Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    1/62

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    2/62

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    3/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLR,QYHVWLJDWLQJ PLJUDQWV PRWLYDWLRQV WR OHDY

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    4/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ,QYHVWLJDWLQJ PLJUDQWV PRWLYDWLRQV WR OHDYH KRPH LQ %XUPD:ULWWHQ DQG SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS.+5* -XQH

    &RYHU SKRWR%XUPHVH PLJUDQWV FURVV WKH QDWXUDO ERXQGDU\ RI WKH 0RHL 5)HEUXDU\ LQ RUGHU WR DFFHVV ZRUN DQG WUDGH LQ 7KDLODQG>3KRWR .+5*@

    %DFN FRYHU SKRWR5HVLGHQWV RI 75HH 3RK *NZHH YLOODJH GR 63'& VSRQVRUHG IRUFHGODERXU GHOLYHULQJ EDPERR VODWV WR WKH %XUPD $UP\ FDPS DW *NODZ *N'WL'LVWULFW RQ $XJXVWVW >3KRWR .+5*@

    3URGXFWLRQ DQG SULQWLQJ RI WKLV UHSRUW ZDV ILQDQFHG E\ &DQDGD )XQG

    7KH .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS .+5* ZDV IRXQGHG LQ DQG GRFXPHQWV WK

    VLWXDWLRQ RI YLOODJHUV DQG WRZQVSHRSOH LQ UXUDO %XUPD WKURXJK WKHLU GVXSSRUWHG E\ SKRWRJUDSKLF DQG RWKHU HYLGHQFH .+5* RSHUDWHV LQGHSHQGHQWQRW DIILOLDWHG ZLWK DQ\ SROLWLFDO RU RWKHU RUJDQLVDWLRQ ([DPSOHV RI RXU ZRQOLQH DWZZZ NKUJ RUJ 3ULQWHG FRSLHV PD\ EH REWDLQHG VXEMHFW WR DSSURYDDYDLODELOLW\ E\ VHQGLQJ D UHTXHVW WRNKUJ#NKUJ RUJ

    7KLV UHSRUW SXEOLVKHG E\ .+5* .+5* $OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG &RQWHQWVUHSURGXFHG RU GLVWULEXWHG RQ D QRW IRU SURILW EDVLV RU TXRWHG IRU PHGSXUSRVHV EXW UHSURGXFWLRQ IRU FRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVHV UHTXLUHV WKH SULRU S.+5*

    7KLV UHSRUW LV QRW IRU FRPPHUFLDO VDOH

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    5/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    &RQWHQWV

    ,QWURGXFWLRQ DQG H[HFXWLYH VXPPDU\

    1RWHV RQ WKH WH[W7HUPV DQG DEEUHYLDWLRQV0DSV

    0DS .DUHQ GLVWULFWV0DS %XUPD

    %DFNJURXQG

    'DWD 6HW $EXVHV LQ 63'& FRQWUROOHG DUHDV RI .DUHQ 6WDW

    'DWD 6HW 3XVK IDFWRUV DQG PLJUDQW VWDWHPHQWV

    'DWD 6HW 3XOO IDFWRUV

    ,QWHUQDWLRQDO IUDPHZRUNV

    ([SDQGLQJ SURWHFWLRQ

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    6/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    ,QWURGXFWLRQ DQG H[HFXWLYH VXPPDU\

    >7@KH PDMRULW\ RI WKH SHRSOH LQ P\ YLOODJH KDYH FRPH WR Z7KDLODQG 7KH\ GRQW ZDQW WR VWD\ LQ WKHLU YLOODJH EHFDXVH WWKDW WKH\OO KDYH WR GR IRUFHG ODERXU

    .R 0 PDOH 7K YLOODJH 'RRSOD\D 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH )H

    :KLOH %XUPDV UXOLQJ 6WDWH 3HDFH DQG 'HYHORSPHQW &RXQFLO 63'& FWR FODLP WKDW WKH FRXQWU\ KDV UHDFKHG XQSUHFHGHQWHG OHYHOGHYHORSPHQW RYHU WKH SDVW \HDUV WHQV RI WKRXVDQGV RI %XUPFRQWLQXH WR OHDYH WKH FRXQWU\ HYHU\ \HDU LQ RUGHU WR ILQG D,QGHHG DOO LQGLFDWLRQV VXJJHVW WKDW WKLV IORZ RI SHRSOH LV LQFU

    7KH PDMRULW\ RI WKRVH OHDYLQJ %XUPD KDYH VRXJKW RXW HPSOR\PHQW

    DEURDG $Q HVWLPDWHG WR PLOOLRQ SHRSOH ZKR KDYH OHIW WKHUHVLGH LQ 7KDLODQG,Q 0DOD\VLD WKH ZRUNLQJ SRSXODWLRQ IURP %XUHVWLPDWHG DW ZLWK D IXUWKHU WR LQ 6LQJDSRUH8S WR

    HWKQLF &KLQ ZKR KDYH IOHG ZHVWHUQ %XUPD FXUUHQWO\ OLYHHDVWHUQ ,QGLDQ VWDWH RI 0L]RUDP2Q WRS RI WKLV DSSUR[LPDWHO\5RKLQJ\D DOVR IURP ZHVWHUQ %XUPD KDYH VHWWOHG LQ HDVWHUQ %DUHPDLQ LQ ZKDW KDV EHHQ GHVFULEHG DV SUHFDULRXV FRQGLWLRQV LQ YLOODJHV DVHPL XUEDQ VOXPV

    )RU WKLV DQG RWKHU LQWHUYLHZV FRQGXFWHG ZLWK LQGLYLGXDOV IURP %XUPDDEURDG WKHLU SODFH RI RULJLQ UDWKHU WKDQ WKHLU FXUUHQW ORFDWLRQ LV JLYHQ

    6HH IRU H[DPSOH %XUPHVH 5HIXJHHV (QG WKH H[SORLWDWLRQ RI %XUPHVH LQ 7KDLODQG 5HIXJHHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO 1RYHPEHUWK $FFHVVHG DWKWWS ZZZ UHIXJHHVLQWHUQDWLRQDO RUJ VLWHV GHIDXOW ILOHV EXUPHVHDOOB SGWK

    DQG 3HWHU %LUR 7KH SOLJKW RI 7KDLODQGV PLJUDQW ZRUNHUV 5HXWHUV0DUFK WK

    $FFHVVHG DW KWWS ZZZ DOHUWQHW RUJ GE EORJV KWP RWK

    6HH IRU H[DPSOH 0\DQPDU V RYHUIORZ 7KH (FRQRPLVW 0DUFK WK $FFHVVHG DWKWWS ZZZ HFRQRPLVW FRP ZRUOG DVLD GLVSOD\VWRU\ FIP"VWRU\BLG IVUF UVV

    WK

    DQG .DYL &KRQJNLWWDYRUQ +RZ )DU :LOO WKH 7KDL *RYW 5HDOO\ *R WR 3URW:RUNHUV" 7KH ,UUDZDGG\ 0DUFK WK $FFHVVHG DWKWWS ZZZ LUUDZDGG\ RUJ SULQWBDUWLFOH SKS"DUWBLG RQ 0DUFKWK

    0DOD\VLDQ 7KDL 2IILFLDOV 7UDIILFNLQJ %XUPHVH 0LJUDQWV" ,36 -DQXDU\WK $FFHVVHGDW KWWS LSVQHZV QHW QHZV DVS"LGQHZV RQ 0DUFKWK

    %XUPHVH PLJUDQWV LQ GLUH VWUDLWV SRVW PHOWGRZQ ,QGHSHQGHQW 0RQ 1HZV $JHQF\'HFHPEHUWK $FFHVVHG DW KWWS ZZZ PRQQHZV LPQD FRP FRPPHQWDU\XSGDWH SKS",' RQ

    WK

    :H DUH /LNH )RUJRWWHQ 3HRSOH 7KH &KLQ 3HRSOH RI %XUPD 8QVDIH LQ %XUPD 8QS,QGLD +XPDQ 5LJKWV :DWFK -DQXDU\ $FFHVVHG DKWWS ZZZ KUZ RUJ HQ UHSRUWV ZH DUH IRUJRWWHQ SHRSOH RQ $SULOWK

    &KULV /HZD $VLDV QHZ ERDW SHRSOH )RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ $SULOS

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    7/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    2QO\ D VPDOO SHUFHQWDJH RI %XUPHVH SHRSOH ZKR KDYH PRYHG DOHJDOO\ UHFRJQLVHG DV UHIXJHHV RU RWKHUZLVH RIILFLDOO\ DFNQRZOHPLJUDQWV HQWLWOHG WR KRVW JRYHUQPHQW RU 81 DVVLVWDQFHDSSUR[LPDWHO\ LQGLYLGXDOV UHVLGLQJ ZLWKLQ UHIXJH

    7KDLODQG DERXW 81+&5 UHFRJQLVHG UHIXJHHV LQ ,QGLDDQG5RKLQJ\D UHVLGLQJ ZLWKLQ WZR RIILFLDOO\ UHFRJQLVHG UHIXJHH%DQJODGHVK

    :KLOH WKH H[SDWULDWH PLJUDQW SRSXODWLRQV IURP %XUPD ZRUNLQEHHQ JURZLQJ VWHDGLO\ IRU PRUH WKDQ \HDUV WKH LQWHUQDWLRQRQO\ UHFHQWO\ EHJXQ UHFRJQLVLQJ WKH LQVHFXULW\ WKHVH SHRSOHGXULQJ PLJUDWLRQ DQG LQ WKHLU KRVW FRXQWULHV 7KLV KHLJKWDZDUHQHVV LV SDUWO\ GXH WR WKH REYLRXV LQFUHDVH LQ WKRVHSDUWO\ GXH WR HVSHFLDOO\ GUDPDWLF QHZV UHSRUWV RQ WKH VWU

    PLJUDQWV DQG DV\OXP VHHNHUV 7KHVH UHSRUWV LQFOXGH WKH $SUL ZKLFK LQGLYLGXDOV IURP %XUPD VXIIRFDWHG ZKLOH EHLQJ WUDFRQWDLQHU WUXFN WR D ZRUN VLWH LQ VRXWKHUQ 7KDLODQG0RUH UHFHQWO\ WKH ODUJQXPEHUV RI 5RKLQJ\D ERDW SHRSOH DUULYLQJ LQ 7KDLODQG 0DOD\VLD DKDYH SURPSWHG LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDWHPHQWV RI FRQFHUQ DQG UHGLVFXVV WKH LVVXH

    &RQFXUUHQW ZLWK WKLV PDVV LQIOX[ RI PLJUDQWV LQWR QHLJKERXULQKDYH EHHQ RQJRLQJ GHEDWHV DERXW WKH DSSURSULDWH GHILQLWLRQWKHVH PLJUDQWV DQG KRZ WKHVH SHRSOH VKRXOG EH WUHDWHG E\ KDQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO ERGLHV 7KH NH\ LVVXH KDV EHHQ ZKHWKGLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ UHIXJHHV DQG HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV 5HJLRQDOUHFHLYLQJ ODUJH QXPEHUV RI SHRSOH IURP %XUPD KDYH EHHQ SDUWLFXDERXW WKH SROLWLFDO DQG HFRQRPLF LPSOLFDWLRQV RI WKHLU DUULYUHVSRQVH WR D MRXUQDOLVWV TXHVWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ WKH 5RKLQJ\D

    %XUPHVH ERUGHU UHIXJHH VLWHV ZLWK SRSXODWLRQ ILJXUHV 7KDLODQG %XUPD %0DUFK $FFHVVHG DW KWWS ZZZ WEEF RUJ FDPSV PDU PDS WEEF X $SULO WK 7KH 7KDL JRYHUQPHQW GRHV QRW RIILFLDOO\ UHFRJQLVH WKRVH U

    7KDLODQG EDVHG FDPSV DV UHIXJHHV EXW DV SHUVRQV WHPSRUDULO\ IOHHLQJ ILJKWLQJ 81+&5 6WDWLVWLFDO

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    8/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    3ULPH 0LQLVWHU $EKLVLW 9HMMDMLYD UHSOLHG/HWV JHW WKDW VWUDLJKW WKH\UHUHIXJHHV WKH\UH MXVW LOOHJDO PLJUDQWV

    $SSURDFK RI WKLV UHSRUW

    :LWKLQ WKH FRQWH[W RI RQJRLQJ PDVV PLJUDWLRQ ZLWKLQ DQG RXW RI %RQJRLQJ GHEDWHV DERXW KRZ WKHVH SHRSOH DUH GHILQHG WKLV UHDQVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV

    :KDW FDXVHV SHRSOH WR OHDYH WKHLU KRPHV LQ %XUPD DQG VHFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHV HOVHZKHUH"

    'R LQWHUQDWLRQDO IUDPHZRUNV DFFXUDWHO\ UHIOHFW WKHVH FDDGGUHVV WKH SURWHFWLRQ QHHGV RI WKHVH SHRSOH"

    7R DQVZHU WKHVH TXHVWLRQV WKLV UHSRUW GUDZV RQ WZR VHSDUFRQVLVWLQJ RI RYHU LQWHUYLHZV FROOHFWHG DQG WUDQVODWUHVHDUFKHUV EHWZHHQ $XJXVW DQG 0DUFK 7KH ILQGLQJVUHVHDUFK VWUHQJWKHQ DQG JLYH D KXPDQ IDFH WR WKH PDLQ DVVHUWLWKH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI WKRVH ZKR OHDYH %XUPD DQG VHHN ZRUN DQRW OHDYLQJ KRPH VLPSO\ WR ILQG EHWWHU HFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHV DVSHUVRQDO FRQYHQLHQFH EXW DUHLQVWHDG IOHHLQJ OLIH WKUHDWHQLQJ SRYHUW\ WKDGLUHFW UHVXOW RI H[SORLWDWLYH 63'& SROLFLHV

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

    /XQFK ZLWK WKH )7 $EKLVLW 9HMMDMLYD )LQDQFLDO 7LPHV)HEUXDU\WK

    $FFHVVHG DWKWWS ZZZ IW FRP FPV V GE I GG F E KWPO RQ )HEUXDU\

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

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    9/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    VWDWLVWLFDO GDWD DQG SHUVRQDO WHVWLPRQLHV IURP WKHVH LQWHHQYLURQPHQW RI KXPDQ ULJKWV DEXVH DQG UHVXOWLQJ SRYHUW\ LQ W

    7KH VHFRQG GDWD VHW LV FRPSULVHG RI LQWHUYLHZV FRQGXFWHG

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

    7KH PDWFK EHWZHHQ WKHVH GDWD VHWV VXJJHVWV WKDW 63'& DEXVHVFRQWULEXWH WR D OLIH WKUHDWHQLQJ OHYHO RI SRYHUW\ IRU YLOODJHLQ WXUQ IRUFHV YLOODJHUV WR OHDYH WKHLU KRPHV DQG VHHN ZRUVXUYLYH

    )UDPLQJ PLJUDWLRQ

    &RQYHQWLRQDOO\ FODVVLILFDWLRQ DV D UHIXJHH RU LQWHUQDOO\ GLVDV RSSRVHG WR DQ HFRQRPLF PLJUDQW LV EDVHG RQ ZKDW SXVK DQG SXOO IDFWRUVLQIOXHQFH LQGLYLGXDO DFWV RI PLJUDWLRQ :KHUHDV SXVK IDFXQGHVLUDEOH FRQGLWLRQV DW SODFHV RI RULJLQ ZKLFK SXVK SHRSOVLWXDWLRQ HOVHZKHUH SXOO IDFWRUV UHIHU WR WKRVH SRVLWLYORFDWLRQ ZKLFK SXOO LQGLYLGXDOV WRZDUGV LW

