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8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absorbent-products-and-method-of-preparation-thereofpdf 1/23
( 1 2 ) United S t a t e s
Patent
Leithem e t a 1 .
US007919667B1
US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7
B1
A p r . 5 , 2 0 1 1
( 1 0 ) Patent N 0 . :
( 4 5 ) Date o f P a t e n t :
( 5 4 )
( 7 5 )
( 7 3 )
( 2 1 )
( 2 2 )
( 6 3 )
( 5 1 )
( 5 2 )
( 5 8 )
ABSORBENT PRODUCTS
ANDMETHODS OF
PREPARATION
THEREOF
I n v e n t o r s :
P h y l l i s
L e i t h e m , M c C l e a r y , WA U S ) ;
C h a r l e s
A . K r e m e r s ,
M o r r i s v i l l e , PA
( U S ) ; W. P a u l
H a r r e l l ,
J e s u p ,
GA U S ) ;
S t e p h e n
L e w i s ,
S h e l t o n , WA U S ) ; K a r l
D .
S e a r s ,
S h e l t o n ,
WA U S ) ; Quan
e ,
L a c e y ,
WA
U S ) ; P e t e r
R .
A b i t z ,
O l y m p i a ,
WA U S )
A s s i g n e e :
R a y o n i e r TRS H o l d i n g s I n c . ,
J a c k s o n v i l l e , FL
( U S )
N o t i c e :
S u b j e c t t o
a n y d i s c l a i m e r , t h e t e r m
o f
h i s
p a t e n t
i s e x t e n d e d
o r a d j u s t e d
u n d e r 3 5
U . S . C . 1 5 4 ( b )
b y
1 1 9 2
d a y s .
A p p l . N 0 . : 0 9 / 3 3 4 , 1 2 5
F i l e d :
J u n . 1 5 ,
1 9 9 9
R e l a t e d U . S .
A p p l i c a t i o n
Data
C o n t i n u a t i o n
o f a p p l i c a t i o n N o .
0 8 / 3 7 0 , 5 7 1 ,
? l e d on
J a n .
1 8 ,
1 9 9 5 ,
n o W a b a n d o n e d , Which i s
a
c o n t i n u a t i o n - i n - p a r t
o f
a p p l i c a t i o n
N o .
0 8 / 1 8 4 , 3 7 7 ,
?led
on
J a n .
2 1 ,
1 9 9 4 ,
n o W abandoned.
I n t . C l .
A61 F
3 / 1 5 ( 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 )
D21C
/ 0 0 ( 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 )
D21H 3 / 0 0
( 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 )
U.S. C l . . . . . . . . . . . 604/367;
604/368; 604/374;
162/90;
1 6 2 /
1 5 7 . 6
Field
of Classi?catio n Search
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
604/367,
6 0 4 / 3 6 8 , 3 7 4 ,
3 8 0 ;
1 6 2 / 9 0 , 9 , 7 0 ,
1 8 2 ,
7 8 ,
1 6 2 / 1 5 7 . 6
S e e
a p p l i c a t i o n ? l e
f o r c o m p l e t e
s e a r c h h i s t o r y .
( 5 6 ) R e f e r e n c e s C i t e d
U . S .
PATENTDOCUMENTS
1 , 3 1 0 , 6 9 4
A
7 / 1 9 1 9
Edwardes
1 , 8 3 0 , 1 3 1 A
1 1 / 1 9 3 1 P l u m s t e a d
1 , 9 1 3 , 2 8 3
A 6 / 1 9 3 3
McCormick
t
a 1 .
2 , 0 8 3 , 5 7 5
A
6 / 1 9 3 7
Novak
2 , 6 8 3 , 0 8 8 A
7 / 1 9 5 4
R e y n o l d s
2 , 8 8 0 , 7 2 6
A 4 / 1 9 5 9
S t i e g
3 , 0 5 7 , 0 3 7
A 1 0 / 1 9 6 2
C a r n e y
e t a 1 .
3 , 1 0 5 , 4 9 1
A
1 0 / 1 9 6 3
Harwood
3,658,064 A
4/1972 Poci l u yk o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 0 4 / 3 6 0
3 , 6 5 8 , 6 1 3 A 4 / 1 9 7 2
S t e i g e r
3 , 6 6 1 , 1 5 4
A
5 / 1 9 7 2
T o r r
3 , 6 7 0 , 7 3 1
A
6 / 1 9 7 2
Harm on
3 , 7 3 9 , 7 8 2
A
6 / 1 9 7 3 B e r n a r d i n
3 , 8 0 9 , 6 0 4
A
5 / 1 9 7 4
E s t e s
3 , 8 9 7 , 7 8 2
A
8 / 1 9 7 5
Tunc
4,081,316 A 3 / 1 9 7 8 Aberg t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 162/4
4 , 0 9 6 , 2 8 9 A 6 / 1 9 7 8 N i s c h W i t Z e t
a 1 .
4 , 1 0 3 , 0 6 2 A 7 / 1 9 7 8 Aberson t
a 1 .
4 , 1 0 4 , 2 1 4
A
8 / 1 9 7 8
M e i e r h o e f e r
4 , 1 0 5 , 0 3 3 A 8 / 1 9 7 8 C h a t t e r j e e e t
a 1 .
4 , 1 6 5 , 7 4 3 A
8 / 1 9 7 9
D e n n i n g
4 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 2
A
1 2 / 1 9 8 0
A l l e n
4 , 3 4 0 , 5 5 6
A
7 / 1 9 8 2 C i e n c e w i c k i
4 , 4 4 4 , 8 3 0
A
4 / 1 9 8 4 E r i c k s o n
4 , 6 8 9 , 1 1 8
A
8 / 1 9 8 7
Makouiet 1 1 .
4 , 7 6 7 , 8 4 8
A
8 / 1 9 8 8
Makouiet 1 1 .
4 , 8 8 8 , 0 9 3 A 1 2 / 1 9 8 9 Dean
t
: 1 1 .
4 , 8 9 8 , 6 4 2 A 2 / 1 9 9 0 Moore
t a 1 .
4 , 9 1 1 , 7 0 0
A
3 / 1 9 9 0
Makouiet
1 1 .
4 , 9 1 9 , 6 8 1
A 4 / 1 9 9 0 T y l e r
e t
a 1 .
( C o n t i n u e d )
Primary Examiner
*
a c q u e l i n e
F .
S t e p h e n s
( 7 4 ) A t t o r ne y , A g e n t , or Fi rm *
ramer Levin
N a f t a l i s &
F r a n k e l
LL P
( 5 7 )
ABSTRACT
An
i m p r o v e d a b s o r b e n c y m a t e r i a l f o r a b s o r b e n c y a p p l i c a
t i o n s c o m p r i s e d
o f a c e l l u l o s i c ? b r o u s m a t e r i a l W h e r e i n s a i d
c e l l u l o s i c ?brous m a t e r i a l such a s
p u l p
i s a
c o l d
a l k a l i
s o l u
t i o n t r e a t e d m a t e r i a l a t a
t r e a t m e n t
t e m p e r a t u r e of e s s t h a n
a b o u t 5 0 0 C . ; a p r o c e s s f o r i m p r o v i n g
a b s o r b e n c y
and o t h e r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s a i d
p u l p .
2
C l a i m s ,
2 Drawing S h e e t s
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absorbent-products-and-method-of-preparation-thereofpdf 2/23
US 7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
P a g e
2
U S . PATENTDOCUMENTS
5 , 0 1 9 , 0 6 3 A 5 / 1 9 9 1 Marsan
t
a 1 .
5 , 0 7 1 , 6 8 1
A 1 2 / 1 9 9 1 Manning t a 1 .
5 , 0 9 1 , 2 4 0
A
2 / 1 9 9 2 K a j a n d e r
e t a 1 .
5 , 1 4 7 , 3 4 3 A 9 / 1 9 9 2 K e l l e n b e r g e r
5 , 4 1 3 , 7 4 7 A
5 , 4 7 8 , 3 3 5 A
5 , 7 6 6 , 1 5 9 A
6 , 0 6 3 , 9 8 2 A
*
c i t e d b y
examiner
5 / 1 9 9 5
1 2 / 1 9 9 5
6 / 1 9 9 8
5 / 2 0 0 0
Akers
et a 1 .
C o l b e i t
MaItin
et a 1 .
MaItin
et a 1 .
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
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US.
atent A p r . 5 ,
2 0 1 1 S h e e t
1 0 1 2 US 7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
2
_
~ _u t 3
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absorbent-products-and-method-of-preparation-thereofpdf 4/23
US.
atent A p r . 5 ,
2 0 1 1 S h e e t
2 0 1 2 US 7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
2 2 6 .
2 . 8 52.
3 ;
2 2 3 .
2 3 5 .
5 . 2 52 : 2 5
5 2
5
2 8 ae u z s g
2 m
2 5 %
s
2 2 3
: 8 : 3
2 G2 2 3 2 82 2 8
5 2 2 3
2 :
2 8;2. 5
. 5 8 %8 : :
_ =1 823
2 . :
2 :
5
2 5
;
2 5
=
5 :
8 2. 2 8 3
g a t e :
;: 0 5 . 2 8a m z a g ?
2 52 8 % :: 5 8 : 5 28 m .
85 5 : 6
5 2
8
2 :
2 8 1 .
3 8 0 :
2 0 :
2 5
3 8 5
3 3
2 2 3 2 5 2
2 2 1 - 2 0 2a s ?: 2 52 : 2 3 :
2 : 2 2a :
6 0 3 - 8 2
8 3 2 5
t g x c o w
2 2
3 8 3
m ,
E
2 8 8 %m :
5 2 8
0 3 7 2
E 5 8 5 ?
8 8
5 2
2
8 5 3 5
0 5 2 m g
0 2
5 2 :
5 2 m g
2 0
2 2 2 2 5 6
5 28
3 8 2 :5 5 2
2 5 2 2
E
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
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US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
1
ABSORBENT PRODUCTS
AND
METHODS OF
PREPARATION THEREOF
T h i s
a p p l i c a t i o n
i s a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f U S . e r . No. 0 8 / 3 7 0 ,
5 7 1 , ? l e d J a n . 1 8 ,
1 9 9 5
n o W a b a n d o n e d , Which s a
c o n t i n u
a t i o n - i n - p a r t o f U . S .
S e r .
N o .
0 8 / 1 8 4 , 3 7 7 ,
? l e d J a n . 2 1 , 1 9 9 4
noW
bandoned.
T h i s
i n v e n t i o n
r e l a t e s t o p u l p s f o r a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t s ,
more a r t i c u l a r l y t h i s i n v e n t i o n
r e l a t e s
to n o v e l u s e of
modi
? e d
p u l p s f o r a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t s o f h o u se h o l d a n d h y g i e n i c
u s e s
such
a s d i a p e r s , i n c o n t i n e n c e
and
c a t a m e n i a l
d e v i c e s
a n d t h e
l i k e
a n d a method f o r p r e p a r i n g p u l p s o f o u t s t a n d i n g
a b s o r b e n c y
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
More a r t i c u l a r l y ,
t h i s i n v e n t i o n
r e l a t e s
to t h e n o v e l u s e
of
knoWn
t e c h n o l o g y 4 c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n i t o
p r o d u c e c e l
l u l o s i c p u l p s h a v i n g a l t e r e d
a n d
n o v e l
? b e r p r o p e r t i e s d e s i r
a b l e
f o r e n d - u s e a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r a b s o r b e n t a n d ? u f f p u l p
p r o d u c t s .
F u r t h e r ,
t h i s
i n v e n t i o n r e l a t e s t o
t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e
a l t e r e d and
n o v e l p u l p s
W i t h o u t a d d i t i o n o f c h e m i c a l a d d i
t i v e s
such a s s h e e t d e b o n d e r s . S t i l l f u r t h e r
t h i s
i n v e n t i o n
r e l a t e s t o
t h e
p r o d u c t i o n o f pu l p s h a v i n g n o v e l , d e s i r a b l e
p r o p e r t i e s
a c h i e v e d W i t h o u t c h e m i c a l
m o d i ? c a t i o n
t e p s
s u c h
a s
c r o s s l i n k i n g W i t h
c h e m i c a l
c r o s s l i n k i n g
a g e n t s .
