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2/28/17
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JeffZwiersNewYorkCityMarch7,2017
jeffzwiers.org/[email protected]
Downloadslidesrightnowfromhere
AcademicConversationsasaGatewaytoAcademicLiteracy
1. Sharewhatwehavedoneupuntilnow
2. Sharekeyfindingsfromourteachingandobservations
3. Deepenunderstandingsoffeaturesoflanguagedevelopmentandapplythemtoexistingactivities.
4. Refineyourplanforworkingonandwithconversationsthisyear.
OverarchingGoal:Learnwaystodevelopandassessacademicconversationskillsinordertopromote
sustainedandeffectiveacademicconversationsamongstudents.
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• Taught the lesson you designed and tooknotes to share with us today. Wove activities into other lessons and took notes for your partner teachers and us.
• Used some form of the COAT.
• Gathered audio samples of student conversations to share today. Optionally, transcribed any interesting portions of one or more of them, and sent to me (Thanks!).
• Updated your Inquiry Cycle focus, evidence, and progress
Steps Leading Up Until Today
PROGRESS
Write/UseModelConversations
A:B:
1.
Notes:
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NEW:“StrongerandClearerEachTime”Activity:OpinionFormationCards
Youcanuseframessuchas:- Inmyopinion,____because_____.- Despitetheadvantagesof…- GiventhepointsthatIhaveheardsofar,suchas…- IthinkIleanmoretothesideof____because…
1. Choosetextquotationsthatsupportdifferentsidesoftheissueandputthemonsmallcardsorstrips.
2. Tellstudentsthetopicandhavethemstartformingtheirown opinion.
3. Havestudentsreadtheirowncardandthinkabouthowitsupports,contradicts,orevenchangestheiropinion.
4. Studentsthenmeetwithstudentswhohavedifferentpoints(differentcolors),readquotationstoeachother,andbothstatetheircurrentopinionontheissue.(Theycanalsoaskquestionsandpromptforelaboration.)(Theycanalsofirstmeetwithapartnerwiththesamequotationtoclarifyitsmeaning.)
Cellphonesmakecheatingmucheasierforstudents.Theycantakepicturesoftests,textquestionsandanswers,orevenaccessnotesandtextbooksthroughtheircellphones.Cellphonesaresosmallthesedays,andstudentsaresoadeptatusingthemsurreptitiouslythatdetectingtheiruseisincreasinglydifficult.
WhenIwasteaching,alltoooftenIturnedaroundfromwritingsomethingontheboardtofindstudentstext-messagingorotherwiseplayingwiththeirphones.Manystudentswouldfailtheclassandfartoomanywoulddropoutofschoolduetothedistractionsintheclassroom,thebiggestbeingcellphones.
WithGoKnow’s cellphone-basedapplications,astudentcoulddrawaconceptmapshowingtherelationshipbetweenwatercycleprocesses,createananimationillustratinghowitalllooks,andwriteupatextreportonwhatthey’velearned—allcentralizedonadesktop-likeinterfaceonthesmartphone’sscreen.
Theprincipalargued:“Idon’tknowabusinessperson,lawyer,ordoctorouttherewhodoesn’tuseacellphonetolearnandconnectwithothersinprofessionalways.Whyshouldn’tstudentsalsolearntolearnandcommunicatewiththeminschools?” Should cell
phone use be banned in school?
StudentModelofOpinionFormationCardsMyquoteis,“Parentsclaim…Inmyopinion,videogamesarebad.Likewargamesshowkidshowtoshoototherpeople.
Myquotesays,“Inarecent...Thissupportsmyidea.Ithinkvideogamesarebadcuztheyshowviolence.
Should video games be banned?
1stPartnerSilvia
Switchpartners!
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StudentModelofOpinionFormationCardsMyquotesays,“Inarecent...Thissupportsmyidea.Ithinkvideogamesarebadcuztheyshowviolence.
Myquotesays…”Inarecent…”Inmyopinion,violentvideogamesshouldbebannedbecausetheyshowviolencethatkidscopy.Forexample,inawarvideogamekidsshootothers.
