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Accelerating Adoption of Climate Technologies in Kazakhstan’s
Agrifood Sector
Astana7th November 2018
2 3
Agenda
8:30 COFFEE AND REGISTRATION
9:00 OPENING REMARKS Kairat Nazhmidenov, Head of FAO partnership and LiaisonOfficeintheRepublicofKazakhstan AnarOmarova,HeadofAstanaOffice,EBRD
Video “Tackling climate change with the EBRD’s FINTECC programme”
9:25 SESSION 1 Country priorities and key study results Moderator: Kairat Nazhmidenov, Head of FAO partnership andLiaisonOfficeintheRepublicofKazakhstan
Policies for promotion of modern technology in Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector MinistryofAgriculture(tbc)
Financing mechanisms and technical support for technology adoption: lessons from the EBRD experience AstridMotta,Principal,EnergyEfficiencyand ClimateChange,EBRD
Priorities for climate change mitigation and adaptation in Kazakhstan GiuliaConchedda,Agri-environmentalDataAnalyst,FAO
Accelerating adoption of climate technologies in the agrifood sector — key results from the FAO-EBRD study NunoSantos,Economist,FAO
10:45 SESSION 2 Technology sessions — barriers and opportunities Moderator: NunoSantos,Economist,FAO
Part 1 — Crop farming technologies Presentation: MarPolo,Economist,FAO Panelmembers: AigerimAgubayeva,EurasiaGroup KintalIslamov,AtamekenAgro PavelLushak,Naidarovskoe YerlanToktushakov,SPKErtisAgro ZhumagaliOspanbekov,KazakhCropsInstitute
11:45 COFFEE BREAK
12:00 Part 2 — Crop farming technologies Presentation: MarPolo,Economist,FAO Panelmembers: ArsenKerimbekov,CenterforAgricompetence DaurenMaktabayev,RepublicanChamberofHerefords DaurenOshakbeyv,AppliedresearchcenterTALAP GuzelSagintayeva,KezBeefSergazyIsembayev, EurasiaAgroHolding
Part 3 — Renewable and energy efficient technologies Presentation:YerlanSyzdykov,Economist,FAO Panelmembers: AlmaZhukenova,MinistryofEnergy SaltanatRakhimbekova,Coalitionforgreeneconomy anddevelopmentofG-Global SvetlanaChaplinskaya,Eggproducers’association VeraMustafina,KazWasteAssociation
13:45 SUMMARY OF KEY MESSAGES AND CLOSING REMARKS AstridMotta,Principal,ClimateChangeand EnergyEfficiency,EBRD NunoSantos,Economist,FAO 14:00 LUNCH
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Agrifood systems are under increasing pressure to adapt to a changing climate while simultaneously reducing their environmental footprint.
Agrifoodsystemsplayanimportantroleingreenhousegasemissions(GHG)andarethereforecomingunderincreasingpressuretomakeefficiencyimprovements.Thesectorisdirectlyexposedtoclimatechangebecauseofitsdependenceonenvironmentalresources.Itisthusurgenttoincreasethesector’sresiliencethroughtargetedinvestmentsthataddresskeyvulner-abilitiesinacountryand/orregionalcontext.Accelerating adoptionofclimatetechnologiesisanessentialsteptowardsaddressingthesechallenges.
Withthisinmind,theEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(EBRD)andtheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)willholdtheWorkshopon“Accelerat-ingadoptionofclimatetechnologies”inAstana,Kazakhstan,todiscusstheopportunitiesandchallengesinfosteringdeploymentofmodernagrifoodtechnologies.Specifically,theWorkshopinAstanawillbeanexcellentopportunitytodiscuss:
• keytrendsinadoptingclimatetechnologiesinKazakhstan’sagrifoodsector;
• challengesandopportunitiesforprivatesectorinvestmentsinmodernagrifoodtechnologies;
• possibleareasforpublicsupportandcooperationwithdonorsandinternationalfinancialinstitutionstoacceleratetechnologydeployment;
• strategicalliancesandwaystostrengthencollaborationamongstakeholderstoachievetheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoalsby2030;
• experiencesandsuggestionstoovercomeconstraintsandencourageanenablingenvironmentforprivateinvestments.
