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8/6/2019 Abstrak Aplikasi Ringkas Per Bidang

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ABSTRAKSI BEBERAPA STUDI APLIKASI ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS

MAT SAHUDI

http://matsahudi1.blogspot.com

BIDANG PEMAKAIAN antara lain:

1. Conflict Resolution2. Marketing Decisions: Correct Cost Evaluation Comparisons, Product/Services

Acquisition Selection3. Human Resources: Employee Selection/Qualification/Promotion, Quality

Life & Working Time Scheduling, Incentive & Promotion Programs, InternalBenchmarking, Performance Test Evaluation, Task/Employee Assignment,etc.

4. Medical Decision Making: Surgery Prioritization, Social Care Systems,Medical Aids, Best Alternative Medicine Set Combination, etc.

5. Military Applications: Benefits of AHP/ANP versus game theory in handlingConflict Resolution, Strategic Situation Evaluation, Defense ProjectsPrioritizations, Maintenance Decision Process, Acquisitions,Contractors/Constructors Bidders Selection etc.

6. General Resource Allocation & Optimization: Prioritization of InfrastructureRequirements, Optimum Investment Project Portfolio

7. Environmental Applications: Waste Water/Garbage Treatment TechnologySelection, Best Soil Use Definition, Mining Camp/Hazardous Site Allocation,Hazardous Chemical Material Path/Transport Media Selection.

UMUM

1. The Analytic Hierarchy and Analytic Network Processes for the Measurementof Intangible Criteria and for Decision-Making (Thomas L. Saaty, 2001)

Keywords:

Analytic Hierarchy Process - decision-making - prioritization - negativepriorities - rating - benefits - opportunities - costs - risks


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Abstract:The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalization to dependenceand feedback, the Analytic Network Process (ANP), are theories of relativemeasurement of intangible criteria. With this approach to relativemeasurement, a scale of priorities is derived from pairwise comparison

measurements only after the elements to be measured are known. Theability to do pairwise comparisons is our biological heritage and we need itto cope with a world where everything is relative and constantly changing.In traditional measurement one has a scale that one applies to measure anyelement that comes along that has the property the scale is for, andelements are measured one by one, not by comparing them with eachother. In the AHP paired comparisons are made with judgments usingnumerical values taken from the AHP absolute fundamental scale of 1-9. Ascale of relative values is derived from all these paired comparisons and italso belongs to an absolute scale that is invariant under the identitytransformation like the system of real numbers. The AHP/ANP is useful for

making multicriteria decisions involving benefits, opportunities, costs andrisks. The ideas are developed in stages and illustrated with examples ofreal life decisions. The subject is transparent and despite somemathematics, it is easy to understand why it is done the way it is along thelines discussed here.

2. Analytic Network Process With Feedback Influence: A New Approach toImpact Study (Iwan J Azis, )

Abstract:This paper introduces a network model (Analytic Network Process) for

impact study incorporating feedback influences, capable of capturing andcombining tangible and intangible factors by using ratio scales. Contrastingit with a hierarchy model, some distinct features are identified. While thetwo rely on pair-wise comparison matrix and its corresponding eigenvector,the dependence of elements between clusters (outer dependence) andwithin cluster (inner dependence) in the network model necessitates theuse of a stochastic supermatrix. Although there are different possibilitiesregarding the maximum eigen-value being equal to unity, i.e., multipleroot or non-multiple root, the final priorities can be obtained by raisingthe supermatrix to large powers. Applying the model to an integratedimpact and planning analysis of a highway construction, the results of the

two models are found to be considerably different. It is revealed fromsensitivity analysis that the outcomes of the network model are morestable and robust than those of the hierarchy model. A time dependentcase is subsequently shown by using a numerical example.

Key words: hierarchy, network, cluster, element, stochastic supermatrix,eigenvector, highway impact.


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3. Analysis of Three Decision-making Methods : A Breast Cancer Patient as aModel (Kimbroe J. Carter, Nathan P. Ritchey, Frank Castro, Leonard P.Caccamo, Edward Kessler, and Barbara A. Erickson, 1999)

Purpose:

To compare three decision making techniques using acommon clinical problem. Methods: Two recently developed methods, the analytic hierarchyprocess (AHP) and the analytic networkprocess (ANP), were compared witha Markov process in the evaluation of the optimal post-lumpectomytreatment strategy for an elderly woman with a mammographicallydetected, nonpalpable early-stagebreast cancer. The follow ing treatmentalternatives were considered: observation, radiation, tamoxifen, combination radiation andtamoxifen, and simple mastectomy. All three decision

methods

incorporated patient preferences. Results: The models agreed

onthe ranking of the preferred treatment, radiation and tamoxifen,but therewere variations in the rankings of the other treatmentchoices. Individualdifferences between the three models wereuncovered. The Markov processprovided estimates of quality-adjusted life expectancy and distribution ofhealth events. Both AHPand ANP required less development time than theMarkov process.Conclusion: All three methods may be useful tools to theclinician in analyzing complex medical problems. The Markov is the most

labor-inten sive method but provides detailed results, whereasthe AHP andthe ANP give only rank orders of the alternatives. The most importantconsiderations in choosing between these methods are time to project

completion and the detail of information

sought. Key words: breast cancer;Markov process; analytic hierarchyprocess; analytic network process.

4. A REGIONAL COOPERATION TO SUPPORT FINANCIAL CRISIS MANAGEMENTAND PREVENTION: AN APPLICATION OF A MODEL WITH UNCERTAINTY ANDFEEDBACK INFLUENCES (Iwan J. Azis, )

Managing financial sector under a liberalized system is always

difficult; it faces a risk of financial crisis. Financial managers in mostemerging markets, be it in the corporate, banking or public sector,have experienced such a challenge, and those in East Asia have learnedthe hard lesson during the 199798 financial crisis. Although effortshave been made to restructure the domestic financial sector byimposing a better risk analysis, in a world of free capital flows there isno guarantee that the system can be totally impervious to a crisis. Thisimplies that financial managers will continue to face a major


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challenge in terms of how to manage and prevent a financialcatastrophe. They have given a particular attention to a possiblecooperation with one another. In the case of East Asia, this will leadto the formation of a Regional Financial Arrangement (RFA). This studyanalyzes this process by focusing on the search for a particular form of

RFA that would enable financial managers to better deal with thechallenge of a crisis and prevent it whenever possible. Given the factthat the issue and the process of forming a regionalcooperation/arrangement involves not only economic considerationsbut also political factors and other intangibles, a specific model knownas the Analytic Network Process (ANP) is employed. It is revealed thatfinancial managers and policy makers alike should not only considerthe benefits and costs of each alternative form of RFA, but also thepossible risks and opportunities that may arise. The extent to whichfinancial managers will be able to cope with the challenge of afinancial crisis depends on all these factors.

Keywords: Regional financial arrangement, Uncertainty, Managingcrisis, Network, Feedback, Ratio scale, Analytic hierarchyprocess

5. MENCARI SOLUSI RENDAHNYA PEMBIAYAAN BAGI HASIL DI PERBANKANSYARIAH INDONESIA (Ascarya, Diana Yumanita, 2005)

A b s t r a c tThe lack of the profit and loss sharing (PLS) financing or the domination of

the Non-PLS financing, especially murabahah, is a global phenomenon inIslamic banks everywhere. This paper analyses the problem in Indonesiausing Analytic Network Process (ANP) methodology, preceeded with a focusgroup discussion (FGD) and an indepth interview with scholars andpractitioners of Islamic banking to fully understand the problem and todevelop an appropriate ANP network. The cause of this problem can begrouped into four aspects, namely 1) internal of the Islamic bank; 2)customer; 3) regulation; and 4) government and other institutions. Thisresearch finds that the cause of the lack of PLS financing of Islamic banks inIndonesia can be summed up into two main causes from internal andregulation aspects, namely the lack of understanding and quality of human

resource (Islamic bankers) and the lack of supportive regulations. Thesuggested solution is to increase the understanding and the quality ofhuman resource by setting the minimum budget for training and education,implementing the insentive or subsidy system, setting the minimumstandard for managers of Islamic banks through periodical fit and propertest, conducting training for short term needs, and encouraging theestablishment of Islamic economic and banking education institutions forlong term needs. Other suggested solution is to give support through


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potential highway alignments. Engineering practitioners may adopt theweighted criteria for alignment selection or apply the ANP method toprioritize their own set of selection criteria.

ECONOMY

1. An Analytic Network Process model for financial-crisis forecasting (MichaelP. Niemira, 2004)

We discuss and develop an imbalance-crisis turning point model to forecastthe likelihood of a financial crisis based on an Analytic Network Process

framework. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a general theory ofrelative measurement used to derive composite-priority-ratio scales fromindividual-ratio scales that represent relative influence of factors thatinteract with respect to control criteria. Through its supermatrix, which iscomposed of matrices of column priorities, the ANP framework captures theoutcome of dependence and feedback within and between clusters ofexplanatory factors. We argue that our framework is more flexible and ismore comprehensive than traditional methods and previous models. Weillustrate how the ANP model would be implemented for forecasting theprobability of crises.

