophrenia. J. Consult. Psych., 1951, 15, 196-202. ‘

Cronbach, . J. Statistical methods applied to Rorschach scores. Psychol. Bull., 1949, 46, 393-429.

Dement, If. Dream recall and eye movements during sleep.J. Mervs. & lent. Peas.

49

50

Dement, ¥. & Kleitraan, H. Relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity. J. Exp. Psychol., 1957, 53, 339-348. ™

Dubrovner, R« J., Ton Lackum, ¥« J» & Jost, H. A. A study of the effects of color on productivity and reaction time in the Rorschach Test. <T. Clin. Psychol., 1950, 6,

' 331-336. — "Fortier, R. H. A study of the relation of response to color

and some personality functions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Western Reserve University, 1952.

Fortier, R. H. The response to color and ego functions. Psychol. Bull., 1953, 50, 41-63.

Goodman, H. If. An experimental investigation of the affective value of color on the Rorschach Test. Amer. Psychologist, 1950, 5, 321-322. ~~

Grayson, H. M. Rorschach productivity and card preferences as influenced by experimental-variation of color and shading. J. Proj. Tech., 1956, 20, 288-296.

Hall, Calvin, What people dream about. Scientific American;/ May, 1951.

Hamlira, Roy. Rorschach color theory and card sorting.J. Pro.j. Tech., 1955, 19, 410-415.

Holzberg, J. S., & Schleifer, 1, J. An experimental test of the Rorschach assumption of the impact of color on perceptual and associative processes. J. Proj. Tech., 1955, 19, 130-137. "

Holtzman, W., & Calvien, A. Rorschach color responses andmanifest anxiety. J. Consult. Psych., 1954^ 18, 317-324.

Jelliffe, S. E. Two morphine color dreams with a note on the etiology of the opium habit. Psychoanaly. Rev,, 1944,31, 128,132.

Kahn, E. Incidence of color in immediately recalled dreams. Science, 1962, 137, 1054-1055.

Keehn, J. E, Rorschach validation III: an explanation of therole of color as a determinant in the Rorschach Test.J. Ment. Science, 1953, 99, 410-438.

51

Lazarus, R. S. An experimental analysis of the influence of color on the protocol of the Rorschach Test. J. Rers., 1948, 17, 182-185, ' 1

Lazarus, S. S. The influence of color on the protocol of the Rorschach Test. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol., 1949, 44, 506-516. ”

Lovitt, D. Studies of the physiology of awareness. J. Ment. Sci., 1951, 97, 801-811.

Mann, D. The relation of Rorschach indices of extraversion- introversion to certain dream dimensions. J. Clin. Psychol., 1955, 11, 81-83.

Martino, M. Sex differences in the dreaming of southerncollege students. J. Clin. Psychol., 1953, 9, 199-201.

Meyer, B. T. An investigation of color shock on the Rorschach. J. Clin. Psychol., 1951, 7, 367-370.

Perlman, J. Color and the validity of the Rorschach 8-9-10%.J. Consult. Psychol., 1951, 15, 122-126.

Phillips & Smith. Rorschach Interpretations; Advanced Technique. Hew York: Grune & Stratton, 1953,

Reece, M. M. Color schok in the Rorschach Test? the effect of achromatic reproductions. Unpublished masters thesis, Standford University, 1949.

Rickers, Oyisankina, Maris. Rorschach Psychology. Hew York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961.

Rorschach. H. Psychodiagnostics. Berne, Switzerland: Huber,1942.

Schachtel, E. G. On color an affect. Contributions to an understandings of the Rorschach Test. Psychiatry,1943, 6, 393-409.

Schonbar, R. Some manifest characteristics of recallers and non-recallers of dreams. J. Consult. Psychol., 1959,23, 414—418,

Siipola, E. The influence of color on reaction times to inkblots. J. Pers., 1950, 18, 358-382.

52

Siipola, B., Kuhns, P. & Taylor, T. Measurement of the indi­vidual reaction to color in ink blots. J. Pers., 1950,19, 153-171. : ™

Sterling, E« Color shock in the Rorschach Test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Kentucky, 1950.

Swartz, M„ B. The role of color in influencing responses to the Rorschach Test; an experimental investigation of the validity of the color shock hypothesis as a sign of netirotic disturbance and as a phenomenon induced by the color stimulus. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,Hew York University, 1953*

Wallen, 1. The nature of color shock. J. itmom. Soc.Psychol., 1948, 43, 346-356.

York, R« Ho The effect of color in the Rorschach Test and in selected.intellectual tasks. Unpublished doctoral disser­tation, Boston University, 1951.