Academic Freedom Statement

8/14/2019 Academic Freedom Statement

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Academic Freedom for All Faculty and Instructional Sta

e AFT Statement on Academic Freedom

Academic Freedomin the21st-Century College and University:


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AFT H ghe Ed at n A D v s n f the Ame an Fede at n f Tea he sEDwArD J. McElroy, P es dentNAT lAcour, Se eta -T eas e ANToNiA corTESE, E e t ve V e P es dent

s d ment as p epa ed b the AFT H ghe Ed at n p g am and p n (PPc) f the Ame anFede at n f Tea he s. e PPc membe s ant t e tend spe a than s t P fess A th H hne f Temp eun ve s t f h s d afts f the Statement and f ng e tens ve th the PPc t e ne t.

HigHer educationProgram and Policy councilcha : williAM E. ScHEuErMAN, AFT V e P es dent, un ted un ve s t P fess ns, State un ve s t f Ne y V e cha : SANDrA ScHroEDEr, AFT V e P es dent, AFT wash ngt nBArBArA BowEN, AFT V e P es dent, P fess na Sta c ng ess, c t un ve s t f Ne y ToM AuxTEr, un ted Fa t f F daJASoN BlANk, rh de is and c ege chapte /AFTElAiNE BoBroVE, camden c nt c ege Adj n ts Fa t Fede at norA JAMES BouEy, un ted un ve s t P fess ns, SuNy St n B PErry BucklEy, c c nt c ege Tea he s un n williAM cuTlEr, Temp e Ass at n f un ve s t P fess na sDAViD DoBBiE, G ad ate Emp ees o gan zat ncArl FriEDlANDEr, l s Ange es c ege Fa t G dDANiEl GEorGiANNA, un ve s t f Massa h setts Fa t Fede at nBoNNiE HAllorAN, le t e s Emp ee o gan zat nMArTiN HiTTElMAN, ca f n a Fede at n f Tea he sSuSAN kAuFMAN, un ve s t P fess na s f i n s

liSA klEiN, r tge s c n f AAuP chapte sJoHN McDoNAlD, Hen F d c mm n t c ege Fede at n f Tea he sDErryN MoTEN, A abama State un ve s t Fa t -Sta A an elArry oVESoN, M nnes ta State c ege Fa t DoN PEAVy, AFT Pa t-T me Fa t un tedMArk ricHArD, un ted Fa t f M am -Dade c mm n t c egeJuliETTE roMANo, un ted c ege Emp ees f the Fash n inst t te f Te hn g kArEN ScHErMErHorN, Fa t and Sta Fede at n f the c mm n t c ege f Ph ade ph aEllEN ScHulEr MAuk, Fa t Ass at n at S c mm n t c egecurTiS SMEBy, N the n M ntana c ege Fede at n f Tea he sDoNNA SwANSoN, cNM Emp ee un nNicHolAS yoVNEllo, c n f Ne Je se State c ege l a s

Staff

lAwrENcE N. GolD, AFT H ghe Ed at n, D e tcrAiG P. SMiTH, AFT H ghe Ed at n, Ass ate D e tliNDSAy AlBErT, AFT H ghe Ed at n, Sen Ass ate

e Ame an Fede at n f Tea he sSeptembe 2007

c p ght AFT 2007. Pe m ss n s he eb g anted t ep d e and d st b te p es f th s f n np ted at na p p ses, p v ded that p es a e d st b ted at be st, and that the a th , s e and p ghtn t e a e n ded n ea h p .


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AcADEMic FrEEDoM iN THE 21ST cENTury collEGE AND uNiVErSiTy /

Introduction

F m st f the past ha f- ent , Ame an h ghe ed at n has been theenv f the d, and a p e f magnet f s h a s and st dents f meve he e. N t n a e s me f n ve s t es am ng the nest n the d, b t eges and n ve s t es bene t f m npa a e ed nst t t nad ve s t , ndependen e, hness n ed at na p g amm ng and esea hapa t . in v e , ne f the g eatest st engths f h ghe ed at ns stem has been the eat ve atmsphe e n t ed b the e sten e f a ademf eed m n amp s. 1

e F st G ba c q m f un ve s t P es dents, a 2005 gathe ng f m ethan 40 n ve s t eade s and p fess s nvened at the eq est f un tedNat ns Se eta -Gene a k Annan, de ned a adem f eed m as f s:

At its simplest, academic freedom may be de ned as the freedom to conduct research, teach, speak, and publish, subject to the norms and standards of scholarly inquiry, without interference or penalty, wherever the search for truth and understanding may lead. 2

A adem f eed m s a ng-stand ng dea that ame nt ts n n Ame anh ghe ed at n n the 20th ent . e n ept s p pe ed b th ee a ademp esses that a e ntended t p v de a g eat dea f p fess na a t n m tfa t , nst t na sta and the esea he s, h e, at the same, ens ngthat the adhe e t a b d f h gh s h a standa ds. se th ee p esses a e

, p v and sh v .

t : Fa t membe s h ea n ten e afte a ng p bat na

pe d a e p te ted f msan t ns f sa ng t ng th ngs that apa t a nd v d a spe a nte est g p m ght d sag ee th, b tthat a e ns stent th p pe a adem p a t e.

P v : s s the p ess b h h a adem pee s at an nst -t t n and th n the s h a d s p nes nt n a ev e and eva -ate a adem standa ds, ntent and p ed es, as e as nd v d ape f man e.


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/ AFT HiGHEr EDucATioN

Sh v : s s the set f p ed es nde h h nst t -t na de s n-ma ng s sha ed bet een ege and n ve s t adm n-st at s and the fa t (and, ess ften, n nfa t nst t na sta ).

in man s et es, ent and n the past, s h a s have had t st e thepe ept ns, h de the n edge and nf m t standa ds mp sed b f ests de a adem a, s h as p t ans, g ve nment a s and p ess e g ps.

B t n the un ted States, the n ept f engagement n the p s t f n edge

he eve t ma ead has a ed Ame an a adem s n t n t e p e nte -e t a spa e f ts n sa e, b t a s t deve p deas that have p ven essent at the nat ns p e-em nen e n s en e, med ne and te hn g ; n mme eand the g ba e n m ; and n te at e and the a ts.