Introduction
6 7
Methodology to assess climate technologies
Background
• TheEBRDandFAOrecognizethataddressingclimatechangemitigationandadaptationchallengesintheagrifoodsectorwillrequireradicalchangesinfoodproductionsystems. Greater adoptionofclimatetechnologiesisacoreelementofthistransitiontowardsmoresustainablefoodsystems;
• InthiscontexttheEBRDandFAO,withintheFinanceandTech- nologyTransferCentreforClimateChange(FINTECC)program,haveengagedtodevelopapracticaltooltoinformpolicymakersandtoorientpublicandprivateinstitutionsinterestedininvestmentsthatfosterthegreeningoftheagrifoodsector.
Objective and key elements
• Developaprioritisedlistofclimatetechnologiesthatcontributetoclimatechangemitigation(reductionofgreenhousegasemissions)andclimatechangeadaptation(enhancementofclimatechangeresilience);
• Themethodologyconsistsof5-stepsandusesaMulti- CriteriaAnalysis(MCA)toundertaketheassessmentofclimatetechnologiesfromvariousperspectives;itdrawsonawealth ofexistingdatasourcesincludingFAOSTAT,WorldBankDevelopmentIndicators,UNSD,INDC,NationalCommunica-tionstotheUNFCCC,studiesandinterviewswithlocal stakeholders;
• Themethodologyisusuallyimplementedbyacore, dedicatedteamandincorporatesstakeholderconsultationsatthevariousstages;
• Themethodologybuildsonotherconceptualframeworks andtoolsthatcontributetotheassessmentofmitigationandadaptationbenefits,i.e.EX-AnteCarbonbalanceTool (Ex-ACT);FAO’sWater,EnergyandFoodNexus,GlobalLive-stockEnvironmentalAssessmentModel(GLEAM)andtheEBRD’sGreenEconomyTransitionapproach(GET);
• AfirstpilotstudywascarriedoutinMoroccoin2015–16 andtheresultsaredetailedintherespectiveFAO-EBRDpublication:Morocco.AdoptionofClimateTechnologiesinthe AgrifoodSector;
• Between2017and2018,themethodologywasappliedintheKyrgyzRepublicandKazakhstan.
Summary of the 5 steps
Objectives and criteria: Steps 2 to 4
ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS AND VULNERABILITIES
STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4
TECHNOLOGIES EVALUATED AND SCORED
LIST OF PRIORITISED TECHNOLOGIES
Contributetoincreasedadaptation toclimatechange and to GHG emission reductioninthe agrifoodsector
Identifydriverstosupportadoption
Identifytechnologieswithsignificant potential
Adaptation priorities and mapping GHG emissions
Assessingtechnicalandfinancialfeasibility
Technical and financial Toidentifythemost technicallyefficientand supportedtechnology andtomaximisethereturns toindividualinvestors.
Performancecompared tobestpractice
Potentialtoreduceannual GHG emissions
Policyreformrequirements
Maturityoftechnical supportservices
Contributiontoadaptation
Currenttechnology adoption rate
Mitigationcosts
Trendsingapbetween uptakeandpotential
Negativeexternalities
Financialreturns Positiveexternalities
OB
JEC
TIV
ES
CR
ITE
RIA
Economic and Environmental Tomaximiseneteconomicbenefits
Institutional Topursuetechnologies withthelowestreform threshold
Rankingand conclusions
Evaluatingeconomy- wideimpactsand sustainability
Evaluatingsupport policiesandbarriers
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Challenges
Key findings from analysis of emissions
• Agricultureemissionsaccountforaround7percentoftotalemissionsinthecountrycurrently,whilethesectorrepresentsapproximately5percentoftotalGDP;
• Agriculturesectoremissionshaveincreasedconsiderablyinlast15yearsbothinabsolutetermsandinvalueintensity:growthof3tonofCO2eqperUSD1,000ofAgricultureGDPsince2002;
• Agricultureemissionsincreasedby4.5milliontCO2eqin2000–2016or26percent;by2016agricultureaccountedforaround22milliontCO2eqinemissions;
• Emissionsfromenergyuseincludingthefoodindustryshowdecreasingtrend;
• Increaseinemissionsoverthepast15yearsexplainedbyincreasesinlivestockemissionsand,inparticular,increaseinlivestocknumbers.
