AbstractAbstractAbstractAbstractAbstractAbstractAbstractAbstract� Identification of Reduplication, a subtask of

Multi-word Expression identification.

� Reduplication, a very productive process at

both the grammatical as well as semantic

levels in Bengali.

� Here, reduplications have been identified

from the Bengali corpus of the articles of the

noted Indian Nobel laureate Rabindranath

Tagore.

� Rule-Based Approach consisting of two

phases i.e. identification of reduplication and

semantic analysis.

� Repetition of any linguistic unit such as

phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, clause or the

utterance as a whole.

Example: In English : ha-ha, blah-blah etc.

In Bengali: �����-������ (abal-tabal, incoherent).

What is Reduplication?What is Reduplication?What is Reduplication?What is Reduplication?

� Bengali, richest Indian language with 2400 words

(Chaudhuri et al., 2005) in the onomatopoeic and

idiophonic category of reduplication.

� Reduplication carries various semantic meanings and

helps to identify the mental state of the speaker.

� Two coarse-grained categories:

(a) repetition at the expression level.

(b) repetition at the contents or semantic (sense) level.

General ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral ClassificationGeneral Classification�� Onomatopoeic ExpressionOnomatopoeic Expression:

�� �� (khat khat, knock knock)

�� Complete Reduplication:Complete Reduplication:

�-� (bara-bara,big big)

� Partial Reduplication:� Partial Reduplication:

���-

�� (thakur-thukur ,God)

� Semantic Reduplication:

Synonym: ����-�� (matha-mundu, head)Antonym: ���-��� (din-rat, day and night) Class representative: ��-���� (cha-paani, snacks)

� Correlative Reduplication:

�������� (maramari, fighting)

Expression level Expression level Expression level Expression level Expression level Expression level Expression level Expression level ClassificationClassificationClassificationClassificationClassificationClassificationClassificationClassification

� NonNon--soundsound SymbolicSymbolic WordsWords

� Nouns and pronouns

��� ��� (bari bari, one house to other)� Adjectives

��� ��� � � (lal lal phul, red flowers)��� ��� � �� Verbs

���� ���� (bolte bolte, speaking) [Mandatory]���� ���� (bhebe chinte, thinking) [Optional]

� Adverb ���� ���� (dhere dhere, slowly)

�� Sound WordsSound Words

�� �� (chal chal, sound of water falling)

Sense Level ReduplicationSense Level ReduplicationSense Level ReduplicationSense Level ReduplicationSense Level ReduplicationSense Level ReduplicationSense Level ReduplicationSense Level Reduplication� Sense of repetition:

���-��� (bachar bachar, every year)

� Sense of plurality:

� � ��� (bara bara bari, many big houses )

� Sense of emphatic meaning:

��� ��� � � (lal-lal phul, deep red rose)

� Sense of completion:� Sense of completion:

����-���� (kheye deye jabo, after eating)

� Sense of hesitation or softness:

��� ��� �� (Hasi-hasi mukh, laughing face)

� Sense of incompleteness of the verbs:

ক�� ���� ���� (kotha bolte bolte, talking about )

� Sense of corresponding correlative words:

�������� (Maramari, fighting)

� Sense of onomatopoeia:

�� �� (khat khat, knock knock)

System DesignSystem DesignSystem DesignSystem DesignSystem DesignSystem DesignSystem DesignSystem Design

Phase 1: Identifying Reduplications

Identify mainly five cases of reduplication

i.e.Onomatopoeic, complete, partial, semantic

and correlative reduplications.

Phase 2: Semantic Analysis

Extraction of associated meaning or

semantics like sense level reduplications.

Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase 11111111System ArchitectureSystem ArchitectureSystem ArchitectureSystem ArchitectureSystem ArchitectureSystem ArchitectureSystem ArchitectureSystem Architecture

TokenizerTokenizerTokenizerTokenizerCorpus

Bengali

Corpus

RuleRuleRuleRule&&&&based Identifierbased Identifierbased Identifierbased Identifier

ClassifierClassifierClassifierClassifier

Set of Inflections

Set of Inflections

DictionaryDictionary

Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The ArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitecture

CorpusCorpusCorpusCorpusCorpusCorpusCorpusCorpusArticles (novel, stories, dramas) ofRabindranath Tagore [http://www.rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org]

TokenizerTokenizerTokenizerTokenizerTokenizerTokenizerTokenizerTokenizerSeparates words based on blank space orSeparates words based on blank space orspecial symbols (like hyphen, exclamationnotation etc) to identify two consecutivewords.