    5HIXJHHV DQG ,'3V DUH XQGHUVWRRG WR KDYH KDG OLWWOH FKRLFHDQG ZHUH SXVKHG RXW RI WKHLU KRPHV 0RUH VSHFLILFDOO\ WKHUHODWLQJ WR WKH 6WDWXV RI 5HIXJHHV GHILQHV UHIXJHHV DV WKRV

    FRPSHOOHG WR OHDYH WKHLU FRXQWU\ RI RULJLQ GXH WR SHUVHFXW

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    10/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    UDFH UHOLJLRQ QDWLRQDOLW\ PHPEHUVKLS RI D SDUWLFXODU VRFLDO JRSLQLRQ /HVV FRQYHQWLRQDOO\ WKH WHUP KDV EHHQ XVHG E\ VRPH DGYDLG DJHQFLHV WR DOVR FRYHU WKRVH ZKR KDYH IOHG LPPLQHQW SK\VLFDWR DUPHG FRQIOLFW RU QDWXUDO GLVDVWHUV 7KH GHILQLWLRQ RI ,'3V

    *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV RQ ,QWHUQDO 'LVSODFHPHQW LQFOXGHV WKRVHSHUVHFXWLRQ DUPHG FRQIOLFW YLRODWLRQV RI KXPDQ ULJKWV QDWODUJH VFDOH GHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV EXW ZKR KDYH QRW FURVVHG DQUHFRJQLVHG 6WDWH ERUGHU

    %\ FRQWUDVW HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV DUH XQGHUVWRRG DV LQGLYLGXDOVWR UHPDLQ DW WKHLU SODFHV RI RULJLQ IUHHO\ FKRRVH PLJUDWLRQ LQEHWWHU HFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHV DEURDG 7KH FKRLFH PDGH LV RIWHPDWWHU RI SHUVRQDO FRQYHQLHQFH UDWKHU WKDQ VXUYLYDO 8OWLPD,'3V DUH VHHQ DV EHLQJ SXVKHG IURP WKHLU KRPHV DQG KHQFH KDYH Q

    ZKLOH HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV VXSSRVHGO\ GHFLGH IUHHO\ WR EH SXOOHG WHFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHV DEURDG

    .+5*V UHVHDUFK ILQGLQJV

    )UDPLQJ .+5*V UHVHDUFK LQ WHUPV RI SXVK DQG SXOO IDFWRUV LV QRWH[HUFLVH SROLF\PDNHUV LQ JRYHUQPHQWV DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO ERGLHVGLVWLQFWLRQV LQ RUGHU WR GHWHUPLQH ZKR UHFHLYHV YLWDO KXPDQLWOHJDO DQG RWKHU SURWHFWLRQ $QG ZKDW .+5*V UHVHDUFK GHPRQVWWKHUH LV QR VWULFW VHSDUDWLRQ RI SXVK DQG SXOO IDFWRUV ZKHQ ZKR OHDYH %XUPD

    ,Q 'DWD 6HW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ FROOHFWHG IURP LQWHUYLHZVFRQGXFWHG LQ 63'& FRQWUROOHG .DUHQ 6WDWH LQGLFDWH WKDW WKHPDMRULW\ RI DEXVHV IDFHG E\ YLOODJHUV LQ WKHVH DUHDV DUH H[SORLWDQG VLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSDFW SRYHUW\ OLYHOLKRRGV YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG

    7KH PRVW SUHYDOHQWO\ FLWHG DEXVHV IRXQG LQ WKHVH LQWHUYLHZV ZHRI LQWHUYLHZHHV H[WRUWLRQ ORRWLQJ E\ 63'& DQG 'HPRFUD

    %XGGKLVW $UP\ '.%$ IRUFHV DQG PRYHPHQW UHVWULFWLRQV DOODEXVHV XVHG WR H[SORLW YLOODJHUV UHVRXUFHV :KLOH OHVV IUHTXHRI DUELWUDU\ WD[DWLRQ ZHUH DOVR QRWHG E\ LQWHUYLHZHHV DV D IRUP.DUHQ 6WDWH,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKHVH H[SORLWDWLYH DEXVHV LQWHUYLH

    :KLOH VRPH LQWHUYLHZHHV DOVR FLWHG IRUPV DEXVH W\SLFDOO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK RDQG SHUVHFXWLRQ RIWHQ FRQQHFWHG WR 63'& DQG '.%$ FRXQWHU LQVXUJHQF\ RSHUDWFDVHV ZHUH IHZHU LQ QXPEHU +RZHYHU LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW HYHQ WKFRQQHFWHG WR DUPHG FRQIOLFW DQG SHUVHFXWLRQ DUH DOVR IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG WR I

    VXFK DV ZKHUH IRUFHG UHORFDWLRQ LQWR 63'& FRQWUROOHG VLWHV RU DUELWUDU\ GH[WRUW IXQGV

    :KLOH .+5* KDV LQ RWKHU UHSRUWV GRFXPHQWHG FDVHV RI DUELWUDU\ WD[DWLRQ E\/LEHUDWLRQ $UP\ .1/$ WURRSV QRQH RI WKH LQWHUYLHZHHV FLWHG LQ WKLV UHSLGHQWLILHG DQ\ GHPDQGV E\ .1/$ SHUVRQQHO

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    11/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    LQFLGHQWV RI DUELWUDU\ DUUHVW H[HFXWLRQV LQWLPLGDWLRQ ODQWDFWLFV VXFK DV UD]LQJ ZKROH YLOODJHV IDUP ILHOGV DQG IRRGOLYHVWRFN DQG WRUWXUH

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

    %OXUULQJ WKH OLQH EHWZHHQ SXVK DQG SXOO IDFWRUV

    7KDLODQG EDVHG LQWHUYLHZHHV H[SODLQHG WR .+5* KRZ H[SORLWDWLQFUHDVHG SRYHUW\ OLYHOLKRRGV YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG IRRG LQVHFXDQG WKHLU FRPPXQLWLHV LQ %XUPD 7KHVH LVVXHV ZHUH LQ WXUQSXVK IDFWRUV FRPSHOOLQJ WKHP WR OHDYH WKHLU KRPHV DQG VHDUFK,Q VRPH FDVHV LQWHUYLHZHHV H[SODLQHG WKDW WKH KDUPIXO HIIHFDEXVH ZHUH FRPSRXQGHG E\ HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG HFRQRPLF IDFWRUV VDQG GURXJKW DQG OLPLWHG DFFHVV WR GHFHQW ZDJH ODERXU

    :KLOH WKH LQGLYLGXDOV LQWHUYLHZHG E\ .+5* LQ 7KDLODQG ZRXOGFODVVLILHG DV HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV WKH IDFWRUV ZKLFK WKH\ FLWWKHLU FKRLFH WR PLJUDWH PDNH LW FOHDU WKDW 63'& DEXVH PDGH LWWR VXUYLYH LQ WKHLU KRPH DUHDV +HQFH WKHVH SHRSOH GHFPLJUDQWV QRW VLPSO\ EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH OXUHG WR 7KDLODQGLQFHQWLYHV EXW EHFDXVH WKH\ IRXQG LW LPSRVVLEOH WR VXUYLYH&OHDUO\ WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ SXVK DQG SXOO IDFWRUV LV E%XUPHVH PLJUDQWV

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

    7KHUH ZHUH DOVR D IHZ FDVHV FLWHG RI SHUVHFXWLRQ DQG KDUDVVPHQW RQLQFOXGLQJ WKUHH LQFLGHQWV RI DUELWUDU\ GHWHQWLRQ DQG IRXU LQFLGHQWV RI LQ

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    12/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    VSHFLILF IRUPV RI ULJKWV EDVHG DVVLVWDQFH VXFK DV JHQGHU EDVSURJUDPPHV DV SDUW RI WKHLU SURWHFWLRQ PDQGDWHV

    +RZHYHU IRU PLJUDQWV IURP %XUPD WKH DFW RI OHDYLQJ KRPH LV RYHU

    VHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ WKURXJK ZKLFK LQGLYLGXDOV FDQ HQVXUH WKHWKHLU IDPLOLHV EDVLF VXUYLYDO LQ WKH IDFH RI SHUVLVWHQW H[SODEXVH LQ WKHLU KRPH DUHDV 7KLV EURDGHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI SUEH\RQG OHJDO SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW UHIRXOHPHQW DQG WKH WRS GRZQ GEDVHG DVVLVWDQFH E\ DLG DJHQFLHV ,W LQYROYHV DFWLRQV WDNHQ EWKHLU RZQ DFFRUG WR OHVVHQ RU DYRLG DEXVH DQG LWV KDUPIXO HIIHF

    .+5* KDV FKRVHQ WR XVH WKH WHUP VHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQ VWUDD PRUH JHQHULF FRQFHSW OLNH VXUYLYDO VWUDWHJ\ LQ RUGHU WR KLDJHQF\ RI WKRVH ZKR FKRRVH VXFK PLJUDWLRQ %\ VHHLQJ WKLV SU

    SROLWLFDO WHUPV RQH FDQ EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQG ERWK WKH DEXVLYPLJUDWLRQ IURP %XUPD DV ZHOO DV WKH UHOHYDQFH RI VXFK PLJUDSURWHFWLRQ PDQGDWHV RI JRYHUQPHQWV 81 DJHQFLHV DQG LQWHUQDWFXUUHQWO\ SURYLGLQJ VXSSRUW WR FRQYHQWLRQDO UHIXJHH SRSXODWLRQVSURWHFWLRQ LQ WKLV ZD\ SUHVHQWV RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU H[WHUQDO VXVHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV LQFOXGLQJ HIIRUWV WR ZLWKRXW H[SORLWDWLRQ VXSSRUW GHSHQGHQW IDPLO\ PHPEHUV HQUVFKRRO DQG DYRLG DUUHVW H[WRUWLRQ DQG GHSRUWDWLRQ ZKLFKUHJXODUO\ XVH

    ,QWHUQDWLRQDO IUDPHZRUNV DQG WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ

    *LYHQ WKH IDFWRUV SURPSWLQJ SHRSOH WR OHDYH %XUPD LQ VHDUFK RIPRVW RI WKHVH LQGLYLGXDOV FDQ EH PRVW DFFXUDWHO\ XQGHUVWRRGOLYHOLKRRGVUHIXJHHV 7KHVH LQGLYLGXDOV KDYH OHJLWLPDWH SURWHFWLRQ FRQFHUQVRZQ VHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV L H EHFRPLQJ PLJUDQHPSOR\PHQW LQ RUGHU WR VXUYLYH

    .HHSLQJ LQ PLQG WKH YDULRXV UHDVRQV LQIOXHQFLQJ PLJUDWLRQ IURP KR%XUPD WKH VHFRQG RI WKLV UHSRUWV TXHVWLRQV FDQ QRZ EH DGGUHVLQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQ ULJKWV ODZV IUDPHZRUNV DQG QRUPV DFFXUDWFDXVHV RI HPLJUDWLRQ IURP %XUPD DQG DGGUHVV WKH SURWHFWLRQ QHPLJUDQW SRSXODWLRQV" $IWHU H[DPLQLQJ WKRVH ODZV DQG QRUPV LW EWKDW WKH DQVZHU LV D GHILQLWLYHQR

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

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    13/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    'HVSLWH WKH PXOWLSOH RIWHQ RYHUODSSLQJ PRWLYDWLQJ IDFWRUV LQ PLLQWHUQDWLRQDO OHJDO UHJLPHV DQG QRUPV DWWHPSW WR SODFH %XUPHWKHLU KRPHV LQWR RQH RI WKUHH QDUURZ RIWHQ ULJLGO\ GHILQHG FDWH,'3V RU HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV

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

    PLJUDWH IURP %XUPD RIWHQ LVQW VROHO\ PDGH RXW RI D GHVLUH WR IEHWWHU ILQDQFLDO VHFXULW\ EXW LV RIWHQ PDGH EHFDXVH LW LV WKHSHUVRQ RU IDPLO\ FDQ VXUYLYH

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

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    14/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    7KH IXQGDPHQWDO ODFN RI D OHJDO DQG QRUPDWLYH SURWHFWLRQ IPLJUDQWV IOHHLQJ FRQGLWLRQV RI OLIH WKUHDWHQLQJ SRYHUW\ WKDWVKRZV KRZ FXUUHQWO\ RXW RI V\QF WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHJDO FRPPXQUHDOLW\ IDFHG E\ SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ UXUDO %XUPD 7KDW VR PDQ\ S

    ZLWKRXW D VLQJOH FRKHUHQW OHJDO DQG QRUPDWLYH SURWHFWLRQPDLQWDLQV WKH VWDWH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ WKDW WKHVH SHRSOH WULHGWKHLU KRPHV LQ %XUPD 7KLV HYLGHQFH VKRXOG OHDG SROLF\PDNHUVTXHVWLRQ WKHLU FXUUHQW FRQFHSWLRQV RI HFRQRPLF PLJUDWLRQ RXW%XUPD DQG ZKDW LI DQ\WKLQJ VHSDUDWHV VXFK SHRSOH IURP WKRFRPPRQO\ FODVVLILHG DV ,'3V RU UHIXJHHV

    5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV

    6\VWHPDWLF H[SORLWDWLRQ DQG RWKHU DEXVH ZLWKLQ %XUPD DUH U

    PLJUDWLRQ RXW RI WKH FRXQWU\ DQG QHHG WR EH DGGUHVVHG +RZHYWKLV DEXVH DQG PLJUDWLRQ FRQWLQXH DFWLRQ FDQ DQG VKRXOG EHYXOQHUDEOH SRSXODWLRQV IURP %XUPD QRZ ZRUNLQJ DEURDG

    ([SDQG SURWHFWLRQ

    ,QWHUQDWLRQDO DJHQFLHV JRYHUQPHQWV DQG KXPDQLWDULDQ RUJDQLVDRU SRWHQWLDOO\ RSHUDWLQJ RQ %XUPDV ERUGHUV DQG SURYLGLQJ

    FRQYHQWLRQDO UHIXJHH SRSXODWLRQV VKRXOG DFNQRZOHGJH WKH OHJLWLFRQFHUQV RI WKRVH IURP %XUPD QRZ HQJDJHG LQ ZRUN RXWVLGH RIUHFRJQLVHG UHIXJHH FDPSV 2QFH WKHVH ERGLHV KDYH UHFRJQLVHG WKGUDZQ EHWZHHQ PLJUDQWV DQG UHIXJHHV IURP %XUPD LV XQVDWLVIDFVKRXOG WKHQ HQGHDYRXU WR H[SDQG WKHLU FXUUHQW SURWHFWLRQ PDQDUURZ UHIXJHH SRSXODWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR WUXO\ UHIOHFW WKH URRW FPRWLYDWH VR PDQ\ WR OHDYH KRPH LQ %XUPD DQG VHHN RXW ZRUN DEUR

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

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    15/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    (VWDEOLVK LQWHUQDWLRQDO IUDPHZRUNV

    2Q WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHJDO DQG SROLWLFDO OHYHO SROLF\PDNHVWDEOLVK ODZV DQG QRUPV WKDW PRUH DFFXUDWHO\ WDNH LQWR

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

    7KHUH LV DQ LQHYLWDEO\ ORQJ ILJKW WR EH KDG LQ RUGHU WR HVWDEDSSURSULDWH LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHJDO SURWHFWLRQ IUDPHZRUN IRU PLFRQFUHWH VWHSV PXVW DQG FDQ EH WDNHQ QRZ WR HIIHFWLYHO\ DG