M st mp tant, the a adem f eed m f the fa t and nst t na sta se ves st dents e n fa t, t s the ha ma f e e en e n ed at n. inthese t mes, h ghe ed at n has t e st dents the m st s ph st ated nf -mat n p ss b e f mthe m st n edgeab e s es ava ab e. St dents needt ea n h t se t a nte e t a t s that enab e them t see ne nf -mat n and t eva ate ts t t . St dents need t be ab e t spea and st d n

ass ms he e deas a e debated and ha enged, b t he e n nene thethe st dent n the tea he s n dange f e p ess ng h s he v e s. P fes-s na sm and f ee e hange a e at the hea t f ed at n, and a adem f ee-d m s the me han sm that a s them t sh.

T da , h eve , the Ame an Fede at n f Tea he s ss es th s statement tf a deep sense f gen ab t the stat s f a adem f eed m n and n thef t e. in eas ng , e see a va et f th eats t the p a t es that s pp t a a-dem f eed m. ese n de:

e n eas ng v at na f s f h ghe ed at n;

l ss f nan a s pp t f eges and n ve s t es;c p ate-st e management p a t es;P t a atta s n fa t and nst t na sta ;e e s n f a adem sta ng th gh the ss f f -t me ten ed p s -t ns and the nan a and p fess na m st eatment f nt ngent fa t membe s.

a h s , w b v h h s h s h s b v p s s h k

sh v s s. G ven the ent v ne ab t f a ademf eed m, t s t a that e e-f s p b attent n ts va e, h t s, theth eats t fa es and st ateg es f p te t ng t. s n des dem st f ng the p a -t e f a adem f eed m, and st m at ng hea th d s ss n and debateab t tsnat e and mp ementat n. F na , t s mp tant t estate a adem f eed mstanda ds n the nte t f t da s ege and n ve s t sett ng.

in ans e t the th eats fa ng a adem f eed m, the AFT a s sees g eat pp -t n t es t p m te s nd a adem p a t es th gh the g ng a t v sm f


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f i s S Wh a T ?

e nat ns eges and n ve s t es d e g eat f m ne an the n theh st , ega st t e and m ss ns. As a es t, a p eth a f j b t t es havebeen atta hed t the p s t ns f the men and men emp ed t tea h -

ege st dents. in the AFTs v e , hateve n men at e s sed t ass f annd v d a s tea h ng e, the p te t ns f a adem f eed m des bed nth s pape app t a s h nd v d a s. s statement emp the f -ng de n t ns:

Instructional sta efe s t an ne ass gned t tea h s pe v se st -dents n ass ms, st d s, b a es, ab at es, n a sett ngs,e d p a ements n the inte net, am ng the at ns. e te m,the ef e, app es t fa t membe s (see be ), b t a s t nd v d-a s, n d ng adm n st at s and sta tea h ng asses, h tea hb t h se p s t ns a e n t de ned as fa t b the nst t t n.e te m a s app es t g ad ate emp ees h tea h asses at then ve s t eve . De n t ns va g eat , nst t t n b nst t t n.

Faculty efe s t nst t na sta membe s h se p s t ns a e des-gnated as fa t b the nst t t ns he e the . e fa t ,n t n, s d v ded nt the f ng t pa ts.

Full-time tenured and tenure-track faculty efe s t f -t me pe ma-nent fa t h h d ten e as de ned b the nst t t n, as e asf -t me pe manent fa t n p s t ns n h h the ma be mee g b e f ten e.

Contingent faculty efe s t membe s f the fa t h have m ted-te m app ntmentsapp ntments that a e n t pe manent b t te -m nate at the end f a stated pe d f t me (a q a te , a semeste , a ea , t ea s, et .). e te m nt ngent fa t n des part-time/ adjunct faculty as e as full-time nontenure-track faculty (f -t mefa t h se p s t ns a e n t pe manent e g b e f ten e).

the h ghe ed at n f e and the g ng n en e f a adem n nsn amp s and n the p t a s stem. o standa ds and e mmendat nsa e nf med b the AFTs st ng be ef that e t ve ba ga n ng and the t aden n m vement, as e as ene get a t v t n the p t a and p b p a ena, a e essent a t nte ng the th eats p sed t a adem f eed m and tb d ng st t es t p te t t.e f ng statement, then, s d v ded nt the f ng se t ns:

A adem f eed m standa ds; A se e am nat n f the p esses that p te t a adem f eed m;e th eats t a adem f eed m t da ; and

A t n p ans f est ng a adem f eed m and e pand ng ts ea h.


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The AFT H ghe Ed at n p g am and p n , the n ns a a-dem adv s g p, deve ped the f ng standa ds f n t -ng a adem f eed m n t da s d. e AFT a s p n the nat nseges and n ve s t es t mm t themse ves t the h gh standa ds emb d ed

he e, and t ve b them. we a p n fa t , nst t na sta and the ent ea adem mm n t t p sh f the mp ementat n f these standa dss p-p ted, he eve p ss b e, b ega b nd ng nt a t ang ageand the e pan-s n f a adem f eed m p te t ns t a fa t and nst t na sta .

TeachingT b s s s h hs h v p s pp v h , s

w s h h s s , w h p p sss s.

s p n p e e e ts the eve f e t ve esp ns b t and

a ntab t that fa t and nst t na sta sh d have n these f-g ve n ng pa tne sh p f the a adem . c nt ngent fa t andnst t na sta membe s m st be t eated as pa tne s n th s -e t ve esp ns b t and a ntab t . As a p a t a matte , th smeans that nst t na sta , and pa t a nt ngent fa t ,sh d be nv ted t pa t pate n the nst t t ns me han sms f se f-g ve nment and, f the nde ta e that esp ns b t , the m stbe fa mpensated f the pa t pat n.

ind v d a ses and nd v d a nst t s pe ate n the nte tf a m a med at tea h ng the nst t t ns st dent b d app p ate s bje t matte th gh app p ate means. Sepa at ng

m p ann ng and mp ementat n .e., a des gnand nst t n eads t the standa d zat n f a and tea h-ng. e ef e, ass gn ng fa t nst t na sta n the e f ass m nst t n, and n t the b ade e f m des gn,

ta es a a pa t f the p fess na sm and ea ens g d ed a-t na p a t e.