Should video games be banned?
2ndPartner
Myquoteis,“Parentsclaim…Inmyopinion,videogamesarebad.Likewargamesshowkidshowtoshoototherpeople.
Thiscardsays,“Eventhough…Eventhoughsomevideogamesfillkids’mindswithviolence,alotareeducational.Theysolveproblemsandread.
Silvia
Switchpartners!
StudentModelofOpinionFormationCardsMyquoteis,“Parentsclaim…Inmyopinion,videogamesarebad.Likewargamesshowkidshowtoshoototherpeople.
Myquotesays…”Inarecent…”Inmyopinion,violentvideogamesshouldbebannedbecausetheyshowviolencethatkidscopy.Forexample,inawarvideogamekidsshootothers.Myquotesays…”Inarecentstudy…”Eventhoughsomevideogamesareeducational,manyareveryviolentandshouldbebanned.Kidsgetexcitedtoshootothersandtheirmindsfillwithviolence.Gamesmightteachtosolveproblems,butinmyopinionkidswillbelessviolentwithoutthem.
Should video games be banned?
Thiscardsays,“Eventhough…Eventhoughsomevideogamesfillkids’mindswithviolence,alotareeducational.Theysolveproblemsandread.
Myquotesays,“Inarecent...Thissupportsmyidea.Ithinkvideogamesarebadcuztheyshowviolence.
3rdPartnerSilvia
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Building Language through Reading
Understanding LanguageJeffZwiers jeffzwiers.org/march2
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The Elasticity of Comprehension“Itisamistaketobelievethatthereissomekindofprecise“mathematic”or“formulaic”renderingthatispossible.Meaningmakingisneverprecise;itisnotaformofexactmappingofsoundsormeaningsontotext.Meaningmakinginvolvesapproximationoraformofallowablebandofinterpretationsorelasticitytothemeaningmakingbetweenauthororweb-creatororfilmmakerandreaderandtheworld.”
--Tierney,2009
Understanding LanguageJeffZwiers jeffzwiers.org/march2
Whatiscomprehension&whatinfluencesit?
Usecomprehension
strategies
Usethinkingskills
Usethelanguage ofthetext
Usebackgroundknowledge
Identify&rememberkeyinfo,Infer,Predict,Question,Summarize
Interpretrelationships&themes,
Apply,Compare,
Cause/effectPerspective
Constructneworclearermeaning thatmatches the
author’sand/orcomprehender’spurpose(s)
LifeThistext
Other“texts”Otherlessons
WordsSentencesOrganizationOthercues
(Includescomprehensionofwritten,spoken,visual,multimediamessages)
Understanding LanguageJeffZwiers jeffzwiers.org/march2
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ComprehensionConversations
Whydidtheauthorusethetermgrossly?
Doesthisremindyouofsomethingwealreadyread?
Whydoyouthinktheyadaptedtohavebabiesinpouches?
Howcanweapplywhatwelearnedin
thisarticle?
Understanding LanguageJeffZwiers
Askeachother
• Whyarewereadingthis?
• Whydidtheauthorwritethis?
• Whatdoweneedtolearnfromthis?
CONVERSINGTOCOMPREHEND:Howcanconversationsfosterthis?
Constructneworclearermeaning thatmatches theauthor’s
and/orcomprehender’spurpose(s)
Understanding LanguageJeffZwiers
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Askeachother
• Whydidtheauthorusethisword,sentence,orparagraph?
• Howisthistext/messageorganized?Why?
• Whatwordsorothercluesshowuswhichthinkingskillstouseforthistext?
CONVERSINGTOCOMPREHEND:Howcanconversationsfosterthis?
Usethelanguage ofthe
text
Understanding LanguageJeffZwiers
Askeachother:
• Forconnectionstoprevioustexts,problems,andlife
• Whatyoubotharevisualizingwhenreadingaportionoftext
• (whenyourpartnermakesaninferenceorprediction )“Why?”or“Howdoesthetextandyourexperiencemakeyoupredict/inferthat?”
