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Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station . College of Tropical Agriculture . University of Hawaii . Departmental Paper 27
1 _ •
Abstracts of Publications and Research Department of Agronomy and Soil Science
College of Tropical Agriculture 1960-1974
I. Crop Science
Peter P. Rotar, 'Editor
-
PREFACE
This series of six volumes of Abstracts ofPublications and Research, Department ofAgronomy and Soil Science, College of Tropical Agriculture, 1960~74 details all the published research by members of the Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii, and graduate student M.S. theses and Ph.D. dissertations prepared for degrees granted by the Department.
The volumes in this series include: I. Crop Science-(I) Crop Breeding, Genetics and Tissue Culture; (2) Crop Physiology
and Metabolism; and (3) Crop Quality and Utilization ........................ (DP 27) II. Crop Science-(4) Crop Ecology, Production and Management .................. (DP 28) III. Soil Science-(I) Soil Physics; (2) Soil Chemistry; and (3) Soil Water Management and
Classification ........................................................ (DP 29) IV. Soil Science-(4) Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry; (5) Soil Fertility and Plant
Nutrition; and (6)Fertilizer Use and Technology ............................ (DP 30) V. Soil Science-(7) Soil Genesis, Morphology and Classification; (8) Soil Mineralogy;
and (9) Forest and Range Soils .......................................... (DP 31) VI. Agronomy-(I) Land Use and Management; (2) Climatology; and (3) Environmental
Quality ..••.... '................'....................... ,~ ............ (DP 32) Within each numbered section, the publications are listed in alphabetical order by senior author and
date of publication, then by alphabetical order of second author, and finally by alphabetical order of title. Abstracts of theses and dissertations are longer than abstracts of published papers. The table of contents in each volume lists the complete citation-author, date, title, and publication data-for each publication.
Each abstract may be cut out and individually mounted on a 5 x 8 notecard for easier filing. The choice of category for certain abstracts may appear somewhat arbitrary, especially since some
abstracts fit well into anyone of several sections. Choice of section was made by the compiler. Not all of the department's research efforts are presented in these reports: some were inadvertantly missed; others fell by the wayside as deadlines were set and changed. These will all be published in an addendum at a later date.
The preparation of these reports was partially supported by funds from a USAID-211d grant given to the department.
P.P.R.
The Editor
Peter P. Rotar is Professor of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii, and Agronomist, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station.
CONTENTS
(1) Crop Breeding, Genetics and Tissue Culture
Bond, P. A. 1969. The identification and inheritance of the yellow flower pigments in Desmodium so.ndwicense E. Mey. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . 5
Britten, E. J. · 1960. A proposed classification of screening methods for plant breeding programs. Euphytica 9:293-303................... 6
· ----
1963. Chromosome numbers in the genus Trifolium. Cyto1ogia 28:428-449 ........................................................' 6
· 1963. Chromosome number of rose clover, Trifolium hirtum.---,---Science 142(3590):401-402. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chow, Kuan-hon. 1968. Interspecific hybridization in the genus Desmodium. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Dollah, A. A. 1972. Genetic studies in Desmodium canum (Gmel.) Schintz and Thellung. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii ..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Esca1ada, R. G. 1969. A study of the breeding behavior and morphological variation in Kaimi clover (Desmodium canum (Gme1.) Schintz and Thellung). M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
Jan-orn, J. 1969. Studies of esterase variation, pollen abortion, and chromosome number in the Setaria sphace1ata complex. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . . . . . . .. 8
Long, P. P. 1969. Callus and organized growth in the Gramineae. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
Mapes, M. 0., and U. Urata. 1973. Aseptic stem culture of a Dioscorea clone. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Trop. Root and Tuber Crops. 2:25-27.... 9
· ---- 1974. Tissue culture of bromeliads. Proc. 14th Annu. Meeting Int. Plant Propagators' Society, (ed.) H. T. Hartmann, Vol. 23. (in press) ... ! •••••••• '" •••••••• '" • '" '" '" 'II ••• 0 'II 0 ' 0 0 '" 0 •• 'II 0 0 • 'II 0 • C •• 0 0 •••••••• 0 9
, and W. J. Cable. 1974. "Mericloning" of taro varieties, Co1o--c-a-s-ia-e·scu1enta (L) Schott. Proc. 3rd. Int. Symp. Trop. Root and--
Tuber Crops. Vol. III. (in press) .•...•............................. 10 Park, S. J. 1967. Inheritance of flower color in Desmodium sandwicense E.
Mey. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii ..................................................•... 10
, and P. P. Rotar. 1968. Genetic studies in Spanish clover,---=---Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey. I: Inheritance of flower color, stem
1
color and leaflet markings. Crop Sci. 8:467-470 ................. , , and . 1968. Genetic studies in Spanish clover,
--=--~
Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey. II: Isolation and identification of anthocyanins in flower petals. Crop Sci. 8:470-474 ............ . ... , 11
Rotar, P. P . , and U. Urata. 1966. A hexaploid pangolagrass clone. Crop Sci. 6: 218 - 219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 11
, S. J. Park, A Bromdep, and U. Urata. 1967. Crossing and ----flowering behavior in Spanish clover, Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey., and other Desmodium species. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Prog. Rep. 164. 13 p. . ......... . .......... . ............ , ...... ,. 11
_____, and U. Urata. 1967. Cytological studies in the genus Desmodium; some chromosome counts. Amer. J. Bot. 54:1-4 ............. . 12
, and K . Chow. 1971. Morphological variation and interspecific-----' hybridization amongDesmodium intortum, Desmodium sandwicense, and Desmodium uncinatum. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 82, 28 po .... . ......_..... ' :" . .................. ',.e'. ••••••••••••• , . • ' , .. ... .... . 12
Shin, H. P. 1972. Gene action in the inheritance. of agronomic traits in . intervarietal diallel crosses and relative importance of gene effects for quantitative characters in Zea Mays L. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. ....... , 12
Talballa, H. A. 1968, Some genetic and developmental studies in the species Sclerostachya fusca .and Narenga porphyrocoma and their hybrids. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, . University of Hawaii .• • ........................... ~ .•.•........... 13
Urata, U. 1954. Pollination requirements of macadamia . Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 2;2. 40 p • .• • ... : •..........••............... 13
, and E. J. Britten. 1965. Evidepce forallopo1yploidy in alfalfa. -----
Proc. 9th Int. Grassland Congr., Sao Paulo. - p. 145 -148 .... . .•....... 14 Yassin, M. A. 1968. Studies in the inher'itance and enzymatic detection of
ratoon stunting disease 6f sugarcane. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii ......••............ 14
(2) Crop Physiology and Metabolism 15
AbuZeid, M. O • . 1969. Root properties of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) in relation to nutrient uptake. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii .•..•...... . ...... 15
Aramose, Anthony. 1970. Effects of light intensity and photoperiod on pineapple seedling development. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy
. and Soil Science, University of Hawaii ............................. . 16
Britten, E. J., A. L. Palafox, M. M. Frodyma, and F. T. Lynd. 1963. Level of 3-nitropropanoic acid in relation to toxicity of Indigofera spicata in chicks. Crop. Sci. 3:415-416 ............•........ . ....... 16
Bromdep, A. 1966. Studies of nodulation of selected species of legumes in
2
-----
Hawaiian soils and photoperiod effects on flowering in Desmodium species. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Connally, P. R. 1972. The effect of thermoperiod on the carbon dioxide uptake and compensation pOint of the pineapple plant, Ananas com08US (L.) Merr. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Englerth, E. J. 1969. Nitrogen nutrition of the pineapple plant, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr ~ soil nitrogen status arid dynamics of the reniform nematode population, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira, in relation to the form of nitrogen fertilizer, soil acidity, and fumigation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . . . • . . . . . . .. . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 18
Ezumah, H. C. 1970. Effect of root temperature, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrition on the growth of kikuyugrass (Pennistum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov .), pangolagrass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) and green leaf desmodium (llismodium intortum (Mill.) Urb.). M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . 18
Fox, R. L., J. A. Silva, D. L. Plucknett, and D. Y. Teranishi. 1969. Soluble and total silicon in sugarcane. Plant and Soil 30:81-92........ 19
Gabuin, J. N. 1969. Nutrient distribution in banana and its relationship to leaf spot disease, M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. • • . • . . . . . • . . . . • . • • • . • . • . • . . . . • . .. . •.. 19
Hirunburana, N. 1974. Inorganic nutrition of papaya (Carica papaya L.) and macadamia (Macadamia ternifolia, F. Muell.) Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . • . • . . . 20
Plucknett, D. L ~ 1961. Concentration of aluminum in various plant parts of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Proc. Hawaiian Acad. Sci................... 21
. 1961. Plant relationships in bauxitic soils. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . • . • • . . 22
__--,--,--_. 1961. Root growth in bauxitic soils. Hawaii Farm Sci. 10(1): 8 - 9 CI 22CI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 • 0 ... 0 CI • • • • • • • •• 0 • • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • 0 • CI Q • II 0 CI (I • • • •
Prasomsook, S. 1973. Banana yields in relation to nitrogen and potassium composition of leaves. M. S. TheSiS, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. . . . . • . . . . • . . . • • • • • • . • . . • • . . . . . . . .. 23
Ravoof, A. 1973. Effects of root temperatures and nitrogen carriers on nutrient uptake, growth and composition of pineapple plants, Ananas . comosus (L. ) Merr. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. , . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23
Sherrod, L. B., Y. N. Tamimi, and S. M. Ishizaki. 1968. Effects of stage of maturity upon yield, composition and nutritive value of whole plant corn and forage sorghum. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 72 15 p. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
Silva, J. A. 1973. Plant, mineral nutrition of. McGraw-Hill Yearbook Sci. and Tech. p. 338-340 ................................••............• 24
3
Whitney, A. S. 1966. Nitrogen fixation by three tropical forage legumes and the utilization of legume-fixed nitrogen by their associated grasses. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. .................•.......... , ....... . 25
_____,' and Y. Kanehiro. 1967. Pathways of nitrogen transfer in some tropical legume-grass associations. Agron.]. 59:585-588...... 25
(3) Crop Quality and Utilization 26
Bowers, F. A. 1., D. L. Plucknett, and 0. R. Younge. 1964. ~cific
gravity evaluation of corm quality in taro. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 61. 19 p. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Fox. R. L., and M. Isobe. 1973. Crop quality control through soil management techniques: Manipulating nitrogen ani water to ripen sugarcane. Illustrated Concepts in Trap. Agr. 5 :1 ........... , ... , . . , 27
Rotar, P. P. 1965. Tannins and crude proteins or tick clovers (Desmodium spp.). Trop. Agr. (Trinidad) 42:333-'-337 .. ,; .......... : ...... , .. ,.. 27
Tamimi, Y. N., and]. E. Hunter, 1970. Effect of P, CaC03 and CaSi03
Whitney, A. S.,and R. E. Green. 1969. Legume contributions to yields , and compositions of Desmodium spp. -..;pangolagrass mixtures. Agron.
fertilization upon incidence of corn smut. Agron.]. 62:496-498 .. , ... 0 27
]. 61:741-746 ..........•... . .. ;................................... 28 Younge, 0. R., ]'. W. Hylin, D. L,Plucknett, Y . Kawano, andRe T.