    DQG VXSSRUW WKH VHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV RI WPLJUDQWV ZKR DUH FXUUHQWO\ OLYLQJ DZD\ IURP WKHLU KRPHV LQ %XURIILFLDOO\ UHFRJQLVHG UHIXJHH VWDWXV

    $ORQJ ZLWK WKH VSHFLILF UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV LQFOXGHG KHUH WKLVVWLPXODWH D VHULRXV GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH FDXVHV RI PLJUDWLRQ IURRI LQWHUQDWLRQDO SURWHFWLRQ PHFKDQLVPV IRU WKHVH PLJUDQWLQLWLDWLYHV WR PRUH HIIHFWLYHO\ DGGUHVV PLJUDQWV SURWHFWLRILQGLQJV SUHVHQWHG KHUH DUH VWUHQJWKHQHG E\ WKRXVDQGV RI VFRQGXFWHG E\ .+5* RYHU WKH SDVW \HDUV WKLV UHSRUW VKRXOGSURPSW DQG PRGHO IRU IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK E\ RWKHU RUJDQLVDWLRQHQJDJHG LQ UHIXJHH DQG PLJUDQW SURWHFWLRQ DQG DGYRFDF\

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    16/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    1RWHV RQ WKH WH[W

    7KLV UHSRUW LV EDVHG SULPDULO\ RQ WZR VHWV RI GDWD WHVWLPRQOLYLQJ LQ WKH PRVW H[WHQVLYHO\ PLOLWDU\ FRQWUROOHG DUHDV RI .DUH

    7KDWRQ 'RRSOD\D 1\DXQJOHELQ DQG 3DDQ 'LVWULFWV GUDZQ IURP LFRQGXFWHG LQ 6*NDZ .DUHQ 3ZR .DUHQ DQG %XUPHVH ODQJXDJHV EHW $XJXVW DQG 'HFHPEHU DQG WHVWLPRQLHV IURP QDWLYHLQGLYLGXDOV LQFOXGLQJ WKRVH RI %XUPDQ .DUHQ 0RQ DQG &KLQ HWDUH FXUUHQWO\ OLYLQJ LQ 7KDLODQG DV HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV DQG ZHEHWZHHQ -DQXDU\ DQG 0DUFK 7KH LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK PLJUDQWVFRQGXFWHG LQ 6*NDZ .DUHQ 3ZR .DUHQ DQG %XUPHVH ODQJXDJHV

    0XFK RI WKH DQDO\VLV DQG EDFNJURXQG RI WKLV UHSRUW LV LQIRUPHG E\LQWHUYLHZV FRQGXFWHG E\ .+5* ILHOG UHVHDUFKHUV VLQFH WKH RU

    IRXQGLQJ LQ 7KH PHWKRGRORJLFDO DSSURDFK LV RQH RI TXDOLTXDQWLWDWLYH UHVHDUFK LQ RUGHU WR DOORZ LQWHUYLHZHHV WR VSDERXW DEXVHV WKHLU HIIHFWV DQG WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV RQ WKHLU OLYWKH PDQQHU LQ ZKLFK WKH\ KDYH UHVSRQGHG WR HYHQWV )XUWKLQIRUPDWLRQ KDV EHHQ GUDZQ ZKHUH DSSURSULDWH IURP DFDGHPLFDUWLFOHV DV ZHOO DV UHSRUWV IURP JRYHUQPHQW LQWHUJRYHUQRQJRYHUQPHQWDO DJHQFLHV

    0DQ\ RI WKH SODFH QDPHV PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH UHSRUW DUH LQGLFDFFRPSDQ\LQJ PDSV 0RVW GLVWULFWV WRZQVKLSV YLOODJHV DQG UL6WDWH KDYH ERWK D .DUHQ DQG %XUPHVH QDPH :H KDYH WULHG WR EWKURXJKRXW WKLV UHSRUW :KLOH .DUHQ GLVWULFWV DUH LGHQWLQDPHV WKHLU ERXQGDULHV IROORZ .DUHQ GHVLJQDWLRQV VKRZQ LQ WKPDS EHORZ DV XVHG E\ ORFDO SHRSOH DQG WKH .DUHQ 1DWLRQDO 8QLRQQRW WKH 63'& 8QGHU 63'& GHVLJQDWLRQV DV VKRZQ LQ WKH %XUPD PDVHFWLRQV RI ZHVWHUQ 7RXQJRR DQG 1\DXQJOHELQ 'LVWULFWV IDOO ZLWKL

    %DJR 'LYLVLRQ ZHVWHUQ 7KDWRQ DQG 'RRSOD\D 'LVWULFWV IRUP SDUWDQG 7HQDVVHULP FRPSULVHV D GLYLVLRQ ZKROO\ VHSDUDWH IURP .DUHQ 6WDQG %XUPHVH QDPHV WUDQVOLWHUDWHG LQWR (QJOLVK IROORZ .+5* VWPD\ GHYLDWH IURP WKRVH XVHG E\ RWKHU RUJDQLVDWLRQV DV QR FRQYHQXQLYHUVDOO\ DGRSWHG 7KLV UHSRUW XVHV 8. (QJOLVK VSHOOLQJ WKUR ZKHUH GLUHFWO\ TXRWLQJ WH[WV ZULWWHQ LQ 86 (QJOLVK +RZHYHIRUPDWWHG IROORZLQJ WKH $PHULFDQ FRQYHQWLRQ

    .+5* ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    17/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    7HUPV DQG DEEUHYLDWLRQV

    $)3)/ $QWL )DVFLVW 3HRSOHV )UHHGRP /HDJXH%633 %XUPD 6RFLDOLVW 3URJUDPPH 3DUW\

    '.%$ 'HPRFUDWLF .DUHQ %XGGKLVW $UP\ DOOLHG ZLWK WKH 63'&,'3 ,QWHUQDOO\ 'LVSODFHG 3HUVRQ.1/$ .DUHQ 1DWLRQDO /LEHUDWLRQ $UP\.18 .DUHQ 1DWLRQDO 8QLRQ/,% /LJKW ,QIDQWU\ %DWWDOLRQ/,' /LJKW ,QIDQWU\ 'LYLVLRQ0$'% 0\DQPDU $JULFXOWXUDO 'HYHORSPHQW %DQN1/' 1DWLRQDO /HDJXH IRU 'HPRFUDF\63'& 6WDWH 3HDFH DQG 'HYHORSPHQW &RXQFLO6/25& 6WDWH /DZ DQG 2UGHU 5HVWRUDWLRQ &RXQFLO UHQDPHG 63'

    81 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV81(6&2 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV (GXFDWLRQDO 6FLHQWLILF DQG &XOWXUDO81+&5 7KH 2IILFH RI WKH 81 +LJK &RPPLVVLRQHU IRU 5HIXJHHV

    N\DW %XUPHVH FXUUHQF\ 86 HTXDOV DW WLPH RI ZULWLQJRIILFLDO UDWH DSSUR[ N\DW DW PDUNHW UDWH

    YLVV 8QLW RI ZHLJKW PHDVXUH RQH YLVV HTXDOV NJ

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    18/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    19/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    20/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    %DFNJURXQG

    $XWKRULWDULDQLVP LQ %XUPD

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

    :LQ VRXJKW WR HVWDEOLVK FHQWUDOLVHG 6WDWH FRQWURO HYHQ PRUHWKH $)3)/ QDPLQJ KLV SROLWLFDO SURJUDP WKH %XUPHVH :D\ WR 6R8QGHU D RQH SDUW\ V\VWHP WKH PLOLWDU\ FRQWUROOHG %XUPD 6RFLDO3DUW\ %633 WRRN RYHU DOO DVSHFWV RI WKH JRYHUQPHQWV H[HFXWLDQG MXGLFLDU\ UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV DV ZHOO DV WKH GD\ WR GD\ DGPLQWKH FLYLOLDQ EXUHDXFUDF\

    ,Q RUGHU WR VXSSRUW WKH H[SDQGLQJ PLOLWDU\ JRYHUQPHQW WKH %63FUHDWLQJ DQ H[SORLWDWLYH V\VWHP LQ ZKLFK FLYLOLDQV ZHUH IRUFHPDLQWDLQ DEVROXWH PLOLWDU\ DXWKRULW\ %\ QDWLRQDOLVLQJ DOO DJU

    DQG HVWDEOLVKLQJ D PRQRSRO\ RQ WUDGH WKH PLOLWDU\ HIIHFWLYHO\FRXQWU\V HQWLUH QDWXUDO ZHDOWK 7KH %633 H[SORLWHG WKH FLYLOLQVWLWXWHG GUDFRQLDQ UHVWULFWLRQV RQ WUDGH WUDYHO DQ(YHQWXDOO\ WKH %XUPHVH :D\ WR 6RFLDOLVP SURYHG D GLVPDO IDSROLWLFDOO\ DQG HFRQRPLFDOO\ DQG OHG WR WKH FROODSVH RI %XHFRQRP\ %XUPHVH FLWL]HQV IUXVWUDWLRQV ZLWK WKH PLOLWDU\V HDQG KHDY\ UHVWULFWLRQV ZHUH PDMRU IDFWRUV XQGHUO\LQJ D PDVVLYHLQ 7KH JRYHUQPHQW UHVSRQGHG WR WKH SURWHVWV ZLWK D EUXW

    ,Q UHVSRQVH WR WKH XSULVLQJ WKH 6WDWH /DZ DQG 2UGHU 5HVWR6/25& IRUPHG LQ LQ RUGHU WR HQVXUH FRQWLQXHG PLOLWDU\ UXO

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    21/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    D ORVV RI 6WDWH FRQWURO WR D FLYLOLDQ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ 7FRQWLQXHG PLOLWDU\ UXOH RQ JURXQGV RI HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQWVHFXULW\ ZKLOH LW DOVR PDLQWDLQHG DQG LQWHQVLILHG PLOLWDU\7KH 6/25& DQG 63'& DV %XUPDV PLOLWDU\ MXQWD UHQDPHG LWVHOI LQ

    DWWHPSWHG WR SRUWUD\ ERWK LQWHUQDOO\ DQG DEURDG DQ LPDJH ZLWKLQ WKH FRXQWU\ DQG WRWDO GRPHVWLF VXSSRUW IRU DEVROXWH[SUHVVLRQ RI SRZHU ZKLFK GRHV QRW FOHDUO\ EHQHILW WKH PLOGHHPHG D WKUHDW WR WKH 6WDWH 7KH UHJLPH KDV WKXV UHVSRIRUFH LQ RUGHU WR FRXQWHU FDOOV IRU DXWRQRP\ E\ HWKQLF RSSRVLW

    7KH )RXU &XWV 3ROLF\ DQG /LYLQJ RII WKH ODQG

    6LQFH WKH ODWH V WKH %XUPD $UP\ KDV XVHG D FRXQWHU LQWHUPHG WKH IRXU FXWV ZKLFK DLPV WR FXW RII LQVXUJHQWV DFFHV

    LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG UHFUXLWV $SSO\LQJ WKLV VWUDWHJ\ PLOLWDU\ RSIXQFWLRQHG WR H[WHQG WKH 63'&V FRQWURO RYHU WUDGLWLRQDOO\ QDUHDV 2YHU WKH GHFDGHV RI FRQIOLFW WKH DUHD XQGHU 63'& FRQWJURZQ DV DUPHG RSSRVLWLRQ JURXSV DFURVV WKH FRXQWU\ KDYH EHFRP

    7KH GHFDGHV ORQJ DUPHG FRQIOLFW LQ %XUPD FRQWLQXHV WR WKLVXQGHUO\LQJ WHQVLRQV EHWZHHQ FHQWUDOLVHG DQG ORFDO FRQWUROKDYH DEDQGRQHG WKH IDLOHG VRFLDOLVW SROLFLHV RI WKH 1H :LQSRVW PLOLWDU\ UHJLPH FRQWLQXHV WR RSHUDWH D FHQWUDOO\ FRV\VWHP ZLWK KHDY\ UHVWULFWLRQV RQ LQGHSHQGHQW RUJDQLVDWLRQ

    5DWKHU WKDQ ORRNLQJ DW FRQIOLFW DUHDV ZKHUH 63'& FRQWUROUHSRUW VSHFLILFDOO\ IRFXVHV RQ WKRVH SDUWV RI UXUDO %XUPD LQ ZILUPO\ HVWDEOLVKHG LWV DXWKRULW\ DQG LQVWLWXWHG ZLGHVSUHDGWKDW KDYH FUHDWHG D VLWXDWLRQ RI OLIH WKUHDWHQLQJ SRYHUW\ IRXVHIXO WR EULHIO\ H[SODLQ ZK\ WKH 63'& KDV FKRVHQ WR H[SORLW WKHQDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV DFURVV VXFK ODUJH VZDWKV RI %XUPD

    )URP WR WKH PLG V WKH PLOLWDU\ UDSLGO\ H[SDQGHG LWV VLWR DERXW LQGLYLGXDOV7KH ORJLVWLFDO UHTXLUHPHQWV RI VXSSRUWLODUJH LQVWLWXWLRQ KDYH LQFUHDVHG DFFRUGLQJO\ ,QGHHG WKH RQ%XUPDV DUPHG IRUFHV KDYH EHFRPH GLUHFWO\ GHSHQGHQW RQ WDJULFXOWXUH LQGXVWU\ DQG WUDGH

    *LYHQ WKH SRSXODU UHVLVWDQFH WR PLOLWDU\ UXOH WKH MXQWD KDDZDUH WKDW LW QHHGV WR VKRUH XS LWV PRVW FUXFLDO VXSSRUWSHUVRQQHO DQG WKHLU IDPLOLHV $V D FRQVHTXHQFH WKH MXQWD K

    0 &DOODKDQ 3ROLWLFDO $XWKRULW\ LQ %XUPDV (WKQLF 0LQRULW\ 6WDWHV 'HYROXWLRDQG &RH[LVWHQFH(DVW :HVW &HQWHU S

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    22/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    EDVLF VXEVLVWHQFH UDWLRQV IRU ORZ OHYHO DUPHG IRUFHV SHUVRQIDPLOLHV DQG SURYLGH EHWWHU DQG PRUH FRPSUHKHQVLYH VHUYLFHVOHYHO RIILFLDOV

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

    6HH 0 &DOODKDQ 2I N\D\ ]X DQG N\HW VX WKH PLOLWDU\ LQ LQ 0RQLTXH 67UHYRU :LOVRQ HGV 0\DQPDU 7KH 6WDWH &RPPXQLW\ DQG WKH (QYLURQPHQW $VLD 3DFLILF3UHVV S

    6HH 6 7XUQHOO $ 6KDWWHUHG 5LFH %RZO 7KH ,UUDZDGG\0D\ WK $FFHVVHG DWKWWS ZZZ LUUDZDGG\ RUJ DUWLFOH SKS"DUWBLG RQ $SULOWK

    6HH $ 6HOWK %XUPDV $UPHG )RUFHV 3RZHU :LWKRXW *ORU\(DVWEULGJH S DQG 0&DOODKDQ 3ROLWLFDO $XWKRULW\ LQ %XUPDV (WKQLF 0LQRULW\ 6WDWHV 'HYROXWLRQ 2&RH[LVWHQFH(DVW :HVW &HQWHU S

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    23/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    'DWD 6HW $EXVHV LQ 63'& FRQWUROOHG DUHD.DUHQ 6WDWH