CONVERSINGTOCOMPREHENDHowcanconversationsfosterthis? Use
backgroundknowledge
Understanding LanguageJeffZwiers
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Askeachotherto:
• summarize whatwasheardorreadsofar
• makeinferences(Whydoyouthinkhe…?)
• generatepredictions
• pose&answerquestions
CONVERSINGTOCOMPREHEND:Howcanconversationsfosterthis?
Usecomprehension
strategies
Understanding LanguageJeffZwiers
Askeachotherto:
• interpret themes,arguments,anddata
• evaluateevidence• inferrelationships• compare• takeotherperspectives• applyideastonovelcontexts
CONVERSINGTOCOMPREHEND:Howcanconversationsfosterthis?
Usethinkingskills
Understanding LanguageJeffZwiers
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TheTragedyofDyingLanguages
I'velistenedtolastspeakersofmanylanguages—dignifiedelders—whoholdintheirmindsasignificantportionofhumanity'sintellectualwealth.Whatcanwelearnfromtheselanguagesbeforetheygoextinct?Andwhyshouldweliftafingertohelprescuethem?Asthelastspeakersconverse,theyspinindividualstrandsinavastwebofknowledge,anoosphere ofpossibilities.Theytellhowtheirancestorscalculatedaccuratelythepassingofseasonswithoutclocksorcalendarsandhowhumansadaptedtohostileenvironments,fromtheArctictoAmazonia.
Weimagineeurekamomentstakingplaceinmodernlaboratoriesorclassicalcivilizations.Butkeyinsightsofbiology,pharmacology,genetics,andnavigationaroseandpersistedsolelybywordofmouth,insmall,unwrittentongues.Andthiswebofknowledgecontainsfeatsofhumaningenuity—epics,myths,rituals--thatcelebrateandinterpretourexistence.Languagerevitalizationwillprovetobeoneofthemostconsequentialsocialtrendsofcomingdecades.Thispush-backagainstglobalizationwillprofoundlyinfluencehumanintellectuallife,decidingthefateofancientknowledge,wisdom,andculture.--K.DavidHarrison
BoaSr wasthelastspeakerofthe70,000-year-oldBolanguage
TextAnalysis(CloseReadingforLanguage)
Procedure
1. Listentostudentsreadaloudandidentifysentenceandorganization(discourse/structure)levelchallenges.
2. Lookinthetextforlanguageexamplesofthesechallenges.
3. Readtheexamples(s)aloudandhavepairsanswer:
• Whydidtheauthorwriteitlikethis?
• Isthereaclearerwaytowritethis?
JeffZwiers Understanding Language
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Model:TheTragedyofDyingLanguages
I'velistenedtolastspeakersofmanylanguages—dignifiedelders—whoholdintheirmindsasignificantportionofhumanity'sintellectualwealth.Whatcanwelearnfromtheselanguagesbeforetheygoextinct?Andwhyshouldweliftafingertohelprescuethem?Asthelastspeakersconverse,theyspinindividualstrandsinavastwebofknowledge,anoosphere ofpossibilities.They tellhowtheirancestorscalculatedaccuratelythepassingofseasonswithoutclocksorcalendarsandhowhumansadaptedtohostileenvironments,fromtheArctictoAmazonia.