Main vulnerabilities of the agriculture sector
• Possibleshortagesinwaterresourcesduetochangesinsurfacewaterrunoff.Surfacewaterflowexpectedtodecreasebyaround25percentuntil2030.Asaresult,watersupplytoagricultureisatrisk.Moreover,thecountry’sheavyrelianceontransboundaryriversforwatersupplyconstitutesanadditionalrisk;
• Depletionofwaterresourcesandtemperatureincreaseswillleadtoincreasedaridityand,inparticular,ashiftofthelowaridzone to the north.Areasandproductivityoflandmaybesignificantlyalteredwithmanydistrictsbecomingunprofitableforcerealcrops;
• Increaseinfrequencyandintensityofextremeclimateeventswith75percentofthecountrybeingsubjecttoincreasedriskofenvironmentaldisruption.MorefrequentheatstressanddroughtsespeciallyinSouthandCentralKazakhstan.Theresultingdryingupofpasturesandreducedwateravailabilityforlivestockcreateparticularlydifficultconditionsforlivestockrelatedactivitiesandanincreaseinrisksassociatedwithsuchactivities.Changesinweatherpatternsmayresultinspringfloods,heavyrainsinautumnandearlyfrosts,whichmayresultinharvestlosses;
• Highexpectedeconomiclossesinabsenceoftimelyadapta-tioninagriculture.AccordingtosomeestimatestheannualeconomiccostofdesertificationandpooragriculturalpracticeswouldreachUSD700million(TechnologyNeedsAssessment);
Source:FAOSTATandWorldBank,2016
Agriculture emissions relative to agriculture GDP tCO2eq/1000USD(constant2010),2016
Trends in emissions from agriculture activities thousandtCO2eq,2000-2016
Source:FAOSTAT,2018
SyntheticfertilizersRicecultivationOrganicsoilsManuremanagementManureleftonpastureManureappliedtosoilsEntericfermentationCultivationoforganicsoilsCropresiduesBurning—savannaBurning—cropresidues
Theshareoflivestock emissions overtotalagricultureemissionsincreasedfrom61percentbetween2000–2002to73percentbetween2014–2016
4
3
2
1
0Kazakhstan
tCO
2eq
/10
00
US
DT
ho
usa
nd
tC
O2e
q
CentralAsia OECD
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2000‘01‘02‘03‘04‘05‘06‘07 ‘08 ‘09‘10 ‘11 ‘12‘13‘14 ‘15‘16
+4.5
mill
ion
tC
O2e
q
10 11
• ByinvestingUSD2.3billioninclimatetechnologies,anestimat-ed7milliontCO2eqoraround30percentofagrifoodsectoremissionscouldbereduced;
• Pastureimprovementprovidesthebulkofmitigationpotential(57percentoftotalestimated)withonly6percentoftotalinvestment.Itisfollowedbyconservationagriculturethatrepresents34percentofthetotalmitigationpotentialand11percentoftotalestimatedinvestment;
• Fieldmachinery,precisionagricultureandfatteningunitsshow moderatemitigationpotential(7percent)witharound60percentofthetotalinvestment;
• Interpretingtheresultsofthemulti-criteriaanalysiswithafocuson mitigationsuggeststhatthefollowingtechnologiesseemmostattractive:pastureimprovement,conservationagriculture,fieldmachineryandprecisionagriculture;
• Renewablesrankverylowduetoweakfinancialresults(cheapalternativesavailable)andlowmitigationpotential;
• Thesameanalysiswithafocusonadaptationsuggeststhatdripirrigationseemsthemostinterestingthroughimprove-mentsinwateravailability(especiallyinareaswithwaterscarcity)andagriculturalproduction.Itisfollowedbypastureimprovementandconservationagricultureastheycontributetoimprovedlongtermsoilhealth,andhigheryieldsandaggregateproductionindroughtyears.
