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The Sarva-Darsana-

Samgraha, by Madhava

Acharya

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Samgraha, by Madhava Acharya Ths eBook s for the useof anyone any!here at no cost and !th a"most norestrctons !hatsoever# $ou may co%y t, gve t a!ay orre-use t under the terms of the Project Gutenberg &censenc"uded !th ths eBook or on"ne at !!!#gutenberg#net

Tt"e' The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha (eve! of the

Dfferent Systems of )ndu Ph"oso%hyAuthor' Madhava Acharya

Trans"ator' E# B# *o!e"" A# E# Gough

(e"ease Date' +ctober , ./. 0EBook 12/34

&anguage' Eng"sh

*haracter set encodng' 5S+-6637-/

888 STA(T +9 T)5S P(+:E*T G;TEA-DA(SA

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Produced by Sankar >s!anathan, Bro!nfo?, and the+n"ne Dstrbuted Proofreadng Team at

htt%'@@!!!#%gd%#net Ths f"e !as %roduced from magesgenerous"y made ava"ab"e by The 5nternet Archve

T(CB

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;E(S5T$ +9 ED5

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scarce and those found n the eda, !hchare current n the

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es%eca""y of Pandt (Hma Msra, the assstant Professorof SHnkhya, !ho !as hmse"f a (HmHnuja and 5 trustthat, though !e have doubt"ess "eft some thngs

une?%"aned or e?%"aned !rong"y, !e may have beenab"e to thro! "ght on many of the dark sayngs !th!hch the orgna" abounds# +ur trans"atons !ereorgna""y %ub"shed at nterva"s n the Benares Pandtbet!een /6K and /6K6 but they have been carefu""yrevsed for ther %resent re%ub"caton#

The !ork tse"f s an nterestng s%ecmen of )ndu

crtca" ab"ty# The author successve"y %asses n reve!the s?teen %h"oso%hca" systems current n the fourteenthcentury n the South of 5nda, and gves !hat a%%eared tohm to be ther most m%ortant tenets, and the %rnc%a"arguments by !hch ther fo""o!ers endeavoured tomantan them and he often ds%"ays some Juant humouras he thro!s hmse"f for the tme nto the %oston of ther

advocate, and ho"ds, as t !ere, a tem%orary bref nbeha"f of o%nons entre"y at varance !th hs o!n#0/4Fe may sometmes dffer from hm n hs judgment of there"atve m%ortance of ther doctrnes, but t s a"!aysnterestng to see the %ont of ve! of an acute natvecrtc# 5n the course of hs sketches he freJuent"y e?%"ansat some "ength obscure deta"s n the dfferent systems

and 5 can hard"y magne a better gude for the Euro%eanreader !ho !shes to study any one of these Darsanas nts natve authortes# 5n one or t!o cases as notab"y nthe Bauddha, and %erha%s n the :ana system he cou"don"y dra! hs matera"s second-hand from the dscussons

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n the !orks of Brahmanca" controversa"sts but n thegreat majorty he Juotes drect"y from the !orks of therfounders or "eadng e?%onents, and he s contnua""y

fo""o!ng n ther track even !here he does not Juotether e?act !ords#04

The systems are arranged from the >edHnta %ont ofve!,--our author havng been e"ected, n A#D# /22/, thehead of the SmHrta order n the Math of Srnger n theMysore terrtory, founded by Samkara chHrya, the great>edHntst teacher of the eghth century, through !hose

efforts the >edHnta became !hat t s at %resent--theackno!"edged ve! of )ndu orthodo?y# The systemsform a gradua""y ascendng sca"e,--the frst, the *hHrvHkaand Bauddha, beng the "o!est as the furthest removedfrom the >edHnta, and the "ast, the SHnkhya and $oga,beng the hghest as a%%roachng most near"y to t#

The s?teen systems here dscussed attracted to ther studythe nob"est mnds n 5nda throughout the medOva"%erod of ts hstory# )ouen Thsang says of the schoo"s nhs day' L&es co"es %h"oso%hJues sont constamment en"utte, et "e brut de "eurs dscussons %assonnes s"Qvecomme "es f"ots de "a mer# &es hrtJues des dversessectes sattachent R des matres %artcu"ers, et, %ar des

voes dffrentes, marchent tous au mme but#L Fe canst"" catch some fant echo of the dn as !e read themedOva" "terature# Thus, for nstance, !hen =ng)arsha !anders among the >ndhya forests, he fndsLseated on the rocks and rec"nng under the trees rhatabeggng monks, Sveta%adas, MahH%Hsu%atas,

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PHndarabhkshus, BhHgavatas, >arnns, =esa"uUchanas,&okHyatkas, =H%"as, =HnHdas, Au%anshadas,IsvarakHrns, DharmasHstrns, PaurHnkas, SH%tatantavas,

SHbdas, PHUcharHtrkas, c#, a"" "stenng to ther o!nacce%ted tenets and Vea"ous"y defendng them#L024 Manyof these sects !"" occu%y us n the ensung %ages manyof them a"so are found n MHdhavas %oem on thecontroversa" trum%hs of Samkara chHrya, and n thes%urous %rose !ork on the same subject, ascrbed toAnantHnandagr# Fe"" may some o"d %oet have %ut nto

the mouth of $udhshthra the "nes !hch one so oftenhears from the "%s of modern %andts--

>edH vbhnnHh smrtayo vbhnnH, Hchas%at Msra,

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!ho !rote standard treatses on each of the s? systemse?ce%t the >aseshka, ado%tng, of course, the %ecu"ar%ont of ve! of each, and e?c"udng for the tme every

a"en tenet#409ootnote ' An nde? of the names of authors and !orksJuoted s gven n Dr# )a""s Bb"ogra%hca" *ata"ogue,%%# /X-/X, and a"so n Professor Aufrechts Bod"ean*ata"ogue, %# K#4

09ootnote 2' SrNharsha-charta, %# . *a"cutta ed#4

09ootnote ' 9ound n the MahHbh# # /K., !th somevaratons# 5 gve them as 5 have heard them from Pandt(HmanHrHyana >dyHratna#4

*+# The PYrna-%rajUa System A# E# G# 6K

>5# The

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>55# The Sava System E# B# *# //

>555# The PratyabhjUH or (ecogntve System A# E# G#/6

5Z# The (asesvara or Mercura" System A# E# G# /2K

Z# The >aseshka or Au"Ykya System E# B# *# /3

Z5# The Aksha%Hda or # The SHnkhya System E# B# *# /

Z># The PHtaUja"a or $oga System E# B# *# 2/

Z>5# The >edHnta or System of Samkara chHrya K2

APPEA-DA(SA

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# Da"y 5 fo""o! my Guru SarvajUa->shnu, !ho kno!sa"" the gamas, the son of SHrnga%Hn, !ho has gone tothe further shore of the seas of a"" the systems, and has

contented the hearts of a"" manknd by the %ro%ermeanng of the term Sou"#

2# The syno%ss of a"" the systems s made by thevenerab"e MHdhava mghty n %o!er, the =austubha-je!e" of the m"k-ocean of the fortunate SHyana#

# )avng thorough"y searched the SHstras of former

teachers, very hard to be crossed, the fortunate SHyana-MHdhava034 the "ord has e?%ounded them for the de"ghtof the good# &et the vrtuous "sten !th a mnd from!hch a"" envy has been far banshed !ho fnds notde"ght n a gar"and strung of varous f"o!ers[

9++Tamsa-BrHhmana, has so"ved the rdd"e ofthe re"aton of MHdhava and SHyana# SHyana s a %ureDravdan name gven to a ch"d !ho s born after a"" thee"der ch"dren have ded# MHdhava e"se!here ca""s SHyanahs Lyounger brother,L as an a""egorca" descr%ton of hsbody, hmse"f beng the eterna" sou"# )s use of the term

SHyana-MHdhavah here not the dua" seems to %rove thatthe t!o names re%resent the same %erson# The bodyseems meant by the SHyana of the thrd s"oka# MHyana!as the father of MHdhava, and the true readng may besrman-myana#4

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CHAPTER I.

T)E *)(>=A S$STEM#

0Fe have sad n our %re"mnary nvocaton Lsa"utaton toSva, the abode of eterna" kno!"edge, the storehouse ofsu%reme fe"cty,L4 but ho! can !e attrbute to the DvneBeng the gvng of su%reme fe"cty, !hen such a notonhas been utter"y abo"shed by *hHrvHka, the crest-gem ofthe athestca" schoo", the fo""o!er of the doctrne ofBrhas%at[ The efforts of *hHrvHka are ndeed hard to be

eradcated, for the majorty of "vng bengs ho"d by thecurrent refran--

Fh"e "fe s yours, "ve joyous"y

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at once %ershes a"so# They Juote the Srut for ths 0Brhadrany# ;%# # , /4, LS%rngng forth from thesee"ements, tse"f so"d kno!"edge, t s destroyed !hen

they are destroyed,--after death no nte""genceremans#L064 Therefore the sou" s on"y the bodydstngushed by the attrbute of nte""gence, snce theres no evdence for any sou" dstnct from the body, as suchcannot be %roved, snce ths schoo" ho"ds that %erce%tons the on"y source of kno!"edge and does not a""o!nference, c#

The on"y end of man s enjoyment %roduced by sensua"%"easures#

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The %"easure !hch arses to men from contact !thsensb"e objects, 5s to be re"nJushed as accom%aned by%an,--such s the reasonng of foo"s The berres of %addy,

rch !th the fnest !hte grans, Fhat man, seekng hstrue nterest, !ou"d f"ng a!ay because covered !th huskand dust[074

5f you object that, f there be no such thng as ha%%nessn a future !or"d, then ho! shou"d men of e?%erenced!sdom engage n the agnhotra and other sacrfces,!hch can on"y be %erformed !th great e?%endture of

money and bod"y fatgue, your objecton cannot beacce%ted as any %roof to the contrary, snce the agnhotra,c#, are on"y usefu" as means of "ve"hood, for the >edas tanted by the three fau"ts of untruth, se"f-contradcton,and tauto"ogy0/.4 then agan the m%ostors !ho ca""themse"ves >adc %undts are mutua""y destructve, as theauthorty of the jUHna-kHnda s overthro!n by those !ho

mantan that of the karma-kHnda, !h"e those !homantan the authorty of the jUHna-kHnda reject that of thekarma-kHnda and "ast"y, the three >edas themse"ves areon"y the ncoherent rha%sodes of knaves, and to thseffect runs the %o%u"ar sayng--

The Agnhotra, the three >edas, the ascetcs three staves,

and smearng onese"f !th ashes,--Brhas%at says, these are but means of "ve"hood forthose !ho have no man"ness nor sense#

)ence t fo""o!s that there s no other he"" than mundane

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%an %roduced by %ure"y mundane causes, as thorns, c#the on"y Su%reme s the earth"y monarch !hose e?stences %roved by a"" the !or"ds eyesght and the on"y

&beraton s the dsso"uton of the body# By ho"dng thedoctrne that the sou" s dentca" !th the body, such%hrases as L5 am thn,L L5 am b"ack,L c#, are at oncente""gb"e, as the attrbutes of thnness, c#, and se"f-conscousness !"" resde n the same subject 0the body4"ke and the use of the %hrase Lmy bodyL s meta%horca"Lthe head of (HhuL 0(Hhu beng rea""y all ha!4#

A"" ths has been thus summed u%--

5n ths schoo" there are four e"ements, earth, !ater, fre,and ar And from these four e"ements a"one snte""gence %roduced,-- :ust "ke the nto?catng %o!erfrom kn!a, c#, m?ed together Snce n L5 am fat,L L5am "ean,L these attrbutes0//4 abde n the same subject,

And snce fatness, c#, resde on"y n the body,0/4 ta"one s the sou" and no other, And such %hrases as LmybodyL are on"y sgnfcant meta%horca""y#