    7KLV FKDSWHU SUHVHQWV WKH ILQGLQJV RI WKH LQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG LQVLGH 63'& FRQWUROOHG DUHDV RI .DUHQ 6WDWH EHWZHHQDQG 'HFHPEHU

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

    $ZDUH RI WKH SHUYDVLYH H[SORLWDWLRQ DQG UHVWULFWLRQV LQ 63'&PDQ\ YLOODJHUV DYRLG UHORFDWLRQ E\ IOHHLQJ DQG KLGLQJ LQ WKH IRWKH %XUPD $UP\ GHHPV WKRVH ZKR IOHH WR WKHVH QRQ 63'& FRQWURDV HQHPLHV RI WKH 6WDWH DQG OHJLWLPDWH PLOLWDU\ WDUJHWV ,QPLVVLRQV WKH %XUPD $UP\ WDUJHWV WKHVH GLVSODFHG FRPPXQLWLHVWKHLU IRRG VXSSOLHV IDUP ILHOGV DQG KLGLQJ VLWHV DQG VKRRWLQ ZKR LV VSRWWHG

    +RZHYHU LW LV QRW RQ VXFK DUHDV WKDW WKLV UHSRUW LV SULPDUDQ HIIRUW WR GHWHUPLQH ZKDW IRUPV RI DEXVH DUH FRPPRQ XQGHUJRYHUQDQFH WKLV UHSRUW SULPDULO\ IRFXVHV RQ WKRVH DUHDV RI .DPLOLWDU\ FRQWURO RYHU WKH FLYLOLDQ SRSXODWLRQ LV PRVW H[WHQ'RRSOD\D DQG 1\DXQJOHELQ GLVWULFWV

    $V WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH LQWHUYLHZV LQGLFDWH WKH YDVW PDMYLOODJHUV H[SHULHQFH LQ 63'& FRQWUROOHG DUHDV RI UXUDO .DUH[SORLWDWLYH LQ FKDUDFWHU DQG UHSHDWHGO\ SHUSHWUDWHGLQFOXGHG IRUFHG ODERXU H[WRUWLRQ DQG DG KRF GHPDQGV ORRWLUHVWULFWLRQV 7R D OHVVHU H[WHQW LQWHUYLHZHHV DOVR FLWDVVRFLDWHG ZLWK SHUVHFXWLRQ DQG DUPHG FRQIOLFW LQFOXGLQJ VFROLNH DWWDFNV RQ YLOODJHV IDUP ILHOGV IRRG VWRUHV DQG OLYH

    7KH DUPHG ZLQJ RI WKH .DUHQ 1DWLRQDO 8QLRQ .18

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    24/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    GHSOR\PHQW RI ODQGPLQHV LQ FLYLOLDQ DUHDV 7KH FRPSDUDWLYH SUHDEXVHV FLWHG E\ LQWHUYLHZHHV LV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH FKDUW EHORZFRPPRQO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DUPHG FRQIOLFW DQG SHUVHFXWLRQ DUH JUOHIW 7KRVH DEXVHV PRUH FOHDUO\ H[SORLWDWLYH LQ FKDUDFWHU DUH

    ULJKW&KDUW $EXVHV FLWHG LQ 63'& FRQWUROOHG DUHDV RI .DUHQ 6WDWH

    )RUFHG ODERXU

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

    6DZ % PDOH 7K YLOODJH 1\DXQJOHELQ 'LVWULFW $SU

    )RUFHG ODERXU ZDV WKH VLQJOH PRVW FRPPRQO\ FLWHG DEXVH DPRQJVW

    OLYLQJ LQ 63'& FRQWUROOHG DUHDV LQ .DUHQ 6WDWH 2XW RI LQ

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    25/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    DERXW FLWHG FDVHV RI IRUFHG ODERXU LQ WKHLU FRPPXQLWLHUHSRUWHG IRUFHG ODERXU GHPDQGV E\ ERWK 63'& DQG '.%$ SHUVRQQHO

    &XUUHQWO\ IRUFHG ODERXU WDNHV PDQ\ IRUPV LQFOXGLQJ EXW QRW O

    PLOLWDU\ VXSSOLHV URDG FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG WKH FOHDULQJ RI RYVLGHV RI YHKLFOH URDGV JXLGLQJ DUP\ SDWUROV VHQWU\ GXW\VHW WKDPHVVHQJHUGXW\ IDEULFDWLRQ DQG GHOLYHU\ RI EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDOV IRUFHG FDUP\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ FHUHPRQLHV DQG UDOOLHV FRQVWUXFWLRFDPSV FOLQLFV VFKRROV SDJRGDV DQG OLEUDULHV DQG SDUWLFLSDRUJDQLVDWLRQV ,Q DOPRVW DOO FDVHV RI IRUFHG ODERXU QR FRPNLQG LV SURYLGHG

    7KH PLOLWDU\ SULPDULO\ GHSHQGV RQ WKH H[SORLWDWLRQ RI FLYLOLDQVWR VXSSRUW RQJRLQJ PLOLWDU\ RSHUDWLRQV LQ .DUHQ 6WDWH DQG VR

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

    N\DW >86 @ DQG N\DW >86 @ IRU D YLVV RI FKLFNHQ8 / PDOH *N YLOODJH 7KDWRQ 'LVWULFW 1

    /RFDO 63'& SHUVRQQHO RIWHQ UHIHU WR XQFRPSHQVDWHG IRUFHG ODERXU DVORK DK SD\D %XUPHVHWHUP WUDGLWLRQDOO\ UHIHUULQJ WR YROXQWDU\ ZRUN RQ FRPPXQLW\ SURMHFWV OLNEXW QRW RQ PLOLWDU\ RU 6WDWH SURMHFWV $V D UHVXOW RI WKLV UHFHQW OLSHRSOH LQ .DUHQ 6WDWH QRZ XVH WKH WHUPORK DK SD\LQ UHIHUHQFH WR PRVW IRUPV RI IRUFHG ODE

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    26/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    ([WRUWLRQ DQG DG KRF GHPDQGV

    :KHQ , OLYHG LQ RXU YLOODJH WKHUH ZHUH D ORW RI GHPDQGV D SODFHG XSRQ XV , KDYH WZR \RXQJ FKLOGUHQ DQG , KDYH WR ORRN R

    IDPLO\V OLYHOLKRRG , GLGQW KDYH WKH PRQH\ WR SD\ WD[HV RU SDDQG LI , ZHQW VRPHZKHUH WR ILQG ZRUN ZH KDG WR SD\ PRQH\ DORQZD\ >WR FOHDU WKH FKHFNSRLQWV@ , FRXOGQW KDQGOH WKLV NLQGDQG VR , FDPH WR OLYH LQ / YLOODJH >DQ ,'3 KLGLQJ VLWH LQ .DUHQ

    6DZ PDOH / YLOODJH 3DDQ 'LVWULFW -XO\

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

    1RW RQO\ DUH WKHVH DUELWUDU\ GHPDQGV D EODWDQW DEXVH RI SRZHFOHDU WKDW 63'& SHUVRQQHO RIWHQ GR QRW HYHQ XVH H[WRUWHGSXUSRVHV WKH\ VWDWH 9LOODJHUV KDYH REVHUYHG WKDW WHPSOHV DORFDO 63'& DXWKRULWLHV SURPLVHG WR EXLOG ZLWK WKH PRQH\ FROOHFWDFWXDOO\ FRQVWUXFWHG

    7KH\ GHPDQGHG PRQH\ RQFH RU WZLFH D PRQWK ,I WKH YLOODJHUV FDJLYH PRQH\ WKH\ KDYH WR OHDYH WKH YLOODJH WR ORRN IRU PRQH\ IU SODFHV 0RVW RI WKH YLOODJHUV DUH LQ WKLV SRVLWLRQ 0DQ\ YLWR WKH ERUGHU WR ZRUN :H FDQW FRXQW KRZ PDQ\ ,I , FRXQW RQO\ 0YLOODJH WKHUH ZHUH RYHU YLOODJHUV ZKR FDPH WR ORRN IRU PRQHWKH '.%$ GHPDQGV

    6DZ *N PDOH 0 YLOODJH 3DDQ 'LVWULFW 6HSW

    6XFK ZLGHVSUHDG DQG V\VWHPDWLF H[WRUWLRQ IRUFHV PDQ\ YLOODJHUDOUHDG\ IDFLQJ ILQDQFLDO GLIILFXOWLHV WR VLQN GHHSHU LQWR OLIH W $V REVHUYHG E\ 6DZ *N LQ WKH TXRWH DERYH PDQ\ YLOODJHUV KDWKHLU KRPHV DQG IDPLOLHV WR ORRN IRU ZRUN LQ RWKHU SODFHV MXVWQHHGV DQG SD\ PRQH\ GHPDQGHG E\ PLOLWDU\ IRUFHV

    7KLV LQWHUYLHZ ZDV FRQGXFWHG DW D YLOODJH LQ .DUHQ 6WDWH DGMDFHQW WR W7KH VSHDNHUV VWDWHPHQW WKDW YLOODJHUV FDPH WR WKH ERUGHU WR ZRUN UHUHPDLQ RQ WKH %XUPD VLGH RI WKH ERUGHU DQG WKRVH ZKR KDYH JRQH RQ WR ILQG Z

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    27/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    /RRWLQJ

    2Q WRS RI UHJXODU 63'& GHPDQGV IRU ODERXU PRQH\ IRRG DQG RWKHDUP\ SHUVRQQHO RIWHQ VWHDO RU ORRW YLOODJHUV SURSHUW\ 9LOO

    WKDW VROGLHUV FRPH WR WKHLU YLOODJH RIWHQ DW QLJKW WRFKLFNHQV DQG SLJV RU EUHDN LQWR WKHLU KRPHV WR WDNH ZKDWYLOODJHUV SRVVHVV /RRWLQJ RFFXUV EHFDXVH VHQLRU RIILFHUV RIWHDOORFDWHG WR ORZ UDQNLQJ VROGLHUV NQRZLQJ IXOO ZHOO WKDW WVWHDO OLYHVWRFN DQG RWKHU IRRG IURP YLOODJH FRPPXQLWLHV LQ/RRWLQJ DQG WKHIW DGG WR WKH ORQJ OLVW RI KDUGVKLSV IDFHG E\FRQWUROOHG DUHDV RI UXUDO .DUHQ 6WDWH

    7KH 63'& PLOLWDU\ VROGLHUV KDYH DOUHDG\ FRPH WR RXU YLOODJH HDQG HYHU\ WLPH WKH\ WRRN RXU SLJV FKLFNHQV DQG GXFNV 7KH\Y

    WDNHQ RXU PDQJRHV EXW DOVR FXW GRZQ RXU PDQJR WUHHV 1DZ *N IHPDOH *N YLOODJH 1\DXQJOHELQ 'LVWULFW $

    0RYHPHQW 5HVWULFWLRQV

    7KH\ GLGQW DOORZ XV WR JR RXW DW QLJKW DQG DOVR ZH FRXOGRWKHU HYHQ LI ZH KDG VRPHWKLQJ YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR GR ,I WDQ\ZKHUH DW QLJKW WLPH WKH\ ZRXOG VKRRW DQG NLOO XV

    1DZ 0 IHPDOH : YLOODJH 1\DXQJOHELQ 'LVWULFW )H

    0RYHPHQW UHVWULFWLRQV LQ .DUHQ 6WDWH SULPDULO\ VHUYH WR FUHORFDWLRQ VLWHV ZKHUH VROGLHUV FDQ PRUH HDVLO\ HQIRUFH H[SOVXFK DV IRUFHG ODERXU DQG DUELWUDU\ WD[DWLRQ 'XH WR WKHVH UDUH XQDEOH WR WUDYHO IUHHO\ WR WKHLU IDUP ILHOGV RU SODQWDWLEHLQJ VKRW RQ VLJKW E\ VROGLHUV RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKH DUHD 5HVHQIRUFHG DW FKHFNSRLQWV RQ YLOODJH URDGV DQG LQYROYH QLJKW WDFFRPSDQLHG E\ D WKUHDW RI SK\VLFDO DEXVH DQG ILQHV IRU QRQ FRPS

    )RU H[DPSOH IURP -XQH WR 6HSWHPEHU 63'& DQG '.%$ IRUFHV RSHULQ 3D DQ WRZQVKLS RI 7KDWRQ 'LVWULFW SURKLELWHG WKH YLOOYLOODJH WUDFW DQG +D 75HK YLOODJH WUDFW IURP VSHQGLQJ WLPH LQ

    QLJKW 7KH\ LVVXHG RUGHUV WKDW YLOODJHUV FRXOG RQO\ JR WRYLOODJH IURP DP WR SP DQG KDG WR UHPDLQ LQ WKH YLOOD'XH WR WKHVH UHVWULFWLRQV YLOODJHUV FURSV ZHUH GHVWUR\HG EWKH DUHD

    5HVWULFWLRQV RQ PRYHPHQW DQG WKH WKUHDW WR HQIRUFH WKHP VYLOODJHUV OLYHOLKRRGV :KHQ YLOODJHUV DUH QRW DOORZHG WR VOKXWV DV LV WKH WUDGLWLRQDO DJULFXOWXUDO SUDFWLFH LQ WKH DHQRXJK WLPH WHQGLQJ FURSV WKDW UHTXLUH VSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQ RUDZD\ IURP WKH YLOODJH ,Q VRPH FDVHV FURSV GLH EHFDXVH IDUPHUV

    UHJXODUO\ ZDWHU WKHLU ILHOGV 6RPH FURSV DUH GHVWUR\HG E\

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    28/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    DQLPDOV 7KHVH FRPELQHG IDFWRUV LQ WXUQ OHDG WR LQFUHDVHGDPRQJ YLOODJHUV LQ .DUHQ 6WDWH DQG PDNH LW GLIILFXOW WR VLPSO\ VX

    $EXVHV WLHG WR DUPHG FRQIOLFW DQG SHUVHFXWLRQ

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

    DEXVH HQGXUHG E\ UHVLGHQWV RI 63'& FRQWUROOHG .DUHQ 6WDWH6FRUFKHG HDUWK SROLF\

    7KH 63'& VROGLHUV GHVWUR\HG RXU IRRG E\ WKURZLQJ LW RQ WKH JUEXUQLQJ WKH ULFH VWRUHV DQG KRXVHV 6R QRZ ZH GRQW KDYH HQRWR VHUYH RXU IDPLO\

    6DZ 6 PDOH / 9LOODJH 1\DXQJOHELQ 'LVWULFW 2FW

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

    /DQGPLQHV

    ,Q DUHDV XQGHU WKH FRQWURO RI WKH 63'& RU LWV DOOLHG DUPLHVURXWLQHO\ ODLG DURXQG DUP\ FDPSV WR SUHYHQW DWWDFNV IURP .1//DQGPLQHV SODFHG RQ SDWKV DQG URDGV DUH XVHG WR DPEXVK DQGVROGLHUV ZKLOH PLQHV ODLG DURXQG YLOODJHV UHORFDWLRQ VLWHVVHUYH WR UHVWULFW YLOODJHUV PRYHPHQWV DQG SUHYHQW WKH UHYLOODJHUV RU WKRVH ZKR KDYH IOHG LQWR KLGLQJ 9LOODJHUV LQ KFURVV YHKLFOH URDGV IRU IHDU RI PLQHV 7KH PLQHV GHSOR\HG DURXQGYLOODJHV DOVR SUHYHQW YLOODJHUV IURP UHWXUQLQJ WR WKHLU RULJLQD

