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Access to citizenship & its impact on immigrant integration (ACIT) Results for Italy 31 January 2012 Thomas Huddleston Migration Policy Group Oriane Calligaro European University Institute. Co-financed by the European Fund for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Access to citizenship & its impact on immigrant integration (ACIT)
Results for Italy31 January 2012
Thomas HuddlestonMigration Policy GroupOriane Calligaro European University Institute Co-financed by the
European Fund for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals
Access to citizenship & its impact on immigrant integration (ACIT)
http://eudo-citizenship.eu End date: 31/03/2013
Goal: Researchers & policy actors better understand how law, implementation, and other factors affect citizenship acquisition and how citizenship affects integration processes;
Goal: Policymakers & civil society use evidence to design more effective laws and measures
Consolidate law indicators
Pilot implementation indicators
Expand ‘outcome’ indicators
Assess determinants of naturalisation across EU
Assess citizenship impact on integration process
10 national citizenship dialogues and national handbooks
EU conclusions, recommendations, dialogue, module
Citizenship Law Indicators(CITLAW)
• 57 indicators compare specific aspects of citizenship regimes across countries and time– basic indicators (e.g. Ius Soli for second generation)– several combined indicators (e.g. Ius Soli at birth)– six combined indicators: ius sanguinis, ius soli, ordinary
naturalisation, special naturalisation, renunciation, withdrawal
• Indicators measure strength of the purpose or principle of the citizenship law
• Indicator scores range from 0 to 10 = purpose/principle not represented1 = purpose/principle strongly represented
Summary of FindingsIus Sanguinis
Ius Soli
Ordinary Naturalisation
Special Naturalisation
Involuntary Loss
Renunciation
0.0
0.5
1.0
Italy EU-15 EU-27
Ordinary Naturalisation
Overal
l
Residen
ce Conditions
Renuncia
tion Forei
gn Citizen
ship
Langu
age C
onditions
Civic K
nowledge
/ Assi
milation
Criminal
Record
Economic R
esource
s0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.00
Italy EU-15 EU-27
Ordinary Naturalisation
opportunities• Dual nationality accepted• Flexible criminal record
requirement
obstacles• Very restrictive residence
requirement (10 years uninterrupted with LTR)– EU-15 0.61– EU-27 0.55– Italy 0.26– Switzerland 0.12
• Demanding economic resources requirement
Special Naturalisation (selected modes)
Overal
l
Family
-based
Spousal
Tran
sfer
Adoption
Descen
dants
of (form
er) Citizen
s
Child Ex
tensio
n
Reacq
uisition
Citizens o
f Speci
fic Countri
es
Refuge
es
Statel
ess Pers
ons0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Italy EU-15 EU-27
Special Naturalisation
opportunities• Spousal transfer• Child extension• Reacquisition• Shorter periods for EU citizens,
refugees, & stateless
obstacles• socialisation-based access
for foreign-born children
• 38 indicators compare formal aspects of naturalisation procedure. These include all stages, from efforts by public authorities to inform applicants to the options to appeal a negative decision.
• 5 dimensions covered administrative procedure:
1) Promotion: how much do authorities encourage applicants to apply?
2) Documentation: how easily can applicants prove they meet the conditions?
3) Discretion: how much room do authorities have to interpret conditions?
4) Bureaucracy: how easy is it for authorities to come to a decision?
5) Review: how strong is judicial oversight of the procedure?
Citizenship Implementation Indicators (CITIMP)
Summary of Findings
Generally, countries with many legal obstacles (CITLAW) have manyprocedural obstacles (CITIMP)—Italy has some of greatest procedural obstacles
IT procedure most unfavourable in EU15• Least done to promote naturalisation in EU15• Most demanding documentation of any EU country• Discretionary and one of the most bureaucratic in EU• Basic judicial review (e.g. reasoned decision and appeal)
PromotionItaly does least to promote naturalisation than any other EU15 country
Opportunities: • Very basic national website, local ceremonies, & local campaigns in a few cities‘Missed’ opportunities:• No national campaign, information service, promotional materials, quality website, state
actions targeting the general public• Comparatively high fees without legal right to exemption• Ceremonies do not involve media
DocumentationDocumentation in IT is more demanding than any other EU countryObstacles:• Discretionary language and integration assessment• Several years’ proof of documentation on residence/ID and income• No clear alternative means to prove identity• Additional paperwork on identity from country of origin (legalisation, translation)• Documentation required on criminal record from country of origin
BureaucracyProcedure in Italy is more bureaucratic than in any other EU15 countryObstacles:• Different authorities receive the application (Prefect), checks the documents (Police) and
decide on the application (Interior Ministry)• Many other ministries and agencies also involved in checking and decision• Legal time limits without sanctions
Citizenship acquisition (CITACQ)
• Acquisition indicators compare rates of citizenship acquisition among foreign-born in their country of residence
• Percentages of foreign-born immigrants who have acquired citizenship at any point in time, not naturalisation rates measuring the number of new naturalisations divided by resident population with foreign citizenship
• Information based on European Labour Force Survey Ad Hoc Module (2008) that targets immigrants and their descendants, aged 15-67
• Data exclusively on foreign-born (1st generation) and allows for comparisons of citizenship acquisition rates across 25 European countries
Includes information on the following indicators for citizenship acquisition by foreign-born:
– ALL– SEX (female vs. male)– ORIGIN (EU vs. non-EU countries)– AGE AT MIGRATION (age at which respondent took up
residence)– YEARS OF RESIDENCE (years of residence)– YEARS OF RESIDENCE (minimum number of years of residence)– TIME UNTIL NATURALISATION (numbers of years until
naturalisation)
Citizenship acquisition (CITACQ)
• On average around 34% of foreign-born persons are a citizen of their EU-15 country of residence.– Citizenship acquisition rates in EU-15 range are lowest in
Luxembourg (10%) and highest in Sweden (67%). In Italy, the acquisition rate (17%) is below average.
