ACADs (08-006) Covered

KeywordsLaboratory safety, eye protection, protective clothing, storing chemicals, labeling chemicals, eyewash, showers.

Description

Supporting Material

4.21.5 4.21.5.1 4.21.5.4 5.21.5.6 5.21.5.7

An overview of Laboratory Safety

Biosafety Dr. John Ridderhof

Chief, Office of Laboratory Systems DevelopmentDivision of Laboratory Systems/PHPPO

Presentation Outline• Definitions• General Safety Practices• Laboratory Hazards–Biosafety Levels

• Decontamination• Waste Disposal• Safety Documentation• Action Plan for Safety

IntroductionWhy Biosafety Practices?

Protection:• workers• “products”• co-workers• lab support personnel• environment

2.1

Safety practices should be applied throughout the testing process:

• Pre- analytical– Specimen collection– Specimen preparation– Specimen transport

• Analytical– Testing

• Post-analytical–Disposal

Examples of Laboratory Hazards

Growth of microorganisms

• Water baths

Aerosols, splashing, tube breakage

• Centrifuge

Accidental inoculation, aerosol, spillage

• NeedlesHazardOperation / Equipment

Safety Resources

Safety Resources

IntroductionChain of Infection

Reservoir of pathogenReservoir of pathogen

Portal of escapePortal of escape

TransmissionTransmission

Route of entry/infectious doseRoute of entry/infectious dose

Susceptible hostSusceptible host

Incubation periodIncubation period

Risk A

ssessment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

Practices/

Equipment

2.1

Principles Biosafety Levels

• BSL1 - agents not known to cause disease.• BSL2 - agents associated with human disease.• BSL3 - indigenous/exotic agents with potential for aerosol

transmission; disease may have serious or lethal consequences.

• BSL4 - dangerous/exotic agents which pose high risk of life-threatening disease.

2.1

Designing for Safety

• General requirements– Facility design–Water supply/sinks for hand washing–Ventilation– Standard lab practices

• Safety equipment–Personal protective equipment (PPE)–Biosafety cabinets

Biological Safety Cabinets

2.7

HAZARD ?

Biosafety Level 1 Standard Microbiological Practices

• Restrict or limit access when working

• Prohibit eating, drinking and smoking in the laboratory

• Pipetting by mouth strictly forbidden

2.3

Biosafety Level 1 Standard Microbiological Practices

2.3

Standard practices also include:

• Keep work areas uncluttered and clean• No food in lab refrigerator• Minimize splashes and aerosols• Decontaminate work surfaces daily• Maintain insect & rodent control program

Biosafety Level 2 Facility Design (Secondary Barriers)

Requirements: Laboratories have lockable doors Sink for hand washing Work surfaces easily cleaned Bench tops are impervious to water Sturdy furniture

2.4

Biosafety Level 2Laboratory Facilities (Secondary Barriers)

• BSL-1 Facilities PLUS:– Autoclave available– Eyewash station

available

2.4

Biosafety Level 2 Facility Construction (Secondary Barrier)

Requirements:– Location - separated from public areas

– Structure - normal construction

– Ventilation - directional

2.4

Biosafety Level 2Safety Equipment (Primary Barriers)

In addition to BSL-1:• Use biosafety cabinets (class II) for work with

infectious agents involving:– Aerosols and splashes– Large volumes

– High concentrations

2.4

Biosafety Level 2Special Practices

•Needles & Sharps Precautions

– Use sharps containers– DON’T break, bend, re-

sheath or reuse syringes or needles

2.4

Biosafety Level 2Special Practices

Needles & Sharps Precautions (cont.)• DON’T place needles or sharps in office waste

containers

2.4

Biosafety Level 2Special Practices

Needles and Sharps Precautions (cont.)– DON’T touch broken glass with hands

2.4

Biosafety Level 2Special Practices

• Identify “clean” and “contaminated” areas –Use appropriate warning signs

• Decontaminate work surfaces• Report spills and accidents• Remove gloves, lab coats before leaving

work area• No animals in laboratories

2.4

Biosafety Level 3Laboratory Facilities (Secondary Barriers)

• BSL-1 and 2 Facilities PLUS:

– Separate building or isolated zone

–Double door entry

–Directional inward airflow

– Single-pass air; 10-12 air changes/hour

2.5

Biosafety Level 3Laboratory Facilities (Secondary Barriers)

• BSL-1 and 2 Facilities PLUS (cont.):

–Enclosures for aerosol generating equipment–Room penetrations sealed–Walls, floors and ceilings are

water resistant for easy cleaning

2.5

Biosafety Level 3Safety Equipment (Primary Barriers)

• BSL-1 and 2 Safety Equipment PLUS:– BSC class

II or III to manipulate infectious material

2.5

Biosafety Level 3Safety Equipment (Primary Barriers)

• BSL-1 and 2 Safety Equipment PLUS:– Respiratory protection may be indicated

2.5

Biosafety Level 3Special Practices

• BSL-2 Special Practices PLUS:– Work in certified BSC– Use bioaerosol-

containing equipment– Decontaminate spills

promptly

2.5

Biosafety Level 4 – Maximum Containment

• BSL -3 practices plus:– Clothing change before entering laboratory– Shower on exit– All materials decontaminated on exit from facility

• Safety Equipment:– Class III Biosafety cabinet– Class I or II biosafety cabinet– WITH full-body, air supplied,• positive personnel suit

Biological Waste

• Types– cultures, stocks, isolates– materials containing or contaminated with blood– sharps– pipettes, wrappers, tips– All materials used in the lab

Specimen Disposal

Decontamination

• Sterilization• Disinfection

DecontaminationDefinition

• SterilizationThe use of a physical or chemical procedure to

destroy all microbial life, including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores.

DecontaminationDefinition

• DisinfectionThe use of a physical or chemical procedure to

virtually eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial endospores) on inanimate objects.

DecontaminationMethods

• Heat• Chemical • Radiation

DecontaminationHeat

• Types– Moist – steam– Dry– Incineration

*The most effective method of sterilization

DecontaminationChemical

• Types– Liquids, i.e. chlorox,

hydrogen peroxide– Gases, i.e. ethylene oxide

DecontaminationChemical

• General Lab Use - Hypochlorite Solutions– Large Spills/Large Organic Load• undiluted from bottle

– Small Spills/Virus Inactivation• 10% - 1:9

– General Surface Disinfection• 1% - 1:99

In case of a spill

• Wear disposable gloves • Cover large blood spill with paper towels and

soak with 1% (10000 ppm) of household bleach and allow to stand for at least 5 minutes

• Small spill - wipe with paper towel soaked in 1% bleach

• Discard contaminated towels in infective waste containers

• Wipe down the area with clean towels soaked in a same dilution of household bleach

Safety Documentation & Records

• Laboratory Safety Manual - Policies and Procedures• Sample Contents:– Housekeeping– Personal protection– Safe decontamination of equipment– Decontamination & Waste Disposal– Emergency procedures

In-lab first aid Accidental injury Post exposure prophylaxis Contacts

– Personnel responsibilitiesHygiene

Action Plan for Implementing Safety Practices

• Identify hazards • Assess level of risks–Prioritize risk

• Establish and implement safety polices and procedures

• Conduct safety specific training –Must be a priority–Communication is key

• Perform regular audits and assessments

In Case of Exposure

• Be ready for the emergency before hand- Familiar with exposure specific

policies- Conduct drills - Keep post exposure medicines

available- Check periodically for stock and

expiry of medicines• Report immediately• Go to the nearest, first available doctor

Post Exposure

• Write a report and reasons for accident• Actions taken to avoid future accidents• Training

Thank you