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ABUNDANCE VARIATIONS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS:
from light to heavy elements
Collaborators: Raffaele Gratton, Sara Lucatello (INAF Padova), Angela Bragaglia, Eugenio Carretta (INAF Bologna), Anna F. Marino (Max Planck Institute, Heidelberg), Chris Sneden (The University of Texas at Austin), Simon W. Campbell, Maria Lugaro, John Lattanzio, George Angelou (Monash University) Thomas Masseron (Universite de Brussels) Inese Ivans (University of Utah) Marco Pignatari (University of Basel)
Valentina D’Orazi
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie UniversityMonash Centre for Astrophysics, Monash University
“A Simple Stellar Population is defined as an assembly of coeval, initially chemically homogeneous, single stars ..
Four main parameters are required to describe a SSP, namely its age, composition (Y,Z), and the initial mass
function
..In nature the best example of SSPs are stellar clusters” (Renzini & Buzzoni 1986).
Globular Clusters for many years considered as ideal
benchmarks for studying stellar evolution
& synthesis population models
THIS TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVE IS NOW PROVEN TO BE TOO SIMPLISTIC….
Globular Clusters ARE NOT Simple Stellar Populations Photometry
Piotto et al. (2007)
ω Cen
Lee et al. (1999)
Pancino et al. (2000)
NGC 2808
NGC 1851
Bedin et al. (2004)
Milone et al. (2008)
Spectroscopy
Lick-Texas group (from Ivans et al. 2001)
Since ’70s anti-correlations between light elements
(C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al) the abundances of C, O, Mg are depleted where those of N, Na, Al are enhanced
Cohen (1978); Peterson (1980); Norris (1981)
Marino et al.(2008, 2009)
M4
M22
A PREVIOUS GENERATION of stars which synthesized in their interiors p-capture elements are RESPONSIBLE for these
chemical signatures in GC stars
HOT hydrogen burning, where the ON, NeNa, and MgAl chains are operating - the ON reduces O, the NeNa increases Na
(T ~ 30 million K), while the MgAl produces Al (T~65 million K)
IM-AGB stars (4 – 8 M) experiencing Hot Bottom Burning
(e.g. Ventura & D’Antona 2009)
Winds of Fast Rotating Massive Stars
(e.g. Decressin et al. 2007)
Still debated……
OUR SURVEYNa-O anticorrelation and HB in 19 GCs
FLAMES@VLT (Giraffe+UVES),>100 hrs
Carretta et
al. (2009a)
P=primordial FGI=Intermediate SGE=Extreme SG
Fe-peak, Na, O, Mg, Al abundances derived for ~1200 stars
All the GCs show the Na-O anti-correlation
the second generation is always PRESENT
The shape of Na-O distribution changes from
cluster to cluster POLLUTER’S MASS is
varying: this change is driven by both Luminosity
(~mass) & Metallicity
The Mg-Al anticorrelation
This can also be explained through high-temperature (T~ 65 million K) proton capture nucleosynthesis, via the MgAl chain (Mg depleted, Al enhanced).
Kraft et al. 1997
Yong et al. 2003 (NGC 6752)
Carretta et al. (2009b)
The Mg-Al anticorrelation is not present in ALL the GCs (
POLLUTER’S MASS)
Why Lithium ??
Among the light elements Li has a special role.