Weimagineeurekamomentstakingplaceinmodernlaboratoriesorclassicalcivilizations.Butkeyinsightsofbiology,pharmacology,genetics,andnavigationaroseandpersistedsolelybywordofmouth,insmall,unwrittentongues.Andthiswebofknowledgecontainsfeatsofhumaningenuity—epics,myths,rituals—thatcelebrateandinterpretourexistence.Languagerevitalizationwillprovetobeoneofthemostconsequentialsocialtrendsofcomingdecades.Thispush-backagainstglobalizationwillprofoundlyinfluencehumanintellectuallife,decidingthefateofancientknowledge,wisdom,andculture.--K.DavidHarrison
BoaSr wasthelastspeakerofthe70,000-year-oldBolanguage
ChaosTheoryChaostheory,amoderndevelopmentinmathematicsandscience,providesaframeworkforunderstandingirregularorerraticfluctuationsinnature.Achaoticsystemisdefinedasonethatshows"sensitivitytoinitialconditions."Thatis,anyuncertaintyintheinitialstateofthegivensystem,nomatterhowsmall,willleadtorapidlygrowingerrorsinanyefforttopredictthefuturebehavior.Forexample,themotionofadustparticlefloatingonthesurfaceofapairofoscillatingwhirlpoolscandisplaychaoticbehavior.Theparticlewillmoveinwell-definedcirclesaroundthecentersofthewhirlpools,alternatingbetweenthetwoinanirregularmanner.Anobserverwhowantstopredictthemotionofthisparticlewillhavetomeasureitsinitiallocation.Ifthemeasurementisnotinfinitelyprecise,however,theobserverwillinsteadobtainthelocationofanimaginaryparticleverycloseby.The"sensitivitytoinitialconditions"mentionedabovewillcausethenearbyimaginaryparticletofollowapaththatdivergesfromthepathoftherealparticle.Thismakesanylong-termpredictionofthetrajectoryoftherealparticleimpossible.Inotherwords,thesystemischaotic.Itsbehaviorcanbepredictedonlyiftheinitialconditionsareknowntoaninfinitedegreeofaccuracy,whichisimpossible.
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ELAText
"[...]Ifyoudon'twantahousebuilt,hidethenailsandwood.Ifyoudon'twantamanunhappypolitically,don'tgivehimtwosidestoaquestiontoworryhim;givehimone.Betteryet,givehimnone.Lethimforgetthereissuchathingaswar.Ifthegovernmentisinefficient,topheavy,andtax-mad,betteritbeallthosethanthatpeopleworryoverit.Peace,Montag.GivethepeopleconteststheywinbyrememberingthewordstomorepopularsongsorthenamesofstatecapitalsorhowmuchcornIowagrewlastyear.Cramthemfullofnoncombustibledata,chockthemsodamnedfullof'facts'theyfeelstuffed,butabsolutely'brilliant'withinformation.Thenthey'llthinkthey'rethinking,they'llgeta sense ofmotionwithoutmoving.Andthey'llbehappy,becausefactsofthatsortdon'tchange.Don'tgivethemanyslipperystufflikephilosophyorsociologytotiethingsupwith.Thatwayliesmelancholy.AnymanwhocantakeaTVwallapartandputitbacktogetheragain,andmostmencan,nowadays,ishappierthananymanwhotriestoslide-rule,measure,andequatetheuniverse,whichjustwon'tbemeasuredorequatedwithoutmakingmanfeelbestialandlonely.
APPLICATION TIME
ThinkabouthowyoumightuseComprehensionConversationsandTextAnalysisinyourupcominglessons.
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Teacher, Peer, and Self-Assessment
How can we adapt the COAT (on right) for peer and student self-assessment?
What do your students need to work on the most?
JeffZwiers Understanding Language/SCALE
ConstructiveConversationExcerpt- ELASandeep: In my opinion, I think The Giver is about we need to know our
past, even bad stuff.Tasha: Can you explain more the bad stuff?Sandeep: In the book one person keeps the bad memories of of war and
death. No one else knows. but it’s what happened. Everyone has rights to know. And they had problems maybe cuz they didn’t know the stuff.
Tasha: Like what? Sandeep: Like killing people who didn’t fit in, or twins. That’s messed up.Tasha: But should children know all of the bad things? Sandeep: It’s better to know our past, even if it’s bad. So it teaches us.Tasha: Everything? There’s lots of terrible things that even we don’t
know about; maybe give us nightmares and, I don’t know, maybe teach little kids to do them, too? I think///
Sandeep: ///OK, maybe some stuff shouldn’t be passed down to everyone. But we need to learn from mistakes, too.
Tasha: OK, but which bad things to know? What will help us learn and not do bad things?
Sandeep: I don’t know, maybe things like nuclear bombs, you know, and war.
Tasha: OK, but not the really violent stuff.
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Video 1
JeffZwiers Understanding Language/SCALE
Video 2
JeffZwiers Understanding Language/SCALE
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CreateaModelConversationThinkofanupcominglessonandwriteaconversationbetweentwostudentsthatshowstheirlearning.
