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Accomplishments of the Progressives. PROGRESSIVES. 1890 to 1917 “Progressives were reformers who attempted to solve problems caused by industry, growth of cities and laissez faire.”. Progressives were White Protestants Middle class and native born. College Educated Professionals - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Accomplishments of the Progressives
1890 to 1917
“Progressives were reformers who
attempted to solve problems caused by industry, growth of cities and laissez
faire.”
Progressives wereProgressives were
White ProtestantsMiddle class and native born.
College Educated Professionals Social workers
ScholarsPoliticiansPreachersTeachersWriters
Populists vs ProgressivesPopulists---rural
Progressives---cities
Populists were poor and uneducatedProgressives were middle-class and
educated.
Populists were too radicalProgressives stayed political
mainstream.
Populists failedProgressives succeeded
Areas to ReformAreas to ReformSocial Justice
Political Democracy
Economic Equality
Conservation
Social JusticeSocial Justice Improve working
conditions in industry, regulate unfair business practices, eliminate child labor, help immigrants
and the poor
JaneAddams
SOCIAL GOSPEL
Pioneer in the field of social work who founded the settlement house
movement through the establishment of Hull House in Chicago, Illinois.
MargaretSanger
Educated urban poor about the benefits of family planning through
birth control. She founded the organization that became Planned
Parenthood.
Social Reformers
New York City's Bowery, 1896
America's Cities American cities at the end of the 19th century
(A) were becoming less congested (B) resisted any attempt to improve transportation issues(C) were free of the corruption of political machines and boss politics(D) witnessed the emergence of social reformers and movements intending to improve urban life for residents(E) trailed their European counterparts in electricity usage
Answer: (D) witnessed the emergence of social reformers and movements intending to improve urban life for residents
Explanation: The many problems of late 19th century urban life (traffic congestion, sanitation, overcrowding, political corruption of city bosses) inspired a variety of secular and religious individuals and organizations to provide aid and comfort to urban residents. Jane Addams founded Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house supporting the poor and immigrant population. Churches and religious organizations, including the YMCA, offered programs, meals, and housing to city residents.
Educational ReformWhich American educational reformer associated with the progressive education movement wrote the following?
"The actual interests of the child must be discovered if the significance and worth of his life is
to be taken into account and full development achieved. Each subject must fulfill present needs of growing children . . . The business of education is not, for the presumable usefulness of his future, to
rob the child of the intrinsic joy of childhood involved in living each single day."
A) Horace Mann B) Henry AdamsC) Charles Eliot D) John Dewey
E) Jane Addams
Answer: D) John Dewey
Explanation: John Dewey influenced American education by insisting that school was not only as a place to gain content knowledge, but also a place to learn how to live. The purpose of education should not revolve around the acquisition of a pre-determined set of skills, but the ability to use those skills for the greater good. He insisted that every lesson should be focused directly on the child.
Political DemocracyPolitical Democracy Give the government
back to the people, get more people voting and
end corruption with political machines.
Economic JusticeEconomic Justice •Fairness and opportunity in
the work world, regulate unfair trusts and bring about changes
in labor. •Demonstrate to the common
people that U.S. Government is in charge and not the
industrialists.
CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION
Preserve natural resources and
the environment
•Muckrakers were journalists and photographers who exposed the abuses of wealth and power.
•They felt it was their job to write and expose corruption in industry, cities
and government. Progressives exposed corruption
but offered no solutions.
MUCKRAKERSMUCKRAKERS
MuckrakersWhich of the following is not
an example of the muckraking journalism that emerged in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries?
(A)Theodore Dreiser wrote Sister Carrie, a depiction of the evils of urban life
(B) Nellie Bly went undercover in a mental hospital, depicting a cruel and unjust system
(C) Lincoln Steffens exposed city machines in The Shame of the Cities
(D) Jacob Riis described the life of the urban poor in How the Other Half Lives
(E) Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Trust abuses
Answer: (A) Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie, a depiction of the evils of urban life
Explanation: Muckrakers were investigative journalists who sought to promote reform by exposing wrongs in a number of areas of American life. Theodore Roosevelt wrote of the importance of muckrakers in 1906: "There are, in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man, every evil practice, whether in politics, in business, or in social life. I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform, or in book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful." Sister Carrie was a fictional account of a rural Wisconsin girl who becomes exposed to the harsh realities of the city.
Urban Issues
Which of the following was not a problem of American cities in the last decades of the 19th century?