RuleRule--basedbased IdentifierIdentifier

Consecutive tokens are passed to it to verifywhether they are reduplicated words or notbased on different algorithms.

ClassifierClassifier

CClassify reduplications at expression level.

Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The Components of The ArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitecture

DictionaryDictionary

It includes the lexicon and the associated

semantics. The system uses both Bengali-

to-Bengali (monolingual) and Bengali-to-

English (bilingual) dictionaries.

�� Set of inflectionsSet of inflections

0(����), �(-�, -), -�(-��), -��, -��(-���), -�, -��(��), ���, -���, -��, -�, -����, -�, -�

Brief classification Brief classification Algorithms Algorithms

�Complete: comparison for complete equality of two

words is checked.

�partial: 3 cases - (i) change of the first vowel

attached with first consonant, (ii) change of

consonant itself in first position or (iii) change of

both matra and consonant.

Exception: �����-������(abal-tabal, incoherent)Exception: �����-������(abal-tabal, incoherent)[Solution: only consonants that are produced afterchanging are ‘$’, ‘�’, ‘�’, ‘ ’(S.K.Chattopadhyay, 1992.)]

� Onomatopoeic: after removing inflection, words

are divided equally and then comparison is done.

�Correlative : the formative affixes ‘–�’ , ‘-%’ areadded with the root to form 1st and 2nd words

respectively and agglutinated.

�Semantic : a dictionary based approach using set of

above mentioned inflections.

Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase 22222222Semantic (sense) analysisSemantic (sense) analysisSemantic (sense) analysisSemantic (sense) analysisSemantic (sense) analysisSemantic (sense) analysisSemantic (sense) analysisSemantic (sense) analysis

�Correspondence between general and

sense level reduplications:

ReduplicationsReduplications SemanticsSemantics (Sense)(Sense)

onomatopoeic onomatopoeic onomatopoeiaonomatopoeia

semantic or partialsemantic or partial completioncompletion

correlative wordcorrelative word corresponding corresponding correlative wordscorrelative wordscorrelative wordscorrelative words

Complete Complete Repetition /Repetition /hesitation, softnesshesitation, softness

Problem for sense disambiguation of complete

reduplication: multiple sense depending on the

context.

� System identifies some related words like ‘ক��’(kara, to do), ‘����’ (bhaba, to think), ‘����’ (mato,like), ‘��&�’ (laga, feel) for disambiguation.

� These are not enough for disambiguating the

sense of the phrase.

Experimental ResultsExperimental ResultsExperimental ResultsExperimental ResultsExperimental ResultsExperimental ResultsExperimental ResultsExperimental Results

�The collected corpus includes 14,810 tokens

for 3675 distinct word forms at the root

level.

�Metrics:

� IR metrics: Precision, Recall, F-score.

� Frequency measurements of each class.

� Hyphen and close form count.� Hyphen and close form count.

�Evaluation:

Reduplication Precision Recall F-score

Onomatopoeic 99.85 99.77 99.79

Complete 99.98 99.92 99.95

Partial 79.15 75.80 77.44

Semantic 85.20 82.26 83.71

Correlative 99.91 99.73 99.82

System 92.82 91.50 92.15

Error AnalysisError AnalysisError AnalysisError AnalysisError AnalysisError AnalysisError AnalysisError Analysis

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Precision

Recall

F-Score

�Partial and semantic evaluation scores are notsatisfactory because of some wrong taggingby the shallow parser.

�Some synonymous reduplication (����- �'�, dhire-susthe, slowly and steadily)implies anonymous sense of the previousword but not its exact synonym. These wordsare not identified properly due to the lack ofBengali lexicons like WordNet.

Frequency hypothesisFrequency hypothesisFrequency hypothesisFrequency hypothesisFrequency hypothesisFrequency hypothesisFrequency hypothesisFrequency hypothesis� Frequency is an important indication of

whether a compound is a MWE.

� 8.52% of reduplications are hyphened.

� percentage of closed reduplications is

33.09% where maximum of them are

onomatopoeic, correlative and semantic

reduplications.

� 100% of correlative reduplications and� 100% of correlative reduplications and

maximum of onomatopoeic reduplications

are closed.

8.51

51.0626.6

12.7

18.08

Frequency Analysis

Onomatopoeic

Complete

Partial

Semantic

Correlative

ConclusionConclusion

� The reduplication is mainly used for

emphasis, generality, intensity, or to

show continuation of an act.

� The semantics of the reduplicated words

indicate some sort of senseindicate some sort of sense

disambiguation that cannot be bounded

by only rule based analysis.

� Further researches on the field of

Stylometry analysis of the authors or

Plagiarism detection.