2. ANALYSIS OF NETWORK ECONOMY BY ANP/DNP (Petr Fiala, 2005)Keywords: network economy, positive feedback, complementarity, AnalyticNetwork Process, Dynamic Network Process

Summary:The network economy is a term for todays global relationship amongeconomic subjects characterized by massive connectivity. The central actof the new era is to connect everything to everything in deep web networksat many levels of mutually interdependent relations, where resources and

activities are shared, markets are enlarged and costs and risk are reduced.Network systems contain both positive and negative feedbacks. A variety offeedback processes create complex system behavior. For the whole networkseems to be very appropriate Analytic Network Process (ANP) approach.The ANP method makes possible to deal systematically with all kinds ofdependence and feedback in the system. Dynamic models try to reflectchanges in real or simulated time and take into account that the networkmodel components are constantly evolving. Dynamic models use concepts of


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state variables, flows, and feedback processes. Dynamic Network process(DNP) as an extension of ANP can deal with time dependent priorities innetwork economy.

2. Comparison of the analytic network process and the graph model forconflict resolution ( Xin Su, Ye Chen, Keith W. Hipel and D. Marc Kilgour,.)

AbstractA comparison of two decision analysis tools for the analysis of strategicconflicts, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the graph model forconflict resolution, is carried out by applying them to the China-US TVdumping conflict. Firstly, the graph model is introduced along with practicalprocedures for modeling and analyzing conflicts using the decision supportsoftware, GMCR II. Next, ANP is explained, emphasizing structural featuresand procedures for synthesizing priorities. Then a framework for employing

ANP to analyze strategic conflicts is designed and used to compare ANP tothe graph model. The case study of the China-US TV dumping conflictprovides a basis for the graph model and ANP to be compared; differentfeatures of the approaches are highlighted. The study shows that because ofdifferent theoretical backgrounds, ANP and the graph model for conflictanalysis both provide useful information which can be combined to furnish abetter understanding of a strategic conflict.

Keywords Strategic conflict - graph model for conflict resolution - AnalyticNetwork Process - decision support system - China-US TV dumping conflict

BISNIS

1. DYNAMIC ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS: IMPROVING DECISION SUPPORT FORINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (Tom Feglar, Jason K.Levy, 2003)

Keywords:AHP, ANP, Dynamic ANP, BUSINESS Rules Motivation Model, ArchitectureFramework, ICT Innovation

Summary:Information and Communication Technology (ICT) becomes very importantdriven force that could have significant impact to the enterprise. It cannotbe ignored thanks to competition. Massive ICT innovation could be too riskythanks unpredictable and complex impact. We focus our attention to theclassification of various ICT based innovations that will allow usdevelopment of AHP/ANP/DNP class of models suitable for ICT driven


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innovation management. AHP/ANP/DNP methods are very powerful. At thesame time it is difficult especially in complex problems design ofappropriate hierarchical structure (AHP), the control structure (ANP) anddecision horizon (DNP). Application of these methods to the ICT drivendecisions could be significantly simplified if we integrate decision models

to the enterprise architecture framework. In our paper we describe a set ofclassification criteria (derived from enterprise architecture perspective)and apply them to the classification of various papers dealing with ICTbased innovation.

2. An Application of the Analytic Network Process to the Advertising MediaBudget Allocation Decision (Keith Coulter and Joseph Sarkis, 2006)

This study developed and tested a comprehensive model for mediaselection and budget allocation using the analytic network process (ANP;Saaty, 1996). ANP can be used to solve complex decision-making problems

by integrating different measures (both qualitative/intangible andquantitative/tangible) into a single overall score for ranking decisionalternatives. The resultant model may be used by expert or novice mediaplanners with equal effectiveness. This study demonstrated how this modelmay be used to allocate media dollars for 2 industries: airlines andfinancial services.

3. Product planning in quality function deployment using a combined analyticnetwork process and goal programming approach (E. Ertugrul Karsak, SevinSozer, S. Emre Alptekin , 2005)

ABSTRACT

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a customer-oriented design tool withcross-functional team members reaching a consensus in developing a new orimproved product to increase customer satisfaction. QFD starts with thehouse of quality (HOQ), which is a planning matrix translating the customerneeds into measurable product technical requirements (PTRs). A robustevaluation method should consider the interrelationships among customerneeds and PTRs while determining the importance levels of PTRs in theHOQ. This paper employs the analytic network process (ANP) to fulfill thisrequirement. Furthermore, the proposed analytic procedure should take

into account the multi-objective nature of the problem, and thus,incorporate other goals such as cost, extendibility and manufacturability ofPTRs. This paper presents a zero-one goal programming methodology thatincludes importance levels of PTRs derived using the ANP, cost budget,extendibility level and manufacturability level goals to determine the PTRsto be considered in designing the product. A numerical example ispresented to illustrate the application of the decision approach.


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4. The analytic network process (ANP) approach to location selection: ashopping mall illustration (Eddie W.L. Cheng dan Heng Li, Ling Yu, 2005)

Abstract:

This paper presents the employment of the analytic network process (ANP)to select the best site for a shopping mall. ANP is an innovative and robustmulticriteria decision-making (MCDM) method because it can produce acomprehensive analytic framework for solving societal, governmental, andcorporate decision problems. Yet, there is a lack of published papers in theconstruction field demonstrating the method with illustrative examples. Inthe current paper, it is suggested that ANP is appropriate for shopping malllocation selection. An example is therefore demonstrated. In order toexplicate the difference between ANP and analytic hierarchy process (AHP),the findings obtained from the two methods are compared. Results of thecomparison indicate that ANP is a powerful tool to solve the decision

problem if interdependent relationships have substantial impacts in thedecision model.

Keywords: AHP, ANP, Construction, Location, MCDM, Shopping mall

5. EnvironalPlanning: Analytic Network Process Model for EnvironmentallyConscious Construction Planning (Zhen Chen, Heng Li, and Conrad T. C.Wong, 2005)

Abstract

Although the construction pollution index has been put forward and provedto be an efficient approach to reducing or mitigating pollution level duringthe construction planning stage, the problem of how to select the bestconstruction plan based on distinguishing the degree of its potential adverseenvironmental impacts is still a research task. This paper first reviewsenvironmental issues and their characteristics in construction, which arecritical factors in evaluating potential adverse impacts of a constructionplan. These environmental characteristics are then used to structure twodecision models for environmental-conscious construction planning by usingan analytic network process (ANP), including a complicated model and asimplified model. The two ANP models are combined and called the

EnvironalPlanning system, which is applied to evaluate potential adverseenvironmental impacts of alternative construction plans.

6. Selection of logistics service provider: An analytic network process (ANP)approach (Sanjay Jharkharia and Ravi Shankar, 2005).

AbstractThis article presents a comprehensive methodology for the selection of a


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logistic service provider. The proposed methodology consists of two parts:(i) preliminary screening of the available providers, and (ii) analyticnetwork process (ANP)-based final selection. The criteria, which arerelevant in the selection of a provider, have been identified and used toconstruct an ANP model. Thereafter, the application of ANP for the final

selection of a provider has been demonstrated through an illustrativeexample. The results of this example indicate that compatibility betweenthe user and the provider companies is the most important determinant,which influences the final selection process. This approach also enables thedecision-makers to better understand the complex relationships of therelevant attributes in the decision-making, which may subsequently improvethe reliability of the decision.

Keywords: Logistics outsourcing; Third-party logistics provider; Analyticnetwork process.

7. Using analytic network process and goal programming for interdependentinformation system project selection (by Jin Woo Lee, Soung Hie Kim, 2000)Abstract

Information system(IS) project selection problems are multi-criteriadecision-marking(MCDM) problem. Existing methods for IS project selectiondoes not reflect interdependencies among criteria and candidate projects.Considering these interdependencies among criteria provides valuable costsavings and greater benefits to organizations. When we evaluate projectproblems, we need to collect a group opinion because to know the

interdependence relationship among criteria and criteria in consideredproject problems is very important. In order to collect group opinion forinterdependent project problem, we use expert interview. In this paper,we suggest an improved IS project selection methodology which reflectinterdependencies among evaluation criteria and candidate projects usinganalytic network process(ANP) within a zero-one goal programming (ZOGP)model.