Nakayama. 1966. Analysis for kawa pyrones in extract s of Piper methysticum. Phyto-chemistry 5:795-798 .. ~ .. , ................ ;.,... 28
4
Abstracts of Publications and Research Department of Agronomy and Soil Science
College of Tropical Agriculture 1960-1974
I. Crop Science
Peter P. Rotar, Editor
(1) Crop Breeding, GeneticS and Tissue Culture
Bond, P. A. 1969. The identification and.inheritance of the yellow flower pigments in Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey. M.S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this thesis was to study the chemistry and genetics of flower pigments in D. sandwicense E . Mey. Eleven parental lines, exhibiting flower color variation from near-white to light and dark purple, were selected for this study. Crosses were attempted among the lines, using white -flowered plants as the female parents. Because of difficulties encountered in the crossing, attributable to technique and/or environmental conditions, and/or inherent in the species, no true crosses were obtained. Consequently, the inheritance studies proposed were abandoned.
Pigment identification using paper chromatography involved two steps: 1) analysis of the aglycones present and 2) analysis of the glycosides present. Aglycone extracts were obtained using hydrolysis of the petal tissue, and glycosides were obtained by extraction with methanol or methanol-HCl. Identifications were based upon Rf-values for the various solvent systems and upon color reactions in visible and ultraviolet light, both with and without ammonia vapor.
Sufficient quantities of concentrated extract were difficult to obtain, thereby hindering conclusive identification of the compounds present. It was indicated that the phenolic composition of the petals was much more complex than previously reported.
continued -
continued --
Method III. Procedures involving chemical determinations
IlIa. Chemical spot test. IIIb. Semi -quantitative chemical tests. IIIc. Precise chemical testing.
Method IV. Indirect procedures involving biological testing
Method V . Combination methods
Other means are discussed of compreSSing time and space in plant breeding programs.
additional index words : plant breeding, screening methods
5
Britten. E. J. 1960. A proposed classification of screening methods for plant breeding programs. Euphytica 9:293-303.
ABSTRACT
The importance of screening in a plant breeding program is discussed. A systematic classification of screening methods is proposed based on increasing order of difficulty.
Method I. Direct identification
la . Visual inspection involving gross morphological characters. Ib. Direct inspection with automatic elimination of undesirables. Ie. Visual observation utilizing biological organisms but without automatic elimination of undesirables. ld. Visual observation of distinguishable physiological characters.
Method II . Screening procedures involving physical comparisons
IIa. PrOCedures based on linear measurements. lIb. Procedures based on weighing. IIc. Methods based on physical characteristics of plant parts. IId. Methods based On phySical characteristiCS of plant extracts. IIe. Differential reaction to physical stresses.
continued -
continued - -
The conclusive identification of all pigments and phenolic compounds present, and the determination of their distribution and concentration among color classes, would have to precede elucidation of the interactions resulting from this experiment.
additional index words.: Desmodium, anthocyanins, glyc;osides, genetic studies, flower color , flower pigments
..
Britten, E. J. 1963. Chromosome numbers in the genus Trifolium. Cyto!ogia 28:428-449.
ABSTRACT
A complete listing of the chromosome numbers in the genus Trifolium is presented. This is followed by a discussion of the evolutionary development of the various species in relation to their origin and chromosome number.
additional index words: chromosomes, Trifolium, evolution
6
Britten, E. J. 1963. Chromosome number of rose clover, Trifolium hirtum. Science 142(3590):401-402.
ABSTRACT
The somatic chromosome number of the cultivated Trifolium hirtum All. (rose clover) is 10. Satellites occur on one pair of the chromosomes. Out of approximately 70 species of this genus for which the chromosome numbers are known, only one other has a chromosome number of 10 .
additional index words: rose clover, chromosomes, Trifolium
Chow, Kuan-hon. 1968. lnterspecific hybridization in the genus Desmodium. M.S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Three species, Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey., Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) D. C., and Desmodium intortum (Mill . ) Urb . . , were used for interspecific hybridization studies. D. sandwicense is insensitive to daylength and flowers all year round in Hawaii, whereas D. uncinatum and D. intortumflower only in the shortcday season. The percentage of pod formation through cross pollination waslow: 9.2% for crossing 2 species and 4.9% for crossing 2 interspecific hybrids . Temperature greatly affected the percentage of pod formation; with increasing temperatures, the percentage of pod formation decreased. Hybrids between D. sandwicense and D. uncinatum were lower in percentage of pollen abortion than hybrids between~. sandwicense and~. intortum-:- Percentage of pod formation in the three species was.negatively correlated with percentage of pollen abortion.
Stem color of the three species was controlled by a single pair of genes, with colored as dominant and green as recessive. The genetic behavior of internode length of Desmodium plants was controlled by multiple genes. In leaflet size, the large leaflet of D . intortum appears to be dominant to the small leaflet of D. sandwicense. In contrast to this, the large leaflet of D. uncinatum appears to be recessive to the small leaflet of D. sandwicense.
One thousand-seed weights for D. sandwicense, D. intortum, and D . uncinatum were respectively 3.53, 1.84, and 4.03 grams. Results obtained from F 2 seeds indicated that seed size of Desmodium plants ·was governed by quantitative inheritance characteristics for its behavior.
continued -
continued - -
Five esterase patterns were found among the 15 parental clones of the 3 species. All the esterase zones occurring in D. uncinatum also occur in D. sandwicense. This is a good indication of a closer relationship between these twospecies than between D. sMdwicense and D. intortum . The electrophoretic peroxidase zones were classified into four groups. The third group is identical to all the fifteen parental clones. This indicates close relationships among the three species .
The results of yield comparison showed thatQ. intortum had the highest green weight, and D. sandwicense, the lowest, among the three species. In FI hybrids, the clone of the highest green weight was an intraspecific hybrid of~. intortum clones, 113 x 133.
additional index words: hybridization studies, genetic studies, seed size, pigmentation, esterase patterns
7
Dollah, A. A. 1972. Genetic studies in Desmodium canum (Gme!.) Schintz and Thellung. M.S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Genetic studies On nine accessions incLuded cross-compatibility, growth and development, and re;Jroductive fertility of hybrids; inheritance of flower color, stem color, and leaflet marking; and peroxidase isoenzyme polymorphisms.
Flower color studies indicated a close fit to monogenic inheritance for dark color vs. light color. Stem color was controlled by a single pair of genes with dominance for red pigment. Leaflet marking was governed by a single pair of genes with dominance for marked-leaflet. Stem color and leaflet marking were linked in coupling phase.
Six anodal peroxidase bands and four isoenzyme patterns were observed. Each band was found to be conditioned by a monofactor system composed of "presence-absence" bands, with presence dominant. The gene locus was composed of two alleles.
The nine accessions were divided into at least three distinct groups based on all investigations.
additional index words: isoenzymes, peroxidases, flower color, stem color, leaflet marking, cross-compatibility, reproductive fertility. kaimi clover
Escalada, R. G " 1969. A study of the breeding behavior and morphological variation in Kaimi clover (Desmodium canum (Gme!.) Schintz and Thellung). M.S. ThesiS, Department of Agronomy and Soil SCience, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Twenty-five acceSSions of Desmodilim canurn (Gmel.) Schtntz and Thellung (Kaimi clover) were studied for classification and identification based on their breeding behavior and morphological variation. This study was conducted to obtain information about D. canum in order to develop it as a forage crop in tropical pastures.
Isoenzyme pattern dete'rminations by means of electrophoresis were made to observe the variation in isoenzymes obtained from leaf and seed extracts from the 25 accessions.
Crosses, including reCiprocals, were made among 3 accessions (HAES5146, HAES5148, and P-2730). Performance of the parents varied from cross to cross depending upon which parents were used as female and male. Reciprocal crosses behaved differently from the originals. Incompatibility in the cross -pollination was manifested by the nondevelopment of seeds in some pods. Albino seedlings, seedlings without roots, and abnormal seedlings were observed among the hybrid's of these crosses.
The hybrid progenies of (HAES5146 ~ x P 2730 r!' ) and (HAES5148 2 x P-2730.o~ ) bore flowers and pods earlier . ReCiprocal crosses Were not yet in flower at the time this thesis was completed.
additional index words: Desmodium, Kaimi clover, isoenzymes, forage crops, pasture management, genetic studies
Jan-orn, J. 1969 . Studies of esterase variation, pollen abortion, and chromosome number in the Setaria sphacelata complex. M . S. TheSiS, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii. ---
ABSTRACT
Esterase iszyme patterns were studied in the Setaria sphacelata corr.plex, whlch is apparently a group that varies primarily by chromosome numbers occurring as multIples of a base number (n=9).