Moreover, t h i s i n v e n t i o n
r e l a t e s t o a
n o v e l use of
a
pulp
p r o d u c t
c h a r a c t e r i z e d a n d
d e ? n e d b y i t s p r o p e r t i e s f o r s u i t
a b l e
e n d
u s e s
o f t h e s e p u l p s . A c c o r d i n g l y , n o v e l p u l p p r o d
u c t s
can
b e obtained at
reduced
c o s t f o r
t h e
r e s p e c t i v e ,
eco
n o m i c e f f e c t i v e n e s s
o f
t h e s e
p u l p s
When c o m p a r e d
t o
p u l p s
p r e p a r e d by t h e
p r i o r
a r t
a n d
s u i t a b l e f o r t h e
same
p u r p o s e .
BACKGROUNDFOR
THE
INVENTION
W i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g p r o m i n e n c e o f d i s p o s a b l e
i t e m s , s u c h
a s d i a p e r s ,
p a p e r t o W e l s
and h e l i k e , a n d i n v i e W
o f
h e W i d e l y
p r e v a l e n t
u s e o f a b s o r b e n t
t i s s u e s o f v a r i o u s
k i n d s , i t h a s
b e c o m e i m p o r t a n t t o o b t a i n p u l p s
o f
h i g h
a b s o r b e n c y a n d
e s p e c i a l l y
p u l p s
t h a t
d i s p l a y
h i g h a b s o r b e n c y
u p o n
m u l t i p l e
r e - W e t t i n g .
T y p i c a l l y
p u l p s t h a t
a r e
u s e d f o r h y g i e n i c a b s o r p t i o n p u r
p o s e s s u c h
a s baby
d i a p e r s and
t h e
l i k e
a r e c o n s t r u c t e d
W i t h
a n o u t s i d e
“ a c q u i s i t i o n ”
a y e r ,
W h i c h s a l a y e r
o f u l p o f
good
b u l k i n g p r o p e r t i e s
a n d
g o o d
a b s o r b e n c y d u e t o
r e l a t i v e
? b e r
s t i f f n e s s . A
u l k y
m a t e r i a l W i l l
c o n t a i n
a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f
void
s p a c e s o r
p o r e s .
For an a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t , t h e s e p o r e s
a r e u s e d t o a c q u i r e , t r a n s p o r t and s t o r e ? u i d . L o n g e r , s t i f f e r
? b e r s
make b u l k i e r a i r
l a i d Webs W i t h
more
p o r e
volume.
F l u i d s
a r e more
e a s i l y
a c q u i r e d and
t r a n s p o r t e d
i f p o r e
v o l
ume
o r
b u l k
i s h i g h . The “ a c q u i s i t i o n ” l a y e r i s
p o s i t i o n e d
betWeen t h e b a b y ’ s s k i n a n d t h e
a b s o r b e n t
c o r e
o f
t h e d i a p e r .
An a c q u i s i t i o n ” l a y e r
o f
p r o p e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d p r o p e r
t i e s a l l o W s
t h e
l i q u i d t o
p a s s q u i c k l y i n t o t h e a b s o r b e n t c o r e
upon
e p e a t e d
W e t t i n g s a n d a t t h e same t i m e t h i s l a y e r t r a n s
m i t s
t h e
l i q u i d i n t o
t h e p r i n c i p a l
a b s o r b e n t c o r e
t h a t
h o l d s
t h e
l i q u i d . I n
a
s i m i l a r
manner, an i n c o n t i n e n t
o r
catamenial
d e v i c e may e c o n s t r u c t e d . F u r t h e r , Wound
r e s s i n g
m a t e r i a l
may
e
construed i n a
l i k e manner. These
d e v i c e s ar e absor
b e n c y p r o d u c t s W h i c h r e q u i r e p u l p s h a v i n g i n t e n s i v e a b s o r
b e n c y p r o p e r t i e s .
S t i l l f u r t h e r ,
a b s o r b e n t m u l t i p l y p a p e r s s u c h
a s h o u s e h o l d
t o W e l s
may e c o n s t r u c t e d
o f m u l t i p l e
l a y e r s
o r p l i e s i n c l u d
i n g
a
c o r e
l a y e r a n d
t h u s t h e s e
l i e s
may
e t a i l o r e d
a c c o r d i n g
to
t h e
u s e
t o
Which h e s e
goods a r e b e i n g s u b j e c t e d o r
f o r
t h e
p u r p o s e
t h e s e a r e
employed.
P r o d u c t s
s u c h
a s d i a p e r s When used
i t h
an u t s i d e “ a c q u i
s i t i o n ” l a y e r and an i n t e r i o r p r i n c i p a l
a b s o r b e n t c o r e ,
a r e
p r e s e n t l y d e s i r a b l y c o n s t r u c t e d
W i t h
t h e “ a c q u i s i t i o n ” l a y e r
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
2
made
from
c r o s s l i n k e d
p u l p s s u c h a s
a r e
i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e
f o l l o W i n g E u r o p e a n P a t e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s 0 4 2 7 , 3 1 6 A2 a n d 0
427,317A2 a l l b y H e r r o n t a l . a n d U . S . P a t . N o .
5 , 1 3 7 , 5 3 7
b y
Herron
e t a l . a s s i g n e d t o
P r o c t o r &
Gamble
C o . F u r t h e r ,
C a n a d i a n
P a t e n t
a p p l i c a t i o n
2 , 0 3 5 , 4 0 2 , by Kokko
b a s e d o n
US.
r i o r i t y
a p p l i c a t i o n
S e r .
N o .
0 7 / 4 7 3 , 4 0 4
a n d a s s i g n e d o
J a m e s
R i v e r C o r p .
l i k e W i s e
d i s c l o s e s
s u c h
p u l p s .
C r o s s - l i n k e d p u l p s
a r e
t y p i c a l l y
p r e p a r e d
u s i n g
f o r m a l d e
h y d e - b a s e d c o m p o u n d s . M o r e
r e c e n t l y ,
p o l y c a r b o x y l i c
a c i d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y c i t r i c a c i d ,
h a v e
b e e n shoWn o b e e f f e c t i v e
c r o s s - l i n k i n g
a g e n t s . C r o s s - l i n k e d ? b e r s d i s p l a y e x c e l l e n t
W e t s t i f f n e s s . The r o s s - l i n k s
p h y s i c a l l y
e s t r i c t
t h e
u p t a k e o f
W a t e r
i n t o t h e ? b e r W a l l . By
d o i n g
s o , t h e ? b e r r e t a i n s ,
b e t t e r
t h a n c o n v e n t i o n ? b e r , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
s t i f f n e s s
o f r y ? b e r s .
A
eb
o f
c r o s s - l i n k e d
? b e r s ,
t h e r e f o r e , r e t a i n s i t s b u l k
a n d
p o r e volume When W e t , Which e n h a n c e s ? u i d
a c q u i s i t i o n ,
e s p e c i a l l y W i t h r e p e a t e d W e t t i n g s o r n s u l t s . H o W e v e r ,
c h e m i
c a l l y
c r o s s - l i n k e d ? b e r s a r e
c o n s i d e r a b l y more e x p e n s i v e
t h a n
? b e r s
Which
may b e
employed W i t h o u t a n y
c r o s s - l i n k
i n g .
M o r e o v e r ,
p u l p s
e m p l o y e d i n p r i o r
a r t p r o c e s s e s f o r
c r o s s - l i n k i n g p u r p o s e s a r e
g e n e r a l l y
n o t a v a i l a b l e i n s h e e t e d
f o r m ( r o l l s
o r
b a l e s o f
s h e e t s ) .
A l t h o u g h p u l p s h a v e b e e n
b l e a c h e d
u n d e r
v a r i o u s a l k a l i n e
c o n d i t i o n s , b l e a c h i n g s c h e d u l e s a n d b l e a c h i n g
t r e a t m e n t
a r e
b y noW
t h o s e
t y p i c a l l y e m p l o y e d b y p r i o r
a r t .
A c c o r d i n g l y , a
Wide v a r i e t y o f s u c h s c h e d u l e s a r e p r a c t i c e d i f o r
t h e most
p a r t
employing a t l e a s t
one o r
more
a l k a l i n e
s t e p s a t f a i r l y
h i g h
t e m p e r a t u r e s .
I n s u c h
s e q u e n c e s i t h a s a l s o
b e e n
knoWn
t o employ a u s t i c s o l u t i o n s
a t
l o W e r
t e m p e r a t u r e
and
h e n
t h e
same
s o l u t i o n i s used
o
b r i n g up t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e
to
o r g r e a t e r
t h a n a b o i l i n g p o i n t o f t h e
s o l u t i o n
a s shoWn i n Canadian
P a t e n t 5 7 8 , 5 7 3 e n t i t l e d
“ P u r i ? c a t i o n
o f
Wood
P u l p ”
g r a n t e d
J u n . 3 0 , 1 9 5 9 . I n
h i s
p a t e n t
t h e
p u l p s s o p r o d u c e d a r e u s e d f o r
d i s s o l v i n g p u l p s , i . e . , m a k i n g c e l l u l o s e a c e t a t e
a n d
o t h e r
c h e m i c a l d e r i v a t i v e s o f
c e l l u l o s e . No
d e s c r i p t i o n
h a s
b e e n
f o u n d c o n c e r n i n g
t h e
i m p r o v e m e n t s
i n
a b s o r b e n c y ,
r e W e t t i n g
p r o p e r t i e s , s t i f f n e s s o f
? b e r s , e t c .
a s
d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n f o r t h e
p u l p s
a s
used
f o r
t h e
d e v i c e s o r p r o d u c t s
a s
i l l u s t r a t e d
h e r e i n .
M o r e o v e r ,
t h e
d i s t i n c t i o n b e t W e e n
d i s s o l v i n g p u l p s a n d
? u f f
p u l p s h o u l d a l s o
b e n o t e d .
B R I E F
DESCRIPTION
OFTHE
DRAWINGS
With r e f e r e n c e t o
t h e
DraWing h e r e i n :
F I G . 1 i s a p l a n
v i e W
o f a t y p i c a l
b a b y
d i a p e r ;
F I G . 2 i s a c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l vieW
o f
h e
d i a p e r
shoWn n F I G .
1 , a l o n g
l i n e s
2 - 2 t h e r e o f ; a n d
F I G .
3
i s
a
s c h e m a t i c
s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y
p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e
o v e r a l l
p r o c e s s / p r o d u c t i m p r o v e m e n t s .
B R I E F
DESCRIPTION
OFTHEINVENTION
I t h a s n o W been found t h a t c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
(CAE) o f
p u l p s s u c h
a s
p r e f e r a b l y o b t a i n e d
f r o m
c o n i f e r o u s
a n d
d e c i d u o u s t r e e s r e s u l t i n ? b e r s t h a t h a v e a d v a n t ag e o u s l y and
u n e x p e c t e d l y
i m p r o v e d
a b s o r p t i o n
p r o p e r t i e s .
P u l p s
f r o m
o t h e r
s o u r c e
m a t e r i a l s may a l s o b e s u i t a b l e ( e . g . , b a g a s s e ,
s t r a W , e t c . ) . By
h e
term
c o l d ” i t
i s meant
a
c a u s t i c
t r e a t m e n t
n o t t o exceed
6 0 0 C .
b u t d e s i r a b l y at a
t e m p e r a t u r e
l e s s
t h a n
5 0 °
C . b u t
p r e f e r a b l y
at a
t e m p e r a t u r e
betWeen
1 5 °
C .
t o
4 0 °
C .
By
t h e t e r m “ c a u s t i c ”
i t i s
meant sodium h y d r o x i d e s o l u
t i o n s neWly
m ade
up o r a s a s o l u t i o n by-product i n a
pulp
o r
p a p e r m i l l o p e r a t i o n e . g . ,
hemi
c a u s t i c W h i t e l i q u o r , o x i d i Z e d
W h i t e l i q u o r
a n d
t h e
l i k e .