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    29/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    ,QWHUYLHZHHV UHSRUWHG WKDW YLOODJHUV DQG DQLPDOV KDYH EHHQODQGPLQHV WKDW ZHUH ODLG RQ WKH URDGV IRUHVW SDWKV RU LQ WYLOODJHV )RU LQVWDQFH RQ 2FWREHUWK \HDU ROG 6DZ 3DK 1\D /RR DUHVLGHQW RI .KDZ 7KR .HH YLOODJH 'WD *UHK 7RZQVKLS 3D DQ 'L

    ZDONLQJ WR KLV KLOOVLGH IDUP ILHOG ORFDWHG DERXW PLQXWHVWKH ZD\ KH VWHSSHG RQ D ODQGPLQH ODLG E\ VROGLHUV IURP '.%$ %%DWWDOLRQ XQGHU WKH FRPPDQG RI GHSXW\ FRPSDQ\ FRPPDQGHU1DZ 'ZHK +H ZDV VHYHUHO\ LQMXUHG DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ GLHG

    7KH ZLGHVSUHDG XVH RI ODQGPLQHV DV D PHDQV WR UHVWULFW YLOOKDV JUHDWO\ XQGHUPLQHG YLOODJHUV HIIRUWV WR PHHW WKHLU EDV)RU LQVWDQFH IDUPHUV FDQQRW OHDYH UHORFDWLRQ VLWHV WR WHQGDV LQWHUYLHZHHV H[SODLQHG WR .+5* PDQ\ YLOODJHUV PXVW OHDYHRUGHU WR VXUYLYH

    , FDPH KHUH EHFDXVH WKH 63'& RSSUHVVHG XV DQG ZH GLGQ W KDFKDQFH WR VWXG\ 0\ IDPLO\ DQG RWKHU IDPLOLHV IDFH GLIILFXOWLHWKH\ GRQ W KDYH D FKDQFH WR HDUQ WKHLU OLYLQJ IUHHO\ EHFVROGLHUV SODQWHG ODQGPLQHV RQ WKH ZD\ WR WKH KLOO ILHOGUHDVRQV P\ SDUHQWV FRXOGQ W DIIRUG WR VHQG PH WR VFKRRO

    6DZ . PDOH $ YLOODJH 1\DXQJOHELQ 'LVWULFW 0D

    3HUVHFXWLRQ

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

    7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO FDVHV IURP DPRQJVW WKH LQWHUYLHZV LQ ZHUH DUUHVWHG DQG SXQLVKHG IRU DOOHJHGO\ FRQWDFWLQJ WKH .18VRPH LQVWDQFHV YLOODJHUV ZHUH DVNHG WR VKRZ WKH VROGLHORFDWLRQV ,I WKH YLOODJHUV WROG WKH 63'& WKDW WKH\ GLG QRWWKH\ ZHUH DVVXPHG E\ WKH VROGLHUV WR EH O\LQJ 9LOODJHUV ZHDQG WRUWXUHG

    'XH WR WKH LQVHFXULW\ UHODWHG WR VXFK DEXVH VRPH YLOODJHUHVSHFLDOO\ WKRVH ZKR KDYH H[SHULHQFHG SK\VLFDO YLROHQFH KDYPRYH IURP WKHLU KRPHV WR ,'3 FDPSV UHIXJHH FDPSV LQ 7KDLODQG RFRPPXQLWLHV ERWK LQ %XUPD DQG DEURDG

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    30/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    &RQFOXVLRQ

    9LOODJHUV GHSHQG RQ IDUPLQJ DV WKH PDLQ VRXUFH RI LQFRPH 7KH\KDYH DQ\ RWKHU ZRUN WR VXSSOHPHQW WKHLU LQFRPHV 7KH PRQH\ WK

    IURP WKHLU MREV GRHVQW UHIOHFW WKH HIIRUW WKH\ PDNH :H GRQRWKHU VSHFLDO LQFRPH :H MXVW VHOO RXU SDGG\ DQG EX\ RWKHU IRRHVWLPDWH MXVW SHRSOH ZRUNHG RQ WKHLU IDUPV DQG WKH U SHRSOH GLGQW ZRUN RQ IDUPV 7KH\YH JRQH WR ILQG ZRUN LQ 7K7KH\ WKRXJKW WKDW HYHQ LI WKH\ GLG IDUP ZRUN >DW KRPH@ WKH\ FJHW HQRXJK IRRG

    8 : PDOH 3 YLOODJH 'RRSOD\D 'LVWULFW $XJ

    $V WKH LQWHUYLHZV H[DPLQHG LQ WKLV FKDSWHU LOOXVWUDWH YLOODFRQWUROOHG DUHDV RI .DUHQ 6WDWH H[SHULHQFH ZLGHVSUHDG DQG V\VWDW WKH KDQGV RI PLOLWDU\ SHUVRQQHO 0RVW W\SLFDOO\ LQ 63'& FRQVXFK DEXVH LV H[SORLWDWLYH LQ FKDUDFWHU DQG UHJXODUO\ FRPPSURORQJHG SHULRG RI WLPH 6XFK DEXVHV VHYHUHO\ H[DFHUEDWHOLYHOLKRRGV YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG IRRG LQVHFXULW\

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

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    31/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    'DWD 6HW 3XVK IDFWRUV DQG PLJUDQW VWDW

    $V FRPSRQHQWV RI PLJUDWLRQ SXVK IDFWRUV UHIHU WR WKH FRQVWDQG WKUHDWV LQ SHRSOHV KRPH DUHDV ZKLFK SXVK WKHP WR VHHNHOVHZKHUH 7KHVH IDFWRUV PD\ EH VRFLDO SROLWLFDO HFRQRPLF RU0RVW DFFRXQWV RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ %XUPD HPSKDVLVH SRRU HFRQRPLF FRQWKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW SXVK IDFWRUV IXHOOLQJ PLJUDWLRQ RXW RIH[DPSOH WKH &KLDQJ 0DL EDVHG 0$3 IRXQGDWLRQ GHVFULEHV WKHVLWXDWLRQ WKXV

    $ GHFDGH DJR LQFRPLQJ PLJUDQWV IURP %XUPD FDPH SUHGRPLQDQWIURP ERUGHU DUHDV ZKHUH WKH %XUPHVH UHJLPH ZDV HQIRUFLQJ SROIRUFHG UHORFDWLRQ IRUFHG ODERXU DQG ZKHUH WKHUH ZDV DUPHWRGD\ PLJUDQWV FRPH IURP DOO RYHU %XUPD DV WKH HFRQRPLF V

    GHWHULRUDWHV DQG DIIHFWV DOO WKH SHRSOH RI %XUPD

    $V SRRU HFRQRPLF FRQGLWLRQV DW SODFHV RI RULJLQ DUH QRW JHQHUOHJLWLPDWH JURXQGV IRU DV\OXP RU DFFHVV WR UHIXJHH FDPSVJRYHUQPHQWV KDYH RYHUZKHOPLQJO\ DVVHUWHG WKDW WKH PDMRULW\ R%XUPD WUDYHOOLQJ WR DUULYLQJ DW DQG ZRUNLQJ ZLWKLQ QHLJKERHFRQRPLF DQG W\SLFDOO\ LOOHJDO PLJUDQWV7KRVH VHHNLQJ ZRUN DEURDG DUWKXV W\SLFDOO\ GHHPHG WR EH OHDYLQJ WKHLU KRPHV GXH WR VRPHWKLUG ZRUOG SRYHUW\ XQFRQQHFWHG WR DEXVH YLROHQFH DQG SR7KLV FRQYHQWLRQDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV DV RSSRVH

    DQG ,'3V LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ FKDUW RQ WKH IROORZLQJ SDJH

    :KLOH HFRQRPLF IDFWRUV DUH LQGHHG NH\ HOHPHQWV RI PLJUDWLRQ ZLW%XUPD LW LV PLVOHDGLQJ WR EHOLHYH WKDW WKHVH DUH WKH RQO\WR PLJUDWLRQ IURP SHRSOHV KRPH DUHDV :KLOH DOO LQWHUYLHZ.+5* LQ 7KDLODQG FLWHG HFRQRPLF GLIILFXOWLHV ZLWKLQ %XUPDLQIOXHQFLQJ WKHLU FKRLFH WR VHHN ZRUN DEURDG RI WKHVH LQ

    FLWHG H[SORLWDWLYH DEXVHV RIWHQ LQ FRPELQDWLRQ DQG RSHULRG DV IDFWRUV DIIHFWLQJ WKHLU HFRQRPLF VLWXDWLRQ LQ %XDEXVHV FLWHG E\ LQWHUYLHZHHV LQFOXGHG IRUFHG ODERXU DUELWUDU

    DQG ODQG FRQILVFDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV PRYHPHQW UHVWULFWLRQV XVHGDQG IDFLOLWDWH GHPDQGV 7KH EUHDNGRZQ RI WKH YDULRXV W\SHV ZKLOH OLYLQJ LQ %XUPD FLWHG E\ LQWHUYLHZHHV DUH VKRZQ LQ FKDUSDJH

    1R +XPDQ %HLQJ LV ,OOHJDO 1R 0LJUDQW :RUNHU LV ,OOHJDO 0$3 )RXQGDWLRQ$FFHVVHG DW ZZZ PDSIRXQGDWLRQFP RUJ HQJ 3') HQJ PDS \UVERRN SGI RQ 0DUFWK

    )RU H[DPSOH WKH %%& UHSRUWV WKDW PDQ\ FRXQWULHV LQFOXGLQJ 7KDLODQG FODVV WKH 5RDV LOOHJDO HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV DQG UHIXVH WR UHFRJQLVH WKHP DV UHIXJHHV LQ 81 WR H[SDQG 1RUWK%XUPD 0LVVLRQ %%& 0DUFKWK $FFHVVHG DW KWWS QHZV EEF FR XN KSDFLILF VWP RQ 0DUFKWK

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    32/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    &KDUW $EXVHV VXVWDLQHG RU ZLWQHVVHG LQ %XUPD SULRU WR PLJUDWLRQ

    &KDUW &RQYHQWLRQDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJV RI UHIXJHHV ,'3V DQG HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    33/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH 7KDLODQG EDVHG LQWHUYLHZV FRQGXFWHG E\ .+5WKH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI WKRVH IURP %XUPD ZKR VHHN ZRUN DEURDGFXPXODWLYH HIIHFWV RI H[SORLWDWLRQ DQG RWKHU DEXVH$VLGH IURP H[SORLWDWLYHDEXVHV D IHZ LQWHUYLHZHHV DOVR FLWHG DEXVHV UHODWHG WR

    SHUVHFXWLRQ ,Q RQH FDVH WKH LQWHUYLHZHH KDG EHHQ DUELWKDYLQJ XUJHG RWKHUV WR YRWH DJDLQVW WKH QHZ FRQVWLWXWLRUHIHUHQGXP DQG LQ WZR RWKHUV FDVHV WKH LQWHUYLHZHHV H[SODLQHDXWKRULWLHV ZRXOG DUELWUDULO\ DUUHVW DQ\RQH ZKR UHIXVHG WR SGHPDQGV WKXV FURVVLQJ RYHU LQWR IRUPV RI H[SORLWDWLYH DEXFDVH WKH LQWHUYLHZHH KDG IDFHG UHSHDWHG KDUDVVPHQW RQ JURXKDYLQJ FRQWDFWHG WKH .1/$

    ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH ODUJH QXPEHUV RI LQWHUYLHZHHV ZKR FLWHH[SORLWDWLYH RU RWKHUZLVH VRPH DOVR H[SODLQHG WKDW WKH KD

    DEXVH ZHUH FRPSRXQGHG E\ UHVWULFWLYH HFRQRPLF DQG HQYLURQPH7KHVH LQFOXGHG OLPLWHG HPSOR\PHQW SURVSHFWV DW RU QHDU SODFHFURS IDLOXUH IURP IORRGLQJ RU GURXJKW )XUWKHUPRUH GXH WR D OFUHGLW PDQ\ LQWHUYLHZHHV FLWHG DQ XQPDQDJHDEOH GHEW ZKLFFRPSHOOHG WR WDNH RQ RIWHQ LQ RUGHU WR PHHW ILQDQFLDO UHTIURP H[SORLWDWLYH DEXVH ,Q VRPH FDVHV LQDELOLW\ WR UHSD\FRQILVFDWLRQ RI DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG DQG WKXV ORVV RI OLYHOLKRRG

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

    6HH IRU H[DPSOH , %UHHV 5HIXJHH %XVLQHVV 6WUDWHJLHV RI :RUN RQ W%RUGHU -RXUQDO RI 5HIXJHH 6WXGLHV S

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    34/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    ZRUN RXWVLGH ZKHWKHU RQ QHDUE\ IDUPV RU DW XUEDQ DUHDV WKHFDVHV DPRQJVW WKRVH LQWHUYLHZHG E\ .+5*

    7KH DEXVLYH HFRQRPLF DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV ZKLFK LQWHUYLH

    DV KDYLQJ LQIOXHQFHG WKHLU FKRLFH WR OHDYH WKHLU KRPHV LQ %XUP ZRUN DEURDG ZLOO EH H[DPLQHG LQ PRUH GHWDLO LQ WKH UHVW RI WKLV

    )RUFHG ODERXU

    )RUFHG ODERXU ZDV WKH VLQJOH PRVW FRPPRQ DEXVH FLWHG E\ LQWHUYLRI WKH LQGLYLGXDOV LQWHUYLHZHG RI WKHVH DSSUR[LPDWHO\KDG H[SHULHQFHG IRUFHG ODERXU WKHPVHOYHV RU KDG ZLWQHVVHG RWFRPPXQLW\ SHUIRUPLQJ IRUFHG ODERXU 7KLV LQFOXGHG FOHDQLQJ DUP\ FEDVHV FOHDULQJ WKH IRUHVW RYHUJURZWK IURP DORQJVLGH YHKLFOH UR

    SRUWHUV FDUU\LQJ PLOLWDU\ VXSSOLHV IRUFHG DJULFXOWXUDO ODERXGHOLYHULQJ WKDWFK VKLQJOHV DQG EDPERR SROHV WR DUP\ FDPSV DQGIHQFHV URDGV FDQDOV DQG DUP\ FDPSV

    :H KDG WR FRQVWUXFW D YHKLFOH URDG EXLOG PLOLWDU\ FKHFN SFOHDQ RXW WKH DUP\ FRPSRXQGV 6RPHWLPHV ZH KDG WR ZRUN WKH ZGD\ EXW RWKHU WLPHV ZHG RQO\ ZRUN KDOI WKH GD\ :KHQ ZH ZHUH VKDG WR DVN WKH FKLOGUHQ WR JR IRU XV 6RPH SHRSOH KLUHG RWKHUWKHP 7KH\ KDG WR SD\ WKHP N\DW >86 @ SHU GD\ ,I ZH GFRPSO\ ZLWK WKHLU >63'& DXWKRULWLHV@ IRUFHG ODERXU GHPDQGV SXQLVKHG XV VXFK DV E\ SXWWLQJ XV LQ SULVRQ

    8 7K PDOH 0 YLOODJH 7KDWRQ 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH

    ,Q RUGHU WR WDNH SDUW LQ IRUFHG ODERXU YLOODJHUV PXVW WDNH WUHJXODU OLYHOLKRRG DFWLYLWLHV ,Q VRPH FDVHV FLWHG E\ LQWHUYLH ZHUH LOO RU RWKHUZLVH XQDEOH WR WDNH SDUW LQ WKH ODERXULQVWHDG ,Q RWKHU FDVHV YLOODJHUV ZHUH DEOH WR SD\ D ILQH LQKLUH RWKHUV WR VHUYH LQ WKHLU SODFH