PART I:Standards of Academic Freedom


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i v s s b s s h v p sp s b s s s, s

h h s v s p hss sw k w h h s s h h

s s pp , s bj s -s p w h h s h s.

A fa t and nst t na sta , n d ng nt ngent fa t and

nst t s, sh d be t eated as p fess na s h have thee pe -t seand m st be a ded the h gh deg ee f a t n m that thep fess na stat s mp es. s d es n t mean that nd v d a fa t membe s a e sh d be f ee f m p fess na a ntab t . Tthe nt a , the se f-g ve n ng p esses b h h ed at s eva atene an the s a e des gned t ens e nd v d a a ntab t ,as n the p fess na e ds s h as a and med ne.

W h h ss , s ss ss h s bj h s , w h

p v s s s b sh w h h.

f s s x s h p ss j p s s ss , k h h , v -s v h h s bj s h s.

its ve s mp e: G d ed at n ends hen nst t s have t ve the sh de s t ma e s e hat the sa n the ass mmeets the app va f pe p e th de g a mme a agen-dass h as p t ans, g ve nment the med a athe thanns de the p fess na standa ds f the pee s. o ts de nte ven-

t n t hange ass m ead ngs, m n t ass m d s ss ns,s t be v g s es sted. e j dgment f fa t and nst t sab t hat s app p ate n t n the nd t f tea h ng sh dbe g ven p ma aga n, s bje t t the p fess na s t n f the

eag es, a adem n ms and d e p ess p te t ns.

f s s v s s hss s b s s h ss ss h h s -s w k h ss. S s b w h s

h k , v p s v w, x -h w s ss s p s h sh ps bj h s, b h k b h w wv .

As p fess na s, a fa t and nst t na sta membe s sh d bep es med t have the n edge and s s t ma e nte gent de -s ns ab t pedag g a meth ds and ab t s bje t matte. e ma nd t ne essa and sef t g ts de the s a s bje t matte t


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he p a h eve the ea n ng bje t ves f the se. S met mes ent,ea - fe nt ve s es shed ght f st dents n mp tant n ept af ame s and esea h meth d g es. in add t n, ma ng ed -at n e evant t the d n h h st dents f n t n and nte a tb ngs m e fe, pass n and mean ng t tea h ng and ea n ng.

e ntent f ses s based n p fess na standa ds that, nman d s p nes, ma have deve ped ve a ng t me. e fa t

and nst t na sta as a h e s the best j dge f hethe thesea adem standa ds a e app p ate and a e be ng met.

a s s p p-h s v p v h h s.

w th the advent f p ate-st e a adem management and theg ng mme a p tent a f inte net-based ea n ng and thef ms f d stan e ed at n, s me adm n st at s a m that tea h-e s p d tsthe e t e n tes, s des, e h b ts, et .a e thep pe t f the nst t t n athe than the nd v d a p fess . M e-

ve, ne e e t n te hn g es have e panded the ass m andthe tea he -st dent e at nsh p nt be spa e, and have d g t zedse mate a s and even nve sat ns nt mp te es. ese

ne te hn g es, n t n, pen the d t e e t n s ve an eand app p at n f tea h ng t s and e p ess ns.

ese sh d be seen as nf ngements n a adem f eed m. e have the p tent a t eate an atm sphe e f s sp n, t have ah ng e e t n f ee d s ss n, t dampen the eat ve enth s asmf fa t , and t ma e m b t f m ne nst t t n t an the nea mp ss b e f th se n t a ed t have st d f the n e-

at ns. Fa t a e pa t f a mm n t f s h a s, and that mm -n t f n t ns n th gh the f ee e hange f deas. Neve the ess,the deas that fa t tea h ab t sh d be ns de ed mm n t p pe t and sh d be f ee d s ssed th gh t the a ademmm n t .

Research and publication a , s s h p ss s p

s h h s h s s hs bj s h s, s bj p ss p - v s -

s. T h p b h s s.

rega d ess f h nt ve s a , n nvent na nsett ng thes bje ts, meth ds and es ts a e, a adem s need f eed m f mnte fe en e n the esea h f the eas ns ted ab ve. e sh dbe ab e t p s e deas and n edge he eve the ma ead.


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a s h, h w v , q s s v s bsh k w b s p s p b s p v p ss ss .

A adem f eed m eq es the f ee e hange f deas and nf ma-t n, f ng p dent and esp ns b e a adem and nst t t nastanda ds. H eve , the g ng mme a zat n f esea hp esents p b ems f f ee e hange. F e amp e, n dent a t

ag eements th b s ness sp ns s f esea h se ve the b s nesssnte est n est t ng nf mat n t st p mpet t s f m app p -at ng deas. H eve , s h ag eements ma n t th nte e t af ee e hange, n t a ng the s t ea n en gh t be ab e t test,ep ate and/ ef te the the es and the ev den e s pp t ngthem. s eta ds the deve pment f n edge and the p tent af ne d s ve es.

othe n ts f nte est nv ve d e t nan a t es bet een h gheed at n fa t and nst t t ns n the ne hand, and mpan essp ns ng a adem st d es n the the hand, as e as ed t a

nst a nts p a ed n the p b at n f the es ts b the sp ns .ese n ts need t be d s sed and m n m zed. of se, fa -t , nst t na sta and the p fess na s pe f m ng esea h

at the nst t t n an, and the nst t t ns ma , eg t mate a mne sh p f the p d tss h as p b at ns and patents f esea h nd ted nde the a sp es f the nst t t n. B t thedeas and es ts f esea h sh d be f ee sha ed.

Participation in institutional governance a s s h s -

p p v , wh h h , w h .

i s s h v b p v pp p h s s sh v , v s p p h , h

s s s b s, pp p -p s k p .

a s s p p -s s p , h v p

p s, h s b sh b sss ss h s s s, b v p s s, s v s .

a s s p p hp ss s s, w h ss s

v s s.


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e p n p es e p essed he e a e f ndamenta t ma nta n ng these f- eg at ng s stem f sha ed g ve nan e that s a p a f a a-dem f eed m. ese p nts a e f a t ated n Shared Gover-nance in Colleges and Universities: A Statement by the AFT Higher Education Program and Policy Council (2002).