A:
B:
A:
B:
1) Youanalyzetheconversationfortheskillsandlanguageyouwillneedtoteach.
2) Youusethemodelconversationwithstudentstoshowthemwhatyouarelookingforwhentheyhaveconversations.
Lesson Planning
JeffZwiers Understanding Language/SCALE
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SampleLesson(s)Plan:ELA
I. Objectives:Inferandsupportthemesinshortstories.Arguethemostimportantthemeforstudentsyourage.
II. Stronger-ClearerEachTime:Readsamestory,sharetheme,support
III. ModifiedJigsaw:Think-Pair-Square:Readdifferentstories,sharethemeandevidencewithpartner,thenw/otherpair.
IV. TransitionImprov:TwoDifferingThemes(e.g.,‘TwoBrothers’)
V. AcademicConversationModel:Emphasizeskillsofsupportingandevaluatingevidenceandimportance,andarguingforonethemeoveranother.
VI. ArgumentBalanceScaleConversations:2Themes
Jeff ZwiersJeffZwiersJeffZwiers Understanding Language
SampleLessonPlan:Nonfiction
I. Objectives:Argueaclaimaboutanissue.
II. OpinionFormationCards:Readcardsandshareopinions;readarticle.
III. GalleryWalk:(Readdifferentarticlesonsameissue,sharepostersofopinionandevidence
IV. TransitionImprov:Pro-Conontopicofsocialmedia
V. AcademicConversationModelingofuseofArgumentBalanceScale:Emphasizeskillsofsupportingandevaluatingevidenceandimportance,andarguingforonethemeoveranother.
VI. Writeafinalparagraphortwo.
Jeff ZwiersJeffZwiersJeffZwiers Understanding Language/SCALE
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Jeff ZwiersJeffZwiersJeffZwiers Understanding Language
1. Refine your inquiry cycle focus
How can I develop/improve ____________________,
evidenced by _____________, by _____________
Teach/Do& Gather Evidence
• Usenew&adaptedinterventionsandstrategies
• Gatherdataonstudentlearning(Formative,self-,peer-,summative;fromfocalstudents)
Analyze Evidence
• Usestudentwork,casestudies,conversations,video,observations
• Findpatterns,surprises,gaps• Whatisevidenceshowingandnot
showing?• Brainstormfactorsthatcaused
thepatterns
Reflect & Plan
• Clarifywhatteachingandlearningshouldlooklike
• Agreeonevidencetogatherthatshowschanges
• Create&adjustcoachingpractices• Makeaplanforobservationsand
datacollection
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TASK
Write/UseModelConversations
A:B:
1.
2. Draft three back-to-back lesson plans that include activities that develop speaking & conversation skills. You will share these with the group. Please use at least two new activities (from our times together) and feel free to modify existing activities in ways that use some of the features we have discussed to strengthen language and conversation skills. Include a model conversation.
TASK
Write/UseModelConversations
A:B:
1.
3. Share your lessons with another person (who hasn’t seen them) and provide constructive feedback to one another related to:• Their potential for developing language & convo skills• 3 Communicativeness Features• Lesson coherence and flow• Formative assessment & scaffolding of language
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EvidenceInquiry-based Collaboration Online PD
Communication-Based
Teaching of
Language,Literacy,
Thinking Skills, & Content
to Els and AELs
JeffZwiers Understanding Language/SCALE
CONTACTINFORMATION
Email: [email protected]: jeffzwiers.org/March7
ell.stanford.edu
References
Mercer,N.(2000).TheGuidedConstructionofKnowledge:Talkamongstteachersandlearners.Clevedon,UK:MultilingualMatters.
Zwiers,J.&Soto,I.(2016)AcademicLanguageMastery:ConversationalDiscourseinContext.CorwinPress.
Zwiers,O’Hara,&Pritchard(2014)CommonCoreStandardsindiverseclassrooms:Essentialpracticesfordevelopingacademiclanguage&disciplinaryliteracy.Stenhouse.
JeffZwiers Understanding Language/SCALE