Some differences in esterase patterns were found, but these were not obviously '",elated to the chromosome numbers. In triploid and pentaploid clones, the florets were completely abortive. In other ploidy levels, large variation in pollen abortion occurred.
An important finding, corroborating previous work at other stations, indicated that vegetatively, the plants were most vigorous at that tetraplOid level. This indicates that future plant breeding should be concentrated in material at this ploidy level. It was extraordinarily difficult to obtain controlled hybrids from this material, so that seme form of mass -pollination should be used as the basic plant breeding procedure.
additional index words: Setaria sphacelata, esterase variation studies, pollen abortion studies, chromosome number studies
8
i'
Long, P . P . 1969. Callus and organized growth in the Gramineae. M.S. Thesis, Oepartment of Agronomy and Soil Science , University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Callus growth was induced in various grass species, using an aseptic medium with nutrient salts, sugar, coconut milk and 2,4-0, and plants were induced by growing the callus in an identical medium lacing 2,4-0. Plants were obtained from several species by this means.
An extremely fast -growing callus was obtained from a Cynodon spp., var. Florida No -Mow, but this did not produce any plants. A partially albino plant occurred in Chloris barbata which formed entirely green, half-albino and haUgreen, and entirely albino stems and leaves. The persistence of a sectorial chimaera was interesting, since normally these are ephemeral.
The basic aim of this study was to determine the degree to which grass species would form callus and plants . .The data may be useful in the future if irradiation for mutation and colchicine treatment for tetraploid formation is to be attempted in these species, since the germinal areas in callus appear to be much smaller than those in vegetative buds.
additional index words: grami~ae, grasses, callus growth
Mapes, M. 0 . , and U. Urata. 1973. Aseptic stem culture of a Oioscorea clone. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Trap. Root and Tuber Crops. 2:25-27.
ABSTRACT
Calluses were produced from the nodal regions but not from internodes when stem segments of a medicinal yam, Oioscorea macrostachys, were cultured on three basal media which were supplemented with growth regulators. Both shoots and roots were produced from the nodal calluses on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with coconut milk (CM), 10'l0 by volume; with CM + naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 5 ppm. and with CM + 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-0), 5 ppm. Roots but no shoots developed in M-S medium + NAA, 5 ppm . Treatments CM + NAA and CM + 2,4-0 gave the best results for producing calluses and continuous supply of plandets.
additional index words: aseptic stem culture, callus, Oioscorea macrostachys, medicinal yam
Mapes, M. O. 1974. Tissue culture of bromeliads. Proc. 14th Annual Meeting of the Int. Plant Propagators' Society, (ed.) H. T. Hartmann, Vol. 23. (in press)
ABSTRACT
Numerous pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. variety Smooth Cayenne) plandets and protocorm -like bodies were produced from shoot tips when a combination of orchid shoot tip technique and callus method for organogenesis was appl ied sequentially and in correct order. initially, explants from shoot tip, stem and root tips failed to grow in 42 different media. Meristematic protocorm-like bodies and plandets were produced from pre-shaken shoot tip cultures in Murashige and Skoog's basal medium plus adenosine, 30 ppm , or adenine, 20 ppm . Ornamental bromeliads were more recalcitrant in culture, but, with slight modifications of cultural media, the same procedures appeared applicable. Portea petropolipana and Guzmania sp. have shown positive response and a wild pineapple, Ananas erectifolius, has produced several lateral shoots and protocorm -like bodies. --
additional index words: Ananas comosus, Ananas erectifolius, bromeliads, Guzmania, organogenesis, pineapple, Portea petropolipana , protocorm -like bodies , tissue culture
9
Mapes, M. 0., and W. J. Cable . 1974. "Mericloning" of taro varieties, Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott. Proc. 3rd Int. Symp . Trop. Root and Tuber Crops. Vol III. (in press)
ABSTRACT
Apical shoots, axillary buds and buds on corms differentiated shoots and roots in a shake -culture of modified Knudsen's medium plus coconut water, 20% by volume. Subcultures of proliferated apical tissues on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium plus 20% coconut water produced numerous plantlets. Explants from petioles and spadices did not produce callus on several media tried with coconut water and auxins. Cultural studies are continued with different varieties, particularly those which appear somewhat resistant to the Phytophthora blight of taro.
additional index words: mericloning, shake-culture, taro, Colocasia esculenta
Park, S. J. 1967. Inheritance of flower color in Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey. M.S. Thesis, Departtnent of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
F2 populations of 47 crosses among 11 parental lines of D. sandwicense (Spanish clover) bearing two flower classes, purple colored and near white flowers-, were -used to study the inheritance of flower color in connection with anthocyanin pigmentation. The flower color was' under monogenic control with a dominant colored gene, Ca, and a recessive white flowered gene, ca. Anthocyanins were -identified by paper chromotography and absorption spectra. Only omi kind of anthOcyanin, Malvidin 3,5 -diglucoside, was found to be responsible for the variOus shades of color classes of flowers, and the color variation resulted mainly 'from -quantitative differences of pigment concentration. Dark purple petals contained about nine times asinuch anthocyaniti pigment as pale or near white forms which had approximately 3.65 mg in I g of fresh petals. On two dimensional paper chromatograms, five major yellow spots of other flavonoid pigments were observed and they appeared to have a secondary role, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in production of minor color variation of flowers.
Several other plant characters were studied . Stem color that ranged from dark red to green on the internodes was under the control of a different pair of genes than those for flower color, with a dominant gene for red, R, and a recessive gene for green stems, r. However, the two pairs of genes were linked in coupling phase with an average recombination value of 34%. Silver marking on the midrib of the leaflet was controlled by a pair of genes with the silver marking under a dominant gene, Ls, and with a recessive nonmarking gene, Is. Vigor and habit of growth were associated to some degree and spreading types of plants were the best performers.
additional index words: Desmodium, flower color, anthocyanins , flavonoids, genetic studies
Park, S. J., and P. P. Rotar. 1968. Genetic studies in Spanish clover, Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey.I. Inheritance of flower color, stem color and leaflet markings. Crop Sci. 8:467 -470.
ABSTRACT
F2 populations of 47 crosses amongl1 parental lines of Desmodium sandwicense bearing two major flower color classes, purple colored and near white flowers, _were used to study the inheritance of flower color. The flower color was under monogenic control with a dominant colored gene, Ca, and a recessive white flowered gene, ca. Stem color ranging from dark red to green of the internodes was under control of a different pair of genes, with a dominant gene for red, R, and a recessive gene for green stem, r. However, the two pairs of the genes were linked with an average recombination value of 34% . Silver marking on the midrib of the leaflet was controlled by a pair of genes with silver markings under a dominant gene, Ls, and a recessive non-marking gene, Is.
additional index words: Desmodium, Spanish clover, genetic studies, flower color
10
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Park, s. J" and P. P. Rotar. 1968. Genetic studies in Spanish clover, Desmodium sandwicense E . Mey. II. Isolation and identification of anthocyanins in flower petals. Crop SCi. 8:470-474.
ABSTRACT
Anthocyanin pigments in petals of Spanish clover were isolated and identified in order to investigate their relationship to flower colorinheritance • Only one kind of anthocyanin, malvidin 3,5 -diglucoside, was found in various color classes. Color variation resulted primarily from quantitative differences of the anthocyanin pigment concentration. Dark purple petals contained about nine times as much anthocyanin as near white forms. The relative concentration of the anthocyanin pigment between the colored and near white flowers was about 5:1. This difference in concentration appeared to be inherited under monogenic control. On two dimensional paper chromatograms, five major yellow spots of other flavonoid pigments were observed and they appeared to have a secondary role, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in production of narrow color variation of flowers.
additional index words: Desmodium, flower color, anthocyanin pigments, genetic studies
Rotar, P. p.. and U. Urata. 1966. A hexaploid pangolagrass clone. Crop Sci. 6:218-219.
ABSTRACT
A hexaploid pangolagrass clone was induced by treatment of cuttings with colchicine. This resulted in a plant with reduced vigor which was partially fertile. Some pangolagrass has a number of weaknesses as a crop plant, including poor winter growth and excessive flowering. It was hoped that hybridization with other clones of Digitaria might be possible.
additional index words: pangola grass, hybridization, legumes, pasture management
Rotar, p, P., S. J. Park, A. Bromdep, and U. Urata. 1967, Crossing and flowering behavior in Spanish clover. Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey., and other Desmodium species. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Prog. Rep. 16-1. 13 p.
ABSTRACT
Observations on the flowering and breeding behavior of several Desmodium species are presented. Q. 0tortum and D . uncinatum are short-day plants. D. canum and D . sandwicense are indeterminate in their flowering behavioy. A description of the flowering sequence in ~:sa;;(jWicenSe and D. canwn is given.
additional index words: Desmodium, flowering, behavior, Spanish clover , breeding behavior
11
Rotar, P. P., and U. Urata. 1967. Cytological studies in the genus Desmodium; some chromosome counts. Arner. J. Bot. 54:1-4.
ABSTRACT
Chromosome counts for 30 collections representing 21 species examined by the authors are reported. Of these, 8 counts are a first report; tbe others are confirmations of earlier reports. The genus Desmodium is shown to be dibasic with base chromosome numbers of x = 10 and x =11.
additional index words: Desmodium, chromosomes, cytology
Rotar, P. P., and K. Chow. 1971. Morphological variation and.interspecific hybridization among Desmodium intortum, Desmodium sandwicense, and Desmodium uncinatum. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 82. 28 p.
ABSTRACT
Detailed morphological descriptions are presented for the three species. Genetic studies induded stem color, internode length, leaflet marking, rugose leaflet, raceme length, and seed weights •. Flowering behavior of the parents and their hybrids was compared. Effects of environment on seed set after crossing were noted. Seed germination and percentage pollen abortion among the parents and their hybrids were compared.