Freedom in public lifem b s h , s -s w k s h s j

ss s z s; z w k w h s;s h v ws p , s bj h s h h

sp k b h h s s.

e h st f a adem f eed msh s that fa t and a ademsta have at t mes been p n shed ed f e p ess ng the v e sn p b ss es and ass at ng th the s h sha e them. Seve at s ant fa t v es t be s ent n p b ss es, as f the have

n ght t p n ns ts de the a eas f a adem e pe t se, n t tment n th n th se spe a t es. A adem s, as h gh ed ated p -fess na s, a e ften a ed n t ta e eade sh p es n gan zat nsn v s et , and have eve ght t ta e n s h es and spea t n ss es f the da . e an se ve as ndependent v es n t

t ed t the vested nte ests f mme e p t s.


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PART II:e Mechanics of

Academic Freedom

The p esses b h h fa t membe s a e h sen and t a ned, and thes stem f standa ds nde h h the pe ate, a e des gned t ma e

a adem f eed m a ea t and t ens e that ass ms a e ed thpe p e f h m ed at na nteg t s pa am nt. Ea e n the statement ement ned the th ee e p esses p te t ng a adem f eed mten e, peeev e and sha ed g ve nan e. we e p e them n n m e deta .

t p ss: e d e p ess p ed es n n as ten e e egene ated t p te t fa t membe s f m be ng d s p ned ed f v -ng p n ns that d n t v ate p fess na n ms f nd t, b t ma endp e f nd v d a s and nte ests n the ts de. Ten e as n t ated t f annde stand ng that b th g d ed at n and bje t ve esea h e e at s f

nd v d a s e e s bje t t san t n d sm ssa f n na adem eas ns. Ten-e n t n p te ts fa t membe s f m n a anted nte fe en e n the

p fess na b ts de s, t a s ens es that fa t membe s ann tbe san t ned b the n eag es f ha eng ng nvent na a adem sd m t z ng n th d meth ds.

Fa t membe s a h eve ten e afte nde g ng a m t ea p bat na pe d d ng h h the s nt n a eva ated (gene a t t ve ea s n mm n t and te hn a eges, and as man as seven ea s n f ea eges and n ve s t es). D ng th s t me, the a e s bje t t n n ene af the emp ment nt a t th t e se. At the end f the p bat na pe d, the a e eva ated aga n and, f fa t pee s and management ag ee, thefa t membe s a a ded ten e, h h means that h s he p s t n s n based n a p es mpt n f nt n s emp ment. Eva at n f fa t d es n t end th ten e. gh t the a ee s, ten ed fa t membe sfa e, am ng the th ngs, st dent eva at ns, pee and adm n st at ve eva a-t ns, and eva at ns f me t pa , sabbat a s and p fess na deve pmentf nd ng, as e as eva at n f the esea h.


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0 / AFT HiGHEr EDucATioN

Ten e, h eve , d es ens e that ten ed fa t ann t be d s p ned d sm ssed th t e tens ve d e p ess, n d ng pee ev e . Ten e meansthat hen a fa t membe s a sed f ngd ng, he she m st have a fpp t n t t m nt an adeq ate defense bef e be ng san t ned n an a .unf t nate , f nt ngent fa t and nst t na sta membe s th ta ess t s h p te t ns, a adem f eed m an be me an empt p m se. 3

P v : A adem f eed m depends n the set f p a t es b h hfa t , nst t na sta and the a adem s h a s nt n a estab shand e-estab sh standa ds f eth a behav and g d p a t e, and m n tthe mp ementat n f these standa ds n amp s. e p ess s a ge se f-eg at ng, as n the p fess ns s h as a and med ne, and t s based nthe p n p e that a adem e s a e n the best p s t n t ma e a ademde s ns.

e pee eva at n p ess ta es p a e n a va et f f msf m nf maha a d s ss ns t f ma sem na s t p fess na , d s p ne-spe a a-dem nfe en es t ed t a ev e b a ds f s h a j na s t pee ev e

pane s f f nd ng agen es and gan zat ns. ese p a t es, ve t me, havea ed fa t t eate, set and enf e the standa ds th n and am ng a a-dem d s p nes f eva at ng fa ts, data, deas, h p theses and the es. estanda ds themse ves a e nt n a s bje t t hange, s hat has p eva ed nthe past ma be ep a ed b ne advan es.

Pee eva at n ta es p a e th gh t an a adem a ee , f m beg nn ng tend. P spe t ve fa t and nst t s a e nte v e ed and eva ated b thefa t at the nst t t n h , n t n, e mmend h h app ants sh d beapp nted. Fa t membe s eva ate and e mmend h gets ten e and hd es n t. D ng an nd v d a s a ee , fa t membe s eva ate the q a t f h s he tea h ng and esea h. c m s set and app ved b mm tteesf the fa t membe s n depa tmenta , p g am and n ve s t de -

m mm ttees. S m a , e mmend ng me t pa , app v ng sabbat a s,hand ng d s p ne and ns de ng d sm ssa a e t p a nd ted th ghfa t pee ev e (a th gh, aga n, these p esses a e m h ea e f n-t ngent fa t ). T ad t na , pee pane s ma e e mmendat ns t egeand n ve s t adm n st at s, h have b dgeta and h e a h a a th t .Pee eva at n g es be nd eag es at the nst t t n. one f the m st p -e f n en es n fa t s the standa ds set b the a adem d s p ne n anat na and even nte nat na bas s. F e amp e, s h a p b at ns n a a-dem j na s and b s nde g an e tens ve p ess f ev e b spe a stsn the e d ts de as e as ns de the nst t t n. 4

s, as n ted ea e , membe s f the fa t and nst t na sta a e n t f eeagents th ense t d hateve the ant, b t a e a ntab e t the pee sand a adem management. if and hen the v ate p fess na standa ds, the a e s bje t t san t ns, p t and n d ng ss f ten e. e st ength f the


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s stem, h eve, es n the p e f eg a de s n-ma ng, n t adm n st a-t ve d s p ne.