LBe t so,L says the o%%onent Lyour !sh !ou"d be ganedf nference, c#, had no force of %roof but then theyhave ths force e"se, f they had not, then ho!, on%ercevng smoke, shou"d the thoughts of the nte""gentmmedate"y %roceed to fre or !hy, on hearng anothersay, There are fruts on the bank of the rver, do those!ho desre frut %roceed at once to the shore[L

A"" ths, ho!ever, s on"y the nf"aton of the !or"d of

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fancy#

Those !ho mantan the authorty of nference acce%t thesi"nor mdd"e term as the causer of kno!"edge, !hchmdd"e term must be found n the mnor and be tse"fnvarab"y connected !th the major#0/24

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estab"sh that the mnd has any %o!er to actnde%endent"y to!ards an e?terna" object, snce a"" a""o!that t s de%endent on the e?terna" senses, as has been

sad by one of the "ogcans, LThe eye, c#, have therobjects as descrbed but mnd e?terna""y s de%endent onthe others#L

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nference of one thng 0as fre4 on seeng another thng 0assmoke4 hence, on your o!n sho!ng, the !ho"e to%c ofnference for onese"f0/64 !ou"d have to end n mere d"e

!ords#Then agan %'m)aris'n,0/74 c#, must be utter"y rejectedas the means of the kno!"edge of the unversa"%ro%oston, snce t s m%ossb"e that they can %roducethe kno!"edge of the uncondtoned connecton 0i.., theunversa" %ro%oston4, because ther end s to %roduce thekno!"edge of Jute another connecton, vV#, the re"aton

of a name to somethng so named#

Agan, ths same absence of a condton,0.4 !hch hasbeen gven as the defnton of an nvarab"e connecton0i.., a unversa" %ro%oston4, can tse"f never be kno!nsnce t s m%ossb"e to estab"sh that a"" condtons mustbe objects of %erce%ton and therefore, a"though the

absence of %erce%tb"e thngs may be tse"f %erce%tb"e,the absence of non-%erce%tb"e thngs must be tse"f non-%erce%tb"e and thus, snce !e must here too haverecourse to nference, c#, !e cannot "ea% over theobstac"e !hch has a"ready been %"anted to bar them#Agan, !e must acce%t as the defnton of the condton,Lt s that !hch s rec%roca" or eJu%o""ent n

e?tenson0/4 !th the major term though not constant"yaccom%anyng the mdd"e#L These three dstngushngc"auses, Lnot constant"y accom%anyng the mdd"e term,LLconstant"y accom%anyng the major term,L and Lbengconstant"y accom%aned by tL 0i.., rec%roca"4, areneeded n the fu"" defnton to sto% res%ectve"y three

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such fa""acous condtons, n the argument to %rove thenon-eternty of sound, as Lbeng %roduced,L Lthe nature ofa jar,L and Lthe not causng audtonL04 !herefore the

defnton ho"ds,--and agan t s estab"shed by the s"okaof the great Doctor begnnngsamsama#024

But snce the kno!"edge of the condton must here%recede the kno!"edge of the condtons absence, t son"y !hen there s the kno!"edge of the condton, thatthe kno!"edge of the unversa"ty of the %ro%oston s%ossb"e, i.., a kno!"edge n the form of such a

connecton bet!een the mdd"e term and major term as sdstngushed by the absence of any such condton andon the other hand, the kno!"edge of the condtonde%ends u%on the kno!"edge of the nvarab"e connecton#Thus !e fasten on our o%%onents as !th adamantne g"uethe thunderbo"t-"ke fa""acy of reasonng n a crc"e# )enceby the m%ossb"ty of kno!ng the unversa"ty of a

%ro%oston t becomes m%ossb"e to estab"sh nference,c#04

The ste% !hch the mnd takes from the kno!"edge ofsmoke, c#, to the kno!"edge of fre, c#, can beaccounted for by ts beng based on a former %erce%tonor by ts beng an error and that n some cases ths ste% s

justfed by the resu"t, s accdenta" just "ke theconcdence of effects observed n the em%"oyment ofgems, charms, drugs, c#

9rom ths t fo""o!s that fate, c#,034 do not e?st, sncethese can on"y be %roved by nference# But an o%%onent

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!"" say, f you thus do not a""o! adrshta, the varous%henomena of the !or"d become desttute of any cause#

But !e cannot acce%t ths objecton as va"d, snce these%henomena can a"" be %roduced s%ontaneous"y from thenherent nature of thngs# Thus t has been sad--

The fre s hot, the !ater co"d, refreshng coo" the breeVeof morn By !hom came ths varety[ from ther o!nnature !as t born#

And a"" ths has been a"so sad by Brhas%at--There s no heaven, no fna" "beraton, nor any sou" nanother !or"d,

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comes not back agan, rest"ess for "ove of hs kndred[)ence t s on"y as a means of "ve"hood that Brahmanshave estab"shed here A"" these ceremones for the dead,--

there s no other frut any!here# The three authors of the>edas !ere buffoons, knaves, and demons# A"" the !e""-kno!n formu"O of the %andts, jar%harN, tur%harN, c#0K4And a"" the obscene rtes for the Jueen commanded n theAs!amedha, These !ere nvented by buffoons, and so a""the varous knds of %resents to the %rests,064 Fh"e theeatng of f"esh !as sm"ar"y commanded by nght-

%ro!"ng demons#)ence n kndness to the mass of "vng bengs must !ef"y for refuge to the doctrne of *hHrvHka# Such s the%"easant consummaton#

E# B# *#

9++T

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and other ngredents becomes an nebratng "Juor andas bete", areca, "me, and e?tract of catechu che!edtogether have an e?h"aratng %ro%erty not found n those

substances severa""y#L409ootnote 6' +f course Sankara, n hs commentary, gvesa very dfferent nter%retaton, a%%"yng t to the cessatonof ndvdua" e?stence !hen the kno!"edge of theSu%reme s once attaned# *f# Sabaras *omm# :amnSYt#, # # 3#4

09ootnote 7' 5 take &anaas here eJua" to the Benga" &+nr#*f# Atharva->#, ?# 2, 3#sh &an "as $an!+lmasa&s $+shh.4

09ootnote /.' See

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s a ratona" anma" and agan, ths %artcu"ar smokemght be a sgn of a fre n some other %"ace#4

09ootnote /K' See SHhtya Dar%ana Ba""antynes trans# %#/X, and SddhHnta-M#, %# 6.#4

09ootnote /6' The %ro%er"y "ogca", as dstngushed fromthe rhetorca", argument#4

09ootnote /7' LU)amnaor the kno!"edge of a sm"artys the nstrument n the %roducton of an nference from

sm"arty# Ths %artcu"ar nference conssts n thekno!"edge of the re"aton of a name to somethng sonamed#L Ba""antynes Tarka Sangraha#4

09ootnote .' The u%Hdh s the condton !hch must besu%%"ed to restrct a too genera" mdd"e term, as n thenference Lthe mountan has smoke because t has fre,L f!e add !et fue" as the condton of the fre, the mdd"e

term !"" be no "onger too genera"# 5n the case of a truevyH%t, there s, of course, no u%Hdh#4

09ootnote /' 0Greek' Antstre%he4 Pr# Ana"#, # 3# Fehave here our A !th dstrbuted %redcate#4

09ootnote ' 5f !e omtted the frst c"ause, and on"ymade the u%Hdh Lthat !hch constant"y accom%anes themajor term and s constant"y accom%aned by t,L then nthe

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omtted c"ause e?c"udes t, as an u%Hdh must beconsstent !th i$hr%artys o%nons, and, of course, the

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fre from !et fue" beng rec%roca" and a"!aysaccom%anyng each other the non-rec%rocatng term ofthe former fre !"" gve a fa""acous nference, because

t s a"so, of course, not nvarab"y accom%aned by thes%eca" knd of fre, that %roduced from !et fue"# But ths!"" not be the case !here the non-rec%rocatng term isthus nvarab"y accom%aned by the other rec%roca", asLthe mountan has fre because t has smokeL here,though fre and smoke do not rec%rocate, yet smoke !""be a true mdd"e, because t s nvarab"y accom%aned by

heat, !hch s the rec%roca" of fre# 5 !sh to add here,once for a"", that 5 o!n my e?%"anaton of ths, as !e"" asmany another, dffcu"ty n the Sarva-darsana-sangraha tomy o"d frend and teacher, Pandt Mahesa *handraeda, Preface, vo"# # %# ?#4

09ootnote 6' +r ths may mean Land a"" the varous other

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thngs to be hand"ed n the rtes#L4

CHAPTER II.

T)E BA;DD)A S$STEM#

At ths %ont the Buddhsts remark' As for !hat you*hHrvHkas "ad do!n as to the dffcu"ty of ascertanngnvarab"e concomtance, your %oston s unacce%tab"e,nasmuch as nvarab"e concomtance s eas"y cognsab"eby means of dentty and causa"ty# 5t has accordng"y

been sad--

L9rom the re"aton of cause and effect, or from dentty asa determnant, resu"ts a "a! of nvarab"e concomtance--not through the mere observaton of the desred resu"t nsm"ar cases, nor through the non-observaton of t ndssm"ar cases#L074

+n the hy%othess of the

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a"one are to be entertaned, the entertanment of !hchdoes not m%"cate us n %ractca" absurdty and the "ke,as t has been sad, LDoubt termnates !here there s a

%ractca" absurdty#L02.4/# By ascertanment of an effectuaton, then, of that vV#,of the desgnate of the mdd"e s ascertaned thenvarab"e concomtance of the major and theascertanment of such effectuaton may arse from the!e""-kno!n seres of fve causes, n the %erce%tvecognton or non-cognton of cause and effect# That fre

and smoke, for nstance, stand n the re"aton of cause andeffect s ascertaned by fve ndcatons, vV#, /# That aneffect s not cognsed %ror to ts effectuaton, that # thecause beng %erceved 2# the effect s %erceved, and thatafter the effect s cognsed # there s ts non-cognton,3# !hen the matera" cause s no "onger cognsed#

# 5n "ke manner an nvarab"e concomtance sascertaned by the ascertanment of dentty ."., a ssu-tree s a tree, or !herever !e observe the attrbutes of assu !e observe a"so the attrbute arborety, an absurdtyattachng to the contrary o%non, nasmuch as f a ssu-tree shou"d "ose ts arborety t !ou"d "ose ts o!n se"f#But, on the other hand, !here there e?sts no absurdty,

and !here a mere concomtance s agan and aganobserved, !ho can e?c"ude a"" doubt of fa"ure n theconcomtance[ An ascertanment of the dentty of ssuand tree s com%etent n vrtue of the reference to thesame object i.., %redcaton,--Ths tree s a ssu# 9orreference to the same object %redcaton s not

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com%etent !here there s no dfference !hatever ."., tosay, LA jar s a jar,L s no combnaton of dverse attrbutesn a common subject, because the t!o terms cannot, as

beng synonymous, be smu"taneous"y em%"oyed nor canreference to the same object take %"ace !here there s arec%roca" e?c"uson of the t!o terms, nasmuch as !enever fnd, for nstance, horse and co! %redcated the oneof the other#

5t has thus been evnced that an effect or a se"f-samesu%%oses a cause or a se"f-same as nvarab"e

concomtants#

5f a man does not a""o! that nference s a form ofevdence,)ramna, one may re%"y' $ou mere"y assertthus much, that nference s not a form of evdence' doyou a""ege no %roof of ths, or do you a""ege any[ Theformer a"ternatve s not a""o!ab"e accordng to the

ma?m that bare asserton s no %roof of the matterasserted#

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not beng %erceved, you yourse"f admt an nference of!hch non-%erce%ton s the mdd"e term# *onformab"y thas been sad by TathHgata--