0 500 1,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,500 4,000
0 200 400 600 800 1.000
Windwaterpumps
Smalldams
Steamboilers
Dripirrigation
Biogas
Improvedgreenhouses
Fatteningunits
Precisionagriculture
Fieldmachinery
Conservationagriculture
Pastureimprovement
ktCO2eq/year
USDmillion
Mitigationpotential,KtCO2eq/yearInvestmentrequired,USDmillion
BIOGAS FROM MANUREVery high potential but insuficient goverment support for a rapid development• Inefficientuseofexistingtech;
premiumforelectricitygenerationis notenoughtocoverinvestment
• Servicingcompaniesandmanure managementarepre-requirmentsfor technologydeployment
STEAM BOILERSPromising but adoption linked to agrifood sector transition • Goodreturnsandmoderate
mitigationbenefits• Limitednumberoffoodenterprises
WINDWATERPUMPS
MODERATEMARKETPOTENTIALBUTINTERESTINGGREENINGBENEFITS• Highreturns butlimitedareas for adoption given areas under greenhouses• Accessto capital is aconstraint;new greenhouses can stimulate energy consumption
IMPROVEDGREENHOUSES
HIGHMITIGATIONPOTENTIALBUTLIMITEDADOPTION• Solidreturns and GHGreduction perunit• Limitedadoption duetohighlyscatteredfeedstock
GOODPOTENTIALFORFLEETRENOVATION• Moderately good mitigation benefits through diesel savings• Accessto capital and availability of best technology are concerns
EFFICIENTFIELDMACHINERY
LIMITEDAREASINTHECOUNTRYANDCOMPETITIONFROMCHEAPELECTRICITY• Very low financial returns and would need public support measures• Only interesting inareas where access to water and grid-electricity is limited
INTERESTINGTECHNOLOGYBUTDIFFICULTTODEVELOP• Competition from cheap and low emissions electricity (hydro)• Canbe interesting inremoteareas and with highvalue crops
SOLARWATERPUMPS
VERYHIGHTHEORETICALPOTENTIALBUTVERYDIFFICULTTODEVELOP• Competition from cheap and low emissions electricity (hydro)
• Extensivelivestockproduction systems noteasyto modify
BIOGAS
TACKLINGLIVESTOCKPRODUCTIVITYISSUES• Canyield highreturns and support sector modernization
• Difficult to scale up with current sector structure
ONLYAMITIGATIONTECHNOLOGYINSPECIFICSITUATIONS• Solidreturns and highly suitable for highvalue crops
• Limitedcurrent potentialgiven country‘s irrigation network
DRIPIRRIGATION
GREATPOTENTIALFORCARBONSEQUESTRATION• Highpriority for sustainability of livestocksector and low mitigation cost
• Publicinvestments,organizational and technical suppport needed to foster adoption
PASTUREIMPROVEMENT
HIGHPOTENTIALFORMITIGATIONANDALSOFORADAPTATION• Moderatefinancial returns;important for long term soil quality
• Averageproperty structure and lackof knowledge about technology are barriers
CONSERVATIONAGRICULTURE
0
100
Technologytree
VERYGOODMITIGATIONPOTENTIALBUTCOSTLY• Good potentialgiven livestocknumbers and alsoimportant for soil quality• Increased level of awareness oncompost and public support needed
MANUREMANAGEMENT
EFFICIENTFATTENINGUNITS
BIOGAS(BIOFERTILIZER)
EFFICIENTSTEAMBOILERSPROMISINGBUTADOPTIONLINKEDTOAGRIFOODSECTORTRANSITION• Moderatereturns butgood GHG
reduction perunit• Limitedby numbers of food enterprises
WINDWATERPUMPS
MODERATEMARKETPOTENTIALBUTINTERESTINGGREENINGBENEFITS• Highreturns butlimitedareas for adoption given areas under greenhouses• Accessto capital is aconstraint;new greenhouses can stimulate energy consumption
IMPROVEDGREENHOUSES
HIGHMITIGATIONPOTENTIALBUTLIMITEDADOPTION• Solidreturns and GHGreduction perunit• Limitedadoption duetohighlyscatteredfeedstock
GOODPOTENTIALFORFLEETRENOVATION• Moderately good mitigation benefits through diesel savings• Accessto capital and availability of best technology are concerns
EFFICIENTFIELDMACHINERY
LIMITEDAREASINTHECOUNTRYANDCOMPETITIONFROMCHEAPELECTRICITY• Very low financial returns and would need public support measures• Only interesting inareas where access to water and grid-electricity is limited
INTERESTINGTECHNOLOGYBUTDIFFICULTTODEVELOP• Competition from cheap and low emissions electricity (hydro)• Canbe interesting inremoteareas and with highvalue crops
SOLARWATERPUMPS
VERYHIGHTHEORETICALPOTENTIALBUTVERYDIFFICULTTODEVELOP• Competition from cheap and low emissions electricity (hydro)
• Extensivelivestockproduction systems noteasyto modify
BIOGAS
TACKLINGLIVESTOCKPRODUCTIVITYISSUES• Canyield highreturns and support sector modernization
• Difficult to scale up with current sector structure
ONLYAMITIGATIONTECHNOLOGYINSPECIFICSITUATIONS• Solidreturns and highly suitable for highvalue crops
• Limitedcurrent potentialgiven country‘s irrigation network
DRIPIRRIGATION
