Pdhpe Notes

Key Terms:

Holistic – Viewing something as a whole or as one.

Relative – In relation to health, refers to how we judge our health compared to other people or other points of time in our life.

Social Construct – A concept that recognises that people have different views of health based on their social circumstances and ways of seeing, interpreting, interrelating and interacting with their environment.

Modifiable – Can be changed or controlled so they have a different level of influence on our health.

Non-Modifiable – Determinants that cannot be changed or altered in any way.

Hereditary – The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.

Inter-related – Related, connected or influenced by one another.

Perceptions of Health – The way health is seen or viewed by an individual or group.

Dynamic – Constant fluctuations that occur in our level of health.

Protective Behaviours – Health behaviours that are likely to enhance a person’s level of health.

Risk Behaviours – Health behaviours that have been found to contribute to the development of health problems or poorer levels of health.

Dimensions of health:

Physical Health – wellness of the body and the absence of chronic pain or discomfort.

• Degree of energy

• Our level of fitness

• Body weight

• Resistance to disease

Social Health – ability to interact with other people in an interdependent and cooperative way.

Mental Health – state of well-being where we can realise our abilities, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and make a contribution to the community.

• Our self-concept, self-confidence and self-esteem.

• Sense of connection or belonging.

• Ability to appropriately express emotions.

• Ability to think creatively.

• Capacity to function productively.

Spiritual Health – sense of purpose and meaning in our life, and to feeling connected with others and society.

Health Determinants:

Individual – Knowledge, skills, attitudes, genetics.

Sociocultural – Family, peers, media, religion, culture.

Socioeconomic – Employment, education, income.

Environmental - Geographical location, access to health services, access to technology.

Trends in Health for Young Australian’s:

• Increased life expectancy.

• Decline in mortality.

• Distress and mental health disorders increasing. Such as depression, anxiety and substance abuse.

• Increased rate of chronic health problems such as diabetes, Crohn’s disease and cerebral palsy.

• Young people in remote areas experience a socioeconomic disadvantage.

• Death rate for young Aboriginal’s four times higher.

• Nearly 20 years difference in life expectancy for Aboriginal’s.

• Young people’s health greatly differs depending on socioeconomic status. Such as higher injury and death rates.

Risk and Protective Behaviours in Health

Major behaviours relating to young people’s health are physical activity, eating habits, substance use, sexual activity, help seeking, social connectedness and risk taking. Health and social behaviours during this age continue to adulthood so it is important to recognise the trends to try reinforce good protective behaviours.

Health Promotion

Three types of health promotion:

• Lifestyle and behavioural approaches: health promotion aims to reduce or prevent the incidence of risk behaviours that contribute to poor health. This can be achieved through health education programs, social marketing campaigns, promotion of self-help or self-care practices and public policies. Smoking campaigns, road safety campaigns, Reach Out! campaign.

• Preventative medical approaches: use medical treatments or interventions to promote health. Health promotion strategies include vaccination programs, monitoring health, rehabilitation programs.

• Public health approaches: involves establishing programs, policies and services that create environments that support health. Including health promoting schools, health promoting workplaces.

Responsible for health promotion:

• Individuals: aware of the choices they have, they can make decisions without relying on others or expecting others to make decisions for them, and they can act in various situations in daily life to protect themselves and promote their health.

• Community groups and schools: School policies and practices help promote good health to young people. Such as sun safety policies, anti-bullying policies and healthy eating.

• Non-government organisations: Heart Foundation, Cancer Council, Inspire Foundation all focus on a specific disease or health issue. NGO roles include raising public awareness, providing educational programs + resources, provide accurate, new information, funding to conduct research and providing support services.

• Government:

Commonwealth government – allocating funding, forming health policies, introducing legislations. Such as National Tobacco Campaign, Get Set 4 Life, Measure Up Campaign.

State Government – planning + delivering health promotion campaigns, forming health policies. Such as WorkCover requirements, drink driving, opening hours for

licensed premises, restrictions for license plate holders.

Local Government - help implement programs, participate in health campaigns, undertaking long-term environment planning. Such as ensuring swimming pools are fenced, inspections, food handling, storage and preparation regulations by businesses.

• International organisations: coordinating authority on international public health issues, providing leadership, working collaboratively with others responsible for health promotion, settling international health standards, producing annual reports, influencing research priorities. Such as World Health Organisation (WHO).

Body Systems used in Human Movement

Skeletal: Bones, joints, elements of a joint.

Musculatory: Muscles, movement control, strength.

Circulatory: Blood, heart.

Respiratory: Nose, mouth, lungs, oxygen.

Basics of Skeletal System

Three main types of bones;

Long: Femur, radius, ulna.

Short: Carpals, tarsals.

Flat: Cranium, scapula, pelvic bone.

Irregular: Vertebrae, ilium, ischium.

Anatomical Terms

Anatomical position – The individual stands erect facing frontward with their palms facing forward.

Superior – Towards the head; e.g. the hip is superior to the knee.

Inferior – Away from the head; e.g. the foot is inferior to the knee.

Anterior – Towards the front of the body; e.g. the sternum is anterior to the lungs.

Posterior – Towards the back of the body; e.g. the clavicle is posterior to the sternum.

Medial – Towards the midline of the body; e.g. the tibia is on the medial side of the leg.

Lateral – Away from the midline of the body; e.g. the fibula is on the lateral side of the body.

Proximal – Towards the body; e.g. the elbow is proximal to the hand.

Distal – Away from the body; e.g. the hand is distal to the elbow.

Joints

A joint is a junction of two or more bones. It is also known as an articulation. A movement occurs at a joint when a muscle pulling on a joint allows the angle between the articulated bones to change.

There are three types of joints;

Immoveable or fibrous:

• Joined by connective tissues including collagen.

• Joint with no movement.

• E.g. cranium which is fused together.

Slightly moveable or cartilaginous:

• Joined together by cartilage.

• Limited movement.

• E.g. the bones in vertebral column where fibrous cartilage between discs allows some movement.

Freely moveable or synovial:

• United by a synovial capsule.

• Maximum movement.

• Most joints are synovial e.g. hip, elbow, ankle, knee.

Components Associated with Joints

Ligaments

• Strong, fibrous bands that connect articulating bones. Their main function is to maintain stability and assist in controlling the degree and direction or movement.

• Relatively inelastic so if permanently stretched they will lengthen and decrease stability.

Tendons

• Tough, inelastic cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone.

• Tendons often criss-cross the joint for added strength and stability in the joint.

• They work in collaboration with ligaments.

Synovial Fluid

• Lubricant in joint to keep the area oiled and moving surfaces apart.

• Provides nutrition to the cartilage.

• More fluid is pushed in when the joint is under pressure (moving).

• Surrounded by synovial membrane.

Cartilage

• Smooth, shiny cover across the bone that assists with smooth movement.

• Receives nourishment from the synovial fluid.

• Particularly thick in leg joints as under more pressure due to load bearing.