Accident Avoidance

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    CHAPTER 3:

    ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE

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    1.HUMAN FACTOR

    2.COMFORT AND ERGONOMIC

    3.ACCELERATION AND BRAKING

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    1.HUMAN FACTOR

    2.COMFORT AND ERGONOMIC

    3.ACCELERATION AND BRAKING

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    3.1 HUMAN FACTOR

    Humans as traffic participants play a major role with

    .

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    The causes of accidents for all type of vehicle

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    Driver failure as a function as a BLOOD ALCHOHOL CONTENTS (BAC)

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    Driving error, F = Exceeding driving lane (sum over total time) %

    driving time

    Examples:BAC level test has been conduct for the group of drivers. Response from

    ,

    group which is 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0.

    One driver has been selected for each category for the driving error test

    a) Calculate the driving error for each

    ca egory

    b) Plot the graph base on the result

    c) Conclude your result

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    Solution:a) Calculate the driving error for each category

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    b) Plot the graph base on the result:

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    c) Conclude your result:

    a) The percentage of the high risk zone is (2/5) = 40%. Based on the

    sampling analysis there is 40% of the driver have high BAC during1.00am into 3.00am

    b) Based on the result, there are two (2) groups where is exceed 15%

    failure which is BAC for 0.8 and 1.0. According to the law and

    regulation this group are not allowed to drive because have high

    chances to accident

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    1.HUMAN FACTOR

    2.COMFORT AND ERGONOMIC

    3.ACCELERATION AND BRAKING

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    ,

    and environment to achieve the comfortable,

    quality and safety.

    Cover area:

    3.2.1 The seat

    3.2.2 Noise3.2.3 Drivers Field of View

    3.2.3 Other influence on Driver Comfort

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    3.2.1 THE SEATAnthropometric analysis:

    i. 5th

    percentileii. 50th percentile

    th.

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    Bad Design Good Design

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    3.2.2 NOISE

    What is difference between noise and sound?

    Sound: Hear what we wanted to hear

    Noise : Sound pollution which will effects human behavior

    Measure in dB(A)

    Example: with high rpm, the level of engine noise will increase.

    New technology, insulator to absorb noise for engine has

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    been installed

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    3.2.3 DRIVERS FIELD VIEW

    Interior light

    Head up Display (HUD)

    Outside mirror

    Headlamp

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    Interior light

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    Interior light

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    Head up Display (HUD)

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    Head up Display (HUD)

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    Head up Display (HUD)

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    Head up Display (HUD)

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    Head up Display (HUD)

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    Windshield

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    Windshield

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    Outside mirror

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    Outside mirror

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    Outside mirror

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    Outside mirror

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    Outside mirror

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    Headlamp

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    Headlamp

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    3.2.4 OTHERS INFLUENCE

    MINOR ITEMS:

    1. POWER WINDOWS

    2. POWER STEERING

    .

    4. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

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    1.HUMAN FACTOR

    2.COMFORT AND ERGONOMIC

    3.ACCELERATION AND BRAKING

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    ACCELARATION:

    cce era on s e ra e o c ange o ve oc y as a unc on o me

    The basic operation of the acceleration system is as follows:1. The pump piston or diaphragm is pushed down in the pump chamber, as

    the throttle plate is opened, forcing fuel through the outlet passage.

    2. At the same moment, the pump check ball will seat, keeping fuel from

    being pumped back into the float bowl.. ,

    the pump discharge nozzle, and then discharged into the carburetor.

    4. The pump piston or diaphragm is raised in the pumping chamber when the

    throttle plate is closed, causing the pump check weight to seat blocking the

    outlet passageway.

    5. At the same time, the pump check ball is pulled off its seat and fuel is

    pulled into the pump chamber from the float bowl.

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    .

    throttle plate is opened.

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    ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL (ACC)

    ACC offers stress free driving with the traffic flow, while maintaining proper speed

    and distance to the traffic ahead

    T e system wi a so e a e to etect i t e ve ic e in ront egins to move again

    and will notify the driver in this case via an acoustic signal. If the driver confirms the

    signal, his vehicle will accelerate automatically, all the while maintaining proper

    followin distance u to the reselected s eed or the s eed ermitted b the flow

    of traffic.

    The new ACC systems warn the driver promptly before possible rearend collisions.

    , ,possibly enough to save lives

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    Benefits:

    Stress-free driving with the traffic flow, in high traffic volume, especially in

    traffic ams.

    Predictive driving leads to lower fuel consumption

    ,

    conduct an emergency brake

    Optimal system performance even in bad weather conditions

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    BRAKE:

    - pus ng own on e ra e pe a s ows a car o a s op

    - The brakes transmit the force to the tires using friction, and the tires transmit thatforce to the road using friction also

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    The ABS system - overview

    n system cons sts o t e o ow ng components:

    Some wheel speed sensors

    Brake calipers

    A hydraulic motor

    Some pressure release valves

    A uick thinkin com uter or control module which coordinates the whole rocess

    Diagram 1: Brake caliper (1) and wheel speed sensor (2)

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    How ABS works

    .

    the brake pads to squeeze against the discs which causes the car to slow down.

    ii. If the ABS system detects that one wheel is slowing down more rapidly than therest (a symptom of wheel-lock) it automatically reduces the brake pressure on this

    wheel by opening a pressure release valve in the hydraulic system.

    iii. ABS also has the ability to build the pressure back up via the hydraulic motor. The

    system reacts remarkably quickly, and compared wheel speeds many times a

    second.

    iv. ABS systems can act on just the front wheels (which do most of the braking

    work), or all four depending on what car you're driving.

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    Diagram 2: Wheel speed sensor (A), ABS control module (B),

    ,

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    In the diagram above, the driver hits the brakes hard on a slippery surface

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    1 , t en steers 2 , an success u y manages to avoi t e o stac e. ABS

    prevents the wheels from locking, and this allows you steer.

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    Without ABS, as the driver applies the brakes the wheels lock (1). Despite applyingsteerin lock, the car continues strai ht ahead due to the loss of steerin control 2

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    and a collision results.

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    Tutorial Chapter 3:

    1. Accident avoidance can be divided into three main area. Discuss all these three items

    2. Based on the study, the vehicle accident involved 4 phase before crash. Discuss all the 4

    phases.

    . , .

    Error in minutes

    6 2 2

    9

    3.5

    6

    4 6

    7.5 6

    7.5 9

    1. There are 5 main components automotive influence drivers car view during driving. Discuss

    all the five components and propose the improvement design based on safety requirement

    .

    3. Describe all the automotive components in ABS system and benefit of ABS system?