(A) corrupt city governments(B) declining tax base as residents moved to rural areas(C) lack of health support systems for the urban poor(D) sewage system breakdowns(E) overcrowded housing
Answer: (B) declining tax base as residents moved to rural areas
Explanation: The urban centers of the U.S. grew at a rapid pace at the end of the 19th century as America moved from being a rural to an urban nation. Problems, including corruption, overcrowding, the lack of adequate sewage systems, and the lack of adequate medical care for the urban poor, plagued the cities.
Muckraker
Work Subject Results
Thomas Nast
PoliticalCartoons
Political corruption by NYC's political
machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss
Tweed.
Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and
died in prison.
Jacob Riis
John Spargo
How the Other Half Lives
(1890)
The Bitter Cry of the Children
Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on
tenements.
Child labor in the factories and education for
children.
NYC passed building codes to promote safety and
health.
Ending child labor and increased enrollment in
schooling.
Muckraker
Work Subject Results
Investigated dangerous working
conditions and unsanitary procedures
in the meat-packing industry.
The Jungle(1906)
Upton Sinclair
In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act and
Pure Food and Drug Act were passed
Muckraker
Work Subject Results
Frank Norris
The Octopus (1901)
This fictional book exposed monopolistic
railroad practices in California.
In Northern Securities v. U.S.
(1904), the holding company
controlling railroads in the Northwest was
broken up.
Ida Tarbell
"History of Standard Oil Company" in
McClure's Magazine
(1904)
Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil
Company through a series of articles
published in McClure's Magazine.
In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the company was
declared a monopoly and
broken up.
Progressive Changes at the Local Level
CityCommissioner
Plan
Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government.
For example, the sanitation commissioner would be in charge of
garbage and sewage removal.*This could be an elected position
City ManagerPlan
A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and
report directly to the city council.
City Reforms
II. Progressive Changes at the State Level
RecallRecall
Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from
office.
InitiativeAllows voters to petition state
legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.
ReferendumAllows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be
passed.
Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party
bosses.
State Reforms
Secret BallotSecret BallotPrivacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.
Direct PrimaryDirect Primary
Given out only at the polls
Vote in secret
Printed at public expense
Lists names of all candidates and their
parties
Progressive Governor• Robert M. La Follette –
Wisconsin Idea– Direct Primary – Curbed Excess
Lobbying– Commissions in Public
Interest – Backed Labor reform
Robert M. La Follette
III. Progressive Changes at the Federal Level
National Reclamation Act
(1902)Roosevelt
Encouraged conservation by allowing the building of dams and irrigations
systems using money from the sale of public lands.
Elkins Act(1903)
Roosevelt
Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers.
Pure Food and Drug Act
(1906/1911)Roosevelt
Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in
processed food items.
Meat Inspection Act
(1906)Roosevelt
In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat
processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and
health-minded procedures.
Progressive Era Federal Legislation
Progressive Era Federal LegislationHepburn Act
(1906)Roosevelt
Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to
set maximum railroad rates.
Federal Reserve Act
(1913)Wilson
Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve
Board.
Clayton Antitrust Act
(1914)Wilson
Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly
through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation.
Federal Trade Act(1914)Wilson
Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business
practices including monopolistic activity and inaccurate product labeling.
Underwood Tariff1913
Wilson
Substantially reduced import fees and enacted a graduated income tax (under the approval of the
recent 16th Amendment
Keating-OwenAct
1916Wilson
Wilson’s New Freedom
Enacted by U.S. Congress which sought to address the Enacted by U.S. Congress which sought to address the perceived evils of child labor by prohibiting the sale in perceived evils of child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children. Signed into law by President Wilson. Act children. Signed into law by President Wilson. Act declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Courtdeclared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court
Amendments16 – Federal Income Tax
“Graduated”
17 – Direct Election of Senators
18- Prohibition
19- Women the right to vote
Teddy RooseveltWilliam Howard TaftWoodrow Wilson
Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt• Business– Trust Busting
– Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890
– “1902, line against the misconduct not against the wealth”
– “Don’t with to destroy corp. Wish to serve
the public good”
Square Deal•TR believed in the “capitalistic system” but believed that the system must be regulated by
US Govt.
•TR was for the betterment of the “common man” as
opposed to benefit the elite.
Square Deal•TR believed in the “capitalistic system” but believed that the system must be regulated by
US Govt.
•TR was for the betterment of the “common man” as
opposed to benefit the elite.
•TR believed the U.S. Government was running the country and not the rich and corrupt industrialists….