F u r t h e r ,
ammonium
y d r o x i d e ,
a n d
p o t a s s i u m h y d r o x i d e
a n d
t h e l i k e may b e e m p l o y e d . H o W
e v e r ,
from
a
c o s t s t a n d p o i n t ,
t h e p r e f e r a b l e
c a u s t i c
m a t e r i a l
i s
s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e .
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absorbent-products-and-method-of-preparation-thereofpdf 6/23
US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
3
The
o l d
c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t i o n s
t y p i c a l l y
a t
a c a u s t i c
s t r e n g t h
i n a
r a n g e
from
a b o u t
3
o 25%, p r e f e r a b l y
from
a b o u t 6
t o
1 8 ,
p u l p c o n s i s t e n c y f r o m a b o u t
2
o 25% u t
d e s i r a b l y
from
2 o
10%
u t p r e f e r a b l y
f r o m
3
o
8%. P u l p s f o r h i g h
r a t e , f a s t a b s o r b i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e p r e f e r a b l y t r e a t e d
W i t h
c o l d c a u s t i c
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
from 1 3 % o 18%. A ide a r i e t y
of
p u l p s
a r e
s u i t a b l e
such
a s
o b t a i n e d
by
mechanical
o r
c h e m i - m e c h a n i c a l , s u l ? t e ,
k r a f t ,
p u l p i n g r e j e c t
m a t e r i a l s ,
o r g a n i c s o l v e nt
p u l p s , e t c .
B o t h s o f t W o o d
a n d
hardWood s p e
c i e s a r e u s e f u l . S o f t w o o d p u l p s a r e
p r e f e r r e d .
Am ong p u l p s
t h o s e t h a t
h a v e
n o t been s e v e r e l y b l e a c h e d a r e u s e f u l , f o r
e x a m p l e p u l p s W i t h h i g h K u m b e r s ( i . e . , “ p o t a s s i u m
p e r
m a n g a n a t e ” n u m b e r ; a
h i g h K
r k a p p a
number
s i g n i ? e s a
r e l a t i v e l y
h i g h
e s i d u a l
l i g n i n
c o n t e n t )
f o r
t h e
p u l p .
T h e m o r e
h e a v i l y b l e a c h e d p u l p W i l l b e i m p r o v e d e s s a n d l s o r e q u i r e s
a Weaker a l k a l i t r e a t m e n t . I f t h e p u l p s
a r e
t r e a t e d i n t h e
manner a s
i t
W i l l be
f u r t h e r
d i s c l o s e d i n t h e s p e c i ? c a t i o n
h e r e i n , t h e n t h e r e s u l t i n g ? b e r s a r e s u c h t h a t
t h e s e
h a v e
good
b u l k i n g ,
( i . e . , “ s t i f f n e s s ” p r o p e r t i e s ) a n d
t h u s
h a v e much
i m p r o v e d a b s o r p t i o n a n d
r e W e t t i n g
p r o p e r t i e s
m a k i n g t h e s e
p u l p s
a t t r a c t i v e f o r
a number
of
s e s .
These
u l p s a r e
n o t
o n l y
c h a r a c t e r i z e d f o r
t h e i r
i m p r o v e d
p r o p e r t i e s ,
s u c h
a s
by
h e i r
a b i l i t y t o
a b s o r b
a n d
r e a b s o r b
W a t e r
more q u i c k l y
( t h a n t h e
s t a n d a r d u n t r e a t ed p u l p s ) When s u b j e c t e d t o m u l t i p l e r e W e t
t e s t s ,
b u t a l s o t h e s e
p u l p s a r e u s e f u l
f o r
a b s o r b e n t
d e v i c e s i n
t h e p r i n c i p a l
c o r e
f o r s u c h d e v i c e . I n f a c t ,
t h e
r e s u l t i n g
i m p r o v e m e n t s i n
t h e
a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s a r e
s o
s i g n i ? c a n t
t h a t t h e p r o d u c t s on
an
e c o n o m i c a l b a s i s may e a d i l y compete
W i t h
t h e more e x p e n s i v e
p r i o r a r t
c r o s s - l i n k e d p r o d u c t s
d e s c r i b e d
i n t h e a b o v e - i d e n t i ? e d p a t e n t s .
As
m e n t i o n e d
a b o v e , t h e n e W l y d i s c o v e r e d
p u l p
p r e p a r a
t i o n
h a s
Wide a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o a l l t y p e s o f p u l p / ? b e r
s o u r c e
m a t e r i a l s a n d d i s p l a y s i m p r o v e d
p r o p e r t i e s
f o r e a c h
o f
t h e
p u l p s / ? b e r s
( F I G . 3 ) .
Upon a c o l d
c a u s t i c
t r e a t m e n t
o f
t h e
p u l p / ? b e r s , t h e s e
s h o W i m p r o v e d
p r o p e r t i e s . F o r
p u l p s p r e
p a r e d under
i f f e r e n t
p u l p i n g c o n d i t i o n s
o r p r o c e s s e s
s u c h a s
s u l ? t e ,
p r e - h y d r o l y Z e d
k r a f t
p r o c e s s ,
c o n v e n t i o n a l
k r a f t
p r o
c e s s , o r g a n i c s o l v e n t p r o c es s e s, o r BCTMP b l e a c h e d chemi
t h e r m a l m e c h a n i c a l p u l p ) ,
e t c . ,
t h e
p r o p e r t i e s
a r e
i n v a r i a b l y
i m p r o v e d . T h e i m p r o v e d p r o p e r t i e s h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d f o r
a l l p u l p a n d
? b e r
t y p e s i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s , hoW
e v e r , e x i s t b e t W e e n p u l p s o b t a i n e d f r o m
v a r i o u s
W ood p e c i e s
s t a r t i n g
m a t e r i a l s .
S u r p r i s i n g l y ,
t h e i m p r o v e d p r o p e r t i e s
a r e
o b t a i n e d r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e W ood s p e c i e s W h i c h
h a v e
b e e n
e m p l o y e d ,
f o r e x a m p l e ,
W e s te r n h e m l o c k , D o u g l a s ? r , S i t k a
s p r u c e , S o u t h e r n p i n e ,
C a r i b b e a n
p i n e a n d t h e
l i k e . O t h e r
c o m m e r c i a l s o f t Wo o d s p e c i e s ( e . g . , ? r s
a n d s p r u c e s )
a n d
h a r d W o o d s p e c i e s ( e . g . , e u c a l y p t u s , p o p l a r ,
b e e c h ,
a s p e n ,
e t c . ) y i e l d
a d v a n t a g e o u s
p r o p e r t i e s
a s
W e l l .
I n
an a d v a n t a g e o u s
embodiment,
i t seems t h a t
t h e b e s t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e
o b t a i n e d
p u l p h a v e b e e n
o b s e r v e d
f o r
p u l p s t h a t a r e u n b l e a c h e d o r
o n l y
s l i g h t l y b l e a c h e d .
Never
t h e l e s s , good e s u l t s
h a v e
a l s o
b e e n
o b s e r v e d W i t h b l e a c h e d
o r
more h i g h l y bleached
p u l p s .
As a
c o r o l l a r y ,
t h e
mor e
h i g h l y b l e a c h e d
i s
t h e
p u l p ,
t h e l o W e r i s t h e c a u s t i c
s t r e n g t h
t h a t i s r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n t h e
d e s i r a b l e
e f f e c t s . H o W e v e r , t h e
d e s i r a b l e
absorbency
e f f e c t s a r e someWhat l e s s When com
p a r e d
on a d i r e c t b a s i s
W i t h
c o l d
c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t e d p u l p s
d e r i v e d f r o m h i g h K
umber
n b l e a c h e d
p u l p s i . e . t h e
p r o d
u c t s
d e r i v e d
f r o m h i g h
K
umber p u l p s
a r e
n o t i c e a b l y b e t
t e r ) .
With e f e r e n c e t o a n e m b o d i m e n t , a n d t h e d r a W i n g h e r e i n ,
a t y p i c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a d i a p e r i s shoWn i n FIGS. 1 and 2
t h e r e i n .
I n F I G .
1 t h e p l a n
v i e W
o f t h e
d i a p e r
3 i n
i t s
open
p o s i t i o n shoWs
t h e
t a b s
4
Which
a r e a
p a r t
of hook o r l o o p
component shoWn a s
5
a s i t s complementary e l e m e n t .
20
25
30
35
4 0
50
55
60
6 5
4
I n F I G . 2 Which shoWs i n c r o s s
s e c t i o n
a l o n g l i n e s
2 - 2
o f
F I G .
1
t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n f e a t u r e s
o f
i a p e r 3 and i t h r e f e r e n c e
t h e r e t o from
t o p
t o
bottom e a c h element
i n
t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n
2 - 2 i s d e s c r i b e d
a s
f o l l o W s :
I t e m
1 1
i s a
t h e r m a l l y - b o n d e d p o l y p r o p y l e n e
c o v e r s h e e t , t
i s t y p i c a l l y
c a r d e d
o r s p u n . Item 12
i s
an a i r l a i d
c e l l u l o s e
a c q u i s i t i o n l a y e r .
E l e m e n t s 1 3 a r e
t i s s u e
Webs o f
a t y p i c a l
b a s i s W e i g h t
o f
a b o u t 1 6
g / m 2 ;
t h e a b s o r b e n t
c o r e
i s
i d e n t i ? e d
a s
1 4
and s
o f
a ? u f f and SAP s u p e r a b s o r b e n t pol ymer and
p u l p m i x t u r e o f
a
b a s i s
W e i g h t
o f , 5 0 0 - 7 0 0
g / m 2 ) . The W a t e r
b a r r i e r ,
Which
s
a p o l y e t h y l e n e s h e e t h a s
been
shoWn
a s
1 6 .
While
t h e
above i l l u s t r a t i o n h a s
been
f o r a d i a p e r ,
o t h e r
d e v i c e s
have been
c o n s t r u c t e d
i n
a
s i m i l a r
manner.
F u r t h e r ,
f o r
a s i m i l a r a b s o r b e n t
p a p e r p r o d u c t s ,
t h e p u l p s
a s
modi?ed
h e r e i n s h o W
s u b s t a n t i a l
i m p r o v e m e n t
i n p r o d u c t p e r f o r m a n c e
o n an
economical
b a s i s .
T h u s , p r o d u c t s such
a s
c a t a m e n i a l
and
i n c o n t i n e n c e d e v i c e s a r e
i m p r o v e d .
O t h e r c a n d i d a t e
a p p l i c a t i o n s
f o r
W h i c h t h e p r e se n t l y d i s c l o s e d p u l p s a r e s u i t
a b l e
a r e p a p e r t o W e l s , s a n i t a r y t i s s u e p a p e r s , i n d u s t r i a l
W i p e s ,
e t c . F o r t h e a b o v e a p p l i c a t i o n s, t h e
modi?ed p u l p s
may
b e
100% o f
t h e i m p r o v e d p u l p s
a s
c o n s t i t u e n t p u l p s
i n t h e p r o d
u c t o r
may
e u s e d i n t h e p r o d u c t i n l e s s e r
q u a n t i t i e s , i . e . , u s e d
i n
v a r i o u s a d m i x t u r e s W i t h o t h e r
p u l p ,
from
a b o u t
100%
o
a b o u t 25%.
T e s t P r o c e d u r e s
Whenever
t h e s e
t e s t s h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d , t h e i n d u s t r y
employed s t a n d a r d
t e s t
p r o c e d u r e
f o r
t h e
t e s t
h a s
b e e n
u s e d .
I f
a n y c h a n g e s i n
t h e
p r o c e d u r e h a v e b e e n mad t h e c h a n g e s
h a v e
b e e n d e s c r i b e d s p e c i ? c a l l y .