Sh v : in e -f n t n ng eges and n ve s t es, ed at s a epa tne s th adm n st at s n the p ess n n as sha ed g ve nan e, h hs the p ess f de s n-ma ng that en mpasses eve th ng f m b dgets,h ng and d s p ne, t m and a adem standa ds. A adem f eed m

e es n the p es mpt n that ed at s themse ves a e p fess na s h havebeen t a ned t ma e, mm n ate and a t de s ns n e n ng nst -t n, esea h and q est ns fa ng s et . s, a adem f eed m s n tn a pe s na p v ege, b t a esp ns b t and b gat n f the ent e p fes-s na mm n t .

Pee ev e and adm n st at ve a th t a t as he s and ba an es p n ea hthe, ma ng sha ed g ve nan e f the mm n g d. whe e pee ev e and eg a de s n-ma ng d es n t ta e p a e, ne the adm n st at n n thefa t and nst t na sta a e he ed and a adem f eed m s ea ened. 5


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e f s n the pa f a ege ed at n, and the n eased mpet t nt gene ates am ng st dents, has a s ed t n eas ng s t n and nt -

ve s ve the g ades g ven b fa t and nst t s, s met mes t the p nt f adm n st at s nte ven ng t ve e g ades. At the same t me, p t a g-es a e n eas ng p ess ng eges and n ve s t es t ad pt q ant tat ve

meas es f st dent a h evement, n d ng a va et f standa d zed tests that,nev tab , d shape the ntent f hat s ta ght n the ass m. P a t ess h as these, h h est t the ab t f fa t t be se f- eg at ng e pe ts andp fess na s, p se se s nst a nts n a adem f eed m.

l ss s pp s v s s: e n eased amf a ess t h ghe ed at n p ess es state and a g ve nments t p v dem e f nd ng f p b eges and n ve s t es. At the same t me, h eve ,state g ve nment b dgets a e ha d-p essed t s pp t mpet ng p t es s has hea th a e and e t ns, espe a n ght f the p sh t d s nvest n p bse v es and p b es stan e t pa ng ta es.

As a es t, state and a s pp t pe f -t me st dent n 2005 ea hed a 25-

ea n n at n-adj sted te ms. in 2006, s pp t g e a tt e b t as stess than n ea e ea s, and fa be hat s needed. e pe entage f stateand a ta even e a ated t h ghe ed at n n eased bet een 1997 and2003, b t de ned f m7.6 pe ent t 6.8 pe ent bet een 2003 and 2004.

red t ns n state f nd ng, n t n, have had the e e t f sh ft ng the b denf ege sts f m the gene a p b t the nd v d a st dent. Bet een 2005and 2006 a ne, st dents attend ng a p b f - ea nst t t n e pe en ed anave age 6.3 pe ent n ease n t t n and fees. Even at p vate f - ea -eges, st dents e pe en ed a 5.9 pe ent n ease n t t n and fees. Fa t snt b t ng t the p vate t t n n eases n ded de nes n end ments

and p vate g v ng. e stead ss f p has ng p e n the pa t f fede ast dent g ant p g ams a s has added t the d t n meet ng ege sts.e ma m m Pe G ant n ve s n 33 pe ent f t t n, fees, and mand b a d at the ave age f - ea ege, d n f m 42 pe ent j st f ea s ag . it s n t ha d t see h a adem f eed m s mpa ed hen nd enan a nst a nts, athe than a adem ns de at ns, est t the ab t f fa t and nst t na sta t ma nta n p fess na standa ds n tea h ng andesea h.

c p -s p s: in esp nse t the t ends des bedab ve,h ghe ed at n adm n st at s have t ned n eas ng t p ate-st e a s t a se m ne , save m ne and manage the nst t t ns. e se nt t n and fees ep esents a sh ft ng f the b den f f nd ng ed at n f m thep b t the nd v d a .T nan e the esea h appa at s f n ve s t es and -eges, nst t t ns and esea he s have n eased the t es t nd st and g v-e nment. 6 ese t es have ed t desp ead n e n that s ent nf mat n


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and d s ve es d n t ate q te s f ee n th s ne atm sphe e. instead,n dent a t ag eements, g ve nment eg at n and mme a temptat n

have m ted the f eed m f p fess s n the ass ms, abs and p b at ns.

inst t t na adm n st at s have emp ed m t p e st ateg es t save m ne andt asse t g eate nt ve b dget and p g ammat de s n-ma ng. e have n eas ng ent a zed nt ve de s n-ma ng, and essened the ef fa t and nst t na sta membe s n p es n e n ng pe s nne , b d-

get and a adem p g amm ng. Even m e mp tant, nst t t na adm n st a-t s have t ned a a f m emp ng e -pa d, f -t me ten ed fa t n favf ve s ng and e p t ng nt ngent fa t and nst t na sta .

e s h s s : c nt ngent fa t and nst t nasta , as e n ted ea e , mp se pa t-t me/adj n t fa t , as e as f -t men nten e-t a fa t and nst t na sta , n d ng g ad ate emp ees, h a e n t h ed n a pe manent bas s and h se p s t ns d n t a ten ep te t ns. As f 2005, ess than 30 pe ent f the h ghe ed at n nst t nasta n the un ted States as ten ed ten e-e g b e, h e 70 pe ent e e

nt ngent fa t nst t s. Even f the a e h ed aga n and aga n f edte ms, the nd v d a s n nt ngent p s t ns ften e pe en e j b nse t and

ages, and s a e e ve nadeq ate p fess na s pp t. S n e these n-t ngent fa t membe s and nst t na sta d n t have a a m t pe manentten e, the have the m st ten s a m t ea a adem feed m.

s, as e n ted ea e , the g eatest th eat t a adem f eed m t da s thes bt e em va f man fa t p s t ns f mthe ten e t a and f m engage-ment th sha ed g ve nan e st t es. s h ng t end se s ea ensa adem f eed m n a s that p t a atta s n the a adem san t nsa med at nd v d a fa t membe s ann t a mp sh a ne. e t s esf atta a e, n fa t, nte t ned; a adem f eed m an be b n d n m eeas b p e f g sts f e te na medd ng hen ts ts a e be ng p neda a b the ss f ten e and g ve nan e.