8. Fuzzy analytic network process and its application to the development ofdecision support systems (L. Mikhailov; 2003)

Summary:

In this paper we propose a fuzzy extension of the analytic network process(ANP) that uses uncertain human preferences as input information in thedecision-making process. Instead of the classical Eigenvector prioritizationmethod, employed in the prioritization stage of the ANP, a new fuzzypreference programming method, which obtains crisp priorities from


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inconsistent interval and fuzzy judgments is applied. The resulting fuzzyANP enhances the potential of the ANP for dealing with imprecise anduncertain human comparison judgments. It allows for multiplerepresentations of uncertain human preferences, as crisp, interval, andfuzzy judgments and can find a solution from incomplete sets of pairwise

comparisons. An important feature of the proposed method is that itmeasures the inconsistency of the uncertain human preferences by anappropriate consistency index. A prototype decision support systemrealizing the proposed method is developed, and its performance isillustrated by examples.

9. An analytic network process-based approach to concept evaluation in a newproduct development environment (Z. Aya; R. G. zdemr, 2007)

Abstract

Selecting the best product concept is one of the most critical tasks in a new

product development (NPD) environment. Making decisions at this stagebecomes very difficult due to imprecise and uncertain productrequirements. So, the evaluation process of determining the most satisfyingconceptual design has been a very vital issue for companies to survive infast-growing markets for a long time. Therefore, most companies have usedvarious methods to successfully carry out this difficult and time-consumingprocess. Of these methods, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has beenwidely used in multiple-criteria decision-making problems (i.e. conceptselection, equipment evaluation). In this study, however, we use an analyticnetwork process (ANP), a more general form of AHP, due to the fact thatAHP cannot accommodate the variety of interactions, dependencies and

feedback between higher and lower level elements. Briefly, in this paper,an ANP-based approach is presented to evaluate a set of conceptual designalternatives in order to reach to the best concept satisfying the needs andexpectations of both customers and company. In addition, a numericalexample is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.Keywords: New product development; Concept selection; Multiple-criteriadecision-making; Analytic network process.

10.Designing a fourth-party e-commerce logistics centre: a Benefit, cost andrisk analysis using AHP and ANP models (Yer V. Hui, Lawrence C. Leung,Gang Fu and Waiman Cheung, )

Abstract:The global trend of e-commerce and use of information technology istransforming the business structure of many industries and the air cargoindustry is no exception. The requirement for information integration isunprecedented in the air cargo industry. The Hong Kong Government (viaAirport Authority) has initiated efforts to establish a high-tech logisticscentre, which could allow the leasing of both information infrastructure and


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physical facilities without requirement of ownership. Like any publicinfrastructure project, a vast amount of investment is required and there isa vast amount of risk involved as well. The success of such a centre dependson the commitment of three parties: the Hong Kong Government, theinvestors, and the users. While each party plays an important role towards

the centres success, their interests might differ and in some cases beconflicting. In this paper, we evaluate the benefits, costs, and risks of sucha logistic centre using a series of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) andanalytic network process (ANP) models. It is shown that the proposedmodels can be used to examine the sharing of benefits, costs and risks suchthat a design agreeable to all parties can be determined.Keywords: Fourth-party logistics centre; e-commerce; infrastructureproject; benefit-cost-risk analysis; AHP; ANP

11.Levels of Meaning and Levels of Analysis: Exploring Micro-Macro, Local-global Interface Problems with the International Futures Simulation (IFs),using Hawaii as an Exemplar ( Richard W. Chadwick, )

Abstract

A few years ago, Barry Hughes and I embarked on a project to understandwhat was needed for his global model, the International Futures simulation(IFs), to be more useful for exploring local development issues from a policyplanning perspective. The central methodological question was how torelate global change to local decision-making concerns and decision-making.

After setting IFs development in the context of globalization and futuresstudies, results to date are presented for an IFs application to Hawaii as aexemplar for futures research with global models. This essay aims first toclear away some intellectual underbrush, then focus on only two or three ofthe hundreds of trends IFs generates for Hawaii and the rest of the world, inparticular demographic projections to 2025 and some economic data. I thenexamine those trends for a few of their possible public policy implications,and lightly touch on the analytic network process (ANP) decision analysissoftware used to organize information for policy making purposes.

12.Supporting the Module Sequencing Decision in the ERP ImplementationProcess (Petri Hallikainen, Harri Kimpimki and Hannu Kivijrvi, )

AbstractAn important part of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systemimplementation process is the decision, which modules are implementedand in which order. We posit that the decision of the module sequencinginvolves a myriad of issues, such as, investment costs and risks, keybusiness requirements and solution constraints. We develop and test an


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ANP (Analytic Network Process) model to support the sequencing decision.Through the ANP analysis a preferred module implementation sequence isachieved in the case company. Moreover, the practical applicability of themethod is discussed in the paper.

13.Use of Analytic Network Process for Supply Chain Management (TomokatsuNakagawa* and Kazuyuki Sekitani, .)

Abstract

Strategic decision analysis on Supply Chain Management (SCM) involvestangible and intangible factors and it needs to be evaluated byinterdependent multiple criteria. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is apractical and popular decision-making tool for SCM. Interdependency amongcriteria becomes a source of difficulty in directly applying AHP to variousSCM decision problems. Hence, the managerial issue is examined by Analytic

Network Process (ANP), the general form of AHP. This study addresses anew use of ANP on SCM strategic decision analysis such as a supplierselection and improvement of supply chain performance.Keywords: E-business, Analytic network process, Supply chain management

14.APLIKASI ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (ANP) PADA PERANCANGAN SISTEMPENGUKURAN KINERJA (Studi Kasus pada PT. X) (Iwan Vanany, )

ABSTRAKMakalah ini membahas aplikasi Analytic Network Process (ANP) untukmendukung pembobotan pada perancangan sistem pengukuran kinerja

dengan metode Balanced Scorecard. Selama ini, pembobotan yang adamenggunakan metode yang mengabaikan saling keterkaitan antar strategiobjektif dengan Key Performance Indicator (KPI-KPI) -nya. Metode yangsering digunakan didalam pembobotan ini adalah Analytical HierarchyProcess (AHP). Kondisi ini sebenarnya tidak mencerminkan konsep StrategyMap dari Balanced Scorecard oleh karena itu perlu diaplikasikan metodepembobotan lain yang memperhatikan saling ketergantungan antara ukurankinerja yang satu dengan yang lain. Aplikasi pembobotan dengan metodeANP dilakukan pada PT. X salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak didalampenyediaan listrik. Dari hasil perancangan sistem pengukuran kinerja PT. Xberupa strategi objektif, Key Performance Indicator (KPI) dan Strategy Map-

nya, akan dilakukan pembobotan dengan metode ANP. Pemodelan padakonteks ANP didasarkan atas Strategy Mapnya. Hasil aplikasi menunjukkanbahwa jenis keterkaitan model Strategy Map pada Balanced Scorecard diPT. X adalah Feedback Network (hiernet) dengan fenomena innerdependence dan outer dependence. Perspektif pada Balanced Scorecardidentik dengan cluster pada ANP, sedangkan strategi objektif dan KPIidentik dengan elemen dan sub elemen. Hasil pembobotan dengan metode


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ANP menunjukkan adanya kulminasi nilai bobot pada perspektif finansialdari Strategy Map di PT. X.

Kata kunci: Sistem Pengukuran Kinerja, Balanced Scorecard, AnalyticNetwork Process.

15.Contractor selection using the analytic network process (EDDIE W. L. CHENGand HENG LI, 2003)

Contractor selection is one of the main activities of clients. Without aproper and accurate method for selecting the most appropriate contractor,the performance of the project will be affected. The multi-criteriadecisionmaking (MCDM) is suggested to be a viable method for contractorselection. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used as a tool forMCDM. However, AHP can only be employed in hierarchical decision models.For complicated decision problems, the analytic network process (ANP) is

highly recommended since ANP allows interdependent influences specifiedin the model. An example is demonstrated to illustrate how this method isconducted, including the formation of supermatrix and the limit matrix.

Keywords: Analytic network process, analytic hierarchy process, multi-criteria decision making, contractor

16.FARMLAND APPRAISAL: AN ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (ANP) APPROACH(Mnica Garca-Meln, Javier Ferrs-Oate, Jernimo Aznar-Bellver, RocoPoveda-Bautista, )

Keywords: farmland appraisal, ANP

Summary:This paper presents an application of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) tofarmland appraisal with the purpose of solving some of the drawbacksfound in classical appraisal methods. The ANP provides a more accurateapproach for modelling complex environment and it is especially usefulwhen data are only partially available, qualitative variables are used andinfluences among the explanatory variables are present, which are verycommon situations in the appraisal context. As an illustration, the newmethodology has been applied to a case study of a farm located in Valencia(Spain) using three different models. The results obtained show that the

more information is incorporated into the model, the higher accuracy ofthe solution, so the presented ANP methodology stands out as a goodalternative to current farmland appraisal approaches.