F o r p u r p o s e s o f
e v a l u a t i n g t h e p u l p s o b t a i n e d
a n d
d e s c r i b e d
by
t h e
p r e s e n t
d i s c l o s u r e
a s
W e l l
a s
t h e
i n v e n t i o n
h e r e i n , s e v e r a l t e s t s Were used t o c h a r a c t er i z e t h e d e s i r a b l e
? b r o u s
e n d - u s e
p e r f o r m a n c e i m p r o v e m e n t s
r e s u l t i n g
f r o m
t h e
use of o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n and t o d e s c r i b e some
of
h e
a n a l y t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p u l p p r o d u c t s . A l s o , s o m e o f t h e
t e r m i n o l o g y
u s e d
i n
d i s c u s s i n g
t h e
p r o d u c t s
i n
t h e
e x a m p l e s
h a s been d e ? n e d .
A
ummary
of
h e s e
t e s t s and d e ? n i t i o n s f o l l o W s .
P u l p A n a l y t i c a l
P r o p e r t i e s
The
K u m b e r
o r Kappa
t e s t i s c a r r i e d o u t
a c c o r d i n g
t o
T A P P I Standard
Method No. T-214-SU71. This t e s t
i s
a
mea
s u r e o f r e s i d u a l l i g n i n c o n t e n t
i n
t h e p u l p . The e s t i n d i c a t e s
t h e
r e l a t i v e
d e g r e e
o f r e s i d u a l
l i g n i n
c o n t e n t i n
a p u l p
a s
a
c o n s e q u e n c e
o f
u l p i n g and h e e x t e n t
o r
s e v e r i t y
o f
u l p i n g .
P u l p b r i g h t n e s s
i s
a measure o f
p u l p W h i t e n e s s
W i t h 100%
b e i n g t h e maximum P u l p b r i g h t n e s s
d a t a
h e r e a r e g i v e n a s
ISO b r i g h t n e s s v a l u e s i n %. The ISO b r i g h t n e s s t e s t i s
d e s c r i b e d
i n T a p p i Method Number
T272
( H a n d s h e e t s ) a n d
T525 ( I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n ) and u s e s a s a
measuring device
a
D a t a c o l o r 2000 b r i g h t n e s s m e t e r .
P u l p
S h e e t
P r o p e r t i e s
D e b o n d e d u l p s
a r e
? b r o u s
e n d - u s e p u l p s
( f o r
e x a m p l e ,
? u f f
p u l p s ) t h t h a v e some c h e m i c a l a g e n t ( d e b o n d e r ) a d d e d
t o
i n h i b i t
i n t e r ? b e r b o n d i n g
( a d d i t i o n o f d e b o n d e r r e s u l t s
i n a
s o f t p u l p s h e e t ) . The c h e m i c a l
a g e n t s ,
d e b o n d e r s ,
a r e
c o m
m e r c i a l p r o d u c t s a d d e d t o ? u f f p u l p s d u r i n g s h e e t
f o r m i n g
Which
make
t h e
p u l p
s h e e t
s o f t e r and
e a s i e r t o
? u f f .
Debond
e r s a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o
f a b r i c
s o f t e n e r s c h e m i c a l l y , and a c t
i n t h e same f a s h i o n . The f o r c e
W i t h Which u l p
? b e r s bond
s
m e a s u r e d i n d i r e c t l y
b y m e a s u r i n g t h e f o r c e
( o r e n e r g y )
expended
t o debond
o r
? u f f a g i v e n p u l p
s h e e t .
The b a s i s Weight of a
p u l p
s h e e t a s d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n Was
d e t e r m i n e d on some o f t h e
p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d
i n t h e
examples u s i n g
a
method
based
on TAPPI T 2 2 0 . A
h e e t
o f
p u l p , c ommon ly 30 c m > < 3 0 cm r o f
a n o t h e r c o n v e n i e n t
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
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US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
5
d i m e n s i o n , Was Weighed
and
t h e n
d r i e d
to d e t e r m i n e t h e
s o l i d s
c o n t e n t (%)
OD.)
The a r e a o f t h e s h e e t Was t h e n
d e t e r m i n e d
a n d t h e
r a t i o
o f
0D. o v e n
d r i e d ) W e i g h t
t o
a
de?ned a r e a Was r e p o r t e d
a s
t h e
b a s i s W e i g h t .
The
c a l i p e r and
s h e e t d e n s i t y Were determined
o n
some of
t h e
p r o d u c t s
p r e s e n t e d i n t h e e x a m p l e s u s i n g a
m e t h o d
b a s e d
o n TAPPI T220. Sheet
c a l l i p e r
Was
determined
on
est
s p e c i
mens from t h e b a s i s Weight t e s t
u s i n g
a motor d r i v e n
m i c r o m e t e r t h a t met
TAPPI
T411
c o n d i t i o n s . S h e e t d e n s i t y
Was
c a l c u l a t e d
a s
t h e
r a t i o of a s i s W e i g h t to
c a l i p e r .
Mullen
s t r e n g t h and b u r s t i n d e x e s Were determined o n
some o f t h e p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e
e x a m p l e s
u s i n g a
method
based
on
TAPPI T807.
A
TMI
Monitor B u r s t 1000
Was used t o
measure
t h e h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d t o
r u p t u r e
( b u r s t i n g
s t r e n g t h ) t h e p u l p s h e e t When t h e p r e s s u r e
Was increased a t
a c o n t r o l l e d constant
r a t e through
a
rubber
diaphragm t o
a
c i r c u l a r a r e a 3 0 . 5 mm
i a m e t e r .
Mullen
s t r e n g t h i s
r e c o r d e d
a s kPa ( k i l o P a s c a l s ) a t
r u p t u r e , W h i l e
b u r s t i n d e x
i s
t h e r a t i o
o f u r s t i n g
s t r e n g t h t o b a s i s W e i g h t .
A
am as Lab
hammermi ll Model
H-01-C
Was
used
t o
d e ? b e r i Z e
some
o f
t h e p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d
i n
t h e
e x a m p l e s .
S t r i p s o f u l p
s h e e t s
5
cm
ide Were
f e d i n t o t h e
h a m m e r m i l l ,
u s i n g
900
r p m
motor
s p e e d ,
5 0%
f e e d e r
s p e e d ,
and
an
8
mm
s c r e e n .
I n some c a s e s , t h e energy r e q u i r e d t o
de?beriZe
t h e
p u l p s h e e t Was e c o r d e d ,
a n d r e p o r t e d a s
W r / k g o f u f f , t h e
energy of d e ? b e r i Z a t i o n .
F l u f f
Was c o l l e c t e d
i n
a c o l l e c t i o n
vacuum a g f o r f u r t h e r
t e s t i n g .
An M/K
ormation e s t e r Was used
o measure t h e forma
t i o n o f p u l p
s h e e t s f o r
some o f t h e
s a m p l e s
p r e s e n t e d
i n
t h e
e x a m p l e s . The o r m a t i o n s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f
s h e e t u n i f o r m i t y .
The M/K o r m a t i o n
T e s t e r
c o n s i s t s o f
a
r o t a t i n g g l a s s drum
c o n t a i n i n g a
t r a v e l i n g
l i g h t
s o u r c e .
A u l p s h e e t i s W r a p p e d
a r o u n d
t h e
o u t e r
s u r f a c e
o f
h e
d r u m . The i g h t from n s i d e
t h e
drum s h i n e s t h r o u g h t h e s h e e t
and
t r i k e s a d e t e c t o r o u t s i d e
t h e d r u m . D u r i n g t h e t e s t , t h e
drum
o t a t e s W h i l e t h e i n t e r n a l
l i g h t
s o u r c e
and h e
e x t e r n a l
d e t e c t o r move
o g e t h e r
doWn h e
a x i a l l e n g t h o f t h e d r u m . I n t h i s
W a y ,
t h e amount o f l i g h t
Which
a s s e s
t h r o u g h
t h e s h e e t
i s
measured
t
s e v e r a l
d i f f e r
e n t
l o c a t i o n s .
The v a r i a t i o n i n
t h e
amount
o f l i g h t
Which
p a s s e s t h r o u g h
t h e s h e e t from p o i n t t o p o i n t on t h e s h e e t i s
used a s a
measure
of h e
f o r m a t i o n ( u n i f o r m i t y
of
o r m a t i o n )
o f t h e s h e e t .
W e i g h t e d
a v e r a g e ? b e r
l e n g t h (WADL) a n d
? b e r
c o a r s e
n e s s Were a l s o measured o r some of h e p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d i n
t h e e x a m p l e s u s i n g a K a j a a n i F S - 2 0 0 F i b e r A n a l y Z e r .
F i b e r P r o p e r t y
P e r f o r m a n c e
T e s t s
SCAN e s t i n g o f
? u f f p u l p
p r o p e r t i e s Was c a r r i e d o u t on
some o f h e p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e
e x a m p l e s .
T h i s t e s t u s e s
SCAN/PFI m e t h o d o l o g y (SCAN-C 3 3 : 8 0 ) a n d t e s t e q u i p
ment
t o form a
uniform ?uff
s a m p l e ,
and t o measure
i t s
r e s i l i e n c y , ? u i d r e t e n t i o n a n d r a t e o f a b s o r p t i o n . The ? u f f
s a m p l e s a r e c o n d i t i o n e d f o r a t l e a s t 2 h o u r s
under
s t a n d a r d
c o n d i t i o n s
( 2 3 1 1 0 C . a n d 50%:2%
e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y )
p r i o r
o
t e s t i n g
a n d
a r e
k e p t
i n
t h e
c o n d i t i o n i n g
a t m o s p h e r e t h r o u g h
out t h e t e s t .
A y l i n d r i c a l
? u f f
s a m p l e ( 3
0 0 1 0 . 0 5
g
a n d
c m i a m e t e r )
i s p r e p a r e d u s i n g s p e c i a l e q u i p m e n t . T h e
h e i g h t
o f
h e c y l i n
d e r
u n d e r
a 260
g / 1 . 3 kPa
l o a d
i s
measured
and
r e p o r t e d
a s
r e s i l i e n c y . The s a m p l e
i s
p l a c e d i n c o n t a c t W i t h a W a t e r b a t h .
The
t i m e
r e q u i r e d
f o r
t h e
W a t e r
t o m i g r a t e v e r t i c a l l y u p t h e
c y l i n d e r t o t h e t o p i s r e p o r t e d
a s a b s o r p t i o n t i m e .
The ? u i d
r e t e n t i o n
o r
a b s o r p t i o n c a p a c i t y p e r gram o f s a m p l e
i s
c a l c u
l a t e d b y W e i g h i n g
t h e
s a t u r a t e d ? u f f
s a m p l e .
A u f f sa m p l e c a n a l s o
be s u b j e c t e d
to s i m u l a t e d
h e a t
a g i n g a r t i ? c i a l l y
( 1 0 5 0
C . f o r t W o
h o u r s )
a n d t e s t e d b y t h i s
method o d e t e r m i n e e f f e c t s o f
a g i n g
on ? u f f
a b s o r b e n t
p r o p
e r t i e s .
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
6
Dry c l a s s i ? c a t i o n
of ?uff
u l p Was
c a r r i e d o u t
on some of
t h e
p r o d u c t s
p r e s e n t e d
i n
t h e e x a m p l e s . T h i s
t e s t
i s a
measure
o f ? u f f q u a l i t y
and t h e
d e ? b e r i Z a t i o n
p r o c e s s .
A o h n s o n
M a n u f a c t u r i n g F l u f f
F i b e r i Z a t i o n
M e a s u r i n g I n s t r u m e n t ,
Model 9 0 1 0 , Was used o s e p a r a t e t h e ? u f f n t o t h r e e f r a c t i o n s
b a s e d
on
a r t i c l e s i Z e . D u r i n g t h e t e s t , ? u f f s p n e u m a t i c a l l y
a g i t a t e d to s e p a r a t e t h e ? b e r s from e a c h
o t h e r a n d f r o m t h e
unde?bered
p u l p s h e e t .