D ng the past ent , gan zat ns s h as the Ame an Fede at n f Tea he s, the Nat na Ed at n Ass at n (NEA) and, pa t a , the Ame -an Ass at n f un ve s t P fess s (AAuP) estab shed p es n a a-dem f eed m, ten e and sha ed g ve nan e as m t a e nf ng p a s f the eg ate s pe st t e. e AAuP st en n ated the bas p n p es, hasphe d them and, t th s da , e p ses ab ses th gh nvest gat ns and ens ef ege and n ve s t adm n st at ns. 7 ese p n p es a e a s emb d edn e t ve ba ga n ng ag eements a nd the nt neg t ated b AAuP, theNEA and the AFT.

unde the ne nd t ns f a sh n ng ten e t a and h st e e te na nte -ests, h eve , h ghe ed at n fa t and nst t na sta need m e than j st a e te at n f bas p n p es. we need t g f the n ght ng f them.at means n t n adv at ng f an n ease n ten ed p s t ns, b t a s


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ght ng f pa t pa and bene ts f nt ngent fa t and nst t s, a h ev-ng m e p fess na t eatment f nt ngent fa t and nst t s, ande tend ng pee ev e , sha ed g ve nan e and d e p ess ghts t ve afa t and nst t na sta . c nt ngent fa t and nst t na sta needea a adem f eed mba st pped b ea j b p te t ns and ea ghts.

P ks s s : o gan zat ns and nd -

v d a s h be eve de g a nf m t s essent a t p t a stab t have a a s been s sp s f a adem f eed m be a se t a ms fa t ndependen e and p a es the a adem at the tt ng edge f n nvent nadeas. in the afte math f wwii and d ng the ea da s f the c d wa , thea adem f eed m f fa t ame nde atta f m Sen. J seph M ca th andthe s h a med that nat na se t eq ed the t ng t f pe p ethe abe ed as c mm n st s mpath ze s. e ega f a t aths, nd v d aha assment and ng nd v d a s nde s sp n ast a pa ve a adem a thatd d n t ft nt the 1960s.

N , at the beg nn ng f the 21st ent , these t pes f s sp ns have es -

fa ed, pa t a f ng the te st atta s n the un ted States n Sept. 11,2001. A adem t s f Ame an f e gn p have been a sed f be ngnpat t , se, t a t s. M e ve , nat na se t meas es n d ngthe uSA PATrioT A t, ne mm g at n es and s ve an e p g amshavebeen estab shed. ese have d m n shed the f eed m f b a ans, p fess sand the a adem p fess na s t p s e e ta n s bje t a eas n esea h,t e t st dents f m ab ad, and t ab ate th a adem eag es ne ta n p s bed nat ns.

e have a s p v ded f e f th se h d e t e e t p t a and de -g a nt ve a adem nst t t ns.

A adem a has me t the attent n f p e f nse vat ve nte ests be a set has been pe e ved as a bast n f ndependent and be a th ght thateta ns n en e ve p b d s se. ove the past p e f de ades, h gheed at n has been atta ed as a be a haven f ten ed ad a s. 8 A e -f nded ampa gn has sp ng p, a ng f eg s at ve a t n t eg ate a a-dem h ng, ten e p esses, se ntent and a. S me nse va-t ves adv ate g ve nment nte vent n t nt p fess s n the name f a adem f eed m, h h s n t sa the east, 9 be a se the p p se s tnse t a pa t a de g a agenda nt the ass m. ese same nte estsa e a s ea h ng t t ege and n ve s t g ve n ng b d es, g ng themt ad pt the m s abe ed a adem f eed m agenda. S h m ves, h eve , a emeet ng heav and s sta ned es stan e f m nd v d a s and gan zat nsa nd the nt defend ng f ee e hange n amp s. 10 ese gan za-t ns, n d ng the AFT, e gn ze that defend ng a adem f eed m eq esthe defeat f g ve nment nt s n, an e te na nt s n, nt m,tea h ng, h ng and st dent assessment.


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Aadem nst t t ns have an b gat n t p te t a adem f eed m fa fa t and nst t na sta as a ma nsta f a f ee, pen and dem -at s et . D ng s eq e the ded at n f the ent e h ghe

ed at n mm n t . As e te ea e, t s essent a b t n t en ghtb ng f a d f ndamenta standa ds f a adem f eed m, as e have j st d ne.it n t be en gh t de the atta s n and p ess es t m t a ademf eed m. we m st a t n t e pand and p te t a adem f eed m f m e s n,f m e te na f es and p ess es, and f m nte na e gen es f nst t t namanagement. e Ame an Fede at n f Tea he s p edges tse fand ges tsa ates and membe s, as e as a adem e s th gh t thenat ntdefend a adem f eed m n the nte t f the beg nn ng f the 21st ent . He ea e s me a s th s an be d ne.

op b ss s p s: T tt e d a g eg es n t da bet een f -t me ten ed fa t membe s and the eag es nthe nt ngent an s, and a s bet een fa t / nst t na sta and adm n s-t at n, ab t b d ng p fess na ghts and esp ns b t es am ng the d f-fe ent ateg es f nst t na sta at the nst t t n. one a t pen s hd a g es n amp s s t nst t te nf ma a adem f eed mf ms. S hf ms d p m te d s ss n f the ss es d s ssed th gh t th s papeand fa tate the deve pment f n ed p s t ns n them.

d s p s p k s h p b : P b p -ma e s and the gene a p b t da have a t emend s sta e n h ghe ed a-t n, g eat n en e ve ts f t e and a ea ght t nde stand hat g es nns de eges and n ve s t es.

if, as e have sh n, a adem s a e fa ng ha enges t the a th t as p fes-s na s, and f f nd ng sh tfa s and an e d ng sta ng st t e a e mpa ng

PART IV:Implementing Academic Freedom roughCollective Action


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the ab t t d the best , then t s t me f f nt ne a adem e st get p and e p a n the , and dem nst ate ts bene ts, t p b a sand the mm n t at a ge. e AFT ges fa t membe s and nst t st n t ate p anned and d nated e ts t v s t eg s at s f eq ent and tb ng eg s at s t amp s. Fa t membe s and nst t s a s sh d see han es t appea n mm n t sett ngs t e p a n hat the d . Fa t ga-n zat ns sh d nde ta e s m a a t v t es, n d ng med a t ea h andadve t s ng.