    :H FRXOGQW ZRUN DOO RI WKH WLPH 6RPHWLPHV ZH KDG WR GR IRUFHIRU WKH %XUPD $UP\ VXFK DV FOHDULQJ URDGV DQG FDPSV , KDG

    IRUFHG ODERXU ZKHQ , ZDV LQ P\ YLOODJH EXW PRVW RI WKH WLPH P\ZRXOG JR IRU WKDW :H KDG WR FOHDQ >WKH VLGHV RI@ WKH URDPLOLWDU\ FDPS :H KDG WR GR WKDW WKUHH WR IRXU WLPHV SHU \YLOODJHUV KDYH WR GR IRUFHG ODERXU HYHU\ \HDU (DFK WLPH WDNHV,I YLOODJHUV GRQW JR WKH\ >63'& DXWKRULWLHV@ ILQH WKHP 8VXYLOODJHU KDV WR SD\ N\DW >86 @ SHU GD\ >LQ OLHX RI IRUFHG,I ZH KDYH WR JR IRU IRUFHG ODERXU ZH KDYH WR VWRS JRLQJ WR ZRUGD\

    .R : PDOH . YLOODJH 'RRSOD\D 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH -D

    $OO LQWHUYLHZV FLWHG LQ WKLV FKDSWHU ZHUH FRQGXFWHG E\ .+5* EHWZHHQ -DQXZLWK LQGLYLGXDOV IURP %XUPD FXUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ LQ 7KDLODQG

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    35/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    ,Q PDQ\ FDVHV IRUFHG ODERXU ZDV MXVW RQH RI PXOWLSOH DEXVHVOHDGLQJ WR D ZRUVHQLQJ HFRQRPLF VLWXDWLRQ +RZHYHU VRPHVSHFLILFDOO\ LGHQWLILHG IRUFHG ODERXU DV D SULPDU\ FDXVH LQ LWV7KDLODQG

    +DOI RI WKH SHRSOH LQ P\ YLOODJH KDYH FRPH WR ZRUN KHUH >LQ7KH UHDVRQ LV WKDW SHRSOH LQ P\ YLOODJH FDQW EHDU WKH IRUFHG7KHUHIRUH WKH\YH FDPH WR ZRUN KHUH

    0D .K IHPDOH $ YLOODJH 'RRSOD\D 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH

    $UELWUDU\ WD[DWLRQ

    $QRWKHU FRPPRQ IRUP RI H[SORLWDWLRQ LV DUELWUDU\ WD[DWLRQ 7RIWHQ QRW HYHQ XVHG WR IXQG WKH SURYLVLRQ RI JRRGV RU VHUYL2XW RI WKH LQGLYLGXDOV ZRUNLQJ LQ 7KDLODQG ZKR VSRNH

    DSSUR[LPDWHO\ FLWHG VRPH IRUP RI DUELWUDU\ WD[DWLRQ 7KKDYLQJ WR SD\ IHHV WR ILQDQFH WKH ORFDO SHRSOHV PLOLWLDURDG FRQVWUXFWLRQFLYLOLDQV VHUYLQJ DV VHQWULHV VFKRRO PDLQWHQDQFH DQGLQWHUPLWWHQW VSRUWLQJ HYHQWV )XUWKHUPRUH LQWHUYLHZHHV FWKH SURGXFWLRQ RI DOFRKRO DQQXDO LQ NLQG SDGG\ FURS TXRWDV ZDWHU HOHFWULFLW\ DQG KRXVLQJ DPRQJVW RWKHUV 7KH IROORZLQDW OHQJWK SURYLGHV D SDUWLFXODUO\ GHVFULSWLYH DFFRXQW RIWD[DWLRQ 7KH LQWHUYLHZHH \HDU ROG 0D 0 H[SODLQHG WR

    KRZ VKH KDG WR VHQG PRQH\ HDUQHG LQ 7KDLODQG EDFN WR IDLQ .DUHQ 6WDWH LQ RUGHU WR DVVLVW WKHP LQ SD\LQJ YDULRXVWD[DWLRQ

    7KH\ NQRZ YHU\ ZHOO WKDW ZH GRQ W KDYH PRQH\ EXW WKH\ IRUFH XV W

    :H GRQ W QHHG WR VHUYH DV SRUWHUV EXW P\ EURWKHU WROG PHRUJDQLVLQJ WKH3\L 7KX 6LW >SHRSOHV PLOLWLD@ %XW WKH\ RQO\ UHFUXLWLQ WKH YLOODJH 7KH YLOODJHUV DOVR KDYH WR SD\ PRQH\ IRU WKH3\L 7KX 6LW VR P\PRWKHU VDLG WR PH ,I \RX KDYH PRQH\ SOHDVH JLYH LW WR XV %GLGQW KDYH PRQH\ :KHQ P\ PRWKHU ZHQW EDFN WR %XUPD , FRXOG

    N\DW >86 @ EHFDXVH , GLGQW HDUQ PXFK >LQ 7KDLODQGPRWKHU WROG PH WKDW WKH\ VWLOO KDYH WR SD\ WD[HV 7KH\ KDYHWLPHV SHU PRQWK EXW WKH\ GRQW NQRZ ZKDW WKH PRQH\V IRULOOLWHUDWH

    &XUUHQWO\ HDFK WLPH WKH\ KDYH WR SD\ DW OHDVW N\DWPD[LPXP DPRXQW KDV EHHQ RYHU N\DW >86 @ 7KH\ >DXWKRULWLHV@ KDYH GLYLGHG WKH YLOODJHUV LQWR WKUHH FODVVHV

    3HRSOHV 0LOLWLD 3\L 7KX 6LW LQ %XUPHVH SDUDPLOLWDU\ PLOLWLD UHFUXLWHG E\ WKH 6DV D KRPH JXDUG

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    36/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    DQG KLJK FODVVHV )RU H[DPSOH LI SHRSOH DUH IURP WKH ORZ FODVKDYH WR SD\ N\DW >86 @ 7KH KLJK FODVV SHRSOH KDYH WR SD>86 @ DQG IRU WKH PLGGOH FODVV LWV N\DW >86 @

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

    KDYH ZRUN >LQ %XUPD@ HLWKHU 2QO\ P\ EURWKHU ZRUNV >LQ %XUPD@+HUH >LQ 7KDLODQG@ ZH DOVR GRQW HDUQ PXFK

    ,Q P\ RSLQLRQ >WKH YLOODJHUV JR WR 7KDLODQG@ EHFDXVH WKHLU IDPDUHQW JRLQJ ZHOO ,Q WKH YLOODJH WKH\ FDQW DIIRUG WR SD\ WKHDXWKRULWLHV@ VR WKH\ WU\ WR ILQG ZRUN %XW LI \RX OLYH LQ WKSD\ ZKDW \RXUH RUGHUHG WR SD\ \RXOO EH YHUEDOO\ DEXVHG ,I \RXIDFH WKLV NLQG RI WKLQJ \RX KDYH WR VWUXJJOH WR ILQG D ZD\ >WRWKH\ >ORFDO 63'& DXWKRULWLHV@ NQRZ YHU\ ZHOO WKDW ZH GRQW KDYHIRUFH XV WR SD\

    0D 0 IHPDOH ' YLOODJH 3DDQ 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH

    &URS TXRWDV

    $OWKRXJK WKH SROLF\ RI FROOHFWLQJ FURS TXRWDV DV D IRUP RI WD[DWLDEROLVKHG LQ PDQ\ DJULFXOWXUDO ZRUNHUV LQ %XUPD DV ZHLQGLYLGXDOV ZKRP .+5* LQWHUYLHZHG LQ 7KDLODQG UHSRUW WKDW WKHFRQWLQXHV 7KH DFWXDO TXRWD W\SLFDOO\ YDULHV IURP EHWZHHQ WRSHU DFUH RI IDUP ODQG $ WLQ LV D VWDQGDUG XQLW RI PHDVXUH LQWR NJV OEV RI XQ KXVNHG ULFH SDGG\ :KLOH LQYLOODJHUV PXVW VLPSO\ JLYH WKH SDGG\ WR ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV LQPXVW VHOO LW WR ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV IRU D SULFH IDU EHORZ WKH PD

    :H >IDPLO\ PHPEHUV LQ %XUPD@ GHSHQG RQ RXU IDUP ILHOGV :H JHWWLQV RI SDGG\ SHU D \HDU :H KDYH WR SD\ WLQV RXW RI WLQVDV WD[ >,Q WKH SDVW@ ZH ILUVW SXW DVLGH HQRXJK ULFH IRU RXU

    $PRXQWV GHPDQGHG DUH QRW WKH VDPH HDFK WLPH 7KH VSHDNHU JLYHV WKH H[DEHLQJ GHPDQGHG N\DW N\DW RU N\DW

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    37/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    ZH SXW LW DVLGH LI WKHUH ZDV DQ\ UHPDLQLQJ ULFH ZHG VHDXWKRULWLHV LQ RUGHU WR JHW PRQH\ 1RZ WKH SROLF\ KDV FKDQWKRXJK ZH GRQW KDYH HQRXJK ULFH IRU RXU IDPLO\ ZH KDYH WRWKHP >63'& DXWKRULWLHV@ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH DPRXQW RI ULFH

    VSHFLI\ ,I ZH GRQW JLYH WKHP WKH FURS WD[ DV WKH\ GHPDQG WKWR DUUHVW WKH IDUPHUV DQG SXW WKHP LQ MDLO 8 $ PDOH / YLOODJH 3HJX 'LYLVLRQ )HE

    ([WRUWLRQ

    2Q WRS RI WKH LQFUHDVLQJO\ V\VWHPDWLVHG IRUPV RI DUELWUDU\LQWHUYLHZHHV DERXW DOVR VDLG WKDW WKH\ KDG H[SHULHQFGHPDQGV IRU FDVK RU JRRGV E\ 6WDWH DXWKRULWLHV 7KUHH RIH[WRUWLRQ ZHUH UHODWHG WR ,' FKHFNV ZKLOH WUDYHOOLQJ ZLWKDORQJ WKH KLJKZD\ WR 0\DZDGG\ LQ .DUHQ 6WDWH DQG RQH DW D UFKHFN RQ D EXV LQ 5DQJRRQ 7KH IRXUWK LQVWDQFH LQYROYHG %XUPIRUFLEO\ FRQILVFDWLQJ YLOODJHUV IRRG

    2QFH ZKHQ , FDPH WR WKH .DZNDUHLN FKHFN SRLQW WKH\ GHPDQGHGN\DW >86 @ IURP HDFK RI XV :H DVNHG WKHP ZKDW WKH\ ZRXOG GWKH PRQH\@ DQG WKH\ VDLG WKDW LW ZDV IRU OLIH LQVXUDQFH ,WKHP >WKH PRQH\@ WKH\G KDYH EHFRPH DQJU\ (YHQ SHRSOH ZKR,' FDUGV KDYH WR JLYH WKHP PRQH\ :KHQ , FDPH >WR 7KDLODQG@ LPH N\DW >86 @ ZKHQ , DUULYHG LQ 0\DZDGG\ EHFDXVH , FDPHD WLPH ZKHQ WKH\ ZHUH EORFNLQJ WKH URDG ,WV QRW HDV\ WR FR7KDLODQG@

    6DZ +W PDOH 7 YLOODJH 3DDQ 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WD

    (QYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV

    :KLOH WKH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI LQWHUYLHZHHV FLWHG H[SHULHQFH ZH[SORLWDWLYH DEXVH LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW VXFK DEXVLVRODWLRQ IURP RWKHU SXVK IDFWRUV 7KH KDUPIXO FXPXODWLYH HIIHRIWHQ FRPSRXQGHG E\ HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV )RU H[DPSOH VRPH LH[SODLQHG WKDW IORRGLQJ GURXJKW DQG ZLOG DQLPDOV ZHUH SHUVDJULFXOWXUDO OLYHOLKRRGV DQG DIIHFWHG VLJQLILFDQW QXPEHUV RFRPPXQLWLHV

    6RPH \HDUV EHFDXVH RI KHDY\ UDLQ DQG IORRGLQJ WKH SDGG\ GLHG\HDUV EHFDXVH RI OLWWOH UDLQ WKH SDGG\ ILHOGV FRXOGQW JHW $OVR LQVHFWV GHVWUR\HG WKH FURS ILHOGV DQG VR WKH SDGG\ GLZKR GLGQW ZDQW WR IDUP DQ\PRUH FDPH WR 7KDLODQG 6RPHWLPHDQG ZLOG SLJV DOVR FDPH DQG GHVWUR\HG WKH FURS ILHOGV

    6DZ +W PDOH 7 YLOODJH 3DDQ 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDW

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    38/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    +LJK LQWHUHVW GHEW

    $V D FRQVHTXHQFH RI SHUVLVWHQW H[SORLWDWLYH GHPDQGV HQFRQVWUDLQWV DQG OLPLWHG HPSOR\PHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV PDQ\ LQWH

    .+5* WKDW WKH\ DQG WKHLU IDPLOLHV ZHUH HLWKHU FXUUHQWO\ LQ GHEGHEW SULRU WR OHDYLQJ %XUPD 2XW RI WKH LQWHUYLHZHHV ZKRRI WKHVH DERXW FLWHG LQVWDQFHV RI GHEW 7KHVH LQFO

    FXUUHQWO\ LQ GHEW DQRWKHU ZKR KDG EHHQ LQ GHEW%XUPD DQG PRUH ZKR H[SODLQHG WKDW ZKLOH WKH\ WKHPVHOYHV KRXW ORDQV GHEW ZDV D VLJQLILFDQW IDFWRU LQ WKH HFRQRPLF VLUHVLGHQWV RI WKHLU YLOODJH

    7KHUH ZHUH WLPHV ZKHQ ZH FRXOGQW DIIRUG RXU PHGLFDO ELOOV DQGWR ERUURZ PRQH\ IURP RWKHU SHRSOH 0\ EURWKHUV KDG WR ILQG

    RXWVLGH RI WKH YLOODJH LQ RUGHU WR UHSD\ WKH GHEW ,I ZH ZHUHN\DW >86 @ ZHG KDYH WR SD\ DQ LQWHUHVW RI >SHU PRQW1DZ / IHPDOH 7K YLOODJH 3HJX 'LYLVLRQ )HE

    :KHQ , ZDV LQ WKDW NLQG RI >ILQDQFLDO@ VLWXDWLRQ ,G JR WR SHRPRQH\ ZLWK LQWHUHVW 7KH LQWHUHVW V\VWHP LV QRW OLNH LW7KDLODQG@ ZKHUH \RX SD\ RQFH D PRQWK ,Q RXU DUHD >RI 6KDQ 6WDREOLJDWRU\ >WR SD\@ RQFH HYHU\ WHQ GD\V :KHQ , WRRN RXW >D

    N\DW >86 @ , KDG WR SD\ N\DW >86 HYHU\ WHQ GD $QG IRU RQH PRQWK , KDG WR SD\ N\DW >86 @ 6R WKH LQUDWH LV ,WV ZRUVH WKDQ WKH UDWH WKDW WKH &KHWWLDUFKDUJHG IRULQWHUHVW