GREATPOTENTIALFORCARBONSEQUESTRATION• Highpriority for sustainability of livestocksector and low mitigation cost
• Publicinvestments,organizational and technical suppport needed to foster adoption
PASTUREIMPROVEMENT
HIGHPOTENTIALFORMITIGATIONANDALSOFORADAPTATION• Moderatefinancial returns;important for long term soil quality
• Averageproperty structure and lackof knowledge about technology are barriers
CONSERVATIONAGRICULTURE
0
100
Technologytree
VERYGOODMITIGATIONPOTENTIALBUTCOSTLY• Good potentialgiven livestocknumbers and alsoimportant for soil quality• Increased level of awareness oncompost and public support needed
MANUREMANAGEMENT
EFFICIENTFATTENINGUNITS
BIOGAS(BIOFERTILIZER)
EFFICIENTSTEAMBOILERSPROMISINGBUTADOPTIONLINKEDTOAGRIFOODSECTORTRANSITION• Moderatereturns butgood GHG
reduction perunit• Limitedby numbers of food enterprises
0
100
SMALL DAMS High demand to prevent floods and irrigate, but requires long-term view• Negativefinancialreturnsduetohighup-front
investmentandlowlevelofwatertariffs• Developmentoffisheries,tourism,recreational
services,biodiversityimprovements
IMPROVED GREENHOUSESLimited market potential but interesting greening benefits• Financiallyattractiveforindustrial
greenhousesthatoperatefortheentireyear• Governmentsupportandincentives
mayleadtonewinvestmentopportunities
EFFICIENT FATTENING UNITS Tackling livestock productivity issues • Goodfinancialreturns;cansupport
sectormodernization• Capacityutilizationiscrucialfor
financialprofitability
PRECISION AGRICULTUREGood potential area served by field machinery equipped with tech• Excellentfinancialreturnsduetoless
wastedseed,fertilizer,fuelandtime• Demonstrationfarmsandactivitieson
promotionoftechnologyareneeded
PASTURE IMPROVEMENTVery high potential for carbon sequestration• Highpriorityforthesustainable
developmentofthelivestocksector• Settingnationaltargetstowardsthe
recoveryofdegradedpasturescanhelp
WIND WATER PUMPSHigh potential in remote areas with adaptation benefits • Verygoodfinancialreturnsdueto
publicsupportmeasures• Onlyinterestinginareaswhere
electicityisnotavailable
DRIP IRRIGATION Only a mitigation technology in specific situations• Significantadaptationbenefitsifwater
scarcityandwithappropiategovernance• Water/groundwaterregulations,clear
targetsandincentivesforwater-saving
FIELD MACHINERY Good potential for fleet renovation• Moderatelygoodmitigationbenefits
throughdieselsavings• Accesstocapitalandavailabilityof
besttechnologyconcerns
CONSERVATION AGRICULTUREVery high potential for mitigation and also adaptation • Goodfinancialreturns;bestpractices
disseminationandwidespreadsupportservicesneeded
• Despiteinitialboom,policyreform andfinancialsupportneededtofosteradoption
Results of the five-step assessment
Source:Author’scompilation
Source: Author’s calculations
Opportunities
Mitigation potential and investment by technology
12 13
Crop farming technologies (CA,dripirrigation,improvedgreenhouses,machineryand precisionagriculture)
• Estimatedadoption ratesofimprovedgreenhousesandprecisionagriculture(13and17percentofpotential)arequitelowsuggestingsignificantpotentialfordeployment. ModerateadoptionratesinCA(36percent)anddripirrigation(31percent)areduetoconservativeassumptionsofpotentialareasforadoption;
• Conservationagriculture,fieldmachineryandprecision agricultureareamongthebesttechnologiesinterms ofoverallscore;
• Theanalysisindicatesverygoodfinancialreturnson investmentsinprecisionagriculture,dripirrigation,conserva-tionagricultureandimprovedgreenhouses.Fieldmachinerypresentsmoderatereturnsbecauseoflimiteddieselsavingsandreductionofharvestlosseswheninvestinginregionally- producedmachinery.Mostefficientfieldmachinerytechnologyisavailablebutitismorecostlyanddifficulttomaintain;
• Fostering conservationagricultureadoptionwouldrequiregreaterknowledgedisseminationaboutthispracticeandallitsbenefitsamongstakeholders.Collectiveactionsuchasfarmersorganizingequipmentsharingorlinkageswithlivestockproductiontomaintaincropcover,couldexpandadoption;
• Use of more efficientfieldmachinerycouldbestimulated byenhancingfarmers’knowledgeonpracticestoreducefuelconsumption,technicalsupportservicesandimproved accesstocapital(forsmallscalefarmers);
• Promoting precisionagricultureadoptionwouldrequire greaterknowledgedissemination,pilotswithleadfarmersandfurtherdevelopmentofsupportservices;
• Dripirrigationdeploymentwouldbenefitfromimprovedinstitutionalarrangementsforefficientwatergovernanceandgreaterawarenessofthetechnologyanditsbenefits;
• Adoption of greenhousetechnologiessuchasthermocoverscouldbesupportedthroughsensitizationcampaignsandcapacitydevelopment.