LThe admsson of a form of evdence n genera" resu"tsfrom ts beng %resent to the understandng of others#

LThe e?stence of a form of evdence a"so fo""o!s from tsnegaton by a certan %erson#L

A"" ths has been fu""y hand"ed by great authortes and

!e desst for fear of an undue en"argement of our treatse#These same Bauddhas dscuss the hghest end of manfrom four stand%onts# *e"ebrated under the desgnatonsof MHdhyamka, $ogHchHra, SautrHntka, and>abhHshka, these Buddhsts ado%t res%ectve"y thedoctrnes of a unversa" vod nh"sm, an e?terna" vodsubjectve dea"sm, the nferrb"ty of e?terna" objects

re%resentatonsm, and the %erce%tb"ty of e?terna"objects %resentatonsm#02/4 Though the veneratedBuddha be the on"y one teacher hs dsc%"es arefourfo"d n conseJuence of ths dversty of ve!s just as!hen one has sad, LThe sun has set,L the adu"terer, thethef, the dvnty student, and others understand that t stme to set about ther assgnatons, ther theft, ther

re"gous dutes, and so forth, accordng to ther severa"nc"natons#

5t s to be borne n mnd that four %onts of ve! havebeen "ad out, vV#, /# A"" s momentary, momentary #

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a"" s %an, %an 2# a"" s "ke tse"f a"one # a"" s vod,vod#

+f these %onts of ve!, the momentarness of f"eetngthngs, b"ue and so forth i.., !hatever be ther Jua"ty,s to be nferred from ther e?stence thus, !hatever issmomentary or f"u?ona" "ke a bank of c"ouds, and a""these thngs ar#024

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the a"ternatve of momentarness#--\#E#D#

Perha%s some one may ask' Fhy may not %ractca"effcency resde n the non-f"u?ona" or %ermanent[ 5fso, ths s !rong, as obno?ous to the fo""o!ng d"emma#)as your L%ermanentL a %o!er of %ast and future %ractca"effcency durng ts e?erton of %resent %ractca"effcency or no[ +n the former a"ternatve f t has such%o!er, t cannot evacuate such %ast and future effcency,because !e cannot deny that t has %o!er, and because !enfer the conseJuence, that !hch can at any tme do

anythng does not fa" to do that at that tme, as, fornstance, a com%"ement of causes, and ths entty s thus%o!erfu"# +n the "atter a"ternatve f the %ermanent hasno such %o!er of %ast and future agency, t !"" never doanythng, because %ractca" effcency resu"ts from %o!eron"y !hat at any tme does not do anythng, that at thattme s unab"e to do t, as, for nstance, a %ece of stone

does not %roduce a germ and ths entty !h"e e?ertng ts%resent %ractca" effcency, does not e?ert ts %ast andfuture %ractca" effcency# Such s the contradcton#

$ou !"" %erha%s rejon' By assumng successvesubsdares, there s com%etent to the %ermanent entty asuccessve e?erton of %ast and future %ractca" effcency#

5f so, !e !ou"d ask you to e?%"an' Do the subsdaresassst the entty or not[ 5f they do not, they are notreJured for f they do nothng, they can have nothng todo !th the successve e?erton# 5f they do assst the thng,s ths assstance or su%%"ementaton other than the thngor not[ 5f t s other than the thng, then ths adscttous

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assstance s the cause, and the non-momentary entty snot the cause' for the effect !"" then fo""o!, byconcomtance and non-concomtance, the adventtous

su%%"ementaton# Thus t has been sad'LFhat have ran and shne to do !th the sou"[ Thereffect s on the skn of man

L5f the sou" !ere "ke the skn, t !ou"d be non-%ermanent and f the skn !ere "ke the sou", there cou"dbe no effect %roduced u%on t#L

Perha%s you !"" say' The entty %roduces ts effect,$'"$hr (i$hts subsdares# Fe"", then !e re%"y, "etthe entty not gve u% ts subsdares, but rather te them"est they f"y !th a ro%e round ther neck, and so %roducethe effect !hch t has to %roduce, and !thout forfetngts o!n %ro%er nature# Besdes !e contnue, does theaddtament or su%%"ementaton consttuted by thesubsdares gve rse to another addtament or not[ 5nether case the afore-mentoned objectons !"" comedo!n u%on you "ke a sho!er of stones# +n the a"ternatvethat the addtament takes on another addtament, you !""be embarrassed by a many-sded regress in in*ini$+m# 5f!hen the addtament s to be generated another au?"aryor addtament be reJured, there !"" ensue an end"essseres of such addtaments' ths must be confessed to beone nfnte regress# 9or e?am%"e, "et a seed be granted tobe %roductve !hen an addtament s gven, consstng ofa com%"ement of objects such as !ater, !nd, and the "ke,as subsdares other!se an addtament !ou"d be

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manfested !thout subsdares#

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your embarrassment#

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dfferent tmes# The concomtance and non-concomtancea"ready descrbed vV#, That !hch can at any tme doanythng does not fa" to do that at that tme, and Fhat at

any tme does not do anythng, that at that tme s unab"eto do t are affrmed by us to %rove the e?stence ofsuch %o!er# The negatve ru"e s' Fhat at any tme sunab"e to %roduce anythng, that at that tme does not%roduce t, as a %ece of stone, for e?am%"e, does not%roduce a germ and ths entty the seed, or !hatever tmay be, !h"e e?ertng a %resent %ractca" effcency, s

nca%ab"e of %ast and future %ractca" effcences# Thecontradcton vo"atng ths ru"e s' Fhat at any tme doesanythng, that at that tme s ab"e to do that thng, as acom%"ement of causes s ab"e to %roduce ts effect andths %ermanent entty e?erts at tme %ast and tme futurethe %ractca" effcences %ro%er to those tmes#

To reca%tu"ate# E?stence s restrcted to the

momentary there beng observed n regard to e?stence anegatve ru"e, that n regard to %ermanent successon andsmu"tanety beng e?c"uded, e?stence !hch contanssuccesson and smu"tanety s not cognsab"e and therebeng observed n regard to e?stence a %ostve ru"e, nvrtue of a concomtance observed vV#, that the e?stents accom%aned or L%ervadedL by the momentary, and n

vrtue of a non-concomtance observed vV#, that the non-momentary s accom%aned or L%ervadedL by the non-e?stent# Therefore t has been sad by :UHna-srN--

LFhat s s momentary, as a c"oud, and as these e?stentthngs

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LThe %o!er of e?stence s re"atve to %ractca" effcency,and be"ongs to the dea" but ths %o!er e?sts not aseterna" n thngs eterna" ether, c#

L

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chaos !"" be eterna", and you !"" be nvo"ved n a tenetyou reject, snce Prasasta-%Hda has sad, LPresent n a"" tssubjects#L Agan f the unversa" s %resent on"y n ts

%ro%er subjects, does the unversa" the nature of a jarresdng n an a"ready e?stng jar, on beng attached toanother jar no! n makng, come from the one to attachtse"f to the other, or not come from t[ +n the frsta"ternatve f t comes, the unversa" must be a substancefor substances a"one under"e Jua"tes and motons!hereas, f t does not come, t cannot attach tse"f to the

ne! jar# Agan !e ask, !hen the jar ceases to e?st, doesthe unversa" out"ast t, or cease to e?st, or go to another%"ace[ +n the frst su%%oston t !"" e?st !thout asubject to nhere n on the second, t !"" be m%ro%er toca"" t eterna" as you do on the thrd, t !"" fo""o! thatt s a substance or base of Jua"tes and motons#Destroyed as t s by the ma"gn nf"uence of these and the"ke objectons, the unversa" s unauthentcated#

*onformab"y t has been sad--

LGreat s the de?terty of that !hch, e?stng n one %"ace,engages !thout movng from that %"ace n %roducngtse"f n another %"ace#

LThs entty unversa"ty s not connected !th that!heren t resdes, and yet %ervades that !hch occu%esthat %"ace' great s ths mrac"e#

L5t goes not a!ay, nor !as t there, nor s t subseJuent"ydvded, t Juts not ts former re%ostory' !hat a seres of

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dffcu"tes]L

5f you ask' +n !hat does the assurance that the one e?stsn the many rest[ $ou must be satsfed !th the re%"y that!e concede t to re%ose on dfference from that !hch sdfferent or e?c"uson of heterogenety# Fe dsmssfurther %ro"?ty#

That a"" transmgratory e?stence s dentca" !th %an sthe common verdct of a"" the founders of nsttutes, e"sethey !ou"d not be found desrous to %ut a sto% to t and

engagng n the method for brngng t to an end# Femust, therefore, bear n mnd that a"" s %an, and %ana"one#

5f you object' Fhen t s asked, "ke !hat[ you must Juotean nstance,--!e re%"y'

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by any ds%utant#

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The t!o remanng a"ternatves, as se"f-contradctory, arenadmssb"e# 5t has accordng"y been "ad do!n by thevenerated Buddha n the A"ankHrHvatHra024--

L+f thngs dscrmnated by nte""ect, no nature sascertaned0234

LThose thngs are therefore sho!n to be ne?%"cab"e andnature"ess#L

And agan--

LThs matter %erforce resu"ts, !hch the !se dec"are,

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and defectve n nterrogaton, !hence ther conventona"desgnaton of MHdhyamkas or medocre#

*ertan other Buddhsts are sty"ed $ogHchHras, because!h"e they acce%t the four %onts of ve! %roc"amed bythe s%rtua" gude, and the vod of e?terna" thngs, theymake the nterrogaton' Fhy has a vod of the nterna" orbase"essness of menta" %henomena been admtted[ 9orther techno"ogy s as fo""o!s'--Se"f-subsstent cogntonmust be a""o!ed, or t !"" fo""o! that the !ho"e unverses b"nd# 5t has conformab"y been %roc"amed by

DharmakNrt' LTo one !ho dsa""o!s %erce%ton the vsonof objects s not com%etent#L

An e?terna")r%i)i/ils not admssb"e n conseJuenceof the fo""o!ng d"emma# Does the object cogntve"ya%%rehensb"e arse from an entty or not[ 5t does notresu"t from an entty, for that !hch s generated has no

%ermanence#

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as t has been sad--

L5f an atom cou"d smu"taneous"y combne !th s?, t!ou"d have s? surfaces

LAnd each of these beng taken se%arate"y, there !ou"d bea body of atomc dmenson#L

5nte""ect, therefore, as havng no other)r%i)i/ilbuttse"f, s sho!n to be tse"f ts o!n)r%i)i/il, se"f-subsstent, "umnous !th ts o!n "ght, "ke "ght#

Therefore t has been sad--LThere s naught to be objectfed by nte""ect there s nocognton u"teror thereto

LThere beng no dstncton bet!een %erce%t and%erc%ent, nte""ect shnes forth of tse"f a"one#L

The dentty of %erc%ent and %erce%t s nferrb"e, thus'That !hch s cognsed by any cognton s not other thanthat cognton, as sou", for nstance, s not other than thecognton of sou" and b"ue and other momentary objectsare cognsed by cogntons# 9or f there !ere a dfferencebet!een %erce%t and %erc%ent, the object cou"d notno! have any connecton !th the cognton, there bengno dentty to determne a constancy of connecton, andnothng to determne the rse of such a connecton# As forthe a%%earance of an nterva" bet!een the object andsubject conscousnesses, ths s an ""uson, "ke thea%%earance of t!o moons !hen there s on"y one# Thecause of ths ""uson s deaton of dfference n a stream

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!thout begnnng and !thout nterru%ton as t has beensad--

LAs nvarab"y cognsed together, the b"ue object and thecognton thereof are dentca"

LAnd the dfference shou"d be accounted for by ""usorycogntons, as n the e?am%"e of the sng"e moon#L

