Aceh Conflict Resolution 2

8/9/2019 Aceh Conflict Resolution 2

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By:

David Raja Marpaung S.IP, M.Def

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David Raja Marpaung. LectureUniversity of Indonesia, also Indonesia

Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:[email protected]


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Conflict Timeline

Helsinki MoU

Strategic Analysis Conflict Stages and Response

Peace Agenda

Key Challenges

Generation of Alternatives

Recommendation

Discussion

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Daud Beurueh Movement (1953-1959) Part of Indonesia Islamic Army (DI/TII

Motive : Islamic State / Structure in Indonesia

Solved by dialogue : Sukarno promises Islamic Sharia law to beimplemented in Aceh not until 2000s

1976 Hasan Tiro declared the Aceh State's Independence Motive : ethnonationalist, inequality

Quick Military Response by RI Gov, GAM was crushed in 1979

GAM political leadership fled the country

Libya training started in 1986 1989GAM reappeared in Aceh

Libyan graduates recruit and train hundreds more

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1989-1998 Aceh as DOM Heavy handed COIN operations

1991,GAM is uprooted militarily

: Political leadership intact (exiled)

Safe haven in Malaysia

Young generation of GAM sympathizer

1998 Fall of Suharto RI Gov start decentralization

policy : little effect on inequalityissue

1999 East Timor Independence referendum

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Sep 2000 Jan 2001 Humanitarian Pause

2001 Megawati initiates talk with GAMand granted special autonomy for Aceh

70% in Revenue Sharing

National Flag and anthem for Aceh Islamic Sharia Law

2002 CoHA Agreement

2003 Peace Talks failed, Megawati declaresMartial Law in July 2003

26th December 2004 Tsunami

15th August 2005 Helsinki MoU

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Political & Legal

o Aceh will have authority in all fields, except onforeign affairs, external defence, national security,monetary and fiscal matters, justice and freedom ofreligion

o International agreement, administrative measures,

decision regarding Aceh will be taken in consultationand with the consent of legislature of Aceh

o Local political party to take part in election

o Aceh has the right to use regional symbols including aflag, a crest and a hymn

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Security

o GAM will surrender their weapons

o Non organic troops and police are to be withdrawn

Economy

o 70% revenue of Aceh's Natural Resource goes back toAceh

o Aceh has the right to conduct trade and business

internally and internationallyo Aceh has the right to raise funds with external loans

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Conflict Stages and Response

Peace Agenda Evaluation

Key Challenges

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Agenda Events / Program

Peace Keeping

Disarmament and Security Sector Reform GAM Disarmament, Non Organic Troops Pulled out

Confidence Building and Security Enhancing

Measures AMM

Security in community through police training Not Visible

Elite Peace Making

Electoral and Constitutional Reform

Helsinki MoU, Law On Governing Aceh (2006), Aceh Local

Election

Powersharing and decentralization Helsinki MoU, Law On Governing Aceh (2006)

Problem Solving Workshop AMM, FKK

Structural Peace Building

Collective Security and Cooperation Arrangement Helsinki MoU, Law On Governing Aceh (2006)

Economic Resource Cooperation and Development Development by RI Gov and donors, Weak Coordination

Cultural Peace Building

Commission of Truth and Reconciliation Not Visible

Peace Media Development Weak

Peace and Conflict Education and Training Weak

Cultural Exchange and Initiatives Symbolic, Weak

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Politics Lack of trust & confidence

Lack of strategy in handling Acehs new phase of peace and

development (go beyond reconstruction & reintegration toconflict transformation & long term development)

Political support for peace plan is susceptible to change ofPresident

Diffusion of responsibilities and leadership

Weak FKK organization as body of communication and disputeresolution after AMM is disbanded

Security New form of violence is taking over

Ineffective reintegration programs of combatants

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Economy & Development

Not many jobs created, even with the hugeinternational funds

Lack of capacity and transparency within local gov toabsorb funds for productive economy

Loss of competitiveness due to massive inflow offunds

Corruption and entittlement culture

Social and Justice

HR Court,Truth & Reconciliation Comission not yetestablished

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Multiple ApproachTop

Leaders

Middle-levelLeaders

Grassrootsleaders

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Politics:o Both side must continue to show gesture for confidence building, for

example GAM must show their commitment to RI and give up theirseparatist ideology by disbandingGAM and stop GAMinization of AcehGov. RI must speed up the full implementation of MoU Helsinki points.

o There should be a clear strategy and role among RIGov bodies on Acehfor implementation of Helsinki and Law onGoverning Aceh to ensurelasting peace

o International community must also monitor both RI and GAMcommitment to the peace process.

o Strengthening of FKK as RI-GAM forum for peace

Securityo Enforcement of Rule of Law : Police, Penal dan Justice reformo Quick reaction on the violence by spoilers group

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Economy & Development:

o Boost development & economy to enhance security

o Capacity building and corruption eradication in all bodies involved inreconstruction (Aceh Gov, NGO, donor, etc) civil society can play role

Social & Justice :o Settle the HR violation on both side through HR court and

Reconciliation comission

o Fostering the growth of Civil Society

o Engaging the cultural peace building agenda, such as :

o culture & identity being Acehnese and being Indonesian Track I

(limited) Track II & III diplomacy & educationo Education reform

o Peace Media development

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Absence of strategy and lack of coordination ofRI Gov is the most pervasive challenge

The stake is getting higher, so the peace

process need all the help it can get

It takes two to make peace, but it takes onlyone side to start war.

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Documents

Aceh Conflict Resolution 2