It was concluded that the three species can be readily hybridized and'that theyshare'some of their morphological characteristics in common. Results indicate that there is a very large gene pool available among the three species for use in their improvementas pasture legumes.
additional index words: Desmodium, hybridization, flowering, legumes, genetic studies, pasture management
Shin, H. P. 1972, Gene action in the inheritance of agronomic traits in intervarietal diallel crosses and relative importance of gene effects for qJ.lantitative characters in Zea Mays L. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department ,of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
An investigation was undertaken to determine gene action .in the inheritance of agronomic traits in a dialle1 set of eight inbred lines of sweet corn and all possible F I hybrids, including parents. Data were analyzed by Jinks and
Hayman's diallel analysis for plant and ear height, weight with and without husk, shank and ear length, ear and cob diameter, kernel depth, and mid -silking days.
Additive effects and environmental variations were significantly different from zero for April, June, and Combined dates of planting . Estimates of the component of variation due to dominance effects were significantly different from zero except for shank length and cob diameter in June and ear length in April planting.
The parents carried an excess of dominant genes for plant height, ear length, weight with and without husk, mid -silking days, and an excess of recessive genes for shank length . Dominant and recessive alleles of each gene were distributed nearly equal among the parents for ear diameter, cob diameter, and kernel depth. Ear length, s hank length, cob diameter , and mid -silking days for the June planting and ear height in Combined dates of planting were within the partial dominance range. Heritability estimates supported the conclusion that selection for weight with and without husk, mid -silking days , and ear height would be most effective and that selection for ear diameter, plant height, ear length, shank length, and kernel depth would be least effective.
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Eight inbred lines of sweet corn, including parents, F l's, F 2's, and first backcrosses were tested at two locations
in one year. The population means obtained were used to estimate additive, dominance, additive x additive, additive x dominance, and dominance x dominance gene effects for nine quantitative agronomic traits.
Additive gene effects appeared to be the most constant over locations for plant and ear height. Dominance gene effects for weight with and without husk, and ear length were more important than those of additive effects. The remaining types of gene effects indicated very little stability over locations for most of the agronomic traits studied.
The relative magnitude of expected genetic gain expressed as a percentage F 2 mean would suggest that rapid progress
should be accomplished by selecting and recombining in early generations for plant height in the crosses AA 11 x AA 18 and AA 8 x 190a. Slower progress should be expected from crosses AA 18 x 190a, AA 11 x 245, AA 2 x AA 11, and AA 20 x P 39. For ear height, rapid progress should be expected from crosses AA 18 x AA 20, AA 11 x AA 18, AA 8 x 190a, and AA 2 x AA 11. For weight with husk, good progress should be expected from crosses AA 11 x AA 18, AA 11 x 245, AA 8 x 190a, AA 2 x AA 11, and AA 20 x P39. For ear length, rapid progress should be expected from crosses AA 18 x 190a, AA 11 x AA 18, and AA 20 x P 39. For the nine crosses considered, it was concluded that most of the variation was due to additive and dominance gene effects with epistasis being of some importance.
additional index words: tropical maize varieties, breeding behavior, quantitative gene action, heritability estimates
Talballa, H. A. 1968. Some genetic and developmental studies in the species Sclerostachya fusca and Narenga porphyrocoma and their hybrids. M. S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Studies of peroxidase isozyme variation in these two species and their hybrids were carried out, primarily on the leaves of these close relatives of sugar cane.
A new method was developed for making permanent preparations of the stains used to bring out the peroxidase bands. These ordinarily begin to "bleed" in a few minutes after they are prepared.
Since only the Fl hybrids and the parents were available, complete genetic analyses could not be done, but it was shown that numerous variations in peroxidase isozyme patterns occur, and according to the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis. these should represent different alleles in this material.
additional index words: Sclerostachya fusca, Naren~ porphyrocoma, genetic studies, developmental studies
Urata, U. 1954. Pollination requirements of macadamia. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 22. 40 p.
ABSTRACT
A method was devised of collecting pollen and pollinating macadamia flowers in bulk. Tests were made for the initial fruit set of macadamia on self and cross -pollination. A large number of cross -P2llinations were attempted; it was determined that cross-pollination always resulted in seed set. Self-pollination in most cases resulted in low initial set, but in some cases resulted in high initial set. It was concluded that M. ternifolia is a largely self-incompatible species, with some self-fertile clones. The varieties that were being selected for cloning at the time of the study were all self -incompatible.
The evidence as far as it goes, indicates that the interplanting of more than one variety of macadamia may be beneficial. However, it should be noted that even the self -incompatible clones will set some seeds on self -pollination , and will produce a crop.
The lack of cross -sterility indicates that a large number of S -alleles (genes) may be present in alfalfa.
additional index words: macadamia, pollination requirements
13
Urata, U., and E. J. Britten. 1965. Evidence for allopolyploidy in alfalfa. Proc. 9th Int. Grassland Congr., Sao Paulo. p. 145 -148.
ABSTRACT
Meiotic chromosome aberration and pachytene morphology and aberrations were studied in various clones of alfalfa. It was noted that in alfalfa, the heterochromatin tended to remain synapsed all through pachytene, while the euchromatin frequently separat~dbefore the end of meiosis.
Since crossing-over in the chromosomes occurs both genetically and cytologically, and the time of crossing-over is believed to occur in the early part of the first division of meiosis, of which pachytene is a part, this raises some difficult questions as to the time andmechanis,m ofc~ossing-over in alfalfa.
additional' index wordS! alfalfa, meiosis, chromosomes,genetic studies ', cytology
Yassin, M.: A; 1968. Studies in, theinheritance and enzymatic detection of ratoonstuntingdisease of sugarcane . M.S. Tnesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of HawaiL
, ABSTRACT
Ratoori stunting 'disease is it virus disease which can be detected by a red discoloration at the nodes . This is very pronounced in some clones, and almost impossible to detect in others. Using the ' HSPA method of Inoculation, the degree of transfer in different clones and hybrids was established, and concurrently, various isozyme methods were tried to determine if enzymatic,detection ofdisease'i; was possible . It was found that in diseased' plants , a faint extra band occurs on staining with the dye 'for detecting esterase isozytnes. However, it was found that the plants showing this isozyme pattern could also be detected by the node test. No obvious genetic patterns could be established in , the response to inoculation With the virus disease.
additional index words: sugarcane, ratoon stunting disease, virus diseases, enzymatic detection of disease
14
(2) Crop 'Physiology and Metaboli,m
AbuZeid, M. O. 1969. Root properties of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) in relation to nutrient uptake. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
An investigation was,undert:aken to select the appropriate methods and sampling times fo r measuring root cation exchange capacity (C.E:C:), and anion exchange capacity (A.E,C,), and the,se together with root weight ~nd rootsurfac~ area ipdex {gsatllrated calcium nitrate solution coveting ,the root surface), were r~lated to the total upt3Jce oiN, P, K, Cri,lv):.g, Si and Sby four sugarcane varieties (H5Q-7209, H57-5174, NCo 31O,and H56-.5840) ' grown insolu.tion and soil culture" The three methods selected for measuring rootC.E,C: ,in decreaSin~ ~rder of differentiation b~tween varieties were eq~ilihration of Ca4S with chilled fresh roots, exchang(' of Ca4 with chilled fresh roots, and a titration method using ground dry roots. Displacing P from P-saturated fl'esh roots with NaOH solution, was appropriate in differentiating reproducibly between varieties, for measuring root A, E. C . The root C.E,C. and A.E.C. results were expressed ,as weight C.E.C. or,A,E.C. (m.e./)OO g dry roots), surface area index C.E,C, or A.E.C. (m.e./IOO g satUrated calci~m nitrate solution) and C.E.C. or A.E:C./po't (n~.e./ pot). Root type (sett or shoot) had nO effect on root C,E.C. values. The C,E.C . for sett roots increased with increasing age whereas that of s hoot roots decreased with increasing age. The range of C, E. C. and A. E, C. values for shoot roots was narrow for the varieties examined . Better differentiation between varieties was obtained when C, E. C. was measured by equilibration of Ca45. Varietal rankings were conSistently reproduced in the several experiments when C, E, C., as measured by the three methods, was expressed on a surface area index or total pot bases,
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The r oot C. E. C. and A. E. C. values increased' with increasing root weight when greater amounts of pot11ssium were applied in both culture media. The root C.E.C. decreased in soil with better physical conditions.
The cane varieties grown in solution and soil were markedly different in the ir growth and nutrient uptake. In the solution culture the growth and uptake were in the decreasing order of HS7-S174, HS6-S840, I-lSO-7209 and NCo 310. In the soil the array was HS7-S174, NCo 310 and HSO-7209.
In solution culture theroat weight, root surface area index" and exchange capacity values/pot were significantly correlated with shoot weight, and were analyzed for all nutrients, except P and Si. The greatest relationships were obtained with root surface area, index . In the soil , the r oot weight was significantly correl<tted with shoot weight and the uptake of N, Mg and S.
The root weight. root surf<tce area index, and exchange capacity value s/pot measured in the solution culture, were related to the root weight, shoot weight and ion uptake in the soil. Possibly, the measurement of root weight, root surface area index, and eXChange, capacity values/pot by the solution culture method may aid in making a preliminary assessment of varietal differences in nutrient uptake in the .field.
additional index words: sugarcane, plant analYSiS, root properties, nutrient uptake, methodology
15
Aramose, Anthony. 1970. Effects of light intensity and photoperiod On pineapple seedling development. M .S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
The effects of light intensity (500, 1000 and 1500 footcandles) and daylength (8, 16 and 24 hours) on pineapple seedling development were evaluated. Leaf length and chlorophyll decreased, while leaf width and plant weight increased with increaSing light intensity .
Plant fresh weight increased with increasing daylength while average leaf length increased from 8 hours to 16 hours, and then declined. Small differences were observed between the two seedlots used.
additional index words: light intensity, pineapples, seedling development
Britten, E. j., A. L. Palafox, M. M. Frodyma, and F. T. Lynd. 1963. Level of 3-nitropropanoic acid in relation to toxicity of Indigofera spicata in chicks. Crop Sci. 3:415-416.