And agan--

LThough there s no dvson, the sou" or nte""ect, byreason of ""usory %erce%tons,

LA%%ears to %ossess a dua"ty of cogntons, of %erce%tsand of %erc%ent#L

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a%%ears, by reason of ""usory cogntons,

L5""uded !th the dverse forms of %erce%ton, %erce%t and%erc%ent

LSo !hen the nte""ect has %osted a dversty, as n thee?am%"e of the dfferences of the cognton of a har andthe "ke,

LThen t s not to be doubted that t s charactersed as%erc%ent and %erce%t#L

Thus t has been evnced that nte""ect, as affected bybegnnng"ess deaton, manfests tse"f under dverseforms#

Fhen, therefore, by constancy of ref"ecton on the four%onts of ve! aforesad, a"" deaton has beennterru%ted, there arses kno!"edge %urged from the

""usons !hch take the form of objects, such ""usonsbeng no! me"ted a!ay and ths s technca""y ca""edMah'!ayathe grand e?a"taton, emanc%aton#

+thers agan the SautrHntkas ho"d that the %oston thatthere s no e?terna" !or"d s untenab"e, as !antngevdence#

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!e refuse ths, because nasmuch as cognton mustu"tmate"y have some object, t s manfested n dua"ty,and because such nvarab"ty of smu"tanety as to tme

and %"ace s m%ossb"e# Moreover they contnue, f theobject, b"ue or !hatever t be, !ere on"y a form ofcognton, t shou"d be %resented asE"', not asH'%ali1+i!, because the cognton and the object !ou"d bedentca"# Perha%s you !"" say' A b"ue form consstng ofcognton s ""usor"y %resented as e?terna" and as otherthan se"f, and conseJuent"y the Ego s not suggested and

so t has been sad--LThs sde of kno!"edge !hch a%%ears e?terna" to theother %orton,

LThs a%%earance of dua"ty n the unty of cognton s an""uson#L

And agan--

LThe %rnc%"e to be kno!n as nterna" a"so manfeststse"f as f t !ere e?terna"#L

To ths !e re%"y say the SautrHntkas' Ths s untenab"e,for f there be no e?terna" objects, there beng no genessof such, the com%arson Las f they !ere e?terna"L s

""egtmate#

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are nvo"ved n a "ogca" crc"e# Fthout controversy !eobserve that cogntons take e?terna" thngs, b"ue or!hatever they may be, as ther objects, and do not take

mere"y nterna" modfcatons as such, and !e see thatmen n ther everyday "fe over"ook ther nterna" states#Thus ths argument !hch you adduce to %rove that theres dfference bet!een subject and object, turns out a mereabsurdty, "ke m"ky food made of co!-dung# Fhen thenyou say Las f t !ere e?terna",L you must a"ready su%%osean e?terna")r%i)i/il, and your o!n arro! !"" return

u%on you and !ound you#5f any one object that the e?terna"ty of an objectsynchronous !th the cognton s nadmssb"e, !eSautrHntkas re%"y that ths objecton s nadmssb"e,nasmuch as the subject n ju?ta%oston to the sensorym%oses ts form u%on the cognton then n %roducton,and the object s nferrb"e from the form thus m%osed#

The nterrogaton and res%onse on ths %ont have beenthus summarsed--

L5f t be asked, )o! can there be a %ast)r%i)i/il[ Theyrecognse %erce%tb"ty,

LAnd a com%etent nferrb"ty of the ndvdua" thng sts m%oston of ts form#L

To e?em%"fy# As nourshment s nferred from a thrvng"ook, as natona"ty s nferred from "anguage, and asaffecton s nferred from f"urred movements, so from theform of kno!"edge a kno!ab"e may be nferred#

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Therefore t has been sad--

LFth ha"f of tse"f the object mou"ds the cognton!thout "osng the nature of a ha"f

LThe evdence, therefore, of the recognton of akno!ab"e s the nature of the kno!ab"e#L

9or conscousness of the cognton cannot be the beng ofthe cognton, for ths conscousness s every!here a"ke,and f ndfference !ere to attach tse"f to ths, t !ou"d

reduce a"" thngs to ndfference# Accordng"y the forma"argument for the e?stence of e?terna" thngs' Thosethngs !hch !h"e a thng e?sts a%%ear on"y at tmes, a""de%end u%on somethng e"se than that thng as, fornstance, f 5 do not !sh to s%eak or to !a"k,%resentments of s%eakng or !a"kng must su%%ose othersdesrous of s%eakng or !a"kng and n "ke manner the%resentments of actvty under dscusson, !h"e theree?sts the recognton of a subject of them, are on"y attmes manfested as b"ue and so forth# +f these, therecognton of a subject s the %resentaton of the Ego, themanfestaton as b"ue and so forth s a %resentment ofactvty, as t has been sad--

LThat s a recognton of a subject !hch s conversant

about the Ego'

LThat s a %resentment of actvty !hch manfests b"ueand the rest#L

+ver and above, therefore, the com%"ement of subject-

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recogntons, "et t be understood that there s an e?terna"object !or"d %erce%tb"e, !hch s the cause of%resentments of actvty and that ths e?terna" !or"d does

not rse nto beng on"y from tme to tme on occason of%resentments resu"tng from deaton#

Accordng to the ve! of the Sensatona"stsi23na!in, deaton s a %o!er of generatng such andsuch sensatons or %resentments of actvty n subject-recogntons !hch e?st as a sng"e stream# Thematurescence of ths %o!er s ts readness to %roduce ts

effect of ths the resu"t s a %resentment or sensatonthe antecedent momentary object sensaton n thementa" tran s acce%ted as the cause, no other menta" tranbeng admtted to e?ercse such causa"ty# 5t musttherefore be stated that a"" momentary objects f"eetngsensatons n the subject-conscousness are a"ke ab"e tobrng about that maturescence of deaton n the subject-

conscousness, !hch maturescence s %roductve of%resentments of actvty# 5f any one of these f"eetngsensatons had not ths %o!er, none !ou"d %ossess t, a""e?stng a"ke n the stream of subject-recogntons# +nthe su%%oston that they a"" have ths %o!er, the effectscannot be dversfed, and therefore any nte""gent man,ho!ever un!""ng, f he has a c"ear understandng, must

decde, !thout %uttng out of sght the testmony of hsconscousness, that to account for the occasona" natureof sense %erce%ts the s? cogntons of sound, touch,co"our, taste, and sme"", of %"easure, and so forth, are%roduced on occason of four condtons# These four

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condtons are kno!n as /# the data, # the suggeston,2# the medum, and # the domnant organ# +f these,the form of b"ue or the "ke arses from the condton of

b"ue data n the understandng n !hch there s amanfestaton of b"ue or the "ke, !hch manfestaton ssty"ed a cognton# The resusctaton of forms orcogntons arses from suggeston as a condton# Therestrcton to the a%%rehenson of ths or that object arsesfrom the medum, "ght, for nstance, as a condton, andfrom the domnant, the eye, for e?am%"e, as another

condton# The eye, as determnant of one %artcu"arcognton form !here taste, c#, mght have beeneJua""y cognsed, s ab"e to become domnant for neveryday "fe he !ho determnes s regarded as domnant#Fe must thus recognse four causes of %"easure and therest !hch consttute the understandng and tsmodfcatons#

So a"so the unverse, !hch conssts of mnd and tsmodfcatons, s of fve knds, entt"ed /# thesensatona", # the %erce%tona", 2# the affectona", #the verba", and 3# the m%ressona"# +f these, thesensb"e !or"d r0)a-s&an!ha s the sense organs andther objects, accordng to the etymo"ogy, vV#, thatobjects are dscrmnated r0)yan$ by these# The

%erce%tona" !or"d s the stream of subject-recogntonsand of %resentments of actvty# The affectona" !or"d sthe stream of fee"ngs of %"easure and %an generated bythe t!o aforesad !or"ds# The verba" or symbo"ca"!or"d s the stream of cogntons conversant about

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!ords--the !ords Lco!,L and so forth# The m%ressona"!or"d s the mseres, as desre, averson, c#, caused bythe affectona" !or"d, the "esser mseres, as concet,

%rde, c#, and mert and demert#(ef"ectng, therefore, that ths unverse s %an, an abodeof %an, and an nstrument of %an, a man shou"d acJure akno!"edge of the %rnc%"es, the method of su%%ressngths %an# )ence t has been sad--

LThe %rnc%"es sanctoned by Buddha are to the sant the

four methods of su%%ressng the aggregate of %an#L02X45n these !ords the sense of %an s kno!n to every onethe LaggregateL means the cause of %an# Ths aggregate st!ofo"d, as /# determned by concurrence or #determned by causaton# +f these, there s an a%horsmcom%rsng the aggregate determned by concurrence,L!hch other causes resort to ths effectL the condton ofthese causes thus %roceedng s concurrence theconcurrence of causes s the resu"t of ths on"y, and not ofany conscous beng,--such s the meanng of thea%horsm# To e?em%"fy ths# A germ, caused by a seed, sgenerated by the concurrence of s? e"ements# +f these,earth as an e"ement %roduces hardness and sme"" n thegerm !ater as an e"ement %roduces vscdty andmosture "ght as an e"ement %roduces co"our and!armth ar as an e"ement %roduces touch and motonether as an e"ement %roduces e?%anson and sound theseason as an e"ement %roduces a fttng so", c# Thea%horsm com%rsng the aggregate determned by

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causaton s' LFth the TathHgatas the nature of thesecondtons s f?ed by %roducton, or by non-%roductonthere s contnuance as a condton, and determnaton by

a condton, and conformty of the %roducton to thecauseL that s to say, accordng to the doctrne of theTathHgata Buddhas, the nature of these condtons, that s,the causa" re"aton bet!een the cause and effect, resu"tsfrom %roducton or from non-%roducton# That !hchcomes nto beng, %rovded that somethng e?sts, s theeffect of that as ts cause such s the e?%"anaton of the

nature or causa" re"aton# *ontnuance as a condton s!here the effect s not found !thout ts cause# Theabstract aff? $aln the !ords$hi$i$a has the sense ofthe concrete# Determnaton by a condton s thedetermnaton of the effect by the cause# )ere some onemght nter%ose the remark that the re"aton of cause andeffect cannot e?st a%art from some conscous agent# 9orths reason t s added that there e?stng a cause,conformty of the geness to that cause s the nature !hchs f?ed n condtons that s, n causes and effects andn a"" ths no nte""gent desgner s observed#02K4 To""ustrate ths, the causa" determnaton of a geness to begone through s as fo""o!s'--9rom the seed the germ,from the germ the sta"k, from the sta"k the ho""o! stem,from the ho""o! stem the bud, from the bud the s%cu"es,

from the s%cu"es the b"ossom, from the b"ossom the frut#5n ths e?terna" aggregate nether the cause, the seed andthe rest, nor the effect, the germ and the rest, has anyconscousness of brngng a germ nto beng, or of bengbrought nto beng by the seed# 5n "ke manner n menta"

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facts t!o causes are to be recognsed# There s a !ho"eocean of scentfc matter before us, but !e desst,a%%rehensve of makng our treatse undu"y %ro"?#

Emanc%aton s the su%%resson of these t!o causa"aggregates, or the rse of %ure cognton subseJuent tosuch su%%resson# The method %ath, road s the mode ofsu%%ressng them# And ths method s the kno!"edge ofthe %rnc%"es, and ths kno!"edge accrues from formerdeas# Such s the hghest mystery# The name SautrHntkaarose from the fact that the venerated Buddha sad to

certan of hs dsc%"es !ho asked !hat !as the u"tmate%ur%ort an$a of the a%horsm s0$ra, LAs you havenJured the fna" %ur%ort of the a%horsm, beSautrHntkas#L