•U.S. Government involvement with “regulatory agencies”….Similar to “checks and balances”
Roosevelt Corollary
President Theodore Roosevelt
in a 1906 political cartoon
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
(A) was used to settle the Russo-Japanese War and earned Theodore Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize (B) was passed by both houses of Congress (C) in effect reversed the Monroe Doctrine (D) asserted that the U.S. had the right to intervene militarily in Latin America to preserve order (E) warned Europe that the U.S. desired a sphere of influence in China
Answer: (D) asserted that the U.S. had the right to intervene militarily in Latin America to preserve order
Explanation: The Roosevelt Corollary, presented in a speech to Congress in 1904, extended the Monroe Doctrine by asserting that if economic order was needed to be maintained in a Latin American nation, the U.S. would intervene.
TR’s Conservation PolicyTR’s Conservation Policy•125,000 acres in reserve
•National Reclamation Act 1902
•25 water projects
•Founding of the National Park System
•National Reclamation Act gave birth to the Newlands Irrigation
Project.
•Free land to Homesteaders who
wanted to farm Lahontan Valley.
•Dairy farming, hay, beef and sugar beets
•Lake Lahontan and dam built in operation
by 1914
•Federal Children’s Bureau
•Creation of a Dept. of Labor
•8 hr. workday
•Mann-Elkins Act
•Aligns with Conservative
Republicans and splits with
Roosevelt’s Progressives.Goodness gracious, I must have been dozing
•TR forms his own party called the Progressive “Bull Moose Party”……..
The Progressive Party& Theodore RooseveltThe Progressive Party& Theodore Roosevelt
New Freedom
Goal: • Favored an active role in
economic and social affairs.
• Favored small businesses and the free functioning and unregulated and unmonopolized markets.
• Tackle the “triple wall of triple wall of privilegeprivilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.
1. Similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism.
Goal: • Continuation of his Square
Deal which were reforms to help the common man.
• Favored a more active govt role in economic and social affairs.
1. Good trusts vs. bad trusts2. Direct election of senators3. Tariff reduction4. Presidential primaries5. Regulation of monopolies6. End child labor7. Initiative and referendum8. Women’s suffrage
New Nationalism
“The Working Class Candidates”
“The Working Class Candidates”
Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for President for Vice-President
The Socialist Party
& Eugene V. Debs
The Socialist Party
& Eugene V. Debs
The issue is Socialism The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I for Socialism because I am for humanity.am for humanity.
Growth of the Socialist VoteGrowth of the Socialist Vote
YearSocialist
PartySocialist
Labor Party Total
1888 2,068 2,068
1890 13,704 13,704
1892 21,512 21,512
1894 30,020 30,020
1896 36,275 36,274
1898 82,204 82,204
1900 96,931 33,405 130,336
1902 223,494 53,763 277,257
1904 408,230 33,546 441,776
1906 331,043 20,265 351,308
1908 424,488 14,021 438,509
1910 607,674 34,115 641,789
1912 901,873901,873
Socialist Party PlatformSocialist Party Platform
Government ownership of Government ownership of railroads and utilities.railroads and utilities.
Guaranteed income tax.Guaranteed income tax.
No tariffs.No tariffs.
8-hour work day.8-hour work day.
Better housing.Better housing.
Government inspection of Government inspection of factories.factories.
Women’s suffrage.Women’s suffrage.
GOP Divided by Bull Moose
Equals Democratic Victory!
GOP Divided by Bull Moose
Equals Democratic Victory!
The Election of 1912The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nation’s sense of justice. We ... here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid.We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure.
The above statements came from which party platform during the presidential race in 1912?
(A) Republican Party/William H. Taft(B) Democratic Party/Woodrow Wilson(C) Prohibition Party/Eugene W. Chafin (D) Socialist Party/Eugene Debs(E) Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party/Theodore Roosevelt
Answer: (E) Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party/Theodore Roosevelt
Explanation: Disappointed in the policies of his handpicked successor, William H. Taft, Theodore Roosevelt launched a new Progressive Party. Finishing second in popular votes, Roosevelt's presence in the race helped Democrat Woodrow Wilson win the election.
Wilson’s Slogan• New FreedomNew Freedom: restore the
free competition and equal opportunity but not through big government….
• Tackle the “triple wall of triple wall of privilegeprivilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.
Wilson’s Slogan• New FreedomNew Freedom: restore the
free competition and equal opportunity but not through big government….
• Tackle the “triple wall of triple wall of privilegeprivilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.
•Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism….
•Federal Trade Commission •16th Amendment
•Underwood Tariff Bill•Federal Reserve Act
•Clayton Anti-Trust Act•Keating-Owen Act
•Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism….
•Federal Trade Commission •16th Amendment
•Underwood Tariff Bill•Federal Reserve Act
•Clayton Anti-Trust Act•Keating-Owen Act
Progressive Movement ends in
1917 with US entrance into WWIWWI
Wilson’s time is devoted to the
WWIWWI instead of the Progressive
Reforms.