S h h p w s sp s p s h h : unde s stemf h ghe ed at n, a adem f eed m e es a t ften n the nf ma s ant a t that as f ged n the past, and n nst t t na es that an be hangedn ate a b th se th ega a th t ve eges and n ve s t es. Fthe nan a , de g a and mme a eas ns ted n th s statement, thenf ma s a nt a t s b ea ng d n. in the ent nte t, the best h pef e pans n and p te t n f a adem f eed m s the gan zed p e f the

mm n t f s h a s, e e sed th gh the me han sms f e t ve ba ga n-ng and p t a a t n. e app p ate st ateg f ea h nst t t n and ea hstatebe a se ega a th t n m st h ghe ed at n nst t t ns s vested b the state a g ve nmentdepends n a mstan es.

F st and f em st, h eve , the st ngest p te t ns f a adem f eed man be f g a anteed n f a fa t and nst t na sta have dem at -a h sen ep esentat ves at the tab e f p e . Ag eements bet een egeand n ve s t adm n st at s, n the ne hand, and fa t and sta e t veba ga n ng agents, n the the , a e ega , enf eab e nst ments that e p essand ph d p n p es. Be a se m st s h ag eements have f sed, and

nt n e t f s, n pa and bene ts ss es, t ta es spe a eat v t taft ag eements n a adem f eed m; b t, the g d ne s s, t has been d ne

s essf man t mes. F nstan e, the e a e nt a ts that estab sh g a -antees f fa t nv vement n sett ng standa ds and p ed es f h ng,f eapp ntment and f p m t n n an . ese, n t n, an a the bas sf ens ng that a fa t a e f ee t tea h, esea h and se ve th t fea f p n shment eta at n. Ba ga n ng ag eements a s an f the nte e t ap pe t ghts. S m a , ba ga n ng an p te t and e tend the nte na sha ed-g ve nan e s stem f eges and n ve s t es.

D e p ess p te t ns f the ent e nst t na and esea h sta pe ma-nent and nt ngent an be, a e and sh d be pa t f e t ve ba ga nednt a ts. As e have nd ated th gh t th s statement, the AFT st ng

end ses ten e as a g a d an f a adem f eed m. we be eve ten ed p s -t ns sh d be e panded, n t f the nt a ted, n nat ns amp ses.e AFT engages n e tens ve e ts t e pand h ghe ed at n n n zat n tp te t and p m te ten e. 11


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i s s wh s v b , h w v , w b vx p s s b s ss , s p -p s v , p h h b v b s. we nde stand that e e t at ng these standa ds, pa t -a f nt ngent e s, s a maj ha enge, b t s h p te t ns an beand have been neg t ated. inn vat ve s t ns that m tate app mate thep te t ns and p v eges f ten es h as f ma p es mpt n f nt n edemp ment and pa d (n t j st v ntee ) pa t pat n n sha ed-g ve nan emm tteesm st be deve ped and sp ead. (F f the nf mat n ab te t ve ba ga n ng ag eements that add ess these ss es, nta t AFT H ghe

Ed at n.)

u k p s v v : S met mes, e t ve ba ga n ngs n t s ent t p te t a adem f eed m. T adv ate e e t ve f thep n p es, fa t and nst t na sta m st be me a t ve nv ved n thea ma ng p ess n the states and a t es, as e as n the p t a p essthat t mate dete m nes h ma e t a p de s ns.

F e amp e, n states he e fa t and a adem sta a e e ded f m thep te t ns f e t ve ba ga n ng a , p t a a t n s needed t hangethe a s. A t n a s s needed f the p vate se t f h ghe ed at n, he ef -t me ten e-t a fa t a e e ded f m e t ve ba ga n ng b v t e f the nv vement n a adem de s n-ma ng. c ent a , stemm ng f mtheYeshiva University S p eme c t de s n f 1980, ng eq ates the p fes-s na esp ns b t es f f -t me ten ed fa t th manage a esp ns b -t es, and th s den es ega p te t n f n n zat n. l e se, a 2004 Nat nalab re at ns B a d de s n ed that g ad ate tea h ng ass stants at p vaten ve s t es e e n t emp ees, b t athe st dents, and the ef e e e n t

e g b e f the p te t ns f the Nat na lab re at ns A t. N t s p s ng ,nat na fa t g ps have ng had n the agenda eg s at ve eve sa f theYeshiva de s n and n eve sa f the Brown de s n. c ea , th s an andsh d be a nt n ng f s f a t v smf fa t and nst t na sta .

An the e amp e f the ne ess t f p t a a t n, n ted ea e , has been theampa gn t es st the mp s t n f state eg s at n est t ng a adem f ee-d m n amp s. e a t n f a adem and adv a g ps ght ng s heg s at n has e ed heav n d e t fa t a t v sm t a h eve ts g a s.

F na , eg s at ve adv a be ne essa t est e needed p b f nd ngt h ghe ed at n and, n a e h d, t est e an a adem sta ng s s-tem that f ste s a adem f eed m. As f th s t ng, the AFT s nde ta ng aeg s at ve ampa gn at the state and fede a eve t p v de nan a and p fes-s na eq t f nt ngent fa t and nst t s, and t n ease the n m-be f ten ed p s t ns. (F m e nf mat n ab t the Fa t and c egeE e en e ampa gn [FAcE], v s t web s te at www. . .)


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The ve d ng ha ma f a adem f eed m, and f q a t n h gheed at n, es n the p a t es that ens e ed at na de s ns a emade b ed at s f ed at na eas nsn t p t a mme a management eas ns. in th s statement, e have t ed t e p a n th se p a -

t es, t h gh ght mstan es he e the s stem s n t ng, and t p tf a d standa ds t ma e th ngs ght and eep them that a .

one th ng s ea : on n e ted a t v sm ed b the mm n t f fa t ,

nst t s and sta a t v smth gh e t ve gan z ng, ba ga n ng, eg-s at ve adv a , and p t a a t n ens e a hea th a adem f st dents and the nat n. A adem n ns have a a nte est n the p te -t n f a adem f eed m th gh the e t ve es es, e pe t se at ba -ga n ng, ega defense apa t es, a an es th the gan zat ns, nf mat nand esea h apab t es, p b t me han sms, p t a a t n st t es andbb ng st ength. e AFT p edges t p a a ead ng e n that e t. on n

th s a an e, p fess n and nst t t ns nt n e t nt b te at theh ghest eve t the p b g d.