*ertan Bauddhas, though there e?st the e?terna" !or"d,consstng of odours, c#, and the nterna", consstng of

co"ours, c#, n order to %roduce unbe"ef n these,dec"ared the unverse to be a vod# These the veneratedBuddha sty"ed PrHthamka %rmary dsc%"es# A secondschoo", attached to the a%%rehenson of sensatons on"y,mantan that sensaton s the on"y rea"ty# A thrd schoo",!ho contend that both are true the nterna" and thee?terna", and mantan that sensb"e objects are nferrb"e#

+thers ho"d a"" ths to be absurd "anguage ir+!!h/hsh, and are kno!n under the desgnaton of>abhHshkas# Ther technca" "anguage s%rngs u% asfo""o!s'--Accordng to the doctrne of nferrb"esensb"es, there beng no %erce%tb"e object, andconseJuent"y no object from !hch a unversa" ru"e can

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be attaned, t !"" be m%ossb"e that any ""aton shou"dtake %"ace, and therefore a contradcton !"" emerge tothe conscousness of a"" manknd# +bjects, therefore, are

of t!o knds, sensb"e and cogtab"e# +f thesea%%rehenson s a non-dscrmnatve nstrument ofkno!"edge as other than mere re%resentaton cognton!hch s dscrmnatve s not a form of evdence, asbeng a mere"y dea" cognton# Therefore t has beensad--

LA%%rehenson, e?em%t from dea"ty and not ""usory, s

non-dscrmnatve# Dscrmnaton, as resu"tng from thea%%earances of thngs, s !thout controversy an ""uson#

LThe %erce%tb"e evdence of thngs s %erce%ton' f t!ere aught e"se,

LThere cou"d nether be thngs, nor evdence of thngsderved from verba" communcaton, nference, or sense#L

)ere some one may say' 5f dscrmnatve cognton beunauthentc, ho! s the a%%rehenson of rea" objects byone energsng thereon and the unversa" consentency ofmanknd to be accounted for[ &et t be re%"ed' ThsJueston does not concern us, for these may be accountedfor by the %ossb"ty of an ndrect a%%rehenson of

objects, just as f !e su%%ose the "ght of a gem to be agem !e may yet hand"e the gem, because t under"es the"ght, !h"e f !e !ere to take nacre for s"ver, !e cou"dnot "ay ho"d of any s"ver# The rest has been fu""ydscussed n descrbng the SautrHntkas cf# %# K, and

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therefore need not here be further deta"ed#

5t shou"d not be contended that a dversty of nstructonaccordng to the dsc%"es modes of thought s nottradtona" or orthodo? for t s sad n the g"oss on theBodha-chtta--

LThe nstructons of the "eader of manknd Buddhaaccommodatng themse"ves to the character andds%oston of those !ho are to be taught,

LAre sad to be dverse n many !ays, accordng to a%"ura"ty of methods#

L9or as dee% or su%erfca", and sometmes both dee% andsu%erfca",

L5nstructons are dverse, and dverse s the doctrne of aunversa" vod !hch s a negaton of dua"ty#L

5t s !e"" kno!n n Buddhst doctrne that the !orsh% ofthe t!e"ve nner seats ya$ana s conducve to fe"cty#

LAfter acJurng !ea"th n abundance, the t!e"ve nnerseats

LAre to be thorough"y reverenced !hat use of

reverencng aught e"se be"o![LThe fve organs of kno!"edge, the fve organs of acton,

LThe common sensory and the nte""ect have beendescrbed by the !se as the t!e"ve nner seats#L

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The system of the Buddhsts s descrbed as fo""o!s n the>veka-v"Hsa'--

L+f the Bauddhas Sugata Buddha s the dety, and theunverse s momentar"y f"u?ona"

LThe fo""o!ng four %rnc%"es n order are to be kno!nby the name of the nob"e truths'--

LPan, the nner seats, and from them an aggregate s he"d,0264

LAnd the %ath method of a"" ths "et the e?%"caton beheard n order#

LPan, and thes&an!hasof the emboded one, !hch aredec"ared to be fve,--

LSensaton, conscousness, name, m%resson, and form#

LThe fve organs of sense, the fve objects of sense, soundand the rest, the common sensory,

LAnd the nte""ect the abode of mert,--these are thet!e"ve nner seats#

LThs shou"d be the com%"ement of desre and so forth,

!hen t arses n the heart of man#L;nder the name of sou"s o!n nature, t shou"d be theaggregate#

LThe f?ed dea that a"" m%ressons are momentary,

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LThs s to be kno!n as the %ath, and s a"so sty"edemanc%aton#

L9urthermore, there are t!o nstruments of scence,%erce%ton and nference#

LThe Bauddhas are !e"" kno!n to be dvded nto foursects, the >abhHshkas and the rest#

LThe >abhHshka hgh"y esteems an object concomtantto the cognton

LThe SautrHntka a""o!s no e?terna" object a%%rehensb"eby %erce%ton

LThe $ogHchHra admts on"y nte""ect accom%aned !thforms

LThe MHdhyamkas ho"d mere conscousness se"f-

subsstent#LA"" the four sects of Bauddhas %roc"am the sameemanc%aton,

LArsng from the e?tr%aton of desre, c#, the stream ofcogntons and m%ressons#

LThe skn garment, the !ater-%ot, the tonsure, the rags,the sng"e mea" n the forenoon,

LThe congregaton, and the red vesture, are ado%ted bythe Bauddha mendcants#L0274

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A# E# G#

9++T

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any co"our !hch tru"y is# Fthn the m""onth %art of asecond the !ho"e g"ory of the %anted heavens hasundergone an nca"cu"ab"e seres of mutatons# +ne shade

s su%%"anted by another !th a ra%dty !hch sets a""measurement at defance, but because the %rocess s oneto !hch no measurement a%%"es,### reason refuses to "ayan arrestment on any %erod of the %assng scene, or todec"are that t s, because n the very act of beng t s nott has gven %"ace to somethng e"se# 5t s a seres off"eetng co"ours, no one of !hch is, because each of them

contnua""y vanshes n another#L409ootnote 22' Prnc%um e?c"us med nter duocontradctora#4

09ootnote 2' \uery, &ankHvatHra[4

09ootnote 23' *f# 9errers 5nsttutes of Meta%hysc, %#/2# L5f every %'m)l$!object of cognton must consstof object)l+sthe subject, the object !thout the subjectmust be ncom%"ete, that s, nchoate--that s, no %ossb"eobject of kno!"edge at a""# Ths s the dstressng%redcament to !hch matter s reduced by the tactcs ofs%ecu"aton and ths %redcament s descrbed not una%t"yby ca""ng t a*l+#--or, as !e have de%cted t e"se!here,%erha%s more %h"oso%hca""y, as a never-endngredem%ton of nonsense nto sense, and a never-endngre"a%se of sense nto nonsense#L4

09ootnote 2X' *f# Burnouf,L'$+s, %# 3.#--Shou"d !ereadsam+!aya[4

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09ootnote 2K' *f# G# )# &e!es )story of Ph"oso%hy,vo"# # %# 63# LFe not on"y see that the archtects %"andetermned the arrangement of matera"s n the house, but

!e see !hy t must have done so, because the matera"shave no s%ontaneous tendency to grou% themse"ves ntohouses that not beng a recognsed %ro%erty of brcks,mortar, !ood, and g"ass# But !hat !e kno! of organcmatera"s s that they haths s%ontaneous tendency toarrange themse"ves n defnte forms %recse"y as !e seechemca" substances arrangng themse"ves n defnte

forms !thout the nterventon of any e?tra-chemca"agency#L4

09ootnote 26' These are not the usua" four sub"metruths cf# %# 2.#4

09ootnote 27' MHdhava %robab"y derved most of hskno!"edge of Buddhst doctrnes from Brahmanca"

!orks conseJuent"y some of hs e?%"anatons as, .".,that ofsam+!yaorsam+!aya, c# seem to be atvarance !th those gven n Buddhst !orks#4

CHAPTER III.

T)E ()ATA S$STEM#

The Gymnoso%hsts0.4 :anas, rejectng these o%nonsof the Muktakachchhas,0/4 and mantanng contnuede?stence to a certan e?tent, overthro! the doctrne of themomentarness of everythng# They say' 5f nocontnung sou" s acce%ted, then even the arrangement of

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the means for attanng !or"d"y frut n ths "fe !"" beuse"ess# But sure"y ths can never be magned as%ossb"e--that one shou"d act and another rea% the

conseJuences] Therefore as ths convcton, L5 !ho%revous"y dd the deed, am the %erson !ho no! rea% tsconseJuences,L estab"shes undoubted"y the e?stence of acontnung sou", !hch remans constant through the%revous and the subseJuent %erod, the dscrmnatng:ana Arhats reject as untenab"e the doctrne ofmomentary e?stence, i.., an e?stence !hch "asts on"y

an nstant, and has no %revous or subseJuent %art#But the o%%onent may mantan, LThe unbroken streamof momentary sensatons has been far"y %roved byargument, so !ho can %revent t[ 5n ths !ay, snce ourtenet has been demonstrated by the argument, !hatevers, s momentary, c#, t fo""o!s that n each %ara""e" "neof successve e?%erences the %revous conscousness s

the agent and the subseJuent one rea%s the frut#

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of shoot, c#, an u"tmate redness n the cotton# As t hasbeen sad--

L5n !hatever seres of successve states the orgna"m%resson of the acton !as %roduced,

LThere ver"y accrues the resu"t, just "ke the redness%roduced n cotton#

LFhen "ac juce, c#, are %oured on the f"o!er of thectron, c#,

LA certan ca%acty s %roduced n t,--do you not see t[L

But a"" ths s on"y a dro!nng mans catchng at a stra!,for t s overthro!n by the fo""o!ng d"emma'--

5n the e?am%"e of the Lc"oud,L c# 0s+)ra, %# /34, !asyour favourte LmomentarnessL %roved by ths very %roof

or by some other[ 5t cou"d not be the former, becauseyour a""eged momentarness s not a"!ays drect"y vsb"en the c"oud, and conseJuent"y, as your e?am%"e s not anascertaned fact, your su%%osed nference fa""s to theground#

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of an e?stence s Lthat !hch %ossesses an orgn, an end,and an 0ntermedate4 duraton#L

As for !hat !as sad 0n %# /X4 that Lthe momentarness ofobjects s %roved by the fact that the contrary assum%ton"eads to contradctory attrbutes of ca%acty and !ant ofca%acty e?stng contem%oraneous"y,L $ha$a"so s!rong--for the a""eged contradcton s not %roved, as theho"ders of the SyHd-vHda04 doctrne 0i! in*ra4!""ng"y admt the ndetermnateness of the acton ofcauses# As for !hat !as sad of the e?am%"e of the cotton,

that s on"y mere !ords, snce no %roof s gven, and !edo not acce%t even n that nstance a se%arate destructon0at each moment4# And agan, your su%%osed contnuedseres cannot be demonstrated !thout some subject togve t coherence, as has been sad, L5n ndvdua" thngs!hch are of the same c"ass or successve"y %roduced orn mutua" contact, there may be a contnued seres and

ths seres s he"d to be one 0throughout a""L4#

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LThe "oss of the thng done,--the enjoyment of the frut ofa thng not done,--the dsso"uton of a"" e?stence,--andthe abo"ton of memory,--bo"d ndeed s the Buddhst

antagonst, !hen, n the teeth of these four objectons, heseeks to estab"sh hs doctrne of momentary destructon]L

Moreover, on your su%%oston of momentary e?stence,as at the tme of the %erce%ton the second moment theobject of the frst moment does not e?st, and sm"ar"yat the tme of the objects e?stence the %erce%ton doesnot e?st, there can be no such thngs as a %ercever and a

thng %erceved, and conseJuent"y the !ho"e course of the!or"d !ou"d come to an end#