A
acuum draWs t h e
i n i t i a l
?nes
and
t h e n t h e l o n g ? b e r s t h r o u g h a r o t a t i n g s i e v e s c r e e n ( 1 6 m e s h ,
1 . 1 8
mm p e n i n g , U . S . A . s t d . s e r i e s ) . The i n i t i a l ? n e s a l s o
p a s s
t h r o u g h a
second
s c r e e n ,
and
a c c u m u l a t e
i n
a d u s t b a g .
The
l o n g
? b e r s ( a c c e p t s )
a c c u m u l a t e
on a
s e c o n d
s c r e e n ( 4 5
m e s h , 0 . 3 6
mm p e n i n g , U . S . A . s t d . s e r i e s ) .
Pad i n t e g r i t y
t e s t i n g
Was c a r r i e d o u t on
some
of h e
prod
u c t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e e x a m p l e s .
Pad
n t e g r i t y i s a measure o f
t h e
s t r e n g t h
o f h e ? b e r
n e t W o r k i n
? u f f e d
p u l p s ,
a n d
i n d i c a t e s
hoW W e l l t h e
? u f f
W i l l
m a i n t a i n
pad n t e g r i t y i n a d r y f o r m e d
a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t . The method i s based
on
PFI method o f
1 9 8 1 ,
“ M e a s u r e m e n t o f N e t W o r k
S t r e n g t h
i n D r y , F l u f f ed
P u l p s ” . D u r i n g
t h e
t e s t ,
a c y l i n d r i c a l t e s t
p a d
o f 1 . 0 1 0 0 5
gram and 50
mm
i a m e t e r
i s
p r e p a r e d i n a pad f o r m e r . The
t e s t
pad s p l a c e d i n a
b u r s t
c h a m b e r , Which s t h e n i n s t a l l e d i n
a
s t r e s s - s t r a i n
a p p a r a t u s .
A
u r s t - b o d y
i s
v e r t i c a l l y
f o r c e d
t h r o u g h t h e t e s t
p a d .
The f o r c e r e q u i r e d t o r u p t u r e t h e
? b e r
n e t W o r k i n
t h e t e s t p a d
i s r e p o r t e d as p a d
i n t e g r i t y .
The p o t e n t i a l of a ?brous
p u l p
f o r
u s e
a s an a c q u i s i t i o n
l a y e r c a n b e d e s c r i b e d , among o t h e r
t e s t s ,
by
a
m u l t i p l e
“ i n s u l t ” o r r e W e t t i n g t e s t . The
M u l t i p l e
I n s u l t i A b s o r p t i o n
T e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e Was c a r r i e d
o u t
a s f o l l o W s .
P u l p s
f o r c o m
p a r i s o n p u r p o s e s a r e
? b e r i Z e d , t h e n
a i r ? l t e r e d
i n t o
p a d s W i t h
a b a s i s W e i g h t
o f a b o u t
200
/ m 2 . The a d s
a r e
p r e s s e d a t
200
p s i g f o r a p e r i o d o f tWo
m i n u t e s
t h e n trimmed a b o u t 7
c m > < 1 6
cm. The trimmed
and densi?ed pads
a r e p l a c e d o n t o p
of
a
s t a n d a r d
a b s o r b e n t
c o r e , s u c h a s
a d i s p o s a b l e
d i a p e r , and
c o v e r e d
b y a
s i n g l e l a y e r
o f
c o n v e n t i o n a l p o l y p r o p y l e n e c o v
e r s t o c k .
F l u i d i s i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t
t h r o u g h
a c y l i n d e r p e r m a n e n t l y mounted o a W e i g h t e d
p l a t e
Which
a p p l i e s a f o r c e
o f
. 1
p s i g
t o
t h e a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t .
A
a m
s
u s e d
t o c o n t r o l ? u i d
? o W o
t h e a b s o r b e n t
p r o d u c t . A
i m e r
i s
s t a r t e d When h e
dam
s
removed
and
u i d
b e g i n s t o move
n t o
t h e a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t .
The
t i m e r s t o p s When l l t h e ? u i d h a s
b e e n
a b s o r b e d
a n d
t h e e l a p s e d
t i m e r e c o r d e d . N i n e t y s e c o n d s
a f t e r
t h e ? u i d
i s c o m p l e t e l y a b s o r b e d
a s t a c k o f ?ve p r e
Weighed b l o t t e r
p a p e r s i s p l a c e d on t o p a n d t h e n
a 1 . 0
p s i g
l o a d i s a p p l i e d
t o t h e
a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t
f o r a
p e r i o d o f
tWo
m i n u t e s .
The amount
o f ? u i d
W e t t e d
back i n t o
t h e b l o t t e r
p a p e r i s
r e c o r d e d . The
p r o c e d u r e i s r e p e a t e d tWo t i m e s f o r a
t o t a l
o f
t h r e e W e t t i n g s o r “ i n s u l t s ” .
The
u l t i p l e “ i n s u l t ” t e s t
c h a r a c t e r i Z e s
t h e r e a d i n e s s
With Which
? b e r s a b s o r b
a s W e l l
as
reabsorbs a ?uid.
DETAILED
DESCRIPTION
OFTHEINVENTION
AND EMBODIMENTS THEREOF
As
mentioned
a b o v e ,
i t h a s
n o W
been found t h a t v a r i o u s
p u l p s
o f d i v e r s e Wood s p e c i e s p r e p a r e d b y d i v e r s e
p u l p i n g
a n d b l e a c h i n g p r o c e s s e s p r o v i d e i m p r o v e m e n t s
i n
t h e s e p u l p s
b y d i s p l a y i n g i m p r o v e d ? b e r a n d p u l p
s h e e t
p r o p e r t i e s ,
eg
a b s o r b e n c y r e s u l t s s u c h
a s f o r
a n a c q u i s i t i o n l a y e r i n b a b y
d i a p e r s , e t c . upon
o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n (CAE)
o r
c o l d
c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t i o n
(CCE) o f
t h e s e p u l p s i n t h e p r o p e r manner i n t h e
p r o p e r s e q u e n c e When r e p a r i n g t h e s e p u l p s ,
. e . ,
When r e a t
i n g t h e
p u l p s .
R e l a t i v e l y h i g h s t r e n g t h s
o f
s o d i u m
h y d r o x i d e
s o l u t i o n a r e u s e d d e a l l y ,
13%-18%
NaOH y
W e i g h t f o r
h i g h
a b s o r b e n c y ,
f a s t
I n t e n s i v e a b s o r b e n c y a p p l i c a t i o n s a n d
5%
o
15% f o r g e n e r a l a b s o r b e n c y
a p p l i c a t i o n ,
p r e f e r a b l y 6 % t o
10%
f o r
t h a t p u r p o s e . By “ c o l d
c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t i o n ” (CCE) s
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
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US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
7
meant t h e t r e a t m e n t
o f u l p a t
a t e m p e r a t u r e
l e s s t h a n
6 0 °
C . ,
p r e f e r a b l y l e s s
t h a n
a b o u t 3 5 0 C . ,
W i t h t h e a b o v e s o d i u m
h y d r o x i d e
s o l u t i o n s .
The r o c e s s c o e x t e n s i v e W i t h
t h e p r e p a
r a t i o n
o f
t h e
n o v e l p u l p s i s
b e i n g c l a i m e d a s
a n
improvement
f o r
t h e
r e g i m e o f
t h e n o v e l p r o p e r t i e s h e r e t o f o r e
u n r e c o g
n i Z e d i n t h e a r t . The
improvement
t h u s a l s o r e s i d e s i n a
m e t h o d f o r i m p r o v i n g eg t h e a b s o r b e n c y o f t h e p u l p ,
i n c r e a s i n g t h e s t i f f n e s s
o f
? b e r s a n d o t h e r p r o p e r t i es f u r t h e r
d e s c r i b e d
h e r e i n n o t h e r e t o f o r e
kn oWn
o r r e c o g n i Z e d .
Moreover,
i t
h a s
been
found a s an embodiment t h a t t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e
“ a c q u i s i t i o n l a y e r ”
a b s o r b e n c y
p e r f o r m a n c e c a n
b e
e s t a b l i s h e d a f t e r a d e q u a t e b l e a c h i n g o f h i g h K umber
u n b l e a c h e d p u l p
h a s
b e e n c a r r i e d
o u t t o o b t a i n a e s t h e t i c a l l y
a c c e p t a b l e
b r i g h t n e s s
v a l u e s
f o r t h e p u l p s W i t h s l i g h t l y l o W e r
c o l d c a u s t i c
t r e a t m e n t (e g 15%
NaOH
e r s u s 1 8 %
NaOH
o r
u n b l e a c h e d
p u l p s ) . At
t h e
l o W e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c o l d
c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n
p u l p s a r e o b t a i n e d Which a r e n e a r l y a s good s p u l p s
o b t a i n e d f r o m CCE f t h e h i g h K umber u n b l e a c h e d p u l p s
t h e m s e l v e s .
A c c o r d i n g l y ,
i t
h a s
b e e n f o u n d
t h a t
a
s p e c i ? c
d e s i r a b l e
p u l p p r o d u c t r e g i m e e x i s t s
b a s e d o n t h e p r o c e s s
e m p l o y e d
and
h e
s e l e c t i o n o f a r i o u s
p r o d u c t
o r ?ber r i t e r i a a s W i l l
be
f u r t h e r
d e s c r i b e d
h e r e i n .
F o r
e x a m p l e ,
t h e
a b s o r b e n c y
r e l a
t i o n s h i p s make h e p u l p s
i n
t h e c h a r a c t e r i z e d p u l p p r o d u c t
r e g i m e
e s p e c i a l l y
u s e f u l b e c a u s e t h e
p u l p s
a n d t h e i r u s e c a n
noW b e r e a d i l y d e l i n e a t e d from t h e r e g i m e o f
u n a t t r a c t i v e
u s e s and p u l p s n o t p o s s e s s i n g
t h e
a t t r a c t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
M o r e o v e r , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s W i t h i n t h i s n o v e l r e g i m e o f o t h e r
d e s i r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s
has
been
e s t a b l i s h e d s o a s to
d e l i n e a t e
W i t h g r e a t p r e c i s i o n
t h e
c l a i m e d r e g i m e o f
t h e
n o v e l p r o p e r
t i e s
and t h e t e c h n i q u e
a n d
p r o c e s s c o e x t e n s i v e
t h e r e W i t h .
S t i l l f u r t h e r , W h i l e c o l d c a u s t i c
t r e a t m e n t
h a s b e e n knoWn
f o r
h i g h
q u a l i t y d i s s o l v i n g p u l p s a s d i s c u s s e d
a b o v e ,
eg
o
make a l p h a c e l l u l o s e a n d some n d u s t r i a l
p r o d u c t
p u l p s , s u c h
t r e a t m e n t
a s
c o r r e l a t e d
t o
t h e
?ber and
p u l p
s h e e t
p r o p e r t y
v a r i a b l e s l i s t e d a b o v e i s n o v e l
W i t h
r e s p e c t to
p u l p s
u s e f u l
s u c h a s f o r a b s o r b e n t p u l p s
eg
o r a n
a c q u i s i t i o n
l a y e r f o r
p r o d u c t s
i n t e r
a l i a
d i a p e r s ,
i n c o n t i n e n t
a n d
c a t a m e n i a l
d e v i c e s , e t c . i n c l u d i n g a b s o r b e n t c o r e m a t e r i a l s
f o r
t h e s e .
Added a n d
f u r t h e r
b e n e ? t s W i l l a p p e a r
from t h e
f o l l o W i n g
e x a m p l e s
a n d
t h e i l l u s t r a t i v e e m b o d i m e n t s .
The
e x a m p l e s
a r e
merely f o r t h e p u r p o s e of l l u s t r a t i o n
and
a r e
n o t i n t e n d e d
t o
l i m i t t h e
s c o p e
o f t h e i n v e n t i o n .
EXAMPLE
I m p r o v e d
P u l p S h e e t D e ? b e r i Z a t i o n :
D e b o n d e r s
v s .