17.A BALANCED ANALYTIC APPROACH TO STRATEGIC ELECTRONIC COMMERCEDECISIONS: A FRAMEWORK OF THE EVALUATION METHODChoice, not chance, determines human destiny (Gods Lil Instruction BookII)


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Abstract

This chapter presents a comprehensive model for optimal electroniccommerce strategy and extends the relatively novel Analytic Network

Process (ANP) approach to solving quantitative and qualitative complexdecisions in electronic commerce strategy. A systematic framework for theidentification, classification and evaluation of electronic commerce (e-commerce) strategy using the Internet as an information, communication,distribution, or transaction channel that is interdependent with genericbusiness strategies is proposed. The proposed methodology could helpresearchers and practitioners understand the relation between the benefitsorganizations seek from an information technology and the strategies theyattempt to accomplish with the technology. As companies all over the worldcome out of restructuring, downsizing and business process re-engineering,many are realizing that in order to achieve a competitive edge they must

formulate and implement strategies based on innovation and developmentof e-commerce. This chapter identifies and analyzes the methodology forsynergistic integration of business and Internet domain strategies.

18.University-Industry Alliance Partner Selection Method Based on ISM and ANP(MA Ning, LI Xue-wei, )

Abstract:From the point of view of transaction cost theory, resource-based theoryand value chain theory, it is reasonable and feasible to set up University-Industry alliance (UI alliance). Combining the character of UI alliance with

the experience of specialist, the UI alliance partner selection method basedon ISM and ANP is put forward. In the UI alliance partner selectionevaluation system, ANP method is applied to analyze the interrelationshipsbetween one criteria and another. Through ISM method, the complexrelationships in UI alliance partner selection evaluation system can betransformed into matrix model, and the final interrelationships ofevaluation system will be acquired by a series of matrix operations.Compared with the traditional alliance partner selection method based onAHP, the method based on ISM and ANP has broader practical significance.

Keywords: Analytic network process (ANP), Interpretive structural modeling

(ISM), Partner selection, University-industry alliance

19.A Semi-Structured Process for ERP Systems Evaluation: Applying AnalyticNetwork Process (Huan-Jyh Shyur, 2003)

AbstractThis paper illustrates a four-step semi-structured process for ERP systemevaluation. We suggest using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) for


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qualitative reviews of ERP, reviews involving multiple criteria andinterdependency of properties. The ANP method is based on the feedbacksystem framework of the well-known Analytic Hierarchy Process. A casestudy indicates that the evaluated aspects of the method are feasible andthe method improves the quality of ERP system selection compared with

traditional approaches.Keywords: Enterprise Resource Planning, Analytic Hierarchy Process,Analytic Network Process, Weighted Score Method.

20.An Analytical Network Process Evaluation of Strategic Flexibility (CarolynLousteau and Joseph Sarkis, 1995)

Numerous definitions and difficulty in quantifying and analyzing flexibilityhave made choosing a flexibility objective difficult for firms, as evidencedin the extant literature. To help management integrate the appropriate

flexibility into their strategy formulation an analytic approach may behelpful. We will address the issue of analytically defining strategicflexibility within this paper. A brief background discussion on the need andtypes of organizational flexibility will set the foundation for the analyticalmodel. The model will utilize Saaty's [1988] system with feedback approachto address the issue of integrating flexibility into organizational strategicdirection.

21.A STRATEGIC EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR ELECTRONIC PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT PRACTICES (Glin Bykzkan, Trkay Dereli,, AdilBaykasoglu, )

Abstract:The objective of this paper is to help define and introduce the successfactors of electronic product development (e-PD). Firstly, the paperexplores the main and sub components of e-PD. These components are thenintegrated into a strategic assessment and evaluation tool using analyticalnetwork process.Keywords: Electronic product development; Analytic network process;Multi-criteria decision making

22.ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS AND GOAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH FORMULTI-PERIOD LOT-SIZING WITH SUPPLIER SELECTION (Ezgi Aktar Demirtas,zden stn, )

Abstract:This paper presents a multi-period inventory lot sizing scenario, wherethere is single product and multiple suppliers. Products can be sourcedfrom a set of approved suppliers and a supplier-dependent transactioncosts occur for each period in which an order is placed on supplier.


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Suppliers have single-level constrained resources. Levels here refer to thedifferent levels in a bill of material structure where dependency ofrequirements exists, and constrained resources refer to production capacitylimitations. A product-dependent holding cost per period applies forproduct in the inventory that is carried across a period in planning horizon

but no backlogging is allowed. By considering this dynamic structure, anintegrated approach of Goal Programming (GP) and Analytic NetworkProcess (ANP) is suggested. This integrated approach proposes a two-stagemathematical model to evaluate the suppliers and to determine theirshipment allocations given a number of tangible and intangible criteria.Keywords: Supplier selection, Analytic Network Process, Goal Programming,Multi-criteria decision making, Multi-period lot- sizing

23.An Application of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) for UniversitySelection Decisions (Kochoke Poonikom, Christopher OBrien and ChuvejChansa-ngavej )

ABSTRACT:Choosing to attend the right university for first degree study is one of themost complex real-life problems for some prospective students and theirguardians. In addition, the outcome of the decision will affect not only thedecision-makers but also their family, society and ultimately all sectors ofthe country. As such, selecting the universities is a critical decision that isjust as important as making business decisions. From statistical data, thedropout rate after first year of university and a rate of lateral transfer fromone faculty to another in public university are high. Therefore, studentsneed to have a framework to assist them in achieving their lifetime goals.

The research methodology begins with investigating and determining theKey Performance Indicators (KPI) influencing university selection decisionsfrom relevant sources. Then, the process of synthesis using Nominal GroupTechnique (NGT) is implemented with small expert group and groupingthem to each main factor/cluster with Affinity Diagram Technique (ADT).The university ranking with a systematic framework, called AnalyticalNetwork Process (ANP), is constructed. The Delphi method and focus groupare applied to elicit experts opinion for identifying membership andrelationship of the clusters/elements. Our objective is to test the ANPapplicability with the process of selecting a university program. The paperproposes a framework to select universities for prospective students in

order to achieve their different objectives and purposes. The frameworkconsists of a series of steps that begin with the identification of the overallgoal to achieve the desired result. Sensitivity analysis is also performed onmultiple control criteria and sub-criteria. ANP is used to resolve thisdecision, rather than just the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), whichcannot accommodate the variety of interactions, dependencies andfeedback between higher and lower level elements. According to prioritiesgrouped under benefits, costs and risks within the control criteria, the


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results are based upon the relationships between clusters. Several scenariosare analyzed by varying different weights and ratings in the model todetermine their effect on the results. Consequently, one can identify themost satisfactory university program on the basis of a number of bothobjective and subjective attributes and the proposed model is applied to

the engineering discipline in Thailand.KEYWORDS: multiple-criteria decision making, Analytic Network Process(ANP), university selection.

24.Development strategies for competency models (Yu-Ting Lee,Wei-WenWu,)

Abstract.Evaluating strategies for developing competency models is a kind ofmu1tiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem required to consider a

large number of complex factors as multiple-criteria. Many traditionalMCDM methods are based on the independence assumption, whereas theAnalytic Network Process (ANP) is a MCDM method which can deal with allkinds of dependences systematically. Since the ANP has these advantages,in this paper, we develop an effective method based on the ANP to evaluateand select strategies for developing competency models, and in order toshow the proposed model we present an empirical study of the Taiwan high-technology industry as a demonstration. The results show that the classicmethod with external experts is the preferred development strategy.Keywords: Competency models; Mu1tiple criteria decision-making (MCDM);Analytic network process (ANP)

25.Modeling the metrics of lean, agile and leagile supply chain: An ANP-basedapproach (Ashish Agarwal, Ravi Shankar, M.K. Tiwari, 2004)

AbstractWith the emergence of a business era that embraces _change_ as one of itsmajor characteristics, manufacturing success and survival are becomingmore and more difficult to ensure. The emphasis is on adaptability tochanges in the business environment and on addressing market andcustomer needs proactively. Changes in the business environment due tovarying needs of the customers lead to uncertainty in the decision

parameters. Flexibility is needed in the supply chain to counter theuncertainty in the decision parameters. A supply chain adapts the changes ifit is flexible and agile in nature. A framework is presented in this paper,which encapsulates the market sensitiveness, process integration,information driver and flexibility measures of supply chain performance.The paper explores the relationship among lead-time, cost, quality, andservice level and the leanness and agility of a case supply chain in fastmoving consumer goods business. The paper concludes with the justification


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of the framework, which analyses the effect of market winning criteria andmarket qualifying criteria on the three types of supply chains: lean, agileand leagile.