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must be some defnte condton to determne the%erce%ton and kno!"edge n each severa" case# Thus by%erce%ton the abstract conscousness, !hch before

e?sted unnf"uenced by the e?terna" object, becomesmodfed under the form of a jar, c#, !th a defntereference to each mans %ersona"ty 0i.., 5 see the jar4, andt s not mere"y the %assve rec%ent of a ref"ecton "ke amrror# Moreover, f the %erce%ton on"y re%roduced theform of the object, there !ou"d be an end of usng such!ords as Lfar,L Lnear,L c#, of the objects#04

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nsentent,L then there !ou"d be no %erce%ton that theobject s nsentent,034 and so t s a case of the %roverb,LFh"e he "ooks for one thng !hch he has "ost, another

dro%s#L LBut !hat harm !"" t be f there s no %erce%tonof a thngs beng nsentent[L 0Fe re%"y4, that f ts bengnsentent s not %erceved, !h"e ts b"ue form s%erceved, the t!o may be Jute dstnct 0and as dfferentfrom each other as a jar and c"oth4, or t may be a case ofLndetermnatenessL 0so that the t!o may be on"yoccasona""y found together, as smoke !th fre4# And

agan, f nsentence s not %erceved contem%oraneous"y!th the b"ue form, ho! cou"d there then be conformtybet!een them 0so that both the b"ue and the nsentenceshou"d together consttute the character of the thng[4 Femght just as !e"" mantan that, on %ercevng a %ost, theun%erceved unverse entered nto t as a"so consttutngts character#0X4

A"" ths co""ecton of to%cs for %roof has been dscussedat fu"" "ength by the :ana authors, PratH%achandra andothers, n thePramya&amalamr$an!a, c#, and s hereomtted for fear of s!e""ng the book too much#

Therefore those !ho !sh for thes+mm+m /'n+mof manmust not acce%t the doctrne of Buddha, but rather honour

on"y the rhata doctrne# The Arhats nature has been thusdescrbed by Arhachchandra-sYr,0K4 n hs5)$anis%haylan&ra#

LThe dvne Arhat s the su%reme "ord, the omnscentone, !ho has overcome a"" fau"ts, desre, c#,--adored by

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the three !or"ds, the dec"arer of thngs as they are#L

But may t not be objected that no such omnscent sou"can enter the %ath of %roof, snce none of the fveaffrmatve %roofs can be found to a%%"y, as has beendec"ared by TautHtta 0Bhatta =umHr"a0644[

/# Leda and ho! can he beestab"shed by a made and s%urous >eda[

3# LDo you say that ths omnscent one s acce%ted on hso!n !ord[ )o! can you estab"sh ether !hen they thusboth de%end on rec%roca" su%%ort[

X# L05f you say,4 The sayng s true because t !as utteredby one omnscent, and ths %roves the Arhats e?stenceho! can ether %ont be estab"shed !thout some%revous"y estab"shed foundaton[

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K# LBut they !ho acce%t a 0su%%osed4 omnscent on thebase"ess !ord of a %arvscent kno! nothng of themeanng of a rea" omnscents !ords#

6# LAnd agan, f !e no! cou"d see anythng "ke anomnscent beng, !e mght have a chance of recognsnghm by the 0!e""-kno!n fourth4 %roof, com%arson+)amna#

7# LAnd the teachng of Buddha 0as !e"" as that of :na4,!hch embraces vrtue, vce, c#, !ou"d not be

estab"shed as authortatve, f there !ere not n hm theattrbute of omnscence,074 and so on#L

Fe re%"y as fo""o!s'--As for the su%%osed contradctonof an Arhats e?stence, derved from the fa"ure of thefve affrmatve %roofs,--ths s untenab"e, because therear%roofs, as nference, c#, !hch !'estab"sh03.4 hse?stence# Thus any sou" !"" become omnscent !hen,ts natura" ca%acty for gras%ng a"" objects remanng thesame, the hndrances to such kno!"edge are done a!ay#Fhatever thng has a natura" ca%acty for kno!ng anyobject, !"", !hen ts hndrances to such kno!"edge aredone a!ay, actua""y kno! t, just as the sense of vsoncognses form, drect"y the hndrances of darkness, c#,are removed#

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kno!"edge of a"" %ossb"e cases can be %roduced by theauthortatve njuncton of a te?t,03/4--nor cou"d thereother!se be the kno!"edge of unversa" %ro%ostons,

such as that n our favourte argument, LA"" thngs arendetermnate from the very fact of ther e?stenceL 0and,of course, a fo""o!er of the

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beng L"berated,L "ke other "berated %ersons,--snce theuse of the term L"beratedL necessar"y m%"es the havngbeen %revous"y bound and f the "atter s absent, the

former must be too, as s seen n the case of the ether#LBut s not ths bengs e?stence defnte"y %roved by hsbeng the maker of that eterna" seres of effects, the earth,c#[ accordng to the !e""-kno!n argument, the earth,c#, must have had a maker, because they have the natureof effects, as a jar#L Ths argument, ho!ever, !"" notho"d, because you cannot %rove that they have the nature

of effects# $ou cannot estab"sh ths from the fact of therbeng com%osed of %arts, because ths su%%oston fa""su%on the horns of a d"emma# Does ths Lbeng com%osedof %artsL mean # the beng n contact !th the %arts or# Lthe beng n ntmate re"aton to the %arts or # thebeng %roduced from %artsL or v# the beng a substancen ntmate re"aton or v# the beng the object of an deanvo"vng the noton of %arts[

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somethng e"se n ntmate re"aton to tse"f,--or do youmean that t must have ntmate re"aton to somethnge"se, n order to be va"d for your argument[ 5f you say the

former, t !"" eJua""y a%%"y to ether, snce ths s asubstance, and has ts Jua"tes resdent n t by ntmatere"aton f you say the "atter, your ne! %oston nvo"vesas much ds%ute as the orgna" %ont, snce you !ou"dhave to %rove the e?stence of ntmate re"aton n the%arts, or the so-ca""ed Lntmate causes,L !hch you meanby Lsomethng e"se#L Fe use these terms n com%"ance

!th your termno"ogy but, of course, from our %ont ofve!, !e do not a""o! such a thng as Lntmate re"aton,Las there s no %roof of ts e?stence#

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!"" e?tend erroneous"y to %a"aces, c#, !here !e see forourse"ves the !ork of many dfferent men, as car%enters,c#, and 0n the second case4 f a"" the !or"d !ere

%roduced by ths one maker, a"" other agents !ou"d besu%erf"uous# As t has been sad n the V$ar"as$+$i, orLPrase of :naL--

/# LThere s one eterna" maker for the !or"d, a""-%ervadng, nde%endent, and true they have none of thesene?trcab"e de"usons, !hose teacher art $h'+#L

And agan--# LThere s here no maker actng by hs o!n free !"",e"se hs nf"uence !ou"d e?tend to the makng of a mat#Fhat !ou"d be the use of yourse"f or a"" the artsans, fIs!ara fabrcates the three !or"ds[L

Therefore t s rght to ho"d, as !e do, that omnscence s

%roduced !hen the hndrances are removed by the threemeans before a""uded to#

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The !e""-kno!n trad ca""ed the three gems, rghtntuton, c#, are thus descrbed n theParam"amasra!hch s devoted to the e?%oston of the doctrnes of the

Arhats--L(ght ntuton, rght kno!"edge, rght conductare the %ath of "beraton#L Ths has been thus e?%"anedby $ogadeva'--

a. Fhen the meanng of the %redcaments, the sou", c#,has been dec"ared by an Arhat n e?act accordance !thther rea"ty, abso"ute fath n the teachng, i.., the entreabsence of any contrary dea, s Lrght ntuton#L And to

ths effect runs the Ta$$r$ha-s0$ra, L9ath n the%redcaments0334 s rght ntuton#L +r, as anotherdefnton gves t, LAcJuescence n the %redcamentsdec"ared by a :na s ca""ed rght fath t s %roducedether by natura" character or by the gurus nstructon#LL

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LMa$i,sruta, aa!hi, manas-)aryya, and &ala, theseare kno!"edge#L The meanng of ths s as fo""o!s'--

/#Ma$is that by !hch one cognses an object throughthe o%eraton of the senses and the mnd, a"" obstructonsof kno!"edge beng abo"shed#

# Sr+$as the c"ear kno!"edge %roduced by ma$i, a"" theobstructons of kno!"edge beng abo"shed#

2#a!his the kno!"edge of s%eca" objects caused by

the abo"ton of hndrances, !hch s effected by Lrghtntuton,L c#03X4

#Manas-)aryyas the c"ear defnte kno!"edge ofanothers thoughts, %roduced by the abo"ton of a"" theobstructons of kno!"edge caused by the ve" of envy#

3#,alas that %ure una""oyed kno!"edge for the sake

of !hch ascetcs %ractse varous knds of %enance#The frst of these ma$i s not se"f-cognsed, the otherfour are# Thus t has been sad--

LTrue kno!"edge s a %roof !hch nothng can overthro!,and !hch manfests tse"f as !e"" as ts object t s bothsu%ersensuous and tse"f an object of cognton, as the

object s determned n t!o !ays#L

But the fu"" account of the further mnute dvsons mustbe got from the authortatve treatse above-mentoned#

%. L(ght conductL s the abstanng from a"" actons

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tendng to ev" courses by one !ho %ossesses fath andkno!"edge, and !ho s d"gent n cuttng off the seres ofactons and ther effects !hch consttutes mundane

e?stence# Ths has been e?%"aned at "ength by theArhat--

/# L(ght conduct s descrbed as the entrere"nJushment of b"amab"e m%u"ses ths has beensubjected to a fvefo"d dvson, as the fve vo!s,ahims,s0nri$a, as$ya, /rahma%hary, and a)ari"raha#03K4

# LThe vo! of ahimss the avodance of njurng "feby any act of thought"essness n any movab"e ormmovab"e thng#

2# LA knd, sa"utary, and truthfu" s%eech s ca""ed the vo!ofs0nri$a# That truthfu" s%eech s not truthfu", !hch sunknd to others and %rejudca"#

# LThe not takng !hat s not gven s dec"ared to be thevo! of as$ya the e?terna" "fe s a mans %ro%erty, and,!hen t s k""ed, t s k""ed by some one !ho seVes t#

3# LThe vo! of /rahma%harychastty s eghteen-fo"d,vV#, the abandonment of a"" desres,0364 heaven"y or

earth"y, n thought, !ord, and deed, and !hether by oneso!n acton or by ones consent, or by ones causnganother to act#

X# LThe vo! of a)ari"rahas the renouncng of a""de"usve nterest n everythng that e?sts not snce

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be!"derment of thought may arse from a de"usventerest even n the unrea"#

K# LFhen carred out by the fve states of mnd n afvefo"d order, these great vo!s of the !or"d %roduce theeterna" abode#L

The fu"" account of the fve states of mnd /han hasbeen gven n the fo""o!ng %assage 0of !hch !e on"yJuote one s"oka4--

L&et hm carry out the vo! ofs0nri$aunnterru%ted"y bythe abstnence from "aughter, greed, fear, and anger, andby the de"berate avodance of s%eech,L0374--and so forth#

These three, rght ntuton, rght kno!"edge, and rghtconduct, !hen unted, %roduce "beraton, but notsevera""y just as, n the case of an e"?r, t s thekno!"edge of !hat t s, fath n ts vrtues, and the actua"

a%%"caton of the medcne,0X.4 unted, !hch %roducethe e"?rs effect, but not severa""y#

)ere !e may say concse"y that the $a$$asor%redcaments are t!o,2aand a2a the sou",2a, s%ure nte""gence the non-sou", a2a, s %ure non-nte""gence# Padmanandn has thus sad--