    0D 7K IHPDOH $ YLOODJH 6KDQ 6WDWH )HE

    7\SLFDOO\ ORDQV DUH WDNHQ RXW IURP ORFDO LQGHSHQGHQW PRQH\ OHQGFRPPRQO\ FLWHG UDWH RI LQWHUHVW ZDV SHU PRQWK 2QH LQWHUYLTXRWHG DERYH FLWHG D ILJXUH RI HYHU\ WHQ GD\V WKXV SHUDQRWKHU LQWHUYLHZHH VDLG LQWHUHVW UDWHV FRXOG EH DV KLJK DVIHZ LQWHUYLHZHHV VDLG WKDW LW ZDV VRPHWLPHV SRVVLEOH WR WDNIDPLO\ DQG IULHQGV IURP ZKRP LQWHUHVW UDWHV FDQ EH DV ORZ DVPRQWK :KLOH LQ UDUH FDVHV IDUPHUV DUH DEOH WR JHW VPDOO ORDQV

    FRQWUROOHG 0\DQPDU $JULFXOWXUDO 'HYHORSPHQW %DQN 0$'% DW D UDWPRQWK LQWHUYLHZHHV H[SODLQHG WKDW VXFK DVVLVWDQFH LV GLIILFXOW

    7KH\ >0$'% DXWKRULWLHV@ OHQG PRQH\ WR IDUPHUV DW LQWHUHVPRQWK@ DQG DW WKH HQG RI WKH \HDU WKH IDUPHUV PXVW UHSD\

    N\DW >86 @ ZH PXVW JLYH N\DW LQWHUHVW >SHU PRQWDIWHU PRQWKV LW EHFRPHV >VLF@ N\DW LQ LQWHUHVW IRU

    N\DW 2QO\ SHRSOH ZKR RZQ ILHOGV FDQ JHW WKDW PRQH\ ,Y

    &KHWWLDUV DUH D FDVWH IURP VRXWKHUQ ,QGLD ZKR ZHUH ZLGHO\ LQYROYHG LQ%XUPD GXULQJ WKH FRORQLDO SHULRG

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    39/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    KDG DQ H[SHULHQFH RI JHWWLQJ WKDW PRQH\ $V RI QRZ ,YH DOUHDLW ,I SHRSOH GRQW KDYH DQ\ ILHOGV WKH\ FDQW JHW LW :FRPHV ZH KDYH WR SD\ WKH PRQH\ EDFN ZLWK LQWHUHVW DQG LI IDU SD\ WKH\UH DUUHVWHG DQG ILQHG

    .R &K PDOH + YLOODJH 3DDQ 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDW

    (FRQRPLVW 6HDQ 7XUQHOO KDV H[SODLQHG WKH ZRUNLQJV RI WKH 0$'% LKLV GHVFULSWLRQ KHOSV LOOXVWUDWH ZK\ IDUPHUV LQ %XUPD ZKR PDRI WKH FRXQWU\V SRSXODWLRQ PXVW IUHTXHQWO\ WXUQ WR KLJKVXSSRUW WKHLU PHDQV RI OLYHOLKRRG

    %XUPDV FRPPHUFLDO EDQNV DUH IRUELGGHQ WR OHQG WR IDUPFXOWLYDWLRQ ,Q WKHLU SODFH DV IRUPDO FUHGLW SURYLGHUV LV0\DQPD >VLF@ $JULFXOWXUDO 'HYHORSPHQW %DQN 0$'% 7KLV LQVWLPHDQW WR EH WKH VROH SURYLGHU RI UXUDO FUHGLW LQ %XUPDPRGHVW REMHFWLYH RI SURYLGLQJ ILQDQFH WR PHHW MXVW RI D SURGXFWLRQ FRVWV ,Q IDFW LQ SUDFWLFH WKH 0$'% IDOOV ZHOPHHWLQJ HYHQ WKLV PRGHVW WDUJHW $YHUDJH ORDQV WR SDGG\ FXZHUH EHWZHHQ . WR . WR SHU DFUH RI SD

    7KH ODFN RI ILQDQFH LPSRVHV KHDY\ FRVWV RQ %XUPHVH DJULFXLQ WHUPV RI SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG FHUWDLQO\ LQKLELWV WKH DELOLW\PRYH WR PRUH FDSLWDO LQWHQVLYH PRGHV RI SURGXFWLRQ

    /DQG FRQILVFDWLRQ DQG GHVWUXFWLRQ

    $V VRPH YLOODJHUV PXVW SOHGJH WKHLU ODQG WR PRQH\ OHQGHUV LQORDQV DQ LQDELOLW\ WR UHSD\ GHEWV KDV OHG WR ODQG FRQILV ZRUVHQHG ILQDQFLDO DQG OLYHOLKRRGV VLWXDWLRQ IRU WKRVH LQYRO

    :KHQ ZH KDG D SUREOHP ZLWK RXU OLYHOLKRRG ZH KDG WR SDRUFKDUG IRU N\DW >86 @ 7KH SULFH RI IRRG KDG ULVHQFRXOGQW ILQG ZRUN LQ WKH YLOODJH 7KH SDZQ EURNHU DOVR GLGPRQH\ EXW KHU KXVEDQG ZDV ZRUNLQJ LQ 0DOD\VLD 6R VKH ZDV DJHW RXU ODQG IRU D FKHDS SULFH /DWHU ZH FRXOGQW UHSD\ KHURU HYHQ WKH FDSLWDO :H KDG WR IRUVDNH RXU RUFKDUG

    1DZ / IHPDOH 7K YLOODJH 3HJX 'LYLVLRQ )HE

    ,Q RWKHU FDVHV KRZHYHU LQWHUYLHZHHV H[SODLQHG WKDW 6WDWLQGHSHQGHQW PRQH\ OHQGHUV DUH WKH RQHV SULPDULO\ UHVSRQFRQILVFDWLRQ 6WDWH DXWKRULWLHV KDYH FRQILVFDWHG ODQG RQ WLV QRW EHLQJ IDUPHG WKDW ODQG RZQHUV FDQQRW SD\ WKHLU WD[HVGR QRW FRPSO\ ZLWK WKH 6WDWH GLFWDWHG DJULFXOWXUDO DJHQGHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV UHTXLUH D SDUWLFXODU SLHFH RI SURSHUW6WDWH DXWKRULWLHV FDQ MXVWLILDEO\ FRQILVFDWH ODQG WKDW L

    6 7XUQHOO %XUPDV ,QVDWLDEOH 6WDWH $VLDQ 6XUYH\

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    40/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    FXOWLYDWLRQ LV SDUWLFXODUO\ WKUHDWHQLQJ WR WKRVH ZKR PD\ WHPSKRPHV WR ZRUN DEURDG

    :KHQ WKH YLOODJHUV DUHQW DEOH WR SD\ WKH WD[HV IRU WKHLU

    JRYHUQPHQW FRPHV DQG FRQILVFDWHV WKH ODQG ZLWK QR FRPSHQVD5HJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU WKH YLOODJHUV DUH LQ >FXOWLYDWLQJ@ WKWKH\UH UHTXLUHG WR IXOILOO WKHLU REOLJDWLRQV >FURS TXRWDV RU

    6DZ +W PDOH 7 YLOODJH 3DDQ 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH

    7KH JRYHUQPHQW KDV WULHG WR FRQVWUXFW PRUH DQG PRUH YHKLFOHP\ YLOODJH WKH\ FRQVWUXFWHG D YHKLFOH URDG DQG LW FURVVHG RXU $QG WKH\ GHVWUR\HG DOO WKH WUHHV ZKLFK ZH ZHUH JURZLQJ L SODQWDWLRQ :H JURZ FLWUXV IUXLW LQ RXU SODQWDWLRQ 7KH UWKURXJK WKH FHQWUH RI RXU SODQWDWLRQ EXW ZH GLGQW JHW DQ\ P>ODQG@

    8 7K PDOH 6K YLOODJH 3HJX 'LYLVLRQ )HE

    &RQFOXVLRQ

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

    $V WKH WHVWLPRQLHV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU LOOXVWUDWH SXVK IDFWRSHRSOH LQ %XUPD WR OHDYH WKHLU KRPHV FDQQRW EH UHGXFHG WR DSRFRQVWUDLQWV XQFRQQHFWHG WR WKH DEXVLYH V\VWHP RI ORFDO JRYHUKDUPIXO FRQVHTXHQFHV RI DEXVH DUH RIWHQ ZRUVHQHG E\ HQYLURQPHRWKHU HFRQRPLF IDFWRUV LW LV QRW SRVVLEOH LQ PRVW FDVHV WQDUURZO\ GHILQHG SXVK IDFWRUV DV WKH VROH H[SODQDWLRQ ZK\ SHRPLJUDWH DEURDG LQ VHDUFK RI HPSOR\PHQW+RZHYHU LW LV QRW RQO\ ZLWK UHJ

    7KLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ KDV EHHQ OLNHZLVH QRWHG E\ UHVHDUFKHU ,QJH %UHHV ZKR 3XVK IDFWRUV DOPRVW DOZD\V VWHP IURP LQWHUOLQNHG SROLWLFDO DQG HFRQRPLF URRW FDXPDNHV LW LPSRVVLEOH WR GLVWLQJXLVK HFRQRPLF PLJUDQWV IURP DV\OXP VHHNHUV DQ ,

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    41/62

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    42/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    'DWD 6HW 3XOO IDFWRUV

    3XOO IDFWRUV DV DVSHFWV RI PLJUDWLRQ DUH JHQHUDOO\ XQGHUVWDWWUDFWLYH VRFLDO SROLWLFDO HFRQRPLF RU HQYLURQPHQWDO IHDWXWKDW SXOO SHRSOH DZD\ IURP WKHLU FXUUHQW ORFDWLRQV 7KH SUIXHOOLQJ HFRQRPLF PLJUDWLRQ KDYH W\SLFDOO\ EHHQ LQGHQWLILHHPSOR\PHQW DQG RWKHU ILQDQFLDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV DW D QHZ ORFDWLRSXOO IDFWRUV IRU UHIXJHHV DQG ,'3V DUH UDUHO\ DUWLFXODWHG DV VXFKYDULRXV SXVK IDFWRUV RI SHUVHFXWLRQ DEXVH DUPHG FRQIOLFW DQGOLIH DQG VHFXULW\ DUH VWUHVVHG

    3XVK IDFWRUV KRZHYHU FDQQRW IXHO PLJUDWLRQ LQ LVRODWLRQ :VHHN UHIXJH DW DQRWKHU ORFDWLRQ SXOO IDFWRUV DUH LQGHHG LQYROWKH SULPDU\ SXOO IDFWRU FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG DVDFFHVV WR SURWHFWLRQ7KH 2IILFH RI

    WKH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV +LJK &RPPLVVLRQHU RQ 5HIXJHHV 81+&5 KRZHYHGRZQSOD\HG WKLV SHUVSHFWLYH DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ WKH TXRWH EHOGXH WR FRQFHUQV WKDW KRVW FRXQWULHV VHHNLQJ WR VWHP LQFRPLQSODFH UHVWULFWLRQV RQ 81+&5 SURWHFWLRQ ZRUN VKRXOG WKHLU JRYHVXFK SURWHFWLRQ WR EH D SXOO IDFWRU

    2I JURZLQJ FRQFHUQ DUH WKH VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH JRYHUQPHQWV SXWWLQJ LQWR TXHVWLRQ WKH SURSULHW\ DQG OHJLWLPDF\ RI DQ\DFWLYLWLHV SDUWLFXODUO\ WKRVH RI 81+&5 7KH DUJXPHQW VHHPV WR SURWHFWLRQ LV D SXOO IDFWRU 81+&5V UHVSRQVH LV WKDW WKH SXO

    LUUHJXODU PLJUDWLRQ LQFOXGH HFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHV IDPLOFRPPXQLW\ OLQNV DQG HDVH RI RQZDUG PRYHPHQW 81+&5 E\ QR PHDQVUDQNV DV WKH PDLQ DWWUDFWLRQ

    7KLV GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ SURWHFWLRQ DQG SXOO IDFWRUV FDQ SRWHDUJXPHQWV DJDLQVW JRYHUQPHQW UHVWULFWLRQV RQ SURWHFWLRQ ZRUNULVNV HQWUHQFKLQJ WKH XQHTXDO UHVSRQVHV WR WKRVH GHHPHG OHJLVHHNLQJ SURWHFWLRQ DQG WKRVH GHHPHG LOOHJDO PLJUDQWV VHHNLQ7KH IDFW LV WKDW VHHNLQJ HPSOR\PHQW DEURDG LV RIWHQ DVHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQVWUDWHJ\ XVHG WR HYDGH DEXVH DQG PLWLJDWH WKH HIIHFWV RI DEXVH

    RULJLQ7KH FRQYHQWLRQDO SHUVSHFWLYH WDNHQ E\ DLG DJHQFLHV KRZHYHU DVWKH TXRWH DERXW 81+&5 SURWHFWLRQ DERYH DULVHV RXW RI D QDUURZRI SURWHFWLRQ DV D WRS GRZQ SURFHVV ,QGHHG DV LW FXUUHQWO\,1*2V DQG JRYHUQPHQW ERGLHV DUH WKH SULPDU\ SURYLGHUV RI SURWHQDUURZ FDWHJRU\ RI UHIXJHHV ZKR DUH GHHPHG WR EH GHSHQGDQWODFNLQJ DQ\ DELOLW\ WR DGGUHVV WKHLU RZQ SURWHFWLRQ QHHGV 7K

    WK0HHWLQJ RI WKH 6WDQGLQJ &RPPLWWHH 6WDWHPHQW E\ (ULND )HOOHU $VVLVWDQW&RPPLVVLRQHU 3URWHFWLRQ -XQHWK S $FFHVVHG DWZZZ XQKFU RUJ UHIZRUOG SGILG G SGI RQ 0DUFKWK

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    43/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    HYROYHG DORQJVLGH FRQYHQWLRQDO GHILQLWLRQV RI UHIXJHHV DQG ,'3VIOHH SHUVHFXWLRQ RU DUPHG FRQIOLFW 6XFK QDUURZ GHILQLWLRQV PSURWHFWLRQ FRQFHUQV RI WKRVH IOHHLQJ WKH KDUPIXO FXPXODWLYH HH[SORLWDWLYH DEXVH 7KH\ DOVR PLVV RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU H[WHUQ

    PDQ\ VHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV ZKLFK PLJUDQWHPSOR\

    6HOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQ

    8QGHUVWDQGLQJ KRZ RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU VHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWIXQFWLRQ DV SXOO IDFWRUV UHTXLUHV D FORVHU H[DPLQDWLRQ RI ZKDWHUP SURWHFWLRQ 81+&5 W\SLFDOO\ GHHPV SURWHFWLRQ IRU UHIXJHHSURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW UHIRXOHPHQW+RZHYHU WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RPPLWWH5HG &URVV HPSOR\V D EURDGHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ GHILQLQJ SURWHFWLRQ

    DOO DFWLYLWLHV DLPHG DW REWDLQLQJ IXOO UHVSHFW IRU WKH ULJKWDFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH OHWWHU DQG WKH VSLULW RI WKH UHOHYDQWKXPDQ ULJKWV ODZ LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ DQG UHIXJH

    ,Q SUDFWLFH SURWHFWLRQ FRYHUV D UDQJH RI VWUDWHJLHV DLPHGPLWLJDWLQJ DEXVH DVVLVWLQJ WKRVH UHFRYHULQJ IURP DEXVH DQG FLQ ZKLFK WKH OLNHOLKRRG RI DEXVH LV UHVWULFWHG.+5* WKHUHIRUH DOVR IROORZVWKLV EURDGHU GHILQLWLRQ