Keywords: Agility; Flexibility; Supply chain; Analytic network process

26.Multiple Objectives and Multiple Actors Load/Resource Dispatching orPriority Setting: Satisficing Game Approach (A. Ph. Tchangani, 2006)

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the problem of dispatching a production load of acertain good or a resource (money, energy, water, ...) among a group ofproduction units or alternatives; or simply establishing priority for thatgroup of alternatives when optimizing a number of (possible) antagonistobjectives (cost, benefit, environnmental impact, reliability, safety, ...) inpressence of different actors or stakeholders that do not have the same

opinion regarding the importance of each objective. The first part of thisproblem (single stakeholder or a group of stakeholders acting as one person)is a part of more general problems known in the literature as multipleobjetives/criteria optimization/decision aid problems that are widelyrecognized as a framework for realistic and practical decision making byindividuals or corporates. There are few works in the literature thatcombine multiple objectives and multiple stakeholders for modelingdecision making problems whereas such problems are common in practice.In this paper we will adopt a hierarchical analysis approach that will gofrom general purpose objectives to more precise objectives about whichstakeholders are able to do one-on-one comparisons in the framework of

analytic hierarchy process (AHP) or its network extension (ANP) todetermine some relative weights for objectives. These weights are thenused in the process of computing the satisfiability (selectability andrejectability) functions using satisficing game theory and finally a set ofsatisficing or good enough allocations, assignments, dispatchings orsettings is defined to be those for which the selectability exceeds therejectability with regard to a boldeness index. The boldeness index is aparameter that permits decision maker(s) to adjust the size of satisficingset leading to some flexibility. Two real world problems (porfoliomanagement and thermal power dispatch) are solved by this approach toshow its applicability.

Keywords: Multiple Objectives Decision Making, AHP, Satisficing GameTheory, Multiple Actors.

27.Evaluation of connection types in design for disassembly (DFD) usinganalytic network process (Askiner Gngr, 2006)

ABSTRACT


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Design for disassembly (DFD) is an important design concept to makeproducts more friendly for maintenance and remanufacturing practices. Oneof the important issues in DFD guidelines is related with the selection of theconnectors used in the product. This paper evaluates the alternativeconnection types using the powerful analytic network process (ANP). The

paper generates a complete ANP model, which includes all importantaspects of connector selection. The model presented evaluates alternativeconnectors by including the three main concerns: (1) making productdisassembly friendly; (2) making product assembly efficient; and (3)increasing the product performance when it is in-use. The results obtainedfrom the model can benefit designers in making better decisions onselecting connectors to be used in the product. Benefits of the approach isdetailed through illustrative example.

28.The Applications of Analytic Network Process and Goal ProgrammingApproach for Interdependent Architectural Project Selection (Wann-Ming

Wey , )

Abstract

Architectural project selection means identifying some alternative projectsin order to maximize the net benefit to the organization and allocatingresources only among those alternatives, within the given constraints onresources. To select the best set of proposed architectural projects in anorganization is difficult because there are lots of multiple factors such asproject risk, corporate goals, limited availability of firm fs architecturalresources, etc., in the candidate architectural projects. The architectural

project selection problems are Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)problems. Prior project selection techniques are useful, however, they haverestricted application because they generally depend on the assumption ofindependence among the candidate projects and criteria. In this paper, wesuggest an improved architectural project selection methodology whichreflects interdependencies among evaluation criteria and candidateprojects using analytic network process (ANP) within a zero-one goalprogramming (ZOGP) model. In order to provide a systematic approach toset priorities among multicriteria and trade-off among objectives, ANP issuggested to be applied prior to GP formulation. Although goal programmingincorporates multiple objectives and arrives at an optimal solution, its

major drawback is that the decision maker(s) must specify goals andpriorities a priori. In order to overcome this problem, group discussion isneeded. In this research, we suggested an integrated approach forinterdependent architectural project selection problems using Fuzzy Delphi,Analytic Network Process concept and Zero-One Goal Programming. Finally,we introduce a method of solution through a housing project case exampleusing ANP. Using this method we solve problems having multiple criteria,interdependence and resource feasibility.


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Keywords :Architectural project; Multi-Criteria; Interdependence; FuzzyDelphi; Analytic Network Process (ANP); Zero-One Goal Programming (ZOGP

29.Analyzing alternatives in reverse logistics for end-of-life computers: ANPand balanced scorecard approach (V. Ravi, Ravi Shankar, M. K. Tiwari, 2005)

ABSTRACTActivities in reverse logistics activities are extensively practiced bycomputer hardware industries. One of the important problems faced by thetop management in the computer hardware industries is the evaluation ofvarious alternatives for end-of-life (EOL) computers. Analytic networkprocess (ANP) based decision model presented in this paper structures theproblem related to options in reverse logistics for EOL computers in ahierarchical form and links the determinants, dimensions, and enablers ofthe reverse logistics with alternatives available to the decision maker. Inthe proposed model, the dimensions of reverse logistics for the EOL

computers have been taken from four perspectives derived from balancedscorecard approach, viz. customer, internal business, innovation andlearning, and finance. The proposed approach, therefore, links the financialand non-financial, tangible and intangible, internal and external factors,thus providing a holistic framework for the selection of an alternative forthe reverse logistics operations for EOL computers. Many criteria, sub-criteria, determinants, etc. for the selection of reverse logistics options areinterrelated. The ability of ANP to consider interdependencies among andbetween levels of decision attributes makes it an attractive multi-criteriadecision-making tool. Thus, a combination of balanced scorecard and ANP-based approach proposed in this paper provides a more realistic and

accurate representation of the problem for conducting reverse logisticsoperations for EOL computers.

30.Product Mix Optimization for Semiconductor Manufacturing Based on AHPand ANP Analysis (Shu-Hsing Chung, Amy H.I. Lee, and W.L. Pearn, 2003)

AbstractIn a competitive market, a company needs to utilize its available capacityefficiently in order to acquire high profit. The purpose of this paper is topresent effective approaches to find a set of product mix optimal for the

company to achieve the optimal manufacturing. Analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and analytic network process (ANP) approaches are taken to analysemultiple process inputs and outputs, incorporating experts opinion on theirpriority of importance, to obtain optimal product mixes for semiconductorproduction. The results provide guidance to the fabricator regardingstrategies for accepting orders to maximize the manufacturing efficiencyand the profit, while simultaneously considering other important input andoutput factors for maintaining manufacturing smoothness.


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Keywords Analytic hierarchy process - Analytic network process - Efficiency- Product mix - Semiconductor fabricator

31.R&D project selection using ANP...the analytic network process (Meade, L.A.; Presley, 2002)

Summary:This article discusses using the analytic network process (ANP) for decision-making. ANP allows qualitative values to be transformed into quantitativevalues for comparative analysis. The ANP is a relatively simple, intuitiveapproach that managers and other decision-makers can accept.

32.Development of a balanced scorecard: An integrated approach ofInterpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Analytic Network Process (ANP)(Jitesh Thakkar, S.G. Deshmukh, A.D. Gupta, Ravi Shankar, 2007)

Abstract:Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an integrated qualitativeand quantitative approach to the development of a balanced scorecard(BSC) for a real life case company KVIC (Khadi and Village IndustriesCommission, organic food sector, India).Design/methodology/approach In this paper the semi-structuredinterviews with director, managers, professional consultant, review ofpublished reports and observations made during research work areconsidered as basis.

Findings This paper illustrates how the use of a mix approach of cause and

effect diagram, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Analytic NetworkProcess (ANP) can address some of the shortcomings related to thedevelopment of BSC in the light of a real life case company KVIC (KhadiVillage and Industry Commission, organic food sector India). The paperdelivers a complete framework of BSC for the case company.

Research limitations/implications The paper outlines the limitations ofproposed approach in regard to validity of present logical relationshipsamong various objectives of organization in the futuristic environment andindicates the need for a computer software system, which can improve theefficiency of proposed approach.

Practical implications In the paper a number of case studies report thefact that companies have attempted to derive measures from strategy,based on cause-and-effect reasoning, but the claimed link between strategyand measures appeared weak in analysis (Malmi, 2001). The paperestablishes the basis for integrating organization's strategic intent with theidentification of performance measures and at large development of BSC.


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Originality/value The paper shows that present work demonstrates the useof an innovative approach to the development of performance measurementsystem at one end while to deliver a workable framework of balancedscorecard for a real life case company is the objective of the other end. Thepresent work encapsulates the philosophy of strategy maps using a mix of

quantitative and qualitative approach for a real life case.33.A MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING APPROACH FOR THE EVALUATION

OF RETAIL LOCATION (Y. Ilker Topcu, Sebnem Burnaz , 2006)

Keywords: Retail Location, Multiple Criteria in Marketing, Analytic NetworkProcess

Summary:This study proposes an ANP based evaluation of retail locations. Authorsacted as decision analysts and interacted with professionals in Turkish

apparel retailing sector for acquiring their knowledge and expertise. As aresult evaluation criteria of the study were identified. These criteria areclustered into five groups: store, other retailers, shopping center/businessdistrict, accessibility, and environmental. The relations among criteriawere assessed and a network was formed. ANP approach was then utilizedin order to evaluate possible retail locations for apparel stores. Besidesglobal preferences of these alternatives, relative importance of thecriteria was also revealed.

