Abstract, Acknowledgemen

7/30/2019 Abstract, Acknowledgemen

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AN ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM (AIS)APPLICATION TO REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH

FOR LOSS MINIMIZATION IN DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM

AHMAD FAIZ BIN NOOR AZAM

SCHOOL OF ELECTRIC SYSTEM ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

2007


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AN ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM (AIS)APPLICATION TO REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH

FOR LOSS MINIMIZATION IN DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM

by

AHMAD FAIZ BIN NOOR AZAM

Report submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree

of Bachelor of Engineering

MARCH 2007


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would like to say ALHAMDULLAH and thank ALLAH the

Almighty that I am able to complete my final year project with success and without much

problem. I am really thankful to my family, classmates and friends that had given me full

support, cooperation and bountiful knowledge with regards to the assigned project.

To my supervisor Miss Siti Rafidah Abdul Ralim, thank you personally from the

bottom of my heart for your sincere guidance and support. I would also like to thank and

give tremendous credit to all those who have helped me in achieving my task especially

my colleagues Mohd Faizal, Mohd Izhar, Mohammad Tarmimi and Mohd Nur Ridzuan

who shared the same research interest for supporting me all the way .

Finally I hope this collaboration and networking will enhance understanding and

support throughout. I thank all of you for this rewarding experience and wish all of you

success in your undertaking.


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APPROVAL AND DECLARATION SHEET

This project report titled An Artificial Immune System (AIS) Application To

Reactive Power Dispatch For Loss Minimization In Distribution System was

prepared and submitted by Ahmad Faiz Noor Azam (Matrix Number: 031070016)

and has been found satisfactory in terms of scope, quality and presentation as

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering ( Industrial

Electronic Engineering ) in University Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP)

Checked and Approved by

_______________________

(Siti Rafidah Abdul Ralim)

Project Supervisor

Industrial Electronic Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

March 2007


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APLIKASI ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM (AIS) BERDASARKAN

REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH UNTUK MENGURANGKAN KEHILANGANPADA SISTEM PENGAGIHAN

ABSTRAK

Projek ini menerangkan kaedah mengawal voltan disamping memperbaiki paras

voltan dalan sistem kuasa dan mengurangkan kehilangan. Kaedah Newton-Raphson

digunakan untuk menghitung kehilangan untuk mengawal operasi kuasa reaktif. Aliran

reactive power tak terkawal di dalam sistem pengagihan boleh memberi kenaikan

terlampau dalam kehilangan kuasa aktif dan kuasa reaktif dan penurunan nilai voltan

pada keadaaan mantap di aliran beban. Dalam sistem pengagihan, penurunan nilai voltan

berlaku pada keadaan contohnya, semasa kehilangan pada penjana berlaku dan ini akan

menganggu proses yang berterusan. Tahap kuasa aktif di dalam komponen sistem

pengagihan akan mengalami penurunan yang serius. Projek ini mengunakan sistem ujian

enam bus dan program dibuat dengan mengunakan perisian MATLAB.


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AN ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM (AIS) APPLICATION TO REACTIVE

POWER DISPATCH FOR LOSS MINIMIZATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

This project presents voltage control methods to improve the voltage level of a

power system whilst minimizing losses. Newton Raphson method is used to calculate

losses to control the operation of reactive power dispatch and tap changing transformer to

minimize losses. Uncontrolled reactive power flow in an industrial distribution system

can give rise to excessive active and reactive power losses and voltage drops on steady-

state load flow. In an interconnected distribution system with cogeneration, voltage drops

under contingency conditions, i.e. on loss of a generator or tie line, can disrupt the

continuous processes. The active power rating of the distribution system components can

be seriously degraded. The test system that is used for the project is a six bus system and

the program is done using MATLAB software.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENT i

APPROVAL AND DECLARATION SHEET ii

ABSTRAK iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS OR NOMENCLATURE x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Objective 2

1.3 Scope of study 3

1.4 Project Organization 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Power Flow 5

2.1.1 Power Demand Voltage Changes Due to Slow Changes in Electrical 5

2.1.2 Voltage Changes Due to Large Changes in Reactive Power Demand 7


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and Outage of a Source

2.1.3 Reactive Power Losses 7

2.1.4 Options Available to Reduce or Eliminate Voltage Problems 9

2.2 Reactive Power Dispatch 9

2.2.1 Reactive Power Control 14

2.3 Artificial Immune System 15

2.3.1 Background History 15

2.3.2 Introduction 15

2.3.3 Artificial Immune Network 16

2.3.4 Negative Selection Mechanism 17

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 19

3.1.1 Slack Bus 19

3.1.2 Load Buses 20

3.1.3 Regulated Buses 20

3.2 Test System 20

3.3 Power Flow in MATLAB 223.3.1 Data Preparation 22

3.3.2 Bus Data File 22

3.3.3 Line Data File 23

3.3.4 Power Flow Programs 24

3.4 Artificial Immune System (AIS) 26

3.4.1 Flow Chart 26

3.4.2 Initial Population 27

3.4.3 Clone 27

3.4.4 Mutate 29

3.4.5 Selection 30


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3.4.6 Convergence 30

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction 31

4.2 Results 32

4.2.1 Bus Number 2 32

4.3 Discussion 36

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary 375.2 Recommendation For Future Projects 38

REFERENCES 39

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Appendix B


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LIST OF TABLES

Tables No. Page

4.1 The optimal size of RPD and losses test 1 for bus 2 32

4.2 The optimal size of RPD and losses test 2 for bus 2 334.3 The optimal size of RPD and losses test 1 for bus 2 34


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figures No. Page

2.1 Voltage-active power (V-P) and voltage-reactive power (V-Q) 6

characteristics

2.2 Reactive power received versus transmitted and voltage drop 8through reactors.

2.3 AC voltage and current phase shift 11

2.4 Power Triangle 12

2.5 Mechanism of Immune System 18

3.1 Six Bus System 20

3.2 Bus data and line data for six bus system 21

3.3 Flow chart for AIS technique 26

3.4 The clone program 28

3.5 The mutation program 29

4.1 Comparison graph for three evaluations on bus number 2 35


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LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS OR NOMENCLATURE

RPD reactive power dispatch

AIS artificial immune system

Documents

Abstract, Acknowledgemen