C o l d
A l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n , K r a f t S o u t h e r n
P i n e P u l p
C e l l u l o s i c
p u l p
i s commonly
m a n u f a c t u r e d f o r ? u f f
a n d
o t h e r
? b r o u s
e n d - u s e i n
d r i e d , s h e e t e d f o r m . The u l p
manu
f a c t u r e r
o p e r a t e s t h e p u l p machine t o
form
t h e s h e e t
from
an
a q u e o u s s u s p e n s i o n o f
? b e r s ; t h e s h e e t
o n c e
formed s d r i e d
to
remove
a b o u t
90%
o f
t h e m o i s t u r e .
L a r g e r o l l s o f d r i e d ,
s h e e t e d
p u l p
a r e p r o d u c e d o f f h e d r y e n d o f h e
p u l p m a c h i n e .
These a r e t y p i c a l l y c u t i n t o s m a l l e r
s i Z e
r o l l s
a n d / o r
b a l e s o f
s h e e t s
f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n
t o
e n d - u s e c u s t o m er s .
I t i s a n a d v a n t a g e t h a t
t h e d r i e d , s h e e t e d
p u l p d e ? b e r e a s i l y
a n d u n i f o r m l y
W i t h o u t
damage
t o
t h e i n d i v i d u a l ? b e r s f o r
t h o s e p u l p g r a d e s b e i n g u s e d n v a r i o u s
? b r o u s
e n d - u s e
a p p l i
c a t i o n s . F o r
e x a m p l e ,
a
? u f f
p u l p
W i l l
b e c o n v e r t e d
by
t h e
e n d - u s e r
from t h e d r i e d ,
s h e e t e d
p u l p t o a pad o f “ ? u f f e d ”
? b e r s b y m e c h a n i c a l a c t i o n , h e r e i n a f t e r s o m e t i m e s
r e f e r r e d
to a s “ d r y s h r e d d i n g ” , Hammermill
o r
o t h e r a t t r i t i o n m i l l .
C h e m i c a l a g e n t s , d e b o n d e r s , a r e s o m e t i m e s a d d e d
t o t h e
p u l p
d u r i n g s h e e t
f o r m a t i o n
t o i n h i b i t i n t e r ? b e r b o n d i n g , Which
r e s u l t s i n
s o f t e r ,
more
e a s i l y d e ? b e r e d
s h e e t s .
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
EXAMPLE ,
TABLE - 1
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A-li B - l i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g N o n - d e b o n d e d Debonded
S t a n d a r d S t a n d a r d
P r o c e s s P r o c e s s
W o o d S p e c i e s S o u t h e r n p i n e — >
b l e n d
Pulping
P r o c e s s
K r a f t
—>
S h e e t Debonder Used 7 ) No Y e s
COLDALKALI EXTRACTION Not Used Not Used
PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 8 . 5
8 9 . 4
SHEETPHYSICS
B a s i s W t . ( g / r n 2 ) 6 4 0 6 3 4
C a l i p e r (mm) 1 . 3 6 1 . 3 6
D e n s i t y ( g / c r n 3 ) 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 7
M u l l e n
( k P a ) 1 1 1 3 417
B u r s t
I n d e x ( k P a
- m2/ ) 1 . 7 4
0 . 6 6
KAMAS FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y
( c m ) 4 . 1 3 . 7
F l u i d
R e t e n t i o n ( g g )
1 3 . 4 1 1 . 4
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e ( s )
C o n t r o l
3 . 5 7 . 9
H e a t - A g e d 4 . 4 8 . 9
D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t . )
A c c e p t s 8 4 . 4 9 1 . 0
Knots 1 3
3 6 .
8
F i n e s 2 . 4 2 . 2
P a d
I n t e g r i t y ( N ) 7 . 2 7 . 0
EXAMPLE ,
TABLE I - 1
SAMPLE DESIGNATION
A - l i i
B - l i i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d
C o l d A l k a l i
P r o c e s s E x t r a c t i o n
( N o n - d e b o n d -
P r o c e s s
e d )
Wood
p e c i e s
Southern
—>
p i n e b l e n d
Pulping P r o c e s s K r a f t —>
S h e e t Debonder Used 7 ) No No
COLDALKALI EXTRACTION Not Used Used
A l k a l i
Used NaOH
S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h ,
7 . 5
Temperature,
°
C .
35
T i m e , H:M 1 0
C o n s i s t e n c y ,
3
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 8 . 6 8 9 . 6
SHEETPHYSICS
B a s i s WL g r n 2 ) 6 4 4 6 6 6
C a l i p e r (mm) 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 7
D e n s i t y
( g / c r n 3 )
0 . 5 7 0 . 5 7
M u l l e n ( k P a )
1 4 9 4
8 2 9
B u r s t Index ( k P a - mZ/g)
2 . 3 2 1 . 2 5
KAMAS
FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 4 . 1 3 . 6
F l u i d R e t e n t i o n
( g g )
1 2 . 9 1 3 . 2
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e
( s )
C o n t r o l
3 . 3 2 . 9
H e a t - A g e d 4 . 9 4 . 6
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absorbent-products-and-method-of-preparation-thereofpdf 9/23
US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
9
EXAMPLE , TABLE I - 1 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - l i i B - l i i
D r y
C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( w t . )
A c c e p t s
8 1 . 2
9 1 . 4
Knots 1 5 . 9
6 . 0
F i n e s
2 . 9 2 . 7
P a d I n t e g r i t y
( N ) 7 . 2 7 . 4
EXAMPLE ,
TABLE i i - 1
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 1 i i i
B - l i i i C - l i i i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g
N o n - d e b o n d - Debonded C o l d A l k a l i
e d S t a n d a r d S t a n d a r d E x t r a c t i o n
P r o c e s s
P r o c e s s P r o c e s s
Wood
pecies
Southern
— > — >
p i n e b l e n d
Pulping Process Kraft — > — >
S h e e t
Debonder
Used 7 ) No Yes No
COLDALKALI
EXTRACT-
Not Used Not Used Used
ION
A l k a l i Used NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 8 . 5
Temperature,
° C. 35
T i m e , H:M 0 : 1 0
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 6 . 6 8 8 . 4 8 8 . 9
SHEETPHYSICS
B a s i s W t . ( g / m 2 ) 6 4 2 6 39 6 5 2
C a l i p e r
(mm) 1 . 3 6 1 . 3 0 1 . 3 3
D e n s t t y
( g c m 3 )
0 . 4 8 0 . 4 9 0 . 4 9
Mullen ( k P a ) 1 1 2 6 7 1 6 7 7 0
B u r s t
I n d e x
( k P a . m 2 / g ) 1 . 7 5
1 . 1 2
1 . 1 8
KAMAS FLUFF
CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y ( c m )
4 . 1 3 . 9 3 . 6
F l u i d R e t e n t i o n
( g / g )
1 3 . 5
1 2 . 4
1 2 . 5
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e
( s )
C o n t r o l
3 . 3
7 . 1
2 . 5
Heat-Aged
4 . 3 7 . 7 3 . 0
D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( w t . )
A c c e p t s 8 4 . 2
8 7 . 4 9 4 . 6
Knots
1 3 . 1 1 0 . 3 3 . 6
F i n e s 2 . 7
2 . 3 1 . 8
T a b l e
I - 1
o f Example c o m p a r e s some o f c o n v e n t i o n a l l y
p r e p a r e d s h e e t p r o p e r t y a n d ? u f f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f “ n o n
d e b o n d e d ”
b l e a c h e d
k r a f t
S o u t h e r n
p i n e p u l p
( S a m p l e
A - l i )
t o
d e b o n d e d
( w i t h c h e m i c a l d e b o n d e r a d d e d )
b l e a c h e d k r a f t
S o u t h e r n p i n e
p u l p ( S a m p l e B - l i ) .
T h e
p u l p s h e e t
p r o d u c t s
were produced on a commercial
p u l p
machine. The s h e e t
p r o p e r t i e s ( o r s h e e t
p h y s i c s ) a s w e l l
as
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
t h e
? u f f e d
?ber were t e s t e d a s produced by a s m a l l s c a l e
ham
m e r m i l l . The
d a t a g i v e n
a r e a v e r a g e s
of e v e r a l t e s t s on p u l p
from s e v e r a l
p r o d u c t i o n r u n s .
A
e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e t e r m s
and
t e s t s
h a s
b e e n
g i v e n a b o v e .
I n
c o m p a r i s o n t o
t h e
s t a n d a r d
p r o c e s s n o n - d e b o n d e d ,
s h e e t e d p u l p , t h e s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s d e b o n d e d s h e e t e d
p u l p i s
s o f t e r ( w e a k e r )
i n d i c a t e d
b y t h e s u b s t a n t i a l l y l o w e r p u l p
s h e e t Mullen s t r e n g t h
a s
w e l l
a s by
t h e
l o w e r
b u r s t i n d e x .
Note t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e
? u f f
from t h e debonded
p u l p
a r e
p o o r e r
a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e l o w e r r e s i l i e n c y , l o w e r
? u i d e t e n t i o n , a n d i n c r e a s e d
( s l o w e r )
a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s com
p a r e d o t h o s e o f h e s t a n d a r d p u l p ? u f f . The r y c l a s s i ? c a t i o n
d a t a o f t h e ? u f f e d
? b e r s f r o m
t h e d e b o n d e d p u l p
d o i n d i c a t e ,
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
1 0
however,
t h a t b e t t e r
o r
m o re uniform
de?beriZation w as
a c h i e v e d
h i g h e r a c c e p t s , l o w e r
n o t s ) .
T h e
? u f f
a d
n t e g r i t y
was
e q u i v a l e n t f or b o t h
t y p e s o f
p u l p .
I n T a b l e 1 - 1 o f E x a m p l e
,
p u l p
p r o d u c e d
b y t h e p r o c e s s o f
t h i s i n v e n t i o n , c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n
( S a m p l e
B - l i i ) i s
com
p a r e d t o s t a n d ar d p r o c e s s p u l p ( S a m p l e A - l i i .
B o t h t y p e s
o f
p u l p w e r e p u l p e d b y t h e k r a f t p r o c e s s f r o m a S o u t h e r n
p i n e
c h i p f u r n i sh a n d w e r e
b l e a c h e d
t o s i m i l a r b r i g h t n e s s u s i n g
s t a n d a r d
c h e m i c a l s / c o n d i t i o n s
o f h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e ,
s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e a n d s o d i u m
h y p o c h l o r i t e .
T h e d a t a
g i v e n
a r e
mean d a t a f o r s e v e r a l s a m p l e s
t e s t e d
d u r i n g
s t a n d a r d
p r o d u c t i o n
a n d
r i a l p r o d u c t i o n
p e r i o d s .
T h e c o n d i t i o n s
u s e d
d u r i n g t h e c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
a v e r a g e d a b o u t
7.5% NaOH
s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h , at
a b o u t 3 5 ° C .
f o r
a b o u t
1 0
minutes
at a
p u l p c o n s i s t e n c y o f
a b o u t
3 .
N o t e t h a t t h e c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e d p u l p s h e e t
was
s o f t e r
( a b o u t
4 5 %
l o w e r i n Mullen
s t r e n g t h
a n d
i n b u r s t
i n d e x )
c o m p a r e d o t h e s t a n d ar d p r o c e s s
p u l p
s h e e t . A l s o , t h e
d r y c l a s s i ? c a t i o n d a t a o f t h e
? u f f p r o d u c e d upon s m a l l s c a l e
? u f ? n g s h o w e d
i m p r o v e m e n t s i n
t h e
g r e a t e r
p e r c e n t a c c e p t s
a n d
i n
t h e p e r c e n t l o w e r
“ k n o t s ” which
i n d i c a t e s i m p r o v e d
d e ? b e r a b i l i t y
r e l a t i v e
t o t h e s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s p u l p s h e e t . I n
t h e s e
r e s p e c t s ,
t h e
e f f e c t
o f
t h e c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
p r o c e s s
on t h e
p u l p
and
? u f f
p r o p e r t i e s r e l a t i v e
t o t h e
s t a n d a r d , non
debonded
pulp
were s i m i l a r t o t h e e f f e c t s
of
t h e
use
of a
c h e m i c a l p u l p s h e e t
d e b o n d e r
r e l a t i v e t o s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s
p u l p
( T a b l e I - 1 , E x a m p l e
1 )
a n d ,
i n f a c t ,
t h e
n o v e l p u l p s
s h o w e d i m p r o v e d a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s . H o w e v e r , t h e c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s d i d n o t r e s u l t
i n any
n e g a t i v e c o n s e
quences on
?uff
absorption times a s
does
t h e use
of
a deb
o n d e r . The ? u i d r e t e n t i o n
o f
t h e
? u f f
from t h e c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e d
p u l p
was e q u i v a l e n t t o
t h a t o f
t h e s t a n
d a r d p u l p
( T a b l e 1 1 - 1 , S a m p l e s A - l i i a n d
B - l i i ) .