ABSTRACT
Week-old chicks were given rations to which was added plant material of known 3-nitropropanoic acid content. Plant material consisted of leaf meal of 3 clones of Indigofera spicata, seed of Indigofera spicata which contained no 3nitropropanoic acid, and alfalfa leaf meal as a control. Gains in weight and evidence of toxicity as indicated by gross symptoms and microscopic examination showed that toxicity is positively associated with amount of 3-nitropropanoic acid in the ration. Results are not in agreement with work done elsewhere on mice. It is concluded that further work on tOxicity of Indigofera spicata must be done directly on cattle.
additional index words: feedstuffs, indigofera, 3-nitropropanoic acid
Bromdep, A. 1966. Studies of nodulation of selected species of legumes in Hawaiian soils and photoperiod effects on flowering in Desmodiunt species. M.S. Thesis. Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
The thesis is in two parts.
Part a. Study of inoculation of four species of legumes (alfalfa, kaimi clover, centro, siratro) with and without the use of commercial inoculum. Inoculated seeds and uninoculated seeds were grown separately in each of 7 soils representing the major Hawaiian Great Soil Groups. Dry weight and percentage of nitrogen in the tops of both inoculated and un inoculated plants were used as the measures of the effectiveness of inoculati0n.
Nodules of inoculated plants were effective, few in number but larger in size and were located mostly on the tap roots. Nodules of uninoculated plants were smaller in size and distributed over the root system.
Growth of plants from inoculated seeds was much better than in the control plants. For all soils the dry weight of the tops of all inoculated plants was Significantly higher than in the uninoculated plants.
Percentage of nitrogen in the tops of 4 species grown from inoculated seeds was significantly higher than the percentage of nitrogen in the tops of the 4 species grown from uninoculated seeds. There was approximately a
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two-fold increase in the nitrogen content of the tops. Results ,of this experiment showed that idigenous Rhizobium exist in the soils used, but their effectiveness in fixing nitrogen is much lower than the proper commential strain. Results also emphasized the importance of using appropriate Rhizobium strai ns.
Part b. A photoperiod study involving D. canum, D. sandwicense, D. motorium, D. gyroides and D. intortum. Plants were given the following photoperiod treatments: short-day, long-day, long-short day, short-long day, long-short~long day and short-long-short day. The long-day treatment was 16 hours light, 8 hours dark, the shortday treatment was 8 hours light, 16 hours dark . Temperatures were maintained at 75 F during the day and 65 F during the night. Controls were the normal conditions outside. The experiment was repeated three times, once during the long days of summer" once during the fall and once during the winter period so that the controls were subjected to the normal variation in daylength found in Hawaii.
Under the conditions of the experiment, D . sandwicense, D . canum, and D. motorium flowered under all conditio'ns; they were insensitive to photoperiod. D . gyroides flo~ered only under theshort-day treatments, .and D. intortum flowered under the long-short day and short-day treatments.
additional index words: nodul'!tion, photoperiod , Desmodium, legumes, nitrogen content, rhizobium strains
Connally, P. R. 1972 . The effect of thermoperiod on the carbon dioxide uptake and compensation point of the pineapple plant, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
The.effect ,of severalthermoperiods ;~ ,the C02 compensation points arid CO2 uptake rates of the youngest fully expanded leaf of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) were measured. Three to nine days of adaptati(:m at a spec;:ific thermoperiod were required to obtain uniform uptake rates .
C02 compensation ,points" determined just after the Fghts were turned on, varied,from a high of 17(j ppm at a 35 C light15 C dark thermoperiod to 0 ppm at a constant temperature of 25 C. Values for. the o,ther thermoperiods generally decreased as the difference between the light and dark temperature was decreased. The re'sults ' indicate involvement of different enzyme systems in CO2 fixation at the different thermoperiods. The CO2 equilibrium, with no C02 supplied, was monitored continuously for periods up to 4 days. At 20 C in the dark essentially all the C02 was extracted from the sealed chamber. Extraction efficiency of the leaf in the dark decreased with increaSing temperature. In the light at a 35 C light - 30 C dark thermoperiod, the C02 concentration ranged from 69 to 200 ppm . Lower maxima were measured at a dark temperature of 20 C and at a 25 C light-20 C dark thermoperiod . No diurnal cycling in the C02 concentration was observed in continuous light or dark it constant temperatures of 20 or 25 C .
When the CO2 concentration was maintained at 300 ppm, C02 uptake was maximal at the constant thermoperiods and ranged from 53 to 109 mg dm -2 for 24 hours as temperature was increased from 15 to 30 C.
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Fixation decreased to 50 percent of the maximutriat a conStant temperature of 35 C. At aconstant dark temperature , the mg of C02 fixed in the light and total mg for 24 hours decreased as the temperature of the light period was increased from 15 to 40 C. When the difference between the light and dark temperatures was 5 C or greater, 15 to 20 mg CO? dm-2
were fixed in the dark even at temperatures of 30 C . The percent of CO2 fixed in the dark ranges from 0 at a constant temperature of 25 C to 86 at a 40 C light -25 C dark thermoperiod. Total CO fixation decreas,ed as the percent of C02 fixed in the dark increased. The dominant factor determinin..!tC02 fixaJon rates of pineapple under these conditions appeared to, be the ,amount of CO2 fixed in the clark. Darkfixation was determined primarily by the difference between the light and dark temperature and, to a lesser degree, by the actual temperature.
additional index words: CO2 fixation, C 4 plants. dark fixation, photosynthesis, photoperiod
17
Englerth, E. J. 1969. Nitrogen nutrition of the pineapple plant, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr, soil nitrogen status and dynamics of the reniform nematode population, Rotylenchulus ren~s Linford and Oliveira, in relation to the form of nitrogen fertilizer, soil acidity, and fumigation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Unpublished studies in the files of the Pineapple Research Institute of Hawaii indicate that under present cultural conditions the pineapple plant displays superior performance with a foliar applied combination of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen than with either form of nitrogen alone . The studies presented here were undertaken to evaluate ammonium nitrate as a nitrogen source under different soil pH levels and fumigation regimes, using soil application of the carrier rather than foliar sprays. The studies compared ammonium nitrate with the all-ammonium fertilizer ammonium sulfate and the all-nitrate fertilizer calcium nitrate at rates of tOO, 200, and 300 lb/A, using soil pH values of 4.5 and 5.5. Fumigation used in conjunction with the nitrogen sources included no fumigation, fumigation with 1, 2-dibromo -3chtoropropane at 3 gal/A, and fumigation with a mixture of 1, 3-dichtoropropene and related hydrocarbons at 40 gal/A. A separate experiment was set up using the high and low rates of nitrogen to examine the effects of carriers and soil pH on reniform nematode numbers in the absence of fumagation. All experiments were of randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Plants supplied with ammonium nitrate exhibited a slightly greater uptake of total nitrogen, no difference in protein nitrogen, a soluble nitrogen fraction intermediate in size, and a medium to high nitrate content compared to plants on all-ammonium and all-nitrate nutrition. Leaf calcium remained
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high compared to plants supplied with the other nitrogen carriers. The relative status of the nitrogen forms supplied was not changed by soil fumigation, though'soil nitrification was greatly inhibited, resulting in a greater soluble nitrogen content in plants supplied with the ,ammonium carriers. The concentration of available soil manganese was increased by fumigation. For reasons not known, both liming and increased rates of ammonium sulfate tended to decrease reniform nematode population ,in the absence of soil fumigation.
additional index woms: soil fumigation, soil nitrogen, nitrogen carriers, host-paraSite interactions, foliar nitrogen application, soil pH, ammonium nitrate
Ezumah, H .. C. 1970. Effect of root temperature, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrition on the growth of kikuyugrass (Pennistum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.), pangolagrass (oigitaria decumbens Stent.) and green leaf desmodium (Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb.). M.S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy arid Soil SCience, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Optimum root temperatures for shoot and ' root elongation rates of Desmodium intortum, pangolagrass, and kikuyugrass grown in solution culture were at or near 30 C for all three species. Optimum Nand P levels for pangolagrass at 30 C were near 32 ppm for Nand 5 to to ppm for P under the experimental conditions used. Unintentionally, K was also a variable and the optimum level was deduced to be near 100 ppm.
The effects of root temperature and three levels each of Nand P on the root and shoot growth of the three forage species were determined. Percent Nand P in the plants were determined. Failure to adjust levels of K at the different Nand P levels resulted in complete confounding of N response with K. . '
Variability in the experiment was large and much of it was attributed to the uncontrolled aerial environment. Variation in root elongation rates of the three species with experiment date were relatively small but large variations in shoot elongation rates were observed. Variability in the greenhouse environment (high summer temperatures) depress growth rates of kikuyugrass much more than the other species. Pangolagrass was only moderately affected while intortum was least affected by changing environment.
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18
i '
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Pangolagrass root growth appeared to be more tolerant to high root temperature than the other two species with intortum root growth being most restricted at sub-optimal temperatures.
Growth of all three species was restricted much more by deviations in temperature from the optimum than by sub -optimal levels of nutrition .
Although confirming data would be necessary, indications from the results were that adequate levels of N, P and K could enhance growth rates on Hawaiian ranges during the cooler winter months. However, this advantage due to nutrition would not be enough to completely offset growth reductions because of sub-optimal temperatures.
additional index words: nitrogen fertilization, phosphorus fertilization, grasses, forage crops, root temperature, pasture management
Fox, R. L., J. A. Silva, D. L. Plucknett, and D. Y. Teranishi. 1969. Soluble and total silicon in sugarcane . Plant and Soil 30: 81-92 .