– Immigrants from non-EU countries (42%) more often acquire citizenship than those from EU countries (20%).
• On average it takes around 10 years for foreign-born persons to acquire citizenship of their country of residence, within EU-15 countries.– In Luxembourg it takes almost 15 years on average to naturalise,
whereas in Ireland this is around 5 years. In Italy the speed (8 years) is below the EU15 average
– In Italy, relatively few who naturalise do so rather quickly (e.g. due to marriage, see female rates)
Summary of Findings
Acquisition rates in EU-15 (+CH, NO)
Italy
Speed of naturalisation
Italy
16,67
21,54
10,26
21,20
15,08
34,4335,67
33,02
20,48
42,04
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
ALL SEX (female) SEX (male) ORIGIN COUNTRY (EU)
ORIGIN COUNTRY (non-EU)
Italy EU-15
%
Italy compared I(% foreign-born with citizenship)
Italy compared II(% foreign-born with citizenship)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
at least 5 years at least 10 years at least 15 years at least 20 years
Italy EU-15
%
years of residence
Analysis of acquisition ratesCitizenship acquisition & speed of acquisition are mainly driven by:• Socio-economic development of countries of origin• Citizenship laws of the country (see following graph)Variation in acquisition rates is mainly explained by:• Marital status (married people are more likely to be naturalised)• Socio-economic status (employed immigrants are more likely)• Gender (female immigrants are more likely)• Use of native language at home (immigrants who speak the
language of the destination country at home are more likely)
Predicted probability of having destination country citizenship by MIPEX Access to Nationality
(by years of residence in country)
Italy(MIPEX’ = 56)
Italy(MIPEX’ = 56)
MIPEX Access to Nationality score (adjusted for first generation only)
Citizenship and Integration (CITINT)
• 10 core indicators measure the the extent to which changes in citizenship status affect levels of integration
• Three categories of indicators:– Labour force participation (2008 Eurostat LFS ad hoc
module)– Social exclusion (2008 Eurostat LFS ad hoc module & 2008
EU-SILC)– Living conditions (2008 EU-SILC)
• Sample: EU-27, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland• As expected, immigrants who naturalised are often better off
than immigrants who have not naturalised.
Labour Force Participation
Source: 2008 EU Labour Force Survey Ad Hoc Module
Italy EU-15 EU-270
2
4
6
8
10
12
Unemployment Rates, 2008 (%)
Natives Naturalised Immigrants Non-citizen Immigrants
Labour Force Participation
Source: 2008 EU Labour Force Survey Ad Hoc Module
Italy EU-15 EU-270
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Overqualification Rates, 2008 (%)
Natives Naturalised Immigrants Non-citizen Immigrants
Social Exclusion
Source: 2008 EU-SILC Survey
Non-citizen Immigrants
Naturalised Immigrants
Natives
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Share With Difficulty Making Ends Meet, Italy, 2008 (%)
Non-EU EU
Living Conditions
Source: 2008 EU-SILC Survey
Italy EU-15 EU-270
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Housing Cost Burden, 2008 (% of monthly income)
Natives Naturalised Immigrants Non-citizen Immigrants
ConclusionsMajor legal opportunities• Dual nationality • Facilitated naturalisation for refugees, stateless, EU citizens Major legal obstacles• Long & discretionary naturalisation • Weak ius soli • No socialisation-based accessMajor administrative opportunities• Basic judicial review • Some guidance to interpret discretionary requirementsMajor administrative obstacles• Least on promotion • Most bureaucratic • Most demanding documentation
• Citizens of EU & other highly-developed countries less likely to naturalise• Non-EU citizens are more likely to naturalise, as newcomers settle long-term • The relatively few foreign-born able to naturalise in IT could do so quickly • Still, IT has below-average naturalisation rates—policies have had major impact• IT’s many legal and procedural obstacles discourage foreigners from applying