Livestock technologies (pastureimprovementandfatteningunits)
• Bothtechnologiesperformreasonablywellinthecountrycomparedtointernationalbestpractices;
• Thetwotechnologiesshowroomforexpandingtheircurrentadoption ratesofaround30percentinfatteningunitsand67percentinpastureimprovement;theanalysisappliedveryconservativeassumptionsonpotentialadoption(lowshareofthefulltechnicaladoption),
• Goodfinancialreturnsoninvestmentsforfatteningunitsandpastureimprovementmakethesetechnologiesattractive toprivateinvestors.Efficientfatteningunitspresentoneofthebestestimatedfinancialreturnsofalltechnologiesasaresult ofGovernmentsupportprogrammes;
• Supportingpastureimprovementwouldrequireimprovedknowledgeandinformationonpasturemanagementforfarmersandtechnicalservices.Itwillalsorequireorganizationalandinstitutionaldevelopment,aswellasaccesstocapitalforinitialinvestmentsinequipment(forsmall-scalefarmers).
• Investmentinfatteningunitswouldbenefitfromknowledgedisseminationofongoingexperiencesandbestpractices toillustrateeffectivelivestockfeedingandpracticebenefits.Itwouldalsobenefitfromtechnicalexpertiseinimprovedfeedingandveterinarycare,localvaluechainorganizationandtailoredsupportforsmallfarmers.
14 15
Renewables and energy efficiency technologies (windpumps,biogas,steamboilersanddams)
• Adoption ratesofbiogasareverylow(lessthan4percentofpotential),whichsuggestsopportunitiesfortheirpromotion.Lowadoptionratesareestimatedforsteamboilers(17percent),mostlybecauseoftheirlimitedadoptionpotential.Higheradoptionratesareestimatedforwindpumpsandsmalldams(30and54percentrespectively);
• Biogasandsmalldamsshowconsiderablylowfinancialreturns (belowcostofcapital).Efficientsteamboilertechnologypresents goodfinancialreturnswhilewindpumpshavethehighestreturnoninvestmentdueto80percentsubsidies;
• Whilenationallegislationprovideshigherfeed-intariffs forrenewableelectricitygenerated,thelackofefficientimple-mentationmechanismscouldhaveadverselyimpactedthe promotionofrenewables.Furtherpolicyreformswithclearimplementationandfinancialmechanismsseemtoberequired;
• Windpumpscanbesupportedinareaswithavailable pumpingwaterandlackofaccesstotheelectricgridthroughprovisionofconcessionalfinancialresources,awareness andcapacitydevelopment;
• Promoting biogasexpansionwouldbenefitfromorganizational,logisticalandregulatorysupportforcollectingfeedstockbysmall-scalefarmers,financialincentivesandmarketdevelop-mentforbiogasanddigestate.Highinitialinvestmentsandlimitedknowledgeandsupportservicesseemtodiscourageinvestmentsinthetechnology;
• Thesteamboilermarketwoulddevelopinparallelwiththegrowthofthecountry’sfoodindustryandwouldbenefitfromtheestablishmentofbindingGHGemissionregulations;
• Supportingdamsandirrigationinfrastructurewouldrequireintensivepolicyreformtofacilitateefficientwateruseandpricing.Itwouldalsobenefitbyprovidingtechnicaland financialcapacitytothenationalwaterfirmresponsiblefor theoperationandmaintenanceoftheinfrastructureat thefarmlevel.
Notes
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