ABSTRACT
Soluble Si in plants can serve as a useful guide to the silicon status of sugarcane plants and the soils on which the plants grew. Total and soluble Si were higher in sugarcane leaf sheaths than in leaf blades. Total Si was much higher in.Ieaves than in stalks. Soluble Siwas highest in the least mature tissues; whereas totalSi was highest in the recently mature tissue. Once a sugarcane leaf is mature, there seems to be little change in total Si with time. EVidently Si deposition in sugarcane is associated with growth. Total Si in lea{blades was more responsive to siiicate applications to the soil than was total Si in leaf sheaths.
additional ihdex words: plant silicon, sugarcane, calcium silicate
Gabuin, J. N. 1969. Nutrient distribution in banana and its relationship to leaf spot disease. M.S. TheSiS, Department of Agronomy and Soil§,cience , University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT A study was conducted on the distribution of several nutrients and the effect of Leaf Spot disease (M. fijiensis) on the uptake and distribution of nutrients in 'Gros Michel' bananas grown in the field under Hawaiian conditions. The experiment consisted of two fungicide treatments (Orthol K oil and Dithane M -45 + Volck oil) sprayed at 10and 20 -day intervals. The lamina and midrib of the third youngest ahd fully expanded leaf were sampled from plants at the shooting stage. In addition , plants with moderate and severe incidence of Leaf Spot disease were sampled before and after blooming and separated in several different tissues for analysis.
At the shooting stage , the avera ge levels of total N, P, and K in the third leaf lamina were 3.07, 0.21, and 3.56%; respectively, which were within levels conSidered adequate for normal growth of 'Cavendish' bananas. Ca, Mg, S , Si, Mn , Zn, and Al were also determined and Ca and Mg levels were at or near deficiency. The fungicide treatments significantly(P< 0.0.) decreased the number of disease lesions On leaves. The number of functional leaves was highly correlated with yield (r=+O. 83).
Concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, Si and Zn in the third leaf lamina generally declined from 6 to 10 months, while Ca and S concentrations increased with age. Al remained constant with age. After 10 months, the shooting stage, Ca, Si , Mn and Zn increased , while concentrations of other nutrients remained relatively unchanged.
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Effects of Leaf Spot disease on nutrient uptake and distribution in individual tissues were variable. Nitrogen concentration was generally higher in plants with severe disease incidence both before and after blooming. Potassium concentrations were lower in plants with severe disease only before blooming, while P was relatively unaffected by disease incidence. The quantity of K in the whole banana plant (moderate disease) at the shooting stage was highest (178.3 g.) followed by N (71.6 g.) and then P (6.3 g.). Total uptake of N, P, and K was higher with severe disease than with moderate disease.
additional index words: banana, leaf spot disease, Mycosphaerella fijinesis, 'Gros Michel', nutrient distribution, N, P, K, nutrient uptake
Hirunburana, N. 1974. InorganiC nutrition of papaya (Carica p~L.) and macadaniia (Macadamia ternifolia. F. Muell.) Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Nutritional requirement study of papaya and macadamia were conducted in three parts: 0) visual deficiency symptoms for N, Mg and B and the internal concentrations of these three elements associated with the symptoms in the greenhouse experiment were established; (ii) the effects of calcium corbonate and calcium sulfate with various sources of :\ on the nutrient composition and growth of papaya were investigated in the field experiment; (iii) the role of B in reducing Mn toxicity of papaya on the Wahiawa soil in this field was studied. .
Papaya trunk weight, as well as trunk circumference, was found to be usable as an index for final yield of papaya. Maximum trunk weight was obtained at the 120 ppm N in the substrate with I. 73 percent N content in petiole No.6. Concentrations of N in excess of 120 ppm resulted in decreases of Mg, S, K Fe and Mn, and increased concentrations of P, Ca and Zn.
The external Mg requirement for optimum growth of papaya was about 12 ppm. At this level, Mg content of papaya was found to be 0.22 percent in the leaf blade and 0.61 percent in the petiole. The increase in Mg concentrations inthe substrate did not affect the internal concentrations of P and K but cauied Ca, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations to decrease.
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Under greenhouse conditions, maximum growth of macadamia was obtained at the 30 ppm N in the substrate which was associated with 1.6 percent N in recently matured leaves. The excess N applications injured macadamia roots. The content of P, Ca, Mn, Zn and probably Fe in leaf decreased when N was increased beyond 120 ppm.
Visual symptoms of Mg deficiency in macadamia appeared at 0 to 1.5 ppm in the added solution. The critical level of Mg in macadamia tree was established as 0.12 percent Mg in recently matured leaves. There was no pronounced effect of Mg on other nutrient composition of macadamia with the exception of K decrease.
Recently matured leaf blades seemed to be the best plant part to be used as an indicator of B status in papaya. Boron deficiency symptoms were associated with B content in leaf blades below 12 ppm whereas B toxicity. occurred at 0.4 ppm added B. It was recommended to keep the internal B content at the range of 30 to 50 ppm B.
The critical B content of macadamia was 10 ppm in recently matured leaves. A 20 ppm B content in leaves was recommended as the sufficiency level. The concentrations of B above 65 ppm in recently matured leaves were probably in the range of toxicity.
The effect of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate with various sources of N on growth and nutrient cornposition of papaya was investigated in the Wahiawa soil. Applications of Ca in either forms at the rates of 400, 800 and 1200 ppm resulted in highly Significant dry weight increase over the control. Reduction of growth caused by overliming was shown at the level of 1200 ppm Ca as calcium carbonate. Therefore, the optimum level of liming the soil to improve papaya growth should be to the pH range of 5.7 to 6.1 or 5.5 to 6.5 me /100g of Ca.
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20
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The application of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate alleviated Mn toxicity in Wahiawa soil. The preplanting N NH40Ac extractable soil Mn at 7.2 ppm was considered enough to cause injury to papaya growth. The tolerable content of Mn for papaya growth was below 140 ppm in leaf blades and 35 ppm in petioles.
The amount of Ca in the soil as well as soil pH were used to approximately estimate a toxic concentration of Mn in papaya by using a multiple regression analysis. A more precise estimation was obtained when soil Mn and soil Mg were also included as variables in the analysis.
Calcium sulfate applications increased the concentrations of leaf N, P, K and S. A similar trend was found in calcium carbonate experiment except leaf Nand P decreased at the highest level of Ca application (1200 ppm). Urea application significantly increased soil pH in both calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate plots, and lowered extractable Mn than did ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate.
The effect of B application on alleviation of Mn toxicity was demonstrat<;!d in Wahiawa soil using papaya as the indicator plant. Application of B to the soil tended to decrease Mn contentof leaf blades at postplanting, especially at the levels of 0.2 and 0.4 ppm adjusted B le""'ls in soil solution. Below of above these concentrations, the influence of B seemed to be less effective. It can be concluded that the effect of B on papaya growth in high Mn soil of Wahiawa is an indirect one. Possibly, B can react in the following ways: (i) forming complex molecules with soil Mn directly ?s it doeswith the hydroxides of Al and Fe; (ii) depressing amounts of Mn adsorbed by plant roots, and (iii) increasing availabilities of other elements, such as Ca, Mg, P and Fe, which in turn may enable papaya plants to survive the high Mn content in the soil.
additional index words: nutrient deficiency symptoms, nitrogen fertilizer, magneSium fertilizer, boronfertilizer , soil pH, calcium carriers, manganese toxicity, leaf tissue analySiS
Plucknett, D . L. 1961. Concentration of aluminum in various plant parts of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Proc. Hawaiian Acad. Sci .
ABSTRACT
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa was introduced on Kauai about 50 years ago and since that time has become dominant on and around Kilohana Crater. Since field observations indicate an association of Rhodomyrtus with thebauxitlc soils of Kauai, it was decided to study the relationshjp of Rhodomyrtus and soil aluminum.
A pot experiment was established using five soils with six replications. Three months after Rhodomyrtus seedlings were planted, the seedlings were harvested and aluminum analysis was run on the roots, stems, and leaves. The concentration gradient of plant parts was as follows: roots greater than stems greater than leaves. The differences in concentration between plant parts were found to be highly significant statistically, although there was no statistical difference between concentrations of plant parts from different soils. Average values fortwo representative soils were as follows: Hanamaulu soil series: roots, 1951 ppm; stems, 879 ppm; leaves, 435 ppm. Kapaa soil series: r()ots, 1501 ppm; stems, 674pprri; leaves, 289 ppm.
Since the concentration gradient in Rhodomyrtus plant parts follows the relationship roots greater than stems greater than leaves, it is suggested that aluminum precipitates in plant tissues and is relatively immobile in the plant. It seems possible that aluminum could precipitate as aluminum phosphate, which could explain some of the problems of phosphate nutrition in tropical soils .
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In view of the concentration differences in plant parts of Rhodomyrtus, it is suggested that the tissue sampled as a basis for aluminum accumulation is of the greatest importance. Conventionally, a plant with 1000 ppm or more of aluminum is considered an aluminum accumulator. By this standard, Rhodomyrtus would not be an accumulator if aluminum is measured in leaves; however, if root measurements are used, i(would be an accumulator. Since leaf samples are most often used, perhaps aluminum accumulation should be based on leaf concentration.
additional index words: aluminum accumulatorS·, bauxitic soils, plant analYSiS, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
21
Plucknett, D. L. 1961. Plant relationships in bauxitic soils. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Studies were conducted on two introduced plants, Rhodomyrtus tomentasa Ait. (Hassk.) and Melastoma malabathricum L., which grow in the bauxitic soils of Kauai. Reconnaissance and mapping of the two plants in bauxitic areas indicated their distribution was influenced more by site of introduction than by type of soil. Both plants grow well in bauxitic soils and each has become the dominant shrub in some areas.
The concentration of aluminum in R. tomentosa sampled in the field followed the relationshIp: older leaves greate r than younger leaves. Analysis of R. tomentosa and M. malabathricum sampled from the same sites in the field showed great differences in aluminmn concentration between the two plants . Aluminum concentrations in R. tomentosa grown in untreated soils in pots followed the gradient: roots greater than stems, stems greater than leaves. Aluminum concentrations in roots were much higher than in other plant parts analyzed. Relative immobility of aluminum concentrations between plant parts analyzed indicates the necessity for great care in selecting and reporting the type and age of tissue used in aluminum accumulation or plant aluminum concentration studies.