LThe t!o hghest %redcaments are sou" and non-sou"dscrmnaton s the %o!er of dscrmnatng these t!o,n one !ho %ursues !hat s to be %ursued, and rejects!hat s to be rejected# The affecton, c#, of the agent areto be rejected these are objects for the non-

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dscrmnatng the su%reme "ght 0of kno!"edge4 s a"oneto be %ursued, !hch s defned as +)ay'"a#L

U)ay'"a0or Lthe true em%"oyment of the sou"sactvtesL4 takes %"ace !hen the vson of true kno!"edgerecognses the manfestaton of the sou"s nnate naturebut as "ong as the sou", by the bond of)ra!saand themutua" nter%enetraton of form !hch t %roduces0bet!een the sou" and the body4, consders tse"f asdentfed !th ts actons 0and the body !hch they%roduce4, kno!"edge shou"d rather be defned as Lthe

cause of ts recognsng that t s other than these#L0X/4

5nte""gence %hai$anya s common to a"" sou"s, and s therea" nature of the sou" ve!ed as)arina$a0i.., as t s ntse"f4 but by the nf"uence of +)asama&shayaand&shay')asamat a%%ears n the Lm?edL form as%ossessng both,0X4 or agan, by the nf"uence of actons

as they arse, t assumes the a%%earance of fou"ness, c#0X24 As has been sad by >HchakHchHrya 0n a sYtra4--

LThe a+)asami&a, the,shyi&a, and the m?ed states arethe nature of the sou", and a"so the a+!ayi&aand thePrinmi&a#L

/# The a+)asami&astate of the sou" arses !hen a"" the

effects of %ast actons have ceased, and no ne! actonsarse 0to affect the future4, as !hen !ater becomestem%orar"y %ure through the def"ng mud snkng to thebottom by the nf"uence of the c"earng nut-%"ant,0X4 c#

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# The,shyi&astate arses !hen there s the abso"uteabo"ton of actons and ther effects, as n fna" "beraton#

2# The Lm?edL misra state combnes both these, as!hen !ater s %art"y %ure#

# The a+!ayi&astate s !hen actons arse 0e?ertng annherent nf"uence on the future4# ThePrinmi&astate sthe sou"s nnate condton, as %ure nte""gence, c#, anddsregardng ts a%%arent states, as /, , 2, #0X34Ths nature, n one of the above-descrbed varetes, s the

character of every sou" !hether ha%%y or unha%%y# Ths sthe meanng of the sYtra Juoted above#

Ths has been e?%"aned n the Sar0)a-sam/'!hana--

L

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mentoned above,2aand a2a they ho"d that there arefve as$i&yasor categores,--2a, &sa, !harma,a!harma, and)+!"ala# To a"" these fve !e can a%%"y the

dea of Le?stenceL as$i,0XK4 as connected !th the threedvsons of tme, and !e can sm"ar"y a%%"y the dea ofLbodyL &ya,0X64 from ther occu%yng severa" %arts ofs%ace#

The2assou"s are dvded nto t!o, the LmundaneL andthe Lre"eased#L The LmundaneL %ass from brth to brthand these are a"so dvded nto t!o, as those %ossessng an

nterna" sense samanas&a, and those desttute of tamanas&a# The former %ossessessam23, i.., the %o!erof a%%rehenson, ta"kng, actng, and recevngnstructon the "atter are those !thout ths %o!er# These"atter are a"so dvded nto t!o, as L"ocomotveL $rasa,or Lmmovab"eL s$hara#

The L"ocomotveL are those %ossessng at "east t!o senses0touch and taste4, as she""-fsh, !orms, c#, and are thusof four knds 0as %ossessng t!o, three, four, or fvesenses4 the Lmmovab"eL are earth, !ater, fre, ar, andtrees#0X74 But here a dstncton must be made# The dustof the road s %ro%er"y Learth,L but brcks, c#, areaggregated Lbodes of earth,L and that sou" by !hom ths

body s a%%ro%rated becomes Learthen-boded,L and thatsou" !hch !"" hereafter a%%ro%rate t s the Learth-sou"#LThe same four dvsons must a"so be a%%"ed to theothers, !ater, c#

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!raya %ossesses LJua"tes and acton#L0K24 \ua"tesresde n substance but do not themse"ves %ossessJua"tes, as the genera" Jua"tes, kno!"edge, c#, of the

2a, form, c#, of the body, and the %o!er of causng%rogress, statonarness, and moton nto a %"ace%revous"y occu%ed, n the case res%ectve"y of Lmert,LLdemert,L and &sa# LActonL )aryya has thus beendefned the actons )aryyh of a substance are, as hasbeen sad, ts e?stence, ts %roducton, ts beng !hat t s,ts deve"o%ment, ts course to the end, as, ."., n the2a,

the kno!"edge of objects, as of a jar, c#, ha%%ness, %an,c# n the)+!"ala, the "um% of c"ay, the jar, c# nmert and demert, the s%eca" functons of %rogress, c#Thus there are s? substances or $a$$as0i.., the fveabove mentoned and LtmeL4#

+thers reckon the $a$$asas seven, as has been sad--

LThe $a$$asare2a, a2a, sraa, /an!ha,samara,nir2ar, and m'&sha#L6aand a2ahave been a"readydescrbed#5sraas descrbed as the movement of thesou" ca""edy'"a,0K4 through ts %artc%aton n themovement of ts varous bodes, a+!ri&a, c# As a dooro%enng nto the !ater s ca""ed sraa, because t causesthe stream to descend through t,0K34 so thsy'"as ca""ed

sraa, because by t as by a %%e actons and therconseJuences f"o! n u%on the sou"# +r, as a !et garmentco""ects the dust brought to t from every sde by the!nd, so the sou", !et !th %revous sns, co""ects, by tsmanfo"d %onts of contact !th the body, the actons!hch are brought to t byy'"a# +r as, !hen !ater s

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thro!n on a heated "um% of ron, the ron absorbs the!ater a"together, so the2a, heated by %revous sns,receves from every sde the actons !hch are brought by

y'"a#,ashyaLsn,L Ldef"ementL s so ca""ed because tLhurtsL &ash the sou" by "eadng t nto ev" states tcom%rses anger, %rde, de"uson, and "ust#5sraast!ofo"d, as good or ev"# Thus abstanng from dongnjury s a goody'"aof the body s%eakng !hat s true,measured, and %roftab"e s a goody'"aof the s%eech#

These varous subdvsons of sraahave been descrbed

at "ength n severa" S0$ras# L5sraas the m%u"se toacton !th body, s%eech, or mnd, and t s good or ev" ast %roduces mert or demert,L c# +thers, ho!ever,e?%"an t thus'--L5sraas the acton of the senses !hchm%e"s the sou" to!ards e?terna" objects the "ght of thesou", comng n contact !th e?terna" objects by means ofthe senses, becomes deve"o%ed as the kno!"edge of form,

c#L0KX4

7an!ha, Lbondage,L s !hen the sou", by the nf"uence ofLfa"se ntuton,L Lnon-ndfference,L Lcare"essness,L andLsnL &ashya, and a"so by the force ofy'"a, assumesvarous bodes occu%yng many %arts of s%ace, !hchenter nto ts o!n subt"e body, and !hch are suted to the

bond of ts %revous actons# As has been sad--LThrough the nf"uence of sn the ndvdua" sou" assumesbodes sutab"e to ts %ast actons, ths s, bondage#L

5n ths Juotaton the !ord LsnL &ashya s used to

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ntuton, as a c"oud obscures the sun or a shade the "am%#Ths s a2nnarana, or / !arsanarana# % Anobject recognsed as smu"taneous"y e?stng or non-

e?stng %roduces mng"ed %"easure and %an, as "cknghoney from a s!ords edge,--ths s !anya# ! Ade"uson m'hanya n ntuton %roduces !ant of fath nthe :ana categores, "ke assocaton !th the !ckedde"uson n conduct %roduces !ant of se"f-restrant, "kento?caton# 5y+s%roduces the bond of body, "ke asnare#0K74 *Nman, or Lthe name,L %roduces varous

ndvdua" a%%e""atons, as a %anter %ants hs dfferent%ctures# " 8'$ra%roduces the dea of nob"e andgnob"e, as the %otter fashons hs %ots# hn$arya%roduces obstac"es to "bera"ty, c#, as the treasurerhnders the kng by consderatons of economy#

Thus s the)ra&ri$i-/an!haeghtfo"d, beng denomnatedas the eght m0la-)ra&ri$is, !th subdvsons accordng to

the dfferent actons of the varous subject-matter#

And thus has ;mHs!Ht-vHchakHchHrya06.4 dec"ared'LThe frst knd of /an!haconssts of obstructons of thekno!"edge and the ntuton, !anya, m'hanya, y+s,nman,"'$ra, and an$aryaL and he has a"so reckonedu% the res%ectve subdvsons of each as fve, nne,

t!enty-eght, four, t!o, forty, t!o, and ffteen# A"" thshas been e?%"aned at fu"" "ength n the Vi!ynan!aandother !orks, and here s omtted through fear of %ro"?ty#

# S$hi$i.As the m"k of the goat, co!, buffa"o, c#, havecontnued uns!ervng from ther s!eet nature for so "ong

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a %erod, so the frst three m0la-)ra&ri$is,2nnarana,c#, and the "ast, an$arya, have not s!erved from therres%ectve natures even through the %erod descrbed n

the !ords, Ls$hi$i"asts beyonds crores of crores of %erodsof tme measured by thrtys"ar')amas#L06/4 Thscontnuance ss$hi$i#

2#n+/ha.As n the m"k of goats, co!s, buffa"oes,c#, there e?sts, by ts rch or %oor nature, a s%eca"ca%acty for %roducng064 ts severa" effects, so n thedfferent matera" bodes %roduced by our actons there

e?sts a s%eca" ca%acty an+/ha for %roducng therres%ectve effects#

#Pra!sa.The /an!haca""ed)ra!sas the entrancento the dfferent %arts of the sou" by the masses, made u%of an end"ess number of %arts, of the varous bodes!hch are deve"o%ed by the conseJuences of actons#

Samaras the sto%%ng of sraa--that by !hch thenf"uence of %ast actons &arman s sto%%ed fromenterng nto the sou"# 5t s dvded nto"+)$i,sami$i, c#8+)$is the !thdra!a" of the sou" from that Lm%u"seLy'"a !hch causes mundane e?stence,--t s threefo"d,as re"atng to body, s%eech, or mnd# Sami$is the actngso as to avod njury to a"" "vng bengs# Ths s dvdednto fve knds, as ry,0624 /hsh, c#, as has beene?%"aned by )emachandra#

/# L5n a %ub"c hgh!ay, kssed by the suns rays, to !a"kcrcums%ect"y so as to avod njurng "vng bengs, ths

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the good ca"" ry#

# L&et hm %ractse064 a measured utterance n hsntercourse !th a"" %eo%"e ths s ca""ed /hsh-sami$i,dear to the restraners of s%eech#

2# LThe food !hch the sage takes, ever free from theforty-t!o fau"ts !hch may accrue to a"ms, s ca""ed theshan-sami$i#0634

# L*arefu""y "ookng at t and carefu""y seatng hmse"f

u%on t, "et hm take a seat, c#, set t do!n, andmedtate,--ths s ca""ed the !na-sami$i#

3# LThat the good man shou"d carefu""y %erform hs bod"yevacuatons n a s%ot free from a"" "vng creatures,06X4--ths s the +$sar"a-sami$i#06K4 )encesamarahas beenetymo"ogca""y ana"ysed as that !hch c"oses sam^rin'$i the door of the stream of sraa,0664 as has been

sad by the "earned, 5sraas the cause of mundanee?stence,samaras the cause of "beraton0674 ths sthe rhat doctrne n a handfu" a"" e"se s on"y theam%"fcaton of ths#L

