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Accidents
If someone says “I had an accident”
what assumptions do you make?
What is an accident? In the OSH setting
Unintended and untoward event Unplanned, unexpected event, in a
sequence of events; it results in physical harm, injury or disease to an individual, damage to property, a near miss, a loss, or any combination of these effects
A failure of a person to cope with the true situation presented to him.
Who cares? Victim Governments Researchers Employers Engineers, organisational psychologists,
socioligists, quality controllers, high risk industries
Safety managers and other OSH professionals
Accident Prevention
Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Controls
Tools for Occupational Health and Safety Management
OSH reasons for collecting accident information
Analysis of past accidents, patterns and trends Accident investigation Accident notification requirements (the law) Insurance company requirements – claims
management Allocation of blame
Collecting information = accident investigation
Accident Investigation Purpose
To prevent accidents happening in the future To determine the immediate (proximate) AND the
underlying (distal or root) causes of accidents Methods vary
Systematic look at all contributing factors Outcomes
Focus on the root cause as opposed to the consequences or a scapegoat
Conclusions linked to what actually happened A list of recommendations for change
OSH law
Injury and illness prevention is a legal requirement
Accident reporting to a competent authority is a legal requirement (subject to T&C)
Accident investigation is not a legal requirement
Analysis of organisational data is not a legal requirement
The cost of work-related accidents
5,500 people killed annually in Europe 60 people killed annually in Ireland
500 million working days lost in EU in 1998 as a result of accidents
4.7m accidents resulted in absences of more than three days in EU in 1998
Direct costs of workplace accidents
Employee lost time Medical and hospital costs Compensation and liability claims Legal costs Insurance costs Replacement costs (equipment,
products, personnel)
Indirect costs of workplace accidents
Cost of time lost by other employees who stop work
Cost of time lost by supervisors
Cost of first-aider time Cost of injury to
equipment or spoil to materials
Cost of interference with production
Cost die to ensuing loss of profit
Overhead cost of injured employee
Administrative costs
Accident Statistics
National and international Classification schemes
Harmonisation: ESAW, ILO Local
Recording procedures
A single major accident can dramatically alter accident statistics
Accident Causation Models Heinrich’s domino model (1920s) Bird’s loss control model (1960s) Hale and Hale’s model (1971) Reason’s organisational accidents model
(1990s)
There is NO universally accepted model Causes are generally seen to be at individual
level or organisational level (work activity, working environment and organisational factors)
Accident Causation Accidents usually arise from a particular
combination of circumstances, not from a single cause (but it is often necessary to attribute a principal cause)
Accidents often preceded by near misses No one causitive factor is implicated in all
accidents There are wide variations in the
consequences of similar accidents/incidents
BIRD Accident Triangle (1969)
1
10
30
600
Major injury
Minor injury
Damage only
No injury or damage
Accident Investigation Tools
MES – multilinear events sequencing ECFC – Events and causal factors charting FTA – fault tree analysis MORT – management oversight and risk tree STEP – Sequentially timed events plotting SCAT – Systemic causal analysis technique CMT – causal tree method WAIT – Work Accidents Investigation Technique
…and many more…
Accident Research
Accident causation models been developed since early 20th C
In the past two decades accident research has focused on major accident analysis
Emphasis is shifting towards ordinary and frequent accidents
Occupational Safety and Health in Ireland
Wide variety of work situations Busy OSH is not always a priority
OSH solutions need to be: Easily applicable - not over-technical Practical and user-friendly Clearly defined with minimum ambiguity