    )RU YLOODJHUV WRZQVSHRSOH DQG RWKHUV IURP %XUPD VHHNLQJ HPSOFDQ IXQFWLRQ DV D VHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ ZKLFK DDEXVH HVFDSH WKH FXPXODWLYH HIIHFWV RI SHUVLVWHQW H[SORLWDWKDUPIXO HIIHFWV RI H[SORLWDWLYH DEXVH RQ IDPLO\ PHPEHUV UHPDLQLQLOOXVWUDWH D FDVH RI HYDVLRQ \HDU ROG .R 0 RQH RI WKH%XUPD LQWHUYLHZHG WROG .+5* LQ )HEUXDU\ WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKLV YLOODJH LQ .DUHQ 6WDWH KDG IOHG WR 7KDLODQG WR ILQG ZRUUHJXODU GHPDQGV DQG KDUDVVPHQW E\ ORFDO 63'& DXWKRULWLHV

    7KH YLOODJHUV KDYH WR SD\ WKHLU ODQG WD[HV DQG VRPHWLPHV WVROGLHUV@ FRPH WR WKH YLOODJH DQG GHPDQG IRRG IURP WKH YLOOYLOODJHUV GRQW JLYH WKHP IRRG WKH\ EHDW WKH YLOODJH KHDGVROGLHUV@ GRQW KDYH DQ DUP\ FDPS >QHDUE\@ EXW WKH\ DOZD\V FYLOODJH 7KHUHIRUH WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH SHRSOH LQ P\ YLOODJH

    81 +LJK &RPPLVVLRQHU IRU 5HIXJHHV 1RWH RQ 1RQ 5HIRXOHPHQW 6XEPLWWHG E\ WKH +&RPPLVVLRQHU $XJXVW (& 6&3 2QOLQH 81+&5 5HIZRUOG DYDLODEOHKWWS ZZZ XQKFU RUJ UHIZRUOG GRFLG DH FFG KWPO $FFHVVHG $SULOWK

    3URWHFWLRQ RI ,QWHUQDOO\ 'LVSODFHG 3HUVRQV,QWHU $JHQF\ 6WDQGLQJ &RPPLWWHH S*URZLQJ WKH 6KHOWHULQJ 7UHH 3URWHFWLQJ 5LJKWV WKURXJK +XPDQLWDULDQ $FW,QWHU $JHQF\

    6WDQGLQJ &RPPLWWHH S

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    44/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    ZRUN LQ 7KDLODQG 7KH\ GRQW ZDQW WR VWD\ LQ WKHLU YLOODJH EHDIUDLG WKDW WKH\OO KDYH WR GR IRUFHG ODERXU

    .R 0 PDOH 7K YLOODJH 'RRSOD\D 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH

    1RW DOO PLJUDQWV LQWHUYLHZHG E\ .+5* H[SOLFLWO\ LGHQWLILHG WKH HYDV D SULPDU\ SXOO IDFWRU GUDZLQJ WKHP WR PLJUDQW ZRUNHU FRPPXQL0DQ\ WROG .+5* WKDW WKH\ ZHUH GUDZQ WR 7KDLODQG EHFDXVH WKH HRSSRUWXQLWLHV DYDLODEOH WKHUH SURYLGHG D ZD\ RI HVFDSLQJ WHFRQRPLF VLWXDWLRQ LQ %XUPD

    , ZDV IRUFHG >E\ WKH VLWXDWLRQ@ WR FRPH DQG ZRUN KHUH ZKHQ ,\RXQJ )RU WKH WZR \HDUV SULRU WR ZH ZHUH LQ D YHU\ GVLWXDWLRQ :H KDG D ORW RI GHEW EHFDXVH ZH GLGQW KDYH D IDFRZV 6R P\ PRWKHU VDLG WR PH 'DXJKWHU LQ 0DH 6RW >7KDLODQG@QHHG ZRUNHUV :K\ GRQW \RX JR WKHUH DQG ZRUN" , VDLG WR KHU0XP HYHQ WKRXJK ZH OLYH KHUH LQ WKH YLOODJH ZH KDYH ORWV RIDQG GLIILFXOWLHV $W WKDW WLPH , ZDV LQ D YHU\ GLIILFXOW SDUHQWV ZHUH YHU\ SRRU

    0D 0 IHPDOH ' YLOODJH 3DDQ 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH

    2WKHU PLJUDQWV LQWHUYLHZHG E\ .+5* HPSKDVLVHG WKDW HPSORRSSRUWXQLWLHV DEURDG SURYLGHG DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR VDYH PRQDFFRPSDQ\LQJ IDPLO\ PHPEHUV VHQG UHPLWWDQFHV WR IDPLO\ UHPDLQLQJDQG UHSD\ KLJK LQWHUHVW GHEWV

    0\ IULHQGV WROG PH WKDW LI ZH FDPH DQG ZRUNHG LQ 7KDLODQG ZHVDYH PRQH\ DQG VHQG LW EDFN KRPH >WR IDPLO\ LQ %XUPD@ :HQHLJKERXUV ZKR FDPH WR ZRUN LQ D ZRRO IDFWRU\ LQ 7KDLODQG :KHQFDPH EDFN WKH\ ZHUH DEOH WR KDYH EHWWHU OLYLQJ FRQGLWLRQVZDQWHG WR EH OLNH WKHP DQG VR , FDPH KHUH 1RZ ,P ZRUNLQJ LQIDFWRU\

    0D 7K IHPDOH $ YLOODJH 6KDQ 6WDWH )HE

    *LYHQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ LQ UXUDO %XUPD EHWZHHQ H[SORLWDWLYH DEXVOLYHOLKRRGV YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG IRRG LQVHFXULW\ DV H[DPLQHG LQ W

    FKDSWHUV VXFK XVHV RI IXQGV HDUQHG DEURDG FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRGOHVVHQ WKH KDUPIXO HIIHFWV RI DEXVHV LQ %XUPD

    )XUWKHUPRUH UHPLWWDQFHV VHQW E\ PLJUDQW ZRUNHUV RU EURXJKW KDUH DEOH WR KHOS OHVVHQ WKH KDUPIXO HIIHFWV RI H[SORLWDWLYHPHPEHUV ZKR KDYH UHPDLQHG EHKLQG $ VWXG\ RI WKH HFRQRPLJUDWLRQ IURP %XUPD QRWHG WKDW ILQDQFLDO UHPLWWDQFHV VHQW E\PLJUDQW ZRUNHUV WR IDPLO\ PHPEHUV EDFN KRPH ZHUH ODUJH ZHUH XVHGGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\ WR HQVXUH VLPSOH VXUYLYDO DQG ZHUH UHDOLVHG

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    45/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    YLD LQIRUPDO PHFKDQLVPV 7KLV YLHZ VXSSRUWV WKH ILQGLQJV RI .+5*VLQWHUYLHZV ZLWK PLJUDQW ZRUNHUV

    0\ VLWXDWLRQ KHUH >LQ 7KDLODQG@ LV GLIIHUHQW IURP P\ VLWXDW

    EHFDXVH >ZKLOH ZRUNLQJ LQ 7KDLODQG@ , FDQ VDYH PRQH\ DQG VXSIDPLO\ LQ %XUPD 6RPHWLPHV , VHQG EDFN RU N\DWRU @ RQFH D PRQWK IRU P\ IDPLO\ %XW VRPHWLPHV , VHQG

    N\DW >86 @ ZKHQ , FDQ VDYH PRUH PRQH\ ,P VXSSRUWLQJ SHRSOH 7KHVH SHRSOH DUH P\ SDUHQWV D QLHFH DQG WZR QHSKHZ%XUPD :KHQ , OLYHG LQ %XUPD HYHQ WKRXJK , ZRUNHG KDUG , SURYLGH PXFK VXSSRUW IRU P\ IDPLO\ :KHQ , FDPH WR ZRUN KHUH ,VDYH P\ PRQH\ DQG SURYLGH PRUH VXSSRUW IRU P\ IDPLO\

    0D .K IHPDOH $ YLOODJH 'RRSOD\D 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH

    6XFK UHPLWWDQFHV DUH HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW LQ WKH FDVH RI %XU\RXQJ FKLOGUHQ DQG WKH HOGHUO\ ZKR UHPDLQ EHKLQG ZKLOH WKRVHWUDYHO DEURDG LQ VHDUFK RI ZDJH ODERXU

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

    0D 0 IHPDOH ' YLOODJH 3DDQ 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH

    :H FDQ RQFH DJDLQ VHH WKDW WDNLQJ HPSOR\PHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHVIXQFWLRQ DV D VHOI LQLWLDWHG SURWHFWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ HPSOR\HG EIURP %XUPD 6XFK RSSRUWXQLWLHV FDQ SURYLGH VRPH PHDVXUH ROLYHOLKRRG VHFXULW\ DOORZLQJ ZRUNHUV WR VXSSRUW WKHPVHOYHVORFDWLRQV DZD\ IURP WKH DEXVH LQ WKHLU KRPH DUHDV DQG PLWLJD

    DQG UHVXOWLQJ VRFLDO KDUP RI H[SORLWDWLYH DEXVH RQ IDPLO\ PHPLQ %XUPD WKURXJK UHPLWWDQFHV DQG RQ WKHPVHOYHV WKURXJK SVKRXOG WKH\ UHWXUQ KRPH 7KLV SURWHFWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ LQ WXUQSXOO IDFWRU GUDZLQJ PLJUDQWV RXW RI %XUPD DV ZHOO DV WR XUEDQFRXQWU\

    6 7XUQHOO $ 9LFDU\ DQG : %UDGIRUG 0LJUDQW ZRUNHU UHPLWWDQFHV DQG %XDQDO\VLV RI VXUYH\ UHVXOWV LQ 'LFWDWRUVKLS 'LVRUGHU DQG 'HFOLQH LQ 0\DQPDU0RQLTXH6NLGPRUH DQG 7UHYRU :LOVRQ HGV $18 ( 3UHVV

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    46/62

    .DUHQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *URXS

    7KH EOXUUHG OLQH EHWZHHQ PLJUDQWV DQG UHIXJHHV

    $VLGH IURP PLJUDWLRQ LQ VHDUFK RI SURWHFWLRQ IURP H[SORLWDWLYHFXPXODWLYH HIIHFWV RI H[SORLWDWLYH DEXVH LQWHUYLHZHHV DOVR

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

    7KH IROORZLQJ TXRWH SURYLGHV DQ LOOXVWUDWLYH H[DPSOH RI WKH PRWVXFK PL[HG PLJUDWLRQ 7KH LQWHUYLHZHH D \HDU ROG YLOODJHU.DUHQ 6WDWH IOHG KLV KRPH WR EHFRPH D PLJUDQW ZRUNHU LQ 7KDLOUHSHDWHG KDUDVVPHQW E\ 63'& DXWKRULWLHV RQ WKH JURXQGV WKDWFRQWDFW ZLWK WKH .18

    , FDPH KHUH ZLWK WKH KHOS RI WKH .18 , GRQW ZDQW WR SURYLGHRI WKH PDQ ZKR EURXJKW PH KHUH , GDUHG QRW VWD\ LQ P\ YLOODJHWKH 63'& $UP\ VROGLHUV DOZD\V FDPH WR WKH YLOODJH VR WKH YLOODKHOSHG PH FRPH KHUH ZLWK WKDW PDQ , MXVW ZDQW WR VD\ WKDWWR JR EDFN WR P\ YLOODJH QRZ EHFDXVH , GRQW ZDQW WR IOHH I63'& $UP\ VROGLHUV DJDLQ DQG DJDLQ 7KH\ DOZD\V FRPH WR P\ YLOODJDQG GHPDQG SRUWHUV >SHRSOH WR FRQGXFW IRUFHG ODERXU FDUU\LQJ V,Q WKH SDVW , DOZD\V KDG WR IOHH IURP WKHP ,YH DOVR IDFHG DF

    7KH 5R\DO 7KDL *RYHUQPHQW GRHV QRW RIILFLDOO\ UHFRJQLVH GLVSODFHG SHRSOH IURUHVLGH ZLWKLQ FDPSV LQ 7KDLODQG DV UHIXJHHV EXW UDWKHU DV LQGLYLGXDOV ZWHPSRUDULO\ IOHHLQJ ILJKWLQJ 0\ *XQ :DV DV 7DOO DV 0H &KLOG 6ROGLHUV LQ %XUPD1HZ

  • 8/14/2019 Abuse, Poverty and Migration: Investigating migrants' motivations to leave home in Burma

    47/62

    $EXVH 3RYHUW\ DQG 0LJUDWLRQ

    WKDW ,YH FRRSHUDWHG ZLWK WKH .18 DQG , VDLG WR WKHP >63'& DX,P QRW WKH NLQG RI SHUVRQ WKDW \RXUH GHVFULELQJ ,P MXYLOODJHU , FRXOG QR ORQJHU HQGXUH WKHLU DFWLRQV VR , FDPHIUHHO\ ,P YHU\ DIUDLG RI WKHLU DFWLRQV DJDLQVW XV

    .R 0 PDOH 7K YLOODJH 'RRSOD\D 'LVWULFW .DUHQ 6WDWH

    7R JLYH DQRWKHU H[DPSOH RI DQ LQGLYLGXDO ZRUNLQJ DEURDG ZKRSHUVHFXWLRQ RQ SROLWLFDO JURXQGV 8 7K XSRQ UHWXUQLQJ IURYLOODJH LQ 3HJX 'LYLVLRQ ZDV DUUHVWHG IRU HQFRXUDJLQJ IHOORZ YDJDLQVW WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO UHIHUHQGXP KHOG LQ 0D\ 8SR7K TXLFNO\ UHWXUQHG WR 7KDLODQG

    /DVW \HDU , ZHQW EDFN WR P\ KRPH WRZQ DQG WKRXJKW WKDW , ZRKHUH >WR 7KDLODQG@ %XW P\ VHFWLRQ OHDGHU WROG PH WKDWDXWKRULWLHV@ ZRXOG QRW DOORZ PH WR UHWXUQ EHFDXVH ZH KDG%XUPD@ WR YRWH LQ WKH UHIHUHQGXP :KHQ , ZHQW IRU WKH UHVDZ PDQ\ SHRSOH ZKR KDG FRPH WR YRWH LQ WKH UHIHUHQGXP OLNHWKH\ NQHZ QRWKLQJ DERXW WKH UHIHUHQGXP , WROG WKHP WR YRWPHDQLQJ WR JLYH D YRWH RI GLVDJUHHPHQW >ZLWK WKH QHZ FRQVWLW SROLFH FDXJKW PH DQG NHSW PH LQ MDLO IRU WKUHH GD\V

    8 7K PDOH 6K YLOODJH 3HJX 'LYLVLRQ )HE

    &RQFOXVLRQ

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

    $ORQJ WKHVH OLQHV VWDII RI 81+&5 QRWHG LQ WKDW DQ LQFUHDVLQJ QXPEHU RILUUHJXODU PLJUDQWV KDYH SURWHFWLRQ QHHGV UHVXOWLQJ IURP FRQGLWRI RULJLQ XQUHODWHG WR >DUPHG@ FRQIOLFW RU SROLWLFDO SHUVHFXW 'HVSLWH VXFKDFNQRZOHGJHPHQWV LQWHUQDWLRQDO IUDPHZRUNV IRU FODVVLI\LQJ DQGLYHUVH UDQJH RI SHRSOH OHDYLQJ WKHLU FRXQWU\ RI RULJLQ FRQWLQXDFFXUDWH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH SURWHFWLRQ FRQFHUQV DQG VHOIVWUDWHJLHV RI WKHVH LQGLYLGXDOV 7KXV DOWKRXJK WKHUHUHFRJQL