Note t h a t t h e
p e r c e n t a g e
improvement
was
g r e a t e r
i n t h e
w e i g h t p e r c e n t
a c c e p t s ( a n d
i n l o w e r k n o t
c o n t e n t )
i n t h e ? u f f
f r o m t h e
c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n
p r o c e s s
p u l p compared to t h e
? u f f f r o m
s t a n d a r d
p u l p ( T a b l e I - 1 ) t h a n t h e c o m p a r a b l e
improvement
a s s o c i a t e d
with
t h e
use of
a s h e e t
debonder
( T a b l e
I - 1 ) .
The d r y c l a s s i ? c a t i on a c c e p t s w e r e 12% g r e a t e r
and t h e
k n o t s
6 2% r e d u c e d f o r t h e c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
p r o c e s s p u l p
r e l a t i v e
t o i t s c o n t r o l s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s p u l p ,
w h e r e a s a c c e p t s
f o r
t h e d e b o n d e d p u l p w e r e i n c r e a s e d b y
o n l y
8 i t h k n o t c o n t e n t
r e d u c e d o n l y
4 9 % r e l a t i v e t o
i t s
s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s
c o n t r o l
p u l p . A l s o ,
t h e s e
r e l a t i v e
i m p r o v e
ments were a c h i e v e d by
t h e
c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e d
p u l p from a
s h e e t
t h a t
was
a c t u a l l y somewhat a r d e r t h a n t h e
d e b o n d e d
p u l p s h e e t ( 8 2 9
M u l l e n
s t r e n g t h / 1 . 2 5 b u r s t i n d e x
v s .
4 1 7
Mullen s t r e n g t h / 0 . 6 6
b u r s t i n d e x ) .
The
d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1 1 1 - 1 , o f
Example c o m p a r e
m i l l p r o d u c t i o n
o f
b o t h
debonded and
non-debonded s t a n
d a r d p u l p s w i t h r i a l p r o d u c t i o n o f o l d l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n p u l p .
A l l p u l p t y p e s
( S a m p l e s
A - l i i i , B - l i i i , a n d C - l i i i )
w e r e
p r o
d u c e d f r o m a S o u t h e r n p i n e
c h i p
b l e n d f u m i s h
by t h e
k r a f t
p u l p i n g p r o c e s s . A l l p u l p t y p e s w e r e b l e a c h e d
w i t h
c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e , s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e , oxygen a n d /
r
h y d r o g e n p e r o x
i d e t o
t h e b r i g h t n e s s
l e v e l i n d i c a t e d . The o l d
l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n
c o n d i t i o n s a c h i e v e d a v e r a g e d a b o u t 8.5% NaOH
o l u t i o n
s t r e n g t h ,
a t a b o u t 3 5 °
C .
f o r a b o u t 1 0 m i n u t e s
a p p l i e d t o a
p u l p
s l u r r y a t
3 %
c o n s i s t e n c y . A b o u t 0 . 2
H2O2 (O.D.i
o v e n d r i e d i p u l p
b a s i s )
had e e n a d d e d d u r i n g t h e c o l d l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n .
Note t h a t t h e debonded
p u l p a n d
t h e
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t e d
p u l p s h e e t were p r o d u c e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e
same Mullen
s t r e n g t h a n d b u r s t i n d e x , w i t h
b o t h
o f
h e s e
i n d i c a t o r s o f s h e e t
h a r d n e s s
b e i n g s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e d o r
e i t h e r
t y p e o f
r e a t e d
p u l p , debonded o r
c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t e d r e l a t i v e
t o
t h e s t a n
d a r d p r o c e s s c o n t r o l . A g a i n , t h e ? u f f p r o p e r t i e s f o r t h e c o l d
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US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
1 1
a l k a l i e x t r a c t e d p u l p showed
some
S i m i l a r i t i e s t o t h e deb
o n d e d s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s p u l p : r e s i l i e n c y a n d
? u i d
r e t e n t i o n
Were
i r e c t i o n a l l y l o W e r f o r b o t h
r e l a t i v e t o
t h e s t a n d a r d
p u l p
? u f f .
B u t
t h e
a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s
f o r
? u f f
from t h e
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t e d p u l p Were
b e t t e r
( f a s t e r ) t h a n
f o r ? u f f
from t h e
d e b o n d e d p u l p o r t h e
s t a n d a r d
p r o c e s s
p u l p .
F l u f f d r y c l a s s i
? c a t i o n W e i g h t
p e r c e n t a g e a c c e p t s
a n d p e r c e n t a g e k n o t s
W e r e
b e t t e r f o r ? u f f f r o m t h e t r i a l
c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n p u l p .
T h u s , t h e
u s e o f
c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n
advan
t a g e s n o t
f o u n d
W i t h t h e s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s
p u l p
a n d / o r
n o t
e x p e c t e d f r o m
knoWn
t e c h n o l o g y o f
a p p l y i n g
s h e e t d e b o n d
e r s t o s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s
pulp a s
a means of
“ s o f t e n i n g ”
t h e
p u l p s h e e t .
EXAMPLE
C o l d A l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n
f o r F i b e r P r o p e r t y
I m p r o v e m e n t , P r e h y d r ol y Z e d K r a f t S o u t h e r n
P i n e
P u l p
The d a t a
p r e s e n t e d
i n T a b l e s I - 2
a n d
I I - 2
o f
Example
2
I l l u s t r a t e t h e
p u l p
s h e e t a n d ? b e r p r o p e r t y i m p r o v e m e n t s
Which
o c c u r r e d
When
c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
Was
a p p l i e d
t o
p u l p s c o o k e d f r o m a S o u t h e r n p i n e f u r n i s h b y a p r e h y d r o
l y Z e d
k r a f t p r o c e s s .
The p r e h y d r o l y Z e d
k r a f t
p r o c e s s i s
a
t W o - s t ag e p u l p i n g p r o c e s s , i n Which
t h e
raW
m a t e r i a l f u r n i s h
i s t r e a t e d ? r s t u n d e r a
m i l d l y
a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n (pH
o f
a b o u t
3 - 4 ) , f o l l o W e d
by
n a l k a l i n e s t a g e W h i c h s b a s i c a l l y t h e
r a f t
c o o k i l l u s t r a t e d
i n
Example
1 .
EXAMPLE ,
TABLE
- 2
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A-2i B - 2 i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g
Non-debonded C o l d A l k a l i
S t a n d a r d
E x t r a c t i o n
P r o c e s s
P r o c e s s
Wood p e c i e s Southern
—>
p i n e
b l e n d
P u l p i n g
P r o c e s s
P r e h y d r o - — >
l y Z e d k r a f t
S h e e t
Debonded Used
7 )
N o N o
COLDALKALI
EXTRACTION
Not
Used
Used
A l k a l i Used NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5
Temperature,
°
C. 25
T i m e ,
H:M
0 : 1 0
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3
PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 9 . 4 8 6 . 7
SHEETPHYSICS
B a s i s
W t .
( g / r n 2 )
6 5 2 8 1 8
C a l i p e r (mm) 1 . 3 2 1 . 2 8
D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 ) 0 . 5 0 0 . 6 4
M u l l e n
( k P a )
1 1 5 4 7 1 6
B u r s t I n d e x ( k P a . m 2 / g ) 1 . 7 7 0 . 8 8
KAMAS FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y
( c m )
3 . 8 4 . 0
F l u i d
R e t e n t i o n ( g / g ) 1 3 . 2 1 3 . 1
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e ( s )
C o n t r o l
3 . 4 3 . 4
H e a t - A g e d
4 . 2
6 . 1
D r y
C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t . )
A c c e p t s 9 5 . 0 9 7 . 3
Knots 1 . 5
0 . 7
F i n e s
3 . 2 2 . 0
P a d I n t e g r i t y
( N )
6 . 8 7 . 3
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
1
2
EXAMPLE , TABLE - 2 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A-2i B - 2 i
MULTIPLEINSULT
ABSORPTIONTEST
A b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s ,
s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t
4 . 3
3 . 1
2nd
i n s u l t 3 0 . 6
2 3 . 1
3 r d
i n s u l t
4 5 . 1
3 1 . 1
EXAMPLE
, TABLE 1 - 2
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 2 i i B - 2 i i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g
Non-debonded C o l d
A l k a l i
S t a n d a r d E x t r a c t i o n
P r o c e s s P r o c e s s
Wood p e c i e s Southern —>
p i n e b l e n d
P u l p i n g
P r o c e s s
P r e h y d r o - — >
l y Z e d k r a f t
S h e e t Debonded Used 7 )
No No
COLDALKALI EXTRACTION Not Used Used
A l k a l i
Used NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 0
Temperature,
° C . 25
T i m e , H:M
0 : 1 0
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3
PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES
ISO
B r i g h t n e s s ,
9 0 . 5 8 7 . 2
SHEETPHYSICS
B a s i s W t .
( g / r n 2 )
8 4 7 8 9 7
C a l i p e r ( m i n )
1 . 0 5
1 . 1 6
D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 ) 0 . 8 1 0 . 7 7
M u l l e n
( k P a )
1 0 9 0 6 7 1
B u r s t I n d e x
( k P a
- m Z / g ) 1 . 2 9 0 . 7 5
K a l n a s
E n e r g y ( W t / k g )
1 1 6 8 3
KAMAS FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y
( c m ) 3 . 8 3 . 7
F l u i d R e t e n t i o n ( g g )
1 4 . 1
1 3 . 9
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e
( s )
C o n t r o l
4 . 2 3 . 8
Heat-Aged
5
6 5 . 1
D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t . )
A c c e p t s 9 5 . 3
9 5 . 4
Knots 1 . 1 1 . 4
F i n e s
3 . 6 3 . 2
P a d I n t e g r i t y
( N ) 8 . 1 6 . 1
Sample
- 2 i i n T a b l e I - 2 i s
a
p r e h y d r o l y Z e d
k r a f t
S o u t h e r n
p i n e
p u l p b l e a c h e d W i t h
t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l
b l e a c h i n g a g e n t s o f
c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e , h y p o c h l o r i t e a n d / o r h y d r o g e n p e r
o x i d e
a n d / o r oxygen
and sodium
h y d r o x i d e
t o t h e ISO
B r i g h t n e s s l e v e l
i n d i c a t e d . Sample
B - 2 i
i n
T a b l e
I - 2
i s
a
s i m i l a r l y p r e h y d r o l y Z e d k r a f t p u l p , s i m i l a r l y b l e a c h e d
t o
t h e
b r i g h t n e s s i n d i c a t e d p r i o r
t o
c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n .
The
B - 2 i s a m p l e ’ s p r o c e ss i n g i n c l u d e d
t h e
c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s
u n d e r
t h e c o n d i t i o n s l i s t e d
( a v e r a g e
con
d i t i o n s u s e d ) . B o t h t h e A - 2 i a n d B - 2 i s a m p l e s W e r e p r o d u c e d
i n a m i l l s c a l e f a c i l i t y d u r i n g p r o d u c t i o n a n d t r i a l r u n s ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y .