Differences in plant aluminum concentrations between soils were not marked, although there was a trend for higher aluminum concentrations in plants grown in soils of higher extractable soil aluminum . Total aluminum uptake per plant may be a better measure of the relation of soil aluminum to plant aluminum than plant concentrations, because, although percent aluminum in plant tissue may be low because of rapid growth, the total aluminum
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uptake per plant may be high for a given soil. Aluminum concentrations in plants grown in two Aluminous Ferruginous Latosol subsoils treated with lime and phosphate were reduced in one soil but not in the other .
A relationship between extractable soil aluminum and rainfall was observed in five soils . Highest extractable aluminum was measured during high rainfall periods (winter) and lowest extractable aluminum was measured during low rainfall periods (summer) . High extractable aluminum was also observed in the poorly drained Hydrol Humic Latosol soil. Losses in cation exchange capacity and changes in the form of aluminum in the soils due to dehydration probably account for lower extractable aluminum during summer months . Lower extractable aluminum was measllred from soils treated with lime and phosphate . Highextractable aluminum was associated with high alumina .content of the soil.
Root systems of R. tomentasa and M. malabathricum in two Aluminous Ferruginous Latosol soils were very shallow, with tap roots turning laterallyandlateral roots penetrating diagonally before ascending toward the surface. Deeper tap root penetration was observed in a Hydrol Humic Latosol soil. Phosphate treatment stimulated tap r oot development in two subsoils of the Aluminous Ferruginous Latosol soils, but tap roots were restricted in untreated subsoils.
additional index words: plant analysis, bauxitic soils, latosols, root studies, rainfall, fertilization, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Melastoma malabathricum
Plucknett, D. L. 1961. Root growth in bauxitic soils. Hawaii Farm Sci. 10(1):8-9 .
ABSTRACT
Very shallow tap roots and long lateral roots just at, or slightly under, the soil surface were observed in plants growing on bauxitic soils of Kauai. Deeper tap roots and shorter lateral roots were found in these same plants growing on non -bauxitic soils. .
Tap roots of koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala) grown in pots were greatly stimulated by phosphorus and lime plus phosphorus treatments applied to bauxitic subsoils. Lime plus phosphorus stimulated nodule formation on root, of koa haole.
additional index words: root excavation, aluminous subsoils, phosphorus fertilization, liming, nodulation of legumes. Leucaena leucocephala
22
Prasomsook, S. 1973. Banana yields in relation to nitrogen and potassium composition of leaves . M.S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
A continuous function experimental design , with Nand K varied, was used to produce banana plants having a range of Nand K composition . Leaf N was greatest at the leaf apex and decreased towards the mse. Leaf K was most concentrated in the base and decreased towards the apex. Leaf N was essentially the same on both sides of the leaf axis . Maximum first bunch yield was 47.1 pounds per acre per day at 3.17% N in the No.3 leaf at shooting. Yield was 95% maximum at about 2 . 7% N. The borderline deficiency level for K in soil solution is probably about 0.1 meq/l in a supporting electrolyte of 0.0025 N C1. Phosphate adsorption curves for unfertilized soil indicate that P in soil solution was about 0.05 ppm (supporting electrolyte 0.1 M CaCl). Yields expressed as Ibs per acre per day correlate better with leaf nutrient levels than do bunch weights .
additional index words: nitrogen, potassium, sulfur, phosphorus, leaf analyses, banana
Ravoof, A. 1973. Effects of root temperatures and nitrogen carriers on nutrient uptake, growth and composition of pineapple plants, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Ph.D. Dissertation , Department of Agronomy and Soil.Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
The effect of four roottemperature.s (15, 20, 25 and 30 C) and three N-carriers ammonium nitrate (AN) , ammonium sulfate (AS), . and sodium nitrate (SN) on the uptake of nutrients , and the growth and composition of pineapple plants of the SmoothCayanne variety., grown in complete nutrient solutions for 40 days were investigated.
The results on cumulative water and nutrient absorption indicate severe root injury at 15 C, and mild injury at 20 C root temperatures. Increases in root temperatures significantly increased water and nutrients absorbed. The optimum for N, and K absorption was close to .25 C, but the optimum for water absorption probably is higher than 30 C. The optimum root temperature for the uptake of P, Ca, and Mg was different for different N -carriers.
The uptake of Nand P was highest, and K, Ca, Mg and water was lowest in the AS culture; the reverse was true in the SN culture. Values for the absorptions of these ions in the An culture were between those values for .the AS and SN culture s . Calcium absorption was completely inhibited and K absorption severely inhibited with the use of AS. It appears that the presence of an eaSily absorbable anion such as N03 eliminates the inhibitory effect of NH4 on K absorption (as happens with the use of AN) and.K on Ca absorption (as happens with the use of SN). The ratio of N03 to K absorption was almost 1:1 , and that of N03 to Ca 6:1. The absorption of N03 from AN culture was higher (60Yc,) than that of NH4 (40'70 ), indicating possibly that pineapple plants "prefer" N03 to NH4.
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The absorption ratios of K:N, K:P and N:P and the total amount of alkali cations (K + Ca + Mg) absorbed were highest with the use of SN, lowest with AS , with the values for AN between those for SN and AS. The total amounts of anions and alkali absorbed were nearly equal, regardless of the root temperatures and N-carriers.
Plant growth 'increased with increases in root temperatures; the use of AN and SN produced larger plants than AS regardless of root temperatures. At 15 C. the re was a loss of plant weight with all three N-carriers probably due to leaf desiccation. Root weights in the SN cultures increased continuously up to 30 C. In the AN cultures root weights increased only up to 25 C, whereas, with the use of AS , root weights increased only up to 20 C with an actual decrease between 25 and 30 C; however, the capacity of roots to absorb nutrients was unaffected in the latter case. Stem weights were slightly greater with the use of AS than with AN and S N. The weights of leaves which constitute more than 75% of the total plant weight, increa sed continuously with increases in root temperatures; increases were higher with the use of AN and SN than with AS. The efficiency with the use of AS was poor , probably as a result of "luxury consumption" of N or lack of K Jor proper N metabolism or bot h.
A 20 C root temperature appeared to be high enough for absorption and aSSimilation of N in roots, but was not high enough for the translocation of these metabolites from roots.
The soluble , protein and total-N fractions in roots, stems and leaves . as well as the asparagine and total amide content of leaves were highest with AS , lowest with SN, and with values for AN lying between those for AS and SN. These results present additional evidence for the inefficient utilization of N with the use of AS, probably due to insufficient available K.
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In the leaf hydrolysates an unknown amino acid-type compound, which absorbed at 440 m wave length (similar to proline and its derivatives) was observed. This unknown showed a significant negative' correlation with root temperatures and plant growth.
In conclusion, it appears that for better and more balanced nutrient absorption, a better utilization of these nutrients for growth, a nitrate or a mixed nitrate and ammonium source is deSirable. Also, for better K and Ca absorption, expecially where poor nitrification is suspected, the addition of an easily absorbable anion like N03 is essential.
additional index words: cation exchange capacity, fertilizer carriers, cation absorption, anion absorption, smooth cayanne, fertilizer use efficiency, plant nutrient absorption
Sherrod, L. B., Y. N. T\lmimi, and S. M. Ishizaki. 1968. Effects of stage of maturity upon yield, composition and nutritive value of whoie plant corn and forage sorghwn. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 72. 15 p.
ABSTRACT
Whole plant corn and sorghum were harvested at three stages of maturity. Yield, chemical composition and nutritive values were evaluated. Dry matter yield of corn increased significantly with increasing age from the silk, milk and early dent. Likewise with forage sorghum, but total yield per annwn On several ratoons harvested at three stages of maturity showed no significant differences. Corn and sorghum plant content of N, K, Ca and Mg decreased wtih age while P decreased but not significantly.
Digestibility of the energy components and TON increased with each extended stage of maturity in whole plant corn . Digestibility of the nutrient components in forage sorghum decreased with each later stage of maturity. This indicates that nutritive value of forage sorghum decreases as maturity progresses. The original forage sorghum growth contained higher levels of TDN and digestible protein than the first ratoon growth. Thus, forage sorghum ratoon crops become a production consideration of greater importance in subtropical areas because growth and ratooning continue the year round.
additional index words: forages, corn, sorghwn, ratoon cropping, forage digestibility, forage maturity
Silva, J. A. 1973. Plant, mineral nutrition of. McGraw-Hill Yearbook Sci. and Tech. 338-340.
ABSTRACT
A review article covering current literature and knowledge concerning the response to applications of calcium silicate. Includes information on the crops and soils which exhibit responses to calcium silicate applications, as well as the soil and plant effects which may be responsible for the observed yield responses.
additional index words: calcium silicate, Si, crops, soils, plant effects, soil effects
24
Whitney, A. S . 1966. Nitrogen fixation by three tropical forage legumes and the utilization of legume -fixed nitrogen by their associated grasses. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
ABSTRACT
Three tropical legumes, Desmodium intortum, Desmodium canum and Centrosema pubescens, were grown alone and in combination with napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) in fresh volcanic cinders under continuously moist climate on the Island of Hawaii. D. intortum gave high yields of both dry matter (ca. 17,000 pounds per acre) and nitrogen (ca. 300 pounds per acreDn a 12-month period, and transferred small but Significant amounts of nitrogen to its associated grasses. Q. canum yields were low under these conditions, and the nitrogen yields of grasses associated with this legume were depressed . C. pubescens in pure stand was intermediate in yield of dry matter, but equalled Q. intortum in nitrogen yield. However, when combined with grasses, the dry matter and N yields of this legume were reduced by one -half . Transfer of nitrogen to the grasses by C. pubescens was noted only when a 6 -month growing period was allowed. The total fixation of nitrogen from the atffiosphere during the test period averaged 340 pounds per acre for D. intortum, 82 pounds per acre for D . canum, and 156 pounds per acre for C. pubescens. Of the total nitrogen fixed by D. intortum, 5% or less waS-transferred to the associated grasses; but with~. pubescens, transfer amounted to ll% of the nitrogen fixed in One instance.