Nir2ars the causng the frut of %ast actons to decay byse"f-mortfcaton, c# t destroys by the body the mert

and demert of a"" the %revous"y %erformed actons, andthe resu"tng ha%%ness and msery Lse"f-mortfcatonLmeans the %"uckng out of the har, c# Ths nir2arst!ofo"d,07.4 Ltem%oraryL ya$h&la and anc""arya+)a&ramani&a# 5t s Ltem%oraryL as !hen a desre s

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dormant n conseJuence of the acton havng %roduced tsfrut, and at that %artcu"ar tme, from ths com%"eton ofthe object amed at, nir2ararses, beng caused by the

consum%ton of the desre, c# But !hen, by the force ofascetcsm, the sage turns a"" actons nto means forattanng hs end "beraton, ths s the nir2arof actons#Thus t has been sad' L9rom the decayng of the actons!hch are the seeds of mundane e?stence, nir2ararses,!hch s t!ofo"d,sa&mand a&m# That ca""edsa&mbe"ongs to ascetcs, the a&mto other emboded

s%rts#L07/4M'&sha.Snce at the moment of ts attanment there s anentre absence of a"" future actons, as a"" the causes ofbondage fa"se %erce%ton, c# are sto%%ed,074 andsnce a"" %ast actons are abo"shed n the %resence of thecauses of nir2ar, there arses the abso"ute re"ease from a""actons,--ths s m'&sha as t has been sad' LM'&shas

the abso"ute re"ease from a"" actons by the decaynir2ar of the causes of bondage and of e?stence#L

Then the sou" rses u%!ard to the end of the !or"d# As a%otters !hee", !hr"ed by the stck and hands, moves oneven after these have sto%%ed, unt" the m%u"se se?hausted, so the %revous re%eated contem%"atons of the

emboded sou" for the attanment of m'&shae?ert thernf"uence even after they have ceased, and bear the sou"on!ard to the end of the !or"d or, as the gourd, encased!th c"ay, snks n the !ater, but rses to the surface !henfreed from ts encumbrance, so the sou", de"vered from!orks, rses u%!ard by ts so"aton,0724 from the burstng

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of ts bonds "ke the e"astc seed of the castor-o" %"ant, orby ts o!n natve tendency "ke the f"ame#

LBondageL s the condton of beng unse%arated, !th amutua" nter%enetraton of %arts 0bet!een the sou" and thebody4san"as mere"y mutua" contact# Ths has beendec"ared as fo""o!s'--

L0&beraton4 s unhndered, from the contnuance offormer m%u"ses, from the absence ofsan"a, from thecuttng of a"" bonds, and from the natura" deve"o%ment of

the sou"s o!n %o!ers of moton, "ke the %otters !hee",the gourd !th ts c"ay removed, the seed of the castor-o"%"ant, or the f"ame of fre#L

)ence they recte a s"oka'--

L)o!ever often they go a!ay, the %"anets return, the sun,moon, and the rest

LBut never to ths day have returned any !ho have goneto "okHkHsa#L

+thers ho"d m'&shato be the abdng n the hghestregons, the sou" beng absorbed n b"ss, !th tskno!"edge unhndered and tse"f untanted by any %an orm%resson thereof#

+thers ho"d nne $a$$(as, addng LmertL and LdemertL tothe foregong seven,--these t!o beng the causes of%"easure and %an# Ths has been dec"ared n theSi!!hn$a, L6a, a2a,)+nya,))a, sraa,samara,

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nir2arana, /an!ha, and m'&sha, are the nne $a$$(as#L Asour object s on"y a summary, !e desst here#

)ere the :anas every!here ntroduce ther favourte "ogcca""ed thesa)$a-/han"-naya,074 or the system of theseven %ara"ogsms, Lmay be, t s,L Lmay be, t s not,LLmay be, t s and t s not,L Lmay be, t s not %redcab"e,LLmay be, t s, and yet not %redcab"e,L Lmay be, t s not,and not %redcab"e,L Lmay be, t s and t s not, and not%redcab"e#L A"" ths AnantavNrya has thus "ad do!n'--

/# LFhen you !sh to estab"sh a thng, the %ro%er courses to say may be, t s !hen you !sh to deny t, may be,t s not#

# LFhen you desre to estab"sh each n turn, "et your%rocedure "ke!se embrace both !hen you !sh toestab"sh both at once, "et t be dec"ared ndescrbab"efrom the m%ossb"ty to descrbe t#

2# LThe ffth %rocess s enjoned !hen you !sh toestab"sh the frst as !e"" as ts ndescrbab"eness !henthe second as !e"" as ts ndescrbab"eness, the occasonfor the s?th %rocess arses#

# LThe seventh s reJured !hen a"" three characters are

to be em%"oyed smu"taneous"y#LSy$, Lmay be,L s here an ndec"nab"e %artc"e n theform of a %art of a verb, used to convey the dea ofndetermnateness as t has been sad--

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LThs %artc"esy$s n the form of a verb, but, from tsbeng connected !th the sense, t denotesndetermnateness n sentences, and has a Jua"fyng

effect on the m%"ed meanng#L5f, agan, the !ordsy$denoted determnateness, then t!ou"d be need"ess n the %hrase, Lmay be, t sL but sncet rea""y denotes ndetermnateness, Lmay be, t s,L meansLt s someho!Lsy$, Lmay be,L conveys the meanng ofLsomeho!,L &a$ham%hi$ and so t s not rea""y use"ess# Asone has sad--

LThe doctrne of thesy!-!aarses from ourevery!here rejectng the dea of the abso"ute0734 tde%ends on thesa)$a-/han"-naya, and t "ays do!n thedstncton bet!een !hat s to be avoded and to beacce%ted#L

5f a thng abso"ute"y e?sts, t e?sts a"together, a"!ays,every!here, and !th everybody, and no one at any tmeor %"ace !ou"d ever make an effort to obtan or avod t,as t !ou"d be absurd to treat !hat s a"ready %resent as anobject to be obtaned or avoded# But f t be re"atve orndefnte, the !se !"" concede that at certan tmes andn certan %"aces any one may seek or avod t# Moreover,su%%ose that the Jueston to be asked s ths' L5s /in"orn'n-/in"the rea" nature of the thng[L The rea" nature ofthe thng cannot be /in", for then you cou"d not %ro%er"yuse the %hrase, L5t s a %otL "ha$9s$i, as the t!o !ordsLsL and L%otL !ou"d be tauto"ogca" nor ought you tosay, L5t s not a %ot,L as the !ords thus used !ou"d m%"y

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a drect contradcton and the same argument s to beused n other Juestons#07X4 As t has been dec"ared--

L5t must not be sad 5t s a %ot, snce the !ord %otm%"es s

L

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%ro%ostons and counter-%ro%ostons t s on"y thedoctrne of the Arhat !hch !th no %arta"ty eJua""yfavours a"" sects#L

The :ana doctrne has thus been summed u% by :nadatta-sYr--

LThe hndrances be"ongng to vgour, enjoyment, sensua"%"easure, gvng and recevng,--s"ee%, fear, gnorance,averson, "aughter, "kng, ds"kng, "ove, hatred, !ant ofndfference, desre, sorro!, decet, these are the eghteen

fau"ts !'sha accordng to our system#0/..4 The dvne:na s our Guru, !ho dec"ares the true kno!"edge of the$a$$(as# The %ath0/./4 of emanc%aton conssts ofkno!"edge, ntuton, and conduct# There are t!o meansof %roof )ramna n the Sy!-!adoctrne,--sense-%erce%ton and nference# A"" conssts of the eterna" andthe non-eterna" there are nne or seven $a$$(as# The2a,

the a2a, mert and demert, sraa,samara, /an!ha,nir2ar, m+&$i,--!e !"" no! e?%"an each#6as defnedas nte""gence a2as a"" other than t mert meansbodes !hch arse from good actons, demert theo%%oste sraas the bondage of actons,0/.4 nir2arsthe un"oosng thereof m'&shaarses from the destructonof the eght forms of &armanor LactonL# But by some

teachers LmertL s nc"uded nsamara,0/.24 andLdemertL n sraa#

L+f the sou" !hch has attaned the four nfntethngs0/.4 and s hdden from the !or"d, and !hoseeght actons are abo"shed, abso"ute "beraton s dec"ared

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by :na# The S!etHmbaras are the destroyers of a""def"ement, they "ve by a"ms,0/.34 they %"uck out therhar, they %ractse %atence, they avod a"" assocaton, and

are ca""ed the :ana S!h+s# The Dgambaras %"uck outther har, they carry %eacocks ta"s n ther hands, theydrnk from ther hands, and they eat u%rght n the gvershouse,--these are the second c"ass of the :ana (shs#

LA !oman attans not the hghest kno!"edge, she entersnot Mukt,--so say the Dgambaras but there s a greatdvson on ths %ont bet!een them and the

S!etHmbaras#L0/.X4

E# B# *#

9++T

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$asy "rahanam$asybeng2a!a$yh#4

09ootnote X'I.., f you say that the aayaamay be notseen though the aayains seen, then 5 may say that the%ost s the aayain, and the un%erceved three !or"ds tsaayaa]4

09ootnote K' 5 read arha$sar0)am arha%h%han!ran %#K, "ne 2, in*ra#4

09ootnote 6' The fo""o!ng %assage occurs n some %art

of =umHr"as !rtngs n an argument aganst the :anas#5t s curous that n the SHnkara-dgvjaya, cha%# "v#, t smentoned that =umHr"a had a "tt"e re"entng to!ards the:anas at the end of hs "fe# )e re%ented of havng socrue""y %ersecuted them, and ackno!"edged that there !assome truth n ther teachng#6aina"+r+m+&h$ &as%hi!i!yls' 2$ah.4

09ootnote 7' =umHr"a tres to %rove that no such bengcan e?st, as hs e?stence s not estab"shed by any one ofthe fve recognsed %roofs,--the s?th, a/ha, bengnegatve, s, of course, not a%%"cab"e# 5 understand the"ast s"oka as sho!ng the na%%"cab"ty of L%resum%tonLor ar$h-)a$$i# A :ana !ou"d say, L5f the Arhat !ere notomnscent, hs !ords !ou"d not be true and authortatve,

but !e see that they are, therefore he s omnscent#L )eans!ers by retortng that the same argument mght beused of Buddha by a Buddhst and as the :ana hmse"f!ou"d dsa""o! t n that case, t cannot be convncng nhs o!n#4

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09ootnote 3.' 5n %# 7, "ne , read $a$sa!/h!a&asyafor $a$sa!/h!&asya#4

09ootnote 3/' 5n %# 7, "ne 7, for ni&hilr$ha23an$n'$)a$$y, 5 %ro%ose to read ni&hilr$ha23n'$)a$$y#4

09ootnote 3'6anyas nc"uded n,ryaand eJua""yds%uted#4

09ootnote 32' Thus L5 am %ossessed of a bodyL ahamSarr, Lmy hand,L c#, are a"" sentences n !hch a

%redcate nvo"vng the noton of %arts s a%%"ed to thesou" L5#L4

09ootnote 3' (easonng n a crc"e# 5 su%%ose the c#nc"udes thenaas$h!'shaor reasonng a! in*ini$+m#)e acce%ts the su%%osed fau"t, and ho"ds that t s actua""yborne out n a case before everybodys eyes#4

09ootnote 33' 5n %# 2/, "ne 3, in*ra, read $a$$r$hfor$a$$r$ham#4

09ootnote 3X' 5 read n %# 2, "ne 7, Samya"!arsan!iforasamya"!arsan!i but the o"d te?t may mean Lcaused bythe abo"ton of hndrances %roduced by the Jua"tes,!rong ntuton,L c#4

09ootnote 3K' *f# the fveyamasn the Y'"a-s0$ras, # 2.#)emachandra /hi!h6/ ca""s them