ACE’s Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals

Chapter 1: Human AnatomyLesson 1.1

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• After completing this session, you will be able to: Discuss common anatomical, directional, regional,

and structural terms as they apply to the body Describe the function of the cardiovascular system Describe the function of the respiratory system Describe the function of the digestive system Describe the function of the skeletal system Explain structure and function of joints and the types

of movements performed at each joint in relationship to the appropriate plane of motion

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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• Anatomical position is the reference point for describing structures of the body in relation to each other.

• Anatomical position refers to a person standing erect with the head, eyes, and palms facing forward.

ANATOMICAL POSITION

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ANATOMICAL, DIRECTIONAL, AND REGIONAL TERMS

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

• Knowing the meaning of common root words will help in understanding the structures and terminology.

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STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF THE BODY

• There are four structural levels of the body: cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the most basic structure and

combine to form tissue. Two or more tissues make up an

organ. Organs that function together make

up a system. The fitness professional must

understand the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, skeletal, nervous, muscular, and endocrine systems.

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• The cardiovascular system, also called the circulatory system, is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

• Blood is the fluid component that transports necessary substances throughout the body.

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BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

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MOVEMENT OF THE SKELETON

• There are three main types of joints:Fibrous jointsCartilaginous jointsSynovial joints

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MOVEMENT IN THE SAGITTAL PLANE

• The sagittal plane runs anterior-posterior, dividing the body into left and right sections.

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MOVEMENT IN THE FRONTAL PLANE

• The frontal plane runs laterally, dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections.

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MOVEMENT IN THE TRANSVERSE PLANE

• The transverse plane runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior sections.

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MULTIPLANAR MOVEMENT

• Circumduction and opposition are two specific actions that occur in multiple planes. Circumduction: “cone” motion; combines flexion,

extension, abduction, and adduction in sequence Opposition: thumb movement specific to humans and

primates

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FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS

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SUMMARY

• Anatomical position is the reference point for describing structures of the body in relation to each other.

• Knowing the meaning of common root words will help in understanding the structures and terminology.

• Understanding common anatomical, directional, regional, and structural terms as they apply to the body helps fitness professionals communicate effectively with peers and other allied health professionals.