Transfer due to the release of nitrogen from roots of these legumes was evaluated by circulating nutrient solution through the root systems of plants growing in cinders in the glasshouse. The roots equilibrated with only trace amounts of solution nitrogen, but marked increases in the levels of ammonium and amino nitrogen occurred
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immediately after defoliation. When the root systems of nitrogen-starved pangola plants were included in the perfusion systems, significant transfer of nitrogen occurred from the more vigorous legume plants, especially following defoliation. Of the nitrogen mobilized in the legume roots in the 3-week period after defoliation, the proportions transferred ranged from slightly over 1% for Q. canum to 9% for the more vigorous Q. intortum plant.
Transfer of nitrogen through the leaching of nitrogen from legume leaves was studied by shaking intact leaves of varying ages in distilled water. The amounts extracted were small, between 0.4% and 0.7% of the total leaf nitrogen . Extractable amino nitrogen tended to be relatively high in rapidly expanding leaves, yellowing leaves, and shaded leaves.
Leaf fall accounted for significant nitrogen losses from D. intortum and C . pubescens in situations where leaf senescence equalled the rate of production of new leaveS:- Under these conditions, the dead leaves from these legumes supplied nitrogen equivalent to over 1.2 pounds per acre per week. This pathway could thus account for appreciable transfer if long growing periods were allowed.
The combined action of these three pathways provides an adequate explanation for the nitrogen transfer observed in the field . A number of ways in which transfer by these means would be affected by management and by soil and weather conditions are discussed .
additional index words: legume nodulation, greenleaf desmodium, C",ntrosema, kaimi clover, pangolagrass, napiergrass, tropical pastures
Whitney; A. ' S . , and Y. Kanehiro. 1967. Pathways of nitrogen transfer in some tropical legume-grass associations. Agron. J. 59:585 -5 88.
ABSTRACT
Three ways by which legumes release nitrogen for possible transfer to an associated grass were evaluated in greenhouse experiments utilizing Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb., D. canum (Gmel.) Schintz &. Thellung, and Centrosema pubescens Benth. Legume root systems , growing in cinders and perfused with nitrogen-free solutions, normally released only trace amounts of nitrogen to the solutions. However, immediatedly after the plants were cut back, marked increases in the release of ammonium and amino nitrogen were observed . When the root systems of nitrogen -starved grass plants (Digitaria decumbens , Stent), were perfused in series with the legume roots, significant nitrogen transfer occurred from the more vigorous legume plants, especially after cutting back the legumes.
Release of soluble nitrogen from legume leaves because of leaching was studied by shaking excised leaves of varying ages in distilled water. The amounts of soluble nitrogen extracted were always small, but rapidly expanding leaves, yellowing leaves, and shaded leaves contained much higherr levels of extractable amino nitrogen than did other classes of leaves.
Leaf fall accounted for significant nitrogen losses from Q.. intortum and ~ pubescens plants allowed to shed mature leaves over a period of time, thus providing a third source of transferable nitrogen.
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The combined effects of root losses, leaching of leaves, and leaf fall provide an adequate explanation for the nitrogen transfer observed in an earlier small plot experiment.
additional index words: leaf nitrate, leaf ammonia, soluble leaf amino N, leaf fall, nitrogen tran sfer . legumes, grasses, pasture management, Desmodium
(3) Crop Quality and ltilization
Bowers, F. A. I., D. L. Plucknett, and O. R. Younge . 1964. Specific gravity evaluation of corm quality in taro. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 61. 19 p.
ABSTRACT
Corm quality in taro (Colocasia esculenta) can be evaluated by measuring specific gravity. The higher the sp . gr., the higher the quality .Poor quality taro, "loH -loH" is lowin specific gravity and may float in water. Corms which sink in water are usually of good quality. Measurements of sp. gr. are related to several factors of eating quality .
additional index words: salt solutions , paiai, Colocasia, taro, specific gravity evaluation
26
Fox, R. L., and M. Isobe ..1973. Crop quality control through soil management techniques: Manipulating nitrogen and water to ripen sugarcane. lllustrated Concepts in Trop. Agr. 5 :1.
ABSTRACT
Abundant fertilizer N and irrigation water is supplied during the early stages of sugarcane growth so that the canopy develops rapidly for good weed control and maximum interception of light. As emphasis is shifted to stalk formation and sugar storage, the N level in the plant is allowed to diminish until in the few months before harvest there is very little new growth. During the final few months the irrigation cycle is lengthened to promote conversion of glucose to sucrose. Examples are given for 4 fields of different ages. Nitrogen decreased from 2.14% in the leaf blades at 3.5 months to 0.96% at 20 months and moisture percentage of leaf sheaths decreased from 86% to 76%. During the time interval of 7 months to 20 months purity of the sugarcane juices increased from 54% to 90% and Pol % cane increased from 4.8 to 15.6.
additional index words: nitrogen, irrigation, sugarcane, crop quality
Rotar, P. P. 1965. Tannins and crude proteins of tick clovers (Desmodium spp.). Trop. Agr. (Trinidad) 42:333-337.
ABSTRACT
Large differences were observed among plants of Desmodium intortum and D. uncinatum with regard to tannin content of leaves and stems (8.8% to 3.2% and from 3.7 to 1.5%, respectively) and crude protein content of leaves and stems (25.7% to 20 .2% and 75.0% to 7.6%, respectively). Leaf/stem ratios varied from 0.55 to 1.36. Percentage tannins in a number of Desmodium species ranged from 1.1% to 6.1% on a whole plant basis.
additional index words: tannins, Desmodium, protein, legume, pasture management
Tamimi, Y. N. , and J. E. Hunter . 1970 . Effect of P, CaC03 and CaSi03 fertilization upon incidence of corn smut. Agron. J. 62:496 -498 .
ABSTRACT
Incidence of corn smut was investigated in two fertilizer (5 xS factorial) experiments on P x CaC03 and P x CaSi03' Phosphorus rates were 0, 84,168; 336 and 672kg/ha/ CaC03 and CaSi03 rates were 0,6 . 72,13.44 , 26.88, and 53.76 tons (metric)/ha. In both experiments, the effect ofP on reduction of corn smut was statistically significant. Disease incidence was reduced from 12.1 and 13.1 to 7.4 and 5 . 8% with application of 84% kg P/ha in the P x CaC03 and the P x CaSi03 experiments, respectively. Further increases in rate of P did not significantly reduce inCidence of smut below that of the 84 kg P/ha.
Rates of CaC03 or CaSi03 did not significantly affect the incidence of corn smut, yet percent infection in the P x CaSi03 treatments was significantly lower than in the P x CaC03 treatments (P greater than .08) . There was nO significant effect of the P x CaC03 or P x CaSi03 interaction on incidence of smut. Soil pH, which ranged from 5.12 to 6 . 84 was also found to have no significant effect on infection.
additional index words: corn smut, corn fertilization, calcium silicate, calcium carbonate, phosphorus fertilizers
27
A
Whimey, A. S., and R . E. Green. 1969. Legume contributions to yields and compositions of Desmodium spp. - pangolagrass mixtures. Agron. J. 61:741-746.
ABSTRACT
A field experiment on a Humic Latosol at 640-m elevation compared pure pangolagrass (Digitaria decumbens) and mixtures of (a) pangolagrass plus uninoculated Desmodium canum, (b) same but inoculated, (c) pangolagrass plus D. intortum in 90 cm rows, and (d) same as (c) but D. intortumin 45 cm rows. All treatments were tested under limed and unlimed conditions. Dry matter yields over a 2-year period averaged: pure pangolagrass 3,780, (a) 6,840, (b) 7,510, (c) 10,810 and (d) 1l,960kgha- 1 yr- 1• Percentage crude protein was highest in (c) and (d). Percentage legume was low in (a) and (b), and over 5070 in (c) and (d). The CP yields of the mixtures were approximately equivalent to pure pangolagrass fertilized with N (as (NH4hS04) at the following rates: (a) 210, (b) 240, (c) 440, and (d) 525 kg N ha- 1 yr- l .
Apparent l\:-fixation in (b) w~s 97_kg ha- 1 yr- 1, and.inoculation of D . £illll!!.!l «b~ - (a~l gave a nonsignificant benefit of approximately 17 kg N ha 1 yr 1. D. mtortum fixed approximately 213 kg ha 1 yr in (c) and 264 kg in (d). The total amount of fixed N transferred to the grass was higher forD. intortum, but a higher percentage of the fixed N was transferred from D. canum. -
There were wide seasonal variations in dry matter yields and percentage crude protein, but the ranking of the treatments was quite consistent throughout the 2-year period for both of these characteristics. D. canum growth was reduced at average night temperatures below 16 C while D. intortum was affected little untilaverage night temperatures fell below IS C.
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There was no benefit for liming in any of the treatments. Yields of Q. intortum were depressed when exchangeable potassium was approximately'::' 0.1 meq/lOO of soil.
additional index words: N-fixation, N -transfer, air temperature effects, potas"ium requirement, crude protein levels, dry period effects, latosols, liming, legumes, fertilization, Desmodium, pangolagrass
Younge, 0. R., J. W. Hylin, D. L. Plucknett, Y. Kawano, andR. T. Nakayama. 1966. Analysisforkawa pyrones in extracts of ~methysticum. Phyto -chemistry 5 :795 -798.
ABSTRACT
The amounts of kawa pyrones (e.g., I and II) in ether extracts of Piper methysticum were determined using twodimensional thin -layer chromatography on aluminium oxide. The concentrations of desmethoxyyangonin, yangon in , dihydromethysticin , methysticin, dihydrokawain, and kawain were determined by u. v. spectroscopy after elution of the spots with methanol. Recoveries of known compounds were 80-85 percent for yangonin and 90-95 percent .for all others.
additional index words: kawa varieties, pyrones, Piper methysticum
28
H
Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station College of Tropical Agriculture University of Hawaii Departmental Paper 27-April1976 (2M)