Li is produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis
It is enriched during the galaxy evolution,and
destroyed in the stellar interior(Tburn starting @ 2.5 MK)
WMAP logn(Li)=2.72 ± 0.06 (Cyburt et al. 2008) Li-plateau logn(Li)=2.1 – 2.3 (halo stars)
..solution still far…
Lithium & p-capture elements (1)
Li has a fundamental role thanks to the fact that it is very easily destroyed in stellar interiors:
It is expected that at CNO/NeNa cycle temperatures NO Li is left
Polluting material (ejected from the first generation stars) has Li ~ 0
Na-poor, O/Li-rich stars are the FIRST POPULATION born in the cluster share the same chemical composition of field stars
Na-rich, O/Li-poor stars, i.e. the SECOND GENERATION, formed from gas progressively enriched by the ejecta of first population
IF PRISTINE AND POLLUTING MATERIAL ARE MIXED IN DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS THEN LITHIUM AND OXYGEN ARE EXPECTED TO BE
CORRELATED, AND LITHIUM AND SODIUM ANTICORRELATED
Lithium & p-capture elements (2)
While Fast Rotating Massive Stars can only destroy Li,
IM-AGB stars can also produce it
THE CAMERON-FOWLER MECHANISM
(“7Be transport” mechanism, Cameron & Fowler 1971)
Any production of Lithium tends to erase the
Li–O(Na) (anti–)correlation
WHICH ARE THE POLLUTERS ??
History (1): NGC 6752Pasquini et al. (2005)
[Fe/H] = –1.5 (Carretta et al. 2009c)(m-M)=13.13
Basing on 9 TO stars, Pasquini et al. found a Li depletion up to ~ 1 dex below the Spite plateau
Li-Na anticorrelation
Li-N anticorrelation
Li-O correlation
History (2): NGC 6397
[Fe/H] = – 1.99 (Carretta et al. 2009c)
(m-M) = 12.50
Bonifacio et al. (2002) on only 4 stars:
NO Li variation
Lind et al. (2009) the first large sample of Li, Na determinations in TO and early SGB stars, i.e. ~100 stars
“a limited number of Na-enhanced and Li-deficient stars strongly contribute to forming a significant anti-correlation between the abundances of Na and Li.” (Lind et al. 2009)
(1) Li, Na, O in GC dwarfs: the case of 47 Tuc
~100 TO starsFLAMES Giraffe spectra
HR15n (Li I)HR19A (Na I @8183-8194 Å
O I @7771-7775Å)
Na-O distributions in dwarfs and giants are identical evolutionary effects acting during the RGB phase (D’Antona for M13) can be ruled out –at least for this cluster-
The largest database of this kind available so far
Red solid line dilution model(**)
(**) [X]=log[(1-dil) x10[XO] + dil x10[Xp]],
where [XO] and [Xp] are logarithmic
abundances of
original and processed material
Prantzos & Charbonnel (2006)
D ’Orazi et al. (2010a)
Li-O are weakly positively correlated within a large scatter Stars with low O have also low Li content, but at higher oxygen, Li can assume all values, ranging from 1.54±0.06 to 2.78±0.08
Li-Na show NO anti-correlation
A simple dilution model fails in reproducing both Li-O and Li-Na distributions (maybe this model is just the upper envelope)
Different behaviour with respect to NGC 6397 ([Fe/H]=-1.99)
The scatter is reminiscent (a Pop. II analog?) of what found in the OC M67 (e.g. Randich et al. 2000) and in general in cool (Teff~5800K) disk stars (Ryan et al. 2001)
(2) Li-Na anticorrelation in NGC 6121 (M 4)
FLAMES UVES (R~50000, setup 580) spectra for ~90 giant stars from Marino et al. (2008)
Stellar parameters + abundances for Fe, Na, O Marino et al. (2008)
Na-O anticorrelation
Red stars: V > Vbump
A depletion of Li of a factor of ~20 is predicted at 1 DUP
(at the bump luminosity Li 0, thermohaline mixing, see Charbonnel & Zahn 2007)
D ’Orazi & Marino (2010)
NO Li-Na
anticorrelation
Na-rich and
Na-poor stars
have the SAME
Li content, BUT
the scatter is larger
for the first group
V > Vbump
1st generation 2nd generation
Any Lithium production tends to erase the Li-Na anticorrelation
WHICH ARE THE MODEL PREDICTIONS ?