As
f o r
t h e b l e a c h e d S o u t h er n p i n e k r a f t p u l p d i s c u s s ed i n
Example , t h e u s e
o f
o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n a s o f t e r
p u l p s h e e t ( i . e . , o f l o W e r
M u l l e n
s t r e n g t h
a n d
l o W e r b u r s t
i n d e x ) . N o t e h a t t h e h i g h e r a s i s W e i g h t
a n d
d e n s i t y a t W h i c h
t h e
B - 2 i s a m p l e p u l p Was
p r o d u c e d
s h o u l d
h a v e had a n e g a
t i v e
i m p a c t
on
t h e s e s h e e t
p r o p e r t i e s .
I n
a d d i t i o n ,
t h e r e s i l
i e n c y a n d ? u i d r e t e n t i o n o f t h e c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t e d S a m p l e
B - 2 i
Were
e q u i v a l e n t
t o
t h o s e o f
Sample - 2 i a n d
t h e d r y ? u f f
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US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
1 3
c l a s s i ? c a t i o n
r e s u l t s showed some
i m p r o v e m e n t
f o r Sample
B - 2 i .
Kamas ? u f f a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s
Were s i m i l a r
( s l i g h t l y
l o n g e r f o r S a m p l e B - 2 i u p o n
e a t - a g i n g ) ,
b u t t h e s p e c i a l i z e d
m u l t i p l e
i n s u l t
a b s o r p t i o n e s t s ( d e s c r i b e d
a b o v e )
s h o W e d
h a t
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n i m p r o v e d t h e a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f
t h e r e s u l t i n g
? b e r .
The
d a t a p r e s e n t e d
i n
T a b l e
I I - 2
a l s o
compare
b l e a c h e d
p r e h y d r o l y Z e d
k r a f t
S o u t h e r n p i n e p u l p s
( p u l p i n g c o n d i t i o n s
Were m o re
s e v e r e t h a n t h o s e used o r
t h e
samples
I n T a b l e I - 2
o f h i s
e x a m p l e ) .
S a m p l e
A - 2 i i W a s
p r o d u c e d W i t h o u t , S a m p l e B - 2 i i W i t h
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n . Both t y p e s Were
a l s o produced
i n
a
m i l l - s c a l e f a c i l i t y a n d
u s e d
c ommon l e a c h i n g t e c h n i q u es t o
r e a c h
t h e
b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l s i n d i c a t e d .
The s o d i u m
h y d r o x i d e
s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h u s e d Was
l o W e r t h a n
t h a t
u s e d f o r
t h e
s a m p l e s d e s c r i b e d i n
T a b l e
I - 2
o f t h i s
e x a m p l e , 10% s . 15%.
C o m p a r i s o n o f
s h e e t
p r o p e r t y d a t a a g a i n
s h o W s
t h e s h e e t
s o f t e n i n g
e f f e c t s r e s u l t i n g from
t h e
u s e o f c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c
t i o n : l o W e r Mullen s t r e n g t h , l o W e r b u r s t i n d e x . A l s o , a
Kamas
e n e r g y p a r a m e t e r ( s e e d e s c r i p t i o n a b o v e ) Was r e c o r d e d
t o
d e s c r i b e t h e r e l a t i v e e a s e
o f d e ? b e r i n g
t h e p u l p s h e e t d u r i n g
t h e ? u f ? n g o p e r a t i o n i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . T h e c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t e d
p u l p Was
? u f f e d
more
e a s i l y ( W i t h l e s s
e n e r g y
i n p u t ) . F l u f f a b s o r p t i o n s
W e r e
s l i g h t l y f a s t e r f o r
t h e c o l d
c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t e d S a m p l e
B - 2 i i .
Dry c l a s s i ? c a t i o n
o f
t h e
? u f f e d ? b e r s Were
e q u i v a l e n t f o r
both samples
a s
Were e s i l
i e n c y a n d ? u i d r e t e n t i o n . H o W e v e r , ? u f f p a d i n t e g r i t y ( s e e
d e s c r i p t i o n a b o v e ) Was p o o r e r f o r
t h e
c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d
Sample B
t h i s Was n o t
t h e
c a s e W i t h
Sample B - 2 i i compared
t o Sample
- 2 i
i n T a b l e I - 2 o f h i s e x a m p l e ) .
EXAMPLE
Cold l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e s s : V a r i a b l e S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h
F rom
t h e
d a t a g i v e n i n T a b l e s I - 3 t h r o u g h
V I - 3 o f
t h i s
e x a m p l e ,
i t
i s
a p p a r e n t
t h a t
no one
s e t
of
o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
p r o c e s s c o n d i t i o n s W i l l
r e s u l t
i n e x a c t l y t h e
same conse
q u e n c e s on e v e r y
t y p e
o f
p u l p . Ra W
m a t e r i a l / f u m i s h u s e d ,
p u l p i n g p r o c e s s
u s e d ,
a n d
t h e p o s i t i o n
o f
c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c
t i o n W i t h i n a b l e a c h i n g sequence have consequences on What
may b e
t h e optimum
c o n d i t i o n s f o r e a c h t y p e o f s a m p l e .
S e c o n d l y , I t a p p e a r s
t h a t
c o l d
a l k a l i
e x tr a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s can
be
s e l e c t e d
t o enhance
some
o f
t h e
? b e r
p r o p e r t i e s
o f
t h e
r e s u l t i n g
p u l p b u t
a t
t h e
e x p e n s e
o f
o t h e r s .
Not a l l ? b r o u s
e n d - u s e s
r e q u i r e
i m p r o v e m e n t s i n
t h e
s a m e p r o p e r t i e s , t h u s
t h i s
a p p a r e n t v e r s a t i l i t y o f c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
c o n d i t i o n s
m i g h t
b e
u s e d
to
t a i l o r p u l p
? b e r s f o r
v a r i o u s
? b r o u s
e n d - u s e
p r o d u c t s a n d /
r
c u s t o m e r s . These p o i n t s W i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n
t h i s
a n d
s u b s e q u e n t e x a m p l e s .
EXAMPLE
,
TABLE
- 3
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 3 i B - 3 i
C - 3 i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g
Non-debonded
Cold l k a l i — >
S t a n d a r d
E x t r a c t i o n
p r o c e s s
P r o c e s s
Wood
pecies
Southern
— > — >
p i n e b I e n d
P ulping
Process
Kraft
— > — >
K umber,mL 18 — > — >
COLD ALKALI EXTRACT-
Not Used Used
—>
ION
A l k a l i
Used ( C o n t r o l )
NaOH NaOH
S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h ,
7 1 2
5
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
1 4
EXAMPLE , TABLE - 3 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 3 i B - 3 i C - 3 i
Temperature, ° C . 35 35
T i m e , H:M
0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 3
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 3 . 3 9 2 . 2 9 1 . 4
SHEETPHYSICS
B a s i s
W t .
( g / m 2 )
7 2 5 7 3 7 6 9 1
C a l i p e r
(mm) 1 . 7 5
2 . 1 4 2 . 4 1
D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 ) 0 . 4 1 0 . 3 5 0 . 2 9
M u l l e n ( k P a ) 1 1 7 9 5 2 7 7 0
B u r s t I n d e x ( k P a . m 2 / g ) 1 . 6 3 0 . 7 2 0 . 1 0
KAMAS FLUFF
CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 3 . 8 3 . 9 3 . 7
F l u i d
R e t e n t i o n
( g g )
1 3 . 3 1 2 . 2 1 4 . 6
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e ( s )
C o n t r o l
3 . 7 2 . 9
a 9
Heat-Aged
4 . 3 3 . 6 4 . 1
D r y
C l a s s i ? c a t i o n
( W t .
)
A c c e p t s 9 7 . 5 9 8 . 5
8 9 . 0
Knots 1 . 2 0 . 1 8 . 6
F i n e s
1 . 3
1 . 4 2 . 4
P a d
I n t e g r i t y
( N )
6 . 7 6 . 4 5 . 3
EXAMPLE
, TABLE
I - 3
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 3 i i
B - 3 i i C - 3 i i D - 3 i i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Processing N on - d e b on d e d Co l d
Alkali
—> —>
S t a n d a r d E x t r a c t i o n
P r o c e s s P r o c e s s
Wood
p e c ies South e rn — > — > — >
p i n e
b l e n d
Pul p in g
Process Kraft
— > — > — >
K umber, ml 1 8 — > — > — >
COLD
ALKALI
EXTRACTION
Alkali
Used None W a t e r )
NaOH —> —>
S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h ,
0 3 7 1 4
Temperature,
C.
35
—> —> —>
Time, H:M
0: 1 0 — > — > — >
Consistency, 3 — > — > — >
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 7 . 9 9 0 . 3
9 2 . 1 9 2 . 0
SHEETPHYSICS
B a s i s W t .
( g / r n 2 ) 7 1 1 6 7 7 6 7 6 6 9 1
C a l i p e r
(mm) 1 . 8 7 2 . 0 3
2 . 0 6 2 . 7 9
D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 )
0 . 3 8 0 . 3 4
0 . 3 3 0 . 2 6
Mullen
( k P a )
1 1 8 9 1 0 0 5
5 0 1 8 3
B u r s t
I n d e x
( k P a . m 2 / g ) 1 . 6 7 1 . 4 8 0 . 7 5 0 . 1 2
Kalnas Energy (Wh/kg) 1 0 9 . 5 99 9 2 . 7 i
KAMAS FLUFF
CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y
( c m )
3 . 8
3 . 5 3 . 3 3 . 3
F l u i d
R e t e n t i o n
( g g )
1 1 . 8
1 1 . 3
1 1 . 2 1 3 . 2
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e
( s )
C o n t r o l
4 . 1 2 . 8 2 . 6 4 . 0
D r y
C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t . )
A c c e p t s 9 4 . 6 9 4 . 3 9 4 . 0 7 5 . 9
Knots
2 . 0 2 . 7 3 . 2 2 1 . 1
F i n e s
3 . 4
3 . 0 2 . 8
3 . 1
P a d I n t e g r i t y ( N ) 7 . 4 6 . 4 5 . 7 4 . 2
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EXAMPLE
, TABLE
1 1 - 3
1 5
US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
SAMPLE DESIGNATION A - 3 i i i
B - 3 i i i C - 3 i i i
D - 3 i i i
E - 3 i i i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Processing Cold
l k a l i
—> —> —> —>
E x t r a c t i o n
P r o c e s s
Wood pecies
Southern
—> —> —> —>
p i n e b l e n d
Pul p in g Proc ess Prehyd rol yZed — > — > — > — >
k r a f t
K
umber,
mL
1 8 — > — > — > — >
COW LKALI
EXTRACTION
AlkaIi Used Sodium
—> —> —> —>
h y d r o x i d e
( N a O H )
S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h , 7 . 0
1 1 . 0 1 3 . 1 1 5 . 1 1 8 . 2
Temperature,
C
35°
C. —> —> —> —>
Time,
H:M
0:15
—> —> —> —>
Consistency, 3 —> —> —> —>
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO B n g h t n e s s , 8 8 . 0 8 8 . 3
8 5 . 3 8 5 . 3 8 5 . 7
MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTION TESTS
A b s o r p t i o n T i m e s , s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t
7 . 6
6 . 6 6 . 8 6 . 2 6 . 5
2nd
i n s u l t
3 7 . 6
2 6 . 2 2 5 . 1
2 1 . 8
2 2 . 4
3 r d i n s u l t 5 6 . 6 4 4 . 9 3 6 . 5 3 5 . 0 3 3 . 0
EXAMPLE
, TABLE
V - 3
SAMPLE
DESIG
NATION A - 3 i v B - 3 i v C - 3 i v D - 3 i v
E - 3 i v
F - 3 i v
SAMPLE
DESCRIPT
ION
Processing
Unbleached Unbleached
—> —> —> —>
P u l p P u l p
B e f o r e
Cold
A f t e r
Cold
A l k a l i A l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
Wood
Species Southern
—> —> —> —> —>
p i n e b l e n d
Pulping Kraft
—> —> —> —