34.Contractor selection using the analytic network process ( Eddie W. L.Cheng; Heng Li, 2004)

Abstract:

Contractor selection is one of the main activities of clients. Without aproper and accurate method for selecting the most appropriate contractor,the performance of the project will be affected. The multi-criteriadecision-making (MCDM) is suggested to be a viable method for contractorselection. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used as a tool forMCDM. However, AHP can only be employed in hierarchical decision models.For complicated decision problems, the analytic network process (ANP) ishighly recommended since ANP allows interdependent influences specified

in the model. An example is demonstrated to illustrate how this method isconducted, including the formation of supermatrix and the limit matrix.

Keywords: Analytic network process; analytic hierarchy process; multi-criteria decision making; contractor selection

35.A MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MODEL FOR TURKISH SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY(Sebnem Burnaz, Y. Ilker Topcu, 2003)


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Keywords: ANP, soft drink, market share, consumer preference

Summary:This research is based on quantifying consumer preference in soft drink

industry for a cola brand by using an integrated multi-criteria decision aidapproach. The analytic network process model is used to conduct acomprehensive evaluation of the problem on hand. In accordance with thesequence of decision making process, after structuring the problem andconstructing the decision model, a quantitative analysis is conducted inorder to assess the importance of the related factors and predict themarket shares of the key players in the industry. Predicted values arecompared with actual ones for validation of the whole process. Theassessed importance of the factors, in a valid model, would be a potentialcompetitive advantage for the key players in the industry.

36.The analytic network process (ANP) approach to location selection: ashopping mall illustration (Cheng, Eddie W.L.; Li, Heng; Yu, Ling, 2005)Abstract:

This paper presents the employment of the analytic network process (ANP)to select the best site for a shopping mall. ANP is an innovative and robustmulticriteria decision-making (MCDM) method because it can produce acomprehensive analytic framework for solving societal, governmental, andcorporate decision problems. Yet, there is a lack of published papers in theconstruction field demonstrating the method with illustrative examples. In

the current paper, it is suggested that ANP is appropriate for shopping malllocation selection. An example is therefore demonstrated. In order toexplicate the difference between ANP and analytic hierarchy process (AHP),the findings obtained from the two methods are compared. Results of thecomparison indicate that ANP is a powerful tool to solve the decisionproblem if interdependent relationships have substantial impacts in thedecision model.

Keywords: AHP; ANP; CONSTRUCTION; LOCATION; MCDM; SHOPPING MALL

37.Pemilihan Aircraft Engine Workshop dengan Metode Analytical HierarchyProses (AHP) (I Nyoman Sutapa, 2002)

aBSTRAK

Analytic Network Process (ANP) merupakan salah satu metode pengambilankeputusan terbaru yang mampu memperhitungkan hubungan secaradependensi dan feedback antar elemen pengambil keputusan. Keunggulan


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lain dari metode ini adalah kemampuannya untuk memodelkan situasipengambilan keputusan yang kompleks, dan terus berobah.

Penelitian ini diterapkan pada studi kasus PT. Merpati Nusantara Airlines(PT. MNA), untuk memutuskan altematif terbaik dalam melakukan test

bench fuel nozzle. Altematif yang didapatkan antara lain membangunsendiri sebuah alat test bench, membeli sebuah alat lest bench siap pakaidan melakukan subkontrak ke bengkel luar PT. MNA. Masing-masingaltematif tersebut mempunyai kekurangan dan kelebihan. Kasus ini jugadipengaruhi oleh cluster atau kumpulan faktor lain yang mempengaruhipengambilan keputusan, antara lain kondisi keuangan dan administrasi.

Hasil metode dengan ANP menyarankan agar PT.MNA melakukanpembangunan test bench, karena altematif tersebut merupakan altematifterbaik yang dapat dibenarkan sesuai dengan keuangan dan administrasiyang ada di PT. MNA.

Kata kunci: ANP, dependensi, test bench fuel nozzle, cluster.

38.PERANCANGAN MATRIKS POLA MUTASI JABATAN PADA LEVELPENANGGUNGJAWAB PELAKSANA DAN PENANGGUNGJAWAB URUSAN KANTORPUSAT PT (PERSERO) ANGKASA PURA II (Yudi Wahyu Gumilar, 1999)

Keywords: Human resources, Job ladder, Analytic hierarchy process

Abstract :

The primary goal of human resource management in any organization is touse human resource efficiently to reach the objectives. Making efficientuse of the employee means that they able and wish to work well. Thehuman being will work well if they were assigned in the place and taskaccording to interest and capability. So, we must assign the employee inthe job according that and also consider the need fulfillment.

One of the method that must be prepared in the human resourcemanagement is to design the job ladder. Job ladder can give employeeopportunity to improve his performance. The goal of job ladder design is to

mintain employee with his development according to talent and capabilityto work well and contribute to the organization.

PT (Persero) Angkasa Pura it have no job ladder system dearly at this time.Assigning employee to the job or determining reward was based on unclearcriteria. Organization restructuring, especially in the assigning, fill ing, andchanging the job often cause unsatisfy employee, as far as hamper theestablishment as a whole.


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The research was used the development of Job Evaluation Method with TheAnalytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to measure the scales of job factors andsubfactors. Benefit of the method is that to assign the scales, employee inlower level can contribute his opinion with filling paired comparison

questionnaire. `Expert Choice software package was applicated to easethe calculation of scales with AHP.

Job Transfer System Matrix was designed this report can use by themanagement to be reference in organization restructuring. The designmethod that was used the report can be desirable as a model to designother jobs.

39.PERANCANGAN MODEL PEMILIHAN SEKTOR INDUSTRI UNGGULAN DENGANMENGGUNAKAN ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (Eko Liquiddanu, 2003)

Keyword : pre-eminent industry, multi criteria, analytic network process,input output, analysis structure conduct performance.

Mengingat terbatasnya dana untuk penbangunan dan pengembangansektor industri, maka pemerintah tidak mungkin mengembangkanselmuh jenis sektor industri sekaligus dalam waktu yang bersamaan.Salah satu alternatif yang ditempuh adalah menetapkan sektor industritertentu yang mendapatkan prioritas pengembangan. Sektor ini dikenaldengan istilah sektor unggulan. Penentuan sektor unggulan didasarkanatas kriteria yang ditetapkan oleh berbagai pihak yang berkepentingan.

Dalam penentuan sektor industri unggulan, metode yang digunakan olehBapeda Jawa Barat adalah indeks komposit. Jika dibandingkan metodeindeks komposit, metode Analytic Network Process (ANP) memiliki beberapakeunggulan antara lain bobot setiap kriteria dimungkinkan berbeda,keputusan yang diambil didasarkan atas persepsi pengambil keputusan, dandapat dikembangkan menjadi model pengambilan keputusan secaraberkelompok. Penelitian ini mencoba merancang model pemilihan sektorindustri unggulan dan menentukan sektor industri yang paling layakdijadikan sektor unggulan dengan menggunakan metode ANP. Hasil yangdiperoleh dengan menggunakan metode ANP antara lain tingkat kepentingankriteria (bobot kriteria) dan urutan sektor industri unggulan. Untuk bobot

kriteria, hasil preferensi responden menunjukkan bobot kriteria penyerapantenaga kerja mendapatkan nilai yang tertinggi yaitu 13,25 point.Selanjutnya kriteria spesialis ekspor (11,75 point), kriteria keterkaitan kedepan (11, 63) dan kriteria penarik investasi (11, 18). Dari 29 sektor industripada tabel input output, dipilih 5 (lima) sektor yang potensial menjadisektor unggulan. Selanjutnya berdasarkan hasil kuesioner dari pararesponden, terpilih sektor industri tekstil dan pakaian jadi merupakan yang


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mendapat prioritas pengembangan, diikuti sektor industri kulit dan sepatu,dan sektor industri makanan dan minuman

40.Decision making for Raw material Procurement in Paper making factory(Majid Azizi, 2005)

Keywords: AHP, ANP, BOCR, Paper making

Summary: The aim of this article is to determine how to select rawmaterial supply options for papermaking factory. The decision-making isexamined within the framework of benefits, opportunities, costs,and risks(BOCR). A hierarchy is used to prioritize the BOCR themselves are rioritizedusing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) ratings approach. A controlhierarchy is then created and prioritized using the Analytic NetworkProcess (ANP) to evaluate the control criteria of the system. There are atotal of 19 control criteria in the system and each controls a decision

network evaluated using the ANP. The final synthesis of the system showsexternal procurement is the best choice.

ECOLOGY

1. A System Analysis Approach for Assessing Sustainable Forest Management atForest Management Unit Level (Bernhard Wolfslehner, Harald Vacik,Manfred J. Lexer, Andrea Wrz, Eduard Hochbichler, Raphael Klumpp andJosef Sprk,)

Abstract

Resolution L2 including the Pan-European Operational Level Guidelines(PEOLG) for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) was adopted at theThird Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe in1998. The PEOLG form a common framework of recommendations that canbe used on a voluntary basis and as a complement to national and/orregional instruments to further promote sustainable forest management atthe field level in forest areas in Europe. Based on these guidelines thisstudy aims to identify and clarify the implications of an implementation ofthe guidelines at forest management unit (FMU) level. The implications are

analysed with regard to varying economic targets, as well as to differentspatial, socio-economic and bioregional frames.