D ’Antona & Ventura (2010)
M 4
•Low mass AGB polluters (~4M) moderate Li production (≈Plateau value)
•The “vertical” Na-O anti-correlation in M4 confirms very low depletion of O
•No Al variations (no MgAl cycle)
From light to heavy elements
Barium abundances in 15 Globular ClustersFrom Giraffe spectra
INTERMEDIATE AGB STARS (4 – 8 M) AS CANDIDATE POLLUTERS
IS THERE ALSO THE CONTRIBUTION OF
LOW MASS AGBs (s-process variation and CNO NOT constant) ??
Barium and Na-O anticorrelation
There is NO segregation along the NaO anticorrelation between Ba-rich and Ba-poor stars
Barium stars
Quite LARGE UNCERTAINTIES but STATISTICS
5 Ba stars on a total of 1205 ~0.4 %
FIELD STARS ~2 %
[Fe/H] Mv
47 TUC -0.76 -9.42
NGC 288 -1.32 -6.74
NGC 6254 -1.57 -7.48
NGC 6397 -1.99 -6.63
NGC 6752 -1.55 -7.73
4 of 5 Ba-stars are P: between P stars, the fraction of Ba stars reaches ~2% CLUSTER ENVIRONMENT
What’s next?? (1)
Run of Lithium with p-capture reaction elements in:
NGC 6218, NGC 3201, NGC 5904
ESO P87 30 h with FLAMES@VLT (PI VD) ~100 RGB stars per GC
Preliminary results in NGC 6218 indicate an M4-like behaviour:
Li is CONSTANT between First and Second Generation stars (D’Orazi+ 2012, in prep.)
``The chemical composition of nearby young
clusters/associations
Collaborators: Silvano Desidera Raffaele Gratton (INAF Padova) Katia Biazzo , Elvira Covino (INAF Napoli), Sergei M. Andrievsky (Odessa National Observatory/GEPI Paris) Gayandhi De Silva (AAO) Claudio Melo (ESO Chile) Sofia Randich (INAF Arcetri) Carlos Torres (Laboratorio Nacional/MCT, Brazil)
D’Orazi et al. (2009)
Anticorrelation between [Ba/Fe] ratio and cluster age
Galactic chemical evolution model only assuming a higher Ba yield from low-mass AGB stars (i.e. 1-1.5 Msun) than that previously predicted(confirmed from other s-process elements, Maiorca + 2011)
Is the enhancement in the Ba content shared by the majority (totality?) of young clusters
populating the solar neighbourhood?
Are the nearby young clusters characterised by a unique [Ba/Fe] value?
Do they show any intrinsic internal dispersion?
Do the other s-process elements follow the enhancement in Ba?
While a chemical evolution model with enhanced Ba production can account for the observed raising trend up to ~500 Myr, it dramatically fails in reproducing the
young stellar clusters.
S-process elements in AB Doradus (~70 Myr), Carina-Near (~200 Myr) and Ursa Major (~500 Myr)
D’Orazi et al. 2012
We find that while the s-process elements Y, Zr, La, and Ce exhibit solar ratios in all three associations, Ba is over-abundant by 0.2 dex.
None of the current models can account for such a trend in Ba, without bearing similar enhancement in other s-process elements
Chromospheric effects????
(i) CaII H&K chromospheric emission, (logR_HK)(ii) coronal emission (X-ray luminosity)(iii) rotational velocity (vsini)
Due to the presence of a hot chromosphere, one would expect a T(tau) function less steep compared to that of old stars (the outer atmosphere should be heated at a certain extent by the upper chromosphere levels).
NLTE effects of the 5853 Å line
Over-ionisation
Although no correlation between [Ba/Fe] and several activity indicators seems to be present, we conclude that different effects
could be at work which may (directly or indirectly) be related to the presence of
hot stellar chromospheres.
need for a large, homogeneous investigation of s-process abundances in
clusters younger than the Hyades to draw final conclusions on this issue and provide observational constraints to new
theoretical models.
..Stay tuned…