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0 / AFT HiGHEr EDucATioN

1 A adem f eed m has gene a been seen t be the f eed m f the tea he and esea he ,n the t ad t n f the 19th- ent Ge man n ve s t va e f Lehrfreiheit , f eed m ttea h. (wa te P. Metzge , Academic Freedom in the Age of the University, Ne y , 1964).re ent , as n ted ate n th s pape , a e - nan ed ampa gn has adv ated f st denta adem f eed m, t ng t n ts p je t t the Ge man va e f Lehrenfreheit , f eed mt ea n. Lehrenfreiheit , h eve , as h st a ass ated th the f eed m f st dentst h se the p fess s and ses f st d . e ntemp a adv ates f a s - a ed A adem B f r ghts (ABor) a m that fa t a adem f eed m tends t st e st dentsf ee e p ess n, espe a f the p t a and e g s be efs and p n ns. s, ABoradv ates see t nt the ntent f ses and the app ntment f fa t t n ve s t p s t ns. H eve, the e s n nhe ent n t bet een the f eed m t tea h and the ab t t ea n. F eed m f p fess na q a ed tea he s t tea h eates the best ea n ng n-d t ns f st dents, and s essent a t q a t ed at n, esea h and p b se v e.

2Statement on Academic Freedom, Report of the First Global Colloquium of University Presi-dents, he d at c mb a un ve s t , Jan a 18-19, 2005, a gathe ng f m e than 40 n ve -s t eade s and p fess s nvened at the eq est f un ted Nat ns Se eta -Gene a k Annan.

3See, f nstan e, A s n S hne de, T Man Adj n t P fess s, A adem F eed m is aM th, Chronicle of Higher Education, De embe 10, 1999.

4often these ev e s ta e p a e n a d b e-b nd bas s. at s, ne the the a th (s) f thes bm tted p e e f s h a sh p n the pane f pee ev e e s s g ven ea h the s dent t es,ass ng a fa , n dent a ev e f the s bstan e n ts me ts. Even he e ess f ma p -ed es a e sed f ev e , the va e f a adem nteg t and des e f a s h a ep ta-t n ens e that ev e e s adhe e t p fess na eth a standa ds.

5 e mp tan e f e e t ve gans f sha ed g ve nan e t a adem f eed m sh d n t bende est mated. A d ng t a st d b She a S a ghte (A adem F eed m, P fess n-a sm, and int am a Spee h n E nst Benjam n and D.r. wagne , Academic Freedom: AnEveryday Concern, San F an s , 1994, pp. 59-75), the v ne ab t f fa t t eta at nand ngf p b t z ng the ege adm n st at n, t ng t gan ze a n n, b ng ng a g evan e s g eatest at nst t t ns th ea n ne stent fa t g ve nan eghts. S m a , a adem f eed m s n t se e n mm n t eges, a d ng t Ann

H. F an e (H St ng is A adem F eed m n c mm n t c eges? Chronicle of Higher Education, o t. 27, 2006.), pa t be a se f m ted se f-g ve nan e ghts.

6 A d ng t E a P ess and Jenn fe washb n, e kept un ve s t , Atlantic Monthly,

Ma h 2000, pp. 39-54, the fede a g ve nment p v ded $14.3 b n n 1997, ma ng p 60pe ent f the f nd ng f a adem esea h. Mean h e p ate f nd ng t n ve s t esf esea h e panded bet een 1980 and 1998 at a ate f 8.1 pe ent pe ea , t ta ng $1.9b n n 1997. P ess and washb n te st d es and s ve s sh ng ng de a s n p b a-t n f esea h es ts ng t p ate sp ns sh p, as e as p ate ens sh p anded t ng f pape s.

Endnotes


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7 e standa ds fa t st ma adhe e t n the ass m e e e q ent e p a nedb the AAuP n 1916: e n ve s t tea he , n g v ng nst t n p n nt ve s amatte s, h e he s nde n b gat n t h de h s n p n n nde a m nta n f eq v a ve b age, sh d, f he s t f h s p s t n, be a pe s n f a fa and j d am nd; he sh d, n dea ng th s h s bje ts, set f th j st , th t s pp ess n nn end , the d ve gent p n ns f the nvest gat s; he sh d a se h s st dents tbe me fam a th the best p b shed e p ess ns f the g eat h st t pes f d -t nes p n the q est n at ss e; and he sh d, ab ve a , emembe that h s b s ness

s n t t p v de h s st dents th ead -made n s ns, b t t t a n them t th n fthemse ves, and t p v de them th a ess t th se mate a s h h the need f the a e t th n nte gent . (Ame an Ass at n f un ve s t P fess s. c mm ttee na adem f eed m and a adem ten e. 1916 #1, pp. 19-20.)

8r ge k mba , Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education, rev.ed. (ch ag , 1998).

9 s nat na ampa gn, n t ated b te Dav d H tz, has a sed the ss e f st dent a adem f eed m as a p test aga nst a eged fa t be a b as. H tz andh s a es have t ed t pe s ade seve a state eg s at es t pass A adem B f r ghts

eg s at n. N ne f these n t at ves have s eeded, and fe , f an , f H tzs a ega-t ns f fa t m s nd t t a d st dents have been s bstant ated. e AFT passedes t ns at ts nat na nvent ns n 2004 and 2006 n pp s t n t s h eg s at nat the state and nat na eve s, and, a ng th AAuP, NEA, seve a st dent g ps, f eespee h g ps and the p g ess ves, f med the F ee E hange n camp s a t n tpp se the e ts f H tz and the s.

10F m e nf mat n ab t these m vements, v s t the web s te at www. x h p s. .

11 Ame an Fede at n f Tea he s, Adv s c mm ss n n H ghe Ed at n, State-ment on Tenure ; App ved b the c mm ss n, Feb a 17, 1979; A epted b the AFTe e t ve n , Ap 7, 1979.


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Academic Freedom Statement