A system analysis approach is presented for the development of a criteriaand indicators (C&I) set from these guidelines and the theoreticalevaluation of SFM. Within a Delphi survey an expert panel consisting ofrepresentatives of science, administration, forest enterprises and non-governmental organizations evaluated the C&I set with regard to validity,


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practicality, relevance and importance of the indicators. Possible thresholdvalues for the quantitative indicators and the relative importance of theindicators had been derived from expert opinions. Multi-criteria analysis(MCA) was adopted to structure the assessment of SFM. The AnalyticNetwork Process (ANP) is proposed to evaluate the overall cumulative

importance of all indicators within the assessment model for SFM byintegrating linkages and feedbacks into the decision system.

The theoretical framework will be evaluated through its practical use inseveral case studies. Findings from these case studies will feed back intothe model development and improvement process. Forest managers mightuse the evaluation model as in integrated part of an ecosystem-management decision-support system to improve decision-making based ona better understanding of the effects of SFM techniques at strategic andtactical planning levels.

2. Potentials and limitations of multi-criteria analysis methods in assessingsustainable forest management (B. Wolfslehner , )European commitments towards sustainable forest management (SFM) arewell established at the political level. However, progress in implementingthe principles of SFM at the operational scale lags behind. As an option tofoster this process, the application of indicators within a multi-criteriaanalysis (MCA) framework is proposed.In this contribution, Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART), theAnalytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Analytic Network Process (ANP),PROMETHEE I/II and ELECTRE III are applied to assess the performances of

four management units representing different forestry regimes within aregion. A recently developed set of indicators at forest management unitlevel is used in the analysis.The implementation of SFM requires a holistic view on multiple goals andvalues, the awareness of uncertain and inhomogeneous knowledge, theguidance of stakeholder involvement and a spatially explicit long-termperspective. Against this background, the potentials and limits of eachMCA method to assess SFM are compared with regard to (i) handlingpreferences and trade-offs between indicators, (ii) sensitivity in coveringcomplex information on the human-ecosystem interaction, (iii) dealingwith thresholds and uncertainty of value information, (iv) participatory

planning and group decision making processes, and (v) communicativefeatures.

3. Application of the analytic network process in multi-criteria analysis ofsustainable forest management ( Bernhard Wolfslehner, Harald Vacik andManfred J. Lexer , 2004)


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Abstract

Over the previous decade, sustainable forest management (SFM) hasbecome a highly relevant topic both in forest and environmental policy.Criteria and indicators (C&I) are primarily used in implementing the

principles of SFM at national, regional, and at forest management unitlevels. In turning SFM from a conceptual framework into applicableguidelines at the operational scale, several limitations have to beacknowledged: (i) partial lack of knowledge, (ii) deficits aboutdependencies and feedbacks among system components represented by C&I,and (iii) knowledge gaps regarding impacts and related uncertainties.Several methodologies have been proposed to implement C&I-based SFM.Multi-criteria analysis is often used to analyze and evaluate multiple C&Iapproaches. This study compares two different multi-criteria analysisapproaches: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a hierarchicalstructure and the analytic network process (ANP) with a network structure.

Comparisons are made for evaluating sustainable management strategies atforest management-unit level by using a C&I approach based on the Pan-European guidelines for SFM. AHP and ANP are used to compare fourdifferent strategic management options with a set of six criteria and 43indicators. Differences in evaluation results between AHP and ANP arediscussed, as well as strengths and weaknesses of both approaches for SFM.Needs and demands are derived for successful future applications inforestry decision-making.

Keywords: Analytic hierarchy process (AHP); Analytic network process(ANP); Criteria and indicators; Multi-criteria analysis; Sustainable forest

management

4. Application of the analytic network process in multi-criteria analysis ofsustainable forest management (WOLFSLEHNER Bernhard; VACIK Harald ;LEXER Manfred J.; LEXER Manfred J.; BROOKS Robert T. ,)

Abstract

Over the previous decade, sustainable forest management (SFM) hasbecome a highly relevant topic both in forest and environmental policy.Criteria and indicators (C&I) are primarily used in implementing theprinciples of SFM at national, regional, and at forest management unit

levels. In turning SFM from a conceptual framework into applicableguidelines at the operational scale, several limitations have to beacknowledged: (i) partial lack of knowledge, (ii) deficits aboutdependencies and feedbacks among system components represented by C&I,and (iii) knowledge gaps regarding impacts and related uncertainties.Several methodologies have been proposed to implement C&I-based SFM.Multi-criteria analysis is often used to analyze and evaluate multiple C&Iapproaches. This study compares two different multi-criteria analysis


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approaches: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a hierarchicalstructure and the analytic network process (ANP) with a network structure.Comparisons are made for evaluating sustainable management strategies atforest management-unit level by using a C&I approach based on the Pan-European guidelines for SFM. AHP and ANP are used to compare four

different strategic management options with a set of six criteria and 43indicators. Differences in evaluation results between AHP and ANP arediscussed, as well as strengths and weaknesses of both approaches for SFM.Needs and demands are derived for successful future applications inforestry decision-making.

5. Integrated Environmental Assessment of the Mid-Atlantic Region withAnalytical Network Process ( Liem T. Tran, C. Gregory Knight,Robert V. O'Neill and Elizabeth R. Smith, )

Abstract

A decision analysis method for integrating environmental indicators wasdeveloped. This was a combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA)and the Analytic Network Process (ANP). Being able to take into accountthe interdependency among variables, the method was capable of rankingecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting cumulativeimpacts across a large region. Using data on land cover, population, roads,streams, air pollution, and topography of the Mid-Atlantic Region of theUnited States, we were able to point out areas which were in relativelypoor condition and/or vulnerable to future deterioration regarding variousenvironmental aspects. The method offered an easy and comprehensiveway to combine the strengths of conventional multivariate statistics (PCA)

and decision-making science tool (ANP) for integrated environmentalassessment.

Keywords: vulnerability assessment, PCA, ANP, environmental indicators,integrated environmental assessment, Mid-Atlantic

6. Modelling of nitrogen dynamics in an Alpine forest ecosystem on calcareoussoils: a scenario-based risk assessment under changing environmentalconditionsSummary

The general objective of the research project was to evaluate the likelybehaviour of an Alpine forest ecosystem on calcareous soils under a set ofenvironmental conditions considering climate and atmospheric nitrogendeposition. The study site was the Mhlegger Kpfl in the Tyroleanlimestone Alps in Austria. This is an intensively monitored research sitewith time series data of key elements of the nitrogen cycle as well asdetailed on-site climate data. Tree species composition consists mainly ofNorway spruce (Picea abies (L.) karst.) with some admixed beech (Fagus


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sylvatica L.). The environmental scenarios were: SZ1 with current climateand current N-deposition, SZ2 with a warmer climate (ca. +2.5C meanannual temperature, +10% annual precipitation) and N-deposition reducedby 50%, SZ3 with a warmer climate and doubled N-deposition, and SZ4 withwarmer climate and N-deposition as today. We were particularly interested

in possible effects on N-leaching (protection of water resources!), gaseousemissions of nitrogen (relevant for climate policy!) and in the response offorest productivity and potential species composition. Key element of theresearch approach was the combined application of various ecosystemsimulation models to analyse system behaviour. The models used werePnET-DNDC (short-term nitrogen cycling), Brook90/Hydrus (water balance),TRACE (mid- to longterm nitrogen cycling), PICUS v1.3 (forest productivity,species composition), and a model of the nitrogen balance at the researchsite which aimed at the integration of the individual model results. Themodels were applied in a soft linkeage approach where initial and drivingconditions were identical for all models, and if possible, output of one

model was used to define the boundary conditions of other modelsoperating at different levels of resolution. Major findings were: (a) arelatively small loss of nitrogen from the soil compartment (5-7kg/ha*a)which indicates that the site may not be N-saturated yet. This is reflectedby the amount of N-leaching (3-29 kg/ha*a). What needs to be considered isthe uncertainty in the results, and that the annual changes in the N-poolsare small compared to the total nitrogen in the soil compartment. Thewarmer climate will increase microbial activity and thus mineralisation andnitrification. The resulting increased mineral N might then be easilyleached. The highest leaching potential occurs under scenario SZ3.Productivity of Norway spruce under the climate change scenario did not

increase, but was reduced by 6.4%. While this result is somewhatunexpected, it might be due to limitations in the water balance modules ofthe models used for productivity estimates, because water balancecalculations for heterogeneous calcareous sites are complex and alwaysinclude substantial uncertainty. The potential species composition understeady state conditions responds to the warmer climate with an increase ofbeech and silver fir to the cost of Norway spruce. As a final step the resultsfor the analysed environmental scenarios were evaluated by means of anetwork model according to Saatys Analytic Network Process (ANP). SZ3with warmer climate and increased N-deposition was under all analysedpreference scenarios the least favourable future environment. This clearly

indicates (1) the relevance of possible future environmental changes, and(2) the importance of mitigation measures.

Key words: ecosystem modeling, model linking, nitrogen, climate change,leaching, forest productivity, multiple criteria analysis, Analytic NetworkProcess.


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7. The evaluation of the performance, economy, ecology and safety ofpassenger cars using the multi-criteria optimization concept (Ranta, R.1997)

Summary:

Summary form only given. This paper deals with the utilization of themodern evaluation tool in the field of the automotive market. Evaluationmethods are often needed to optimize manufacturing in sense of sales or toestimate appropriate storage times. There can be found several examplesfrom the literature concerning this kind of problematization. Methodsthemselves may often feel quite complicated. Fortunately, there areavailable certain software tools that contain the particular instruments forevaluating purposes. A widely used method is the analytic hierarchyprocess (AHP), that is included as a software tool in some books dealingwith the decision making. The method used in this paper has the closerelationship to the AHP. Presenting all phases of this kind of process should

give researches an idea of quite simple principles of the basic prioritytheory. This article aims to evaluate which cars succesfully fulfil thecombination of performance, economy, ecology and safety

8. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Create a Wildfire Model (Peter S.Johnson and Gary L. Christopherson, )

AbstractSome of the most important questions in wildland fire modeling involve theinclusion or exclusion of anthropogenic factors. Wildfire modeling effortsin the past have focused on fire ignition, fire behavior, and fire spread

characteristics with little, if any, effort made to include human values inwildfire prone environments. This lack of integration is due primarily tothe difficulty in comparing wildfire variables with human landscape values.This research used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), combined with ageographic information system (GIS) to manage the integration ofstakeholder opinion on spatially based wildfire and landscape value data.AHP allowed stake holders to make pairwise comparisons betweencompeting variables and then calculated a weight for each. These weightedvariables were used to produce a strategic decision support system forwildfire management that incorporated both social and natural sciencedata.

9. THE USE OF AHP (the Analytic Hierarchy Process) METHOD FOR IRRIGATIONWATER ALLOCATION IN A SMALL RIVER BASIN (Case Study in Tampo RiverBasin in West Sumatra, Indonesia) (Rudi Febriamansyah, )

AbstractThis paper presents that the water management outcomes in a small riverbasin are the results of the interaction between the social aspects of water


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users and the physical aspects of the water resources. The analysis using acultural ecology perspective to assess the relationship between these twoaspects has provided a reasonable rationale to affirm that many socialaspects of water users cannot be ignored when deciding or implementing aphysical program that may influence the water resources system. Previous

experiences have shown that any physical projects in the Tampo basin,West Sumatra, Indonesia have increased the withdraw water at theupstream part and reduce the opportunity for downstream part. As aresult, changes in the demand and supply pattern in the basin have createdconflict between water users along the river. It is thus clear that anintegrated approach in designing and implementing a water resourcedevelopment and management strategy for the Tampo basin must be used.In this regard, this study has combined the socio-institutional and physicalassessment of water resource management in this basin with the AHPmethod to obtain the most acceptable alternative of irrigation waterallocation for all water users along the river course. Since the purpose of

this method is to involve the stakeholders in the decision making process,the AHP method has shown its capability to allow the stakeholders toparticipate in expressing their preferences to compare alternatives. Theprocess of obtaining their preferences is done after the presentation of anddiscussion about the impact analysis of their proposed alternatives. Besideshaving the final conclusion of the acceptable water allocation pattern, thisstudy has also collected such comments and suggestions from the spoke-persons in using the AHP. One important constraint in using the AHP is atime consuming process for ordinary small farmers in the case site. Sometricks and shortcut methods are then used to create the process ofdiscussion and value judgments as effective as possible (320 words)

Key words: irrigation, water allocation, AHP, decision making process, riverbasin.

10.Evaluation of remedial countermeasures using the analytic network process.(Promentilla MA, Furuichi T, Ishii K, Tanikawa N.)

The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation method to aid decisionmakers in the prioritization and selection of appropriate countermeasuresat the planning stage of site remediation. We introduced a hierarchicalnetwork (hiernet) decision structure and applied the Analytic Network

Process (ANP) supermatrix approach to measure the relative desirability ofthe remedial alternatives using the decision maker's value judgment asinput. A simplified illustrative example is presented to elucidate theprocess, as it is being applied to evaluate the feasible remedialcountermeasures of a contaminated site caused by uncontrolled landfill.Four decision models derived from the generalized hiernet were examinedto describe the effect of hierarchic functional dependence, innerdependence and feedback cycle on the derivation of the priority weights.


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The ANP could provide a more flexible analytical framework to break downone's judgment through a more elaborate structure in a systematic way tounderstand the complexity of the decision problem. The proposed methodtherefore may not only aid in selecting the best alternative but also mayhelp to facilitate communication to understand why an alternative is

preferred over the other alternatives through the analysis of the derivedweights and its underlying decision structure.

11.A unified framework for multicriteria evaluation of transportation projects(Shang, J.S.; Youxu Tjader; Yizhong Ding, 2004)

Summary:Transportation project selection is one of the most important planningactivities encountered by a government, especially in a developing city. Inthis paper, we explore the potential of applying the analytic networkprocess (ANP) to evaluate transportation projects in Ningbo, China. ANP

differs from traditional hierarchical analysis tools in that it allowsfeedback and interdependence among various decision levels and criteria.Compared with the conventional transportation evaluation methods, ourmodel has incorporated a much wider range of long-term and short-termfactors, which are classified into benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks.Tactical and operational issues are taken into consideration. Theevaluation framework is comprehensive and flexible, and shows greatpotential for helping decision-makers and others concerned with thetransportation decision-making process.

12.COMPARISON OF THE ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS AND THE GRAPH MODELFOR CONFLICT RESOLUTIONCOMPARISON OF THE PROCESS AND NETWORKANALYTIC THE GRAPH MODEL FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION (Xin SU,YeCHEN,Keith W. HIPEL, )

AbstractA comparison of two decision analysis tools for the analysis of strategicconflicts, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the graph model forconflict resolution, is carried out by applying them to the China-US TVdumping conflict. Firstly, the graph model is introduced along withpractical procedures for modeling and analyzing conflicts using the decisionsupport software, GMCR . Next, ANP is explained, emphasizing structural

features and procedures for synthesizing priorities. Then a framework foremploying ANP to analyze strategic conflicts is designed and used tocompare ANP to the graph model. The case study of the China-US TVdumping conflict provides a basis for the graph model and ANP to becompared; different features of the approaches are highlighted. The studyshows that because of different theoretical backgrounds, ANP and thegraph model for conflict analysis both provide useful information which canbe combined tofurnish a better understanding of a strategic conflict.


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ECOLOGY

13.A System Analysis Approach for Assessing Sustainable Forest Management atForest Management Unit Level (Bernhard Wolfslehner, Harald Vacik,Manfred J. Lexer, Andrea Wrz, Eduard Hochbichler, Raphael Klumpp andJosef Sprk,)

Abstract

Resolution L2 including the Pan-European Operational Level Guidelines(PEOLG) for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) was adopted at theThird Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe in1998. The PEOLG form a common framework of recommendations that canbe used on a voluntary basis and as a complement to national and/or

regional instruments to further promote sustainable forest management atthe field level in forest areas in Europe. Based on these guidelines thisstudy aims to identify and clarify the implications of an implementation ofthe guidelines at forest management unit (FMU) level. The implications areanalysed with regard to varying economic targets, as well as to differentspatial, socio-economic and bioregional frames.

A system analysis approach is presented for the development of a criteriaand indicators (C&I) set from these guidelines and the theoreticalevaluation of SFM. Within a Delphi survey an expert panel consisting ofrepresentatives of science, administration, forest enterprises and non-

governmental organizations evaluated the C&I set with regard to validity,practicality, relevance and importance of the indicators. Possible thresholdvalues for the quantitative indicators and the relative importance of theindicators had been derived from expert opinions. Multi-criteria analysis(MCA) was adopted to structure the assessment of SFM. The AnalyticNetwork Process (ANP) is proposed to evaluate the overall cumulativeimportance of all indicators within the assessment model for SFM byintegrating linkages and feedbacks into the decision system.

The theoretical framework will be evaluated through its practical use inseveral case studies. Findings from these case studies will feed back into

the model development and improvement process. Forest managers mightuse the evaluation model as in integrated part of an ecosystem-management decision-support system to improve decision-making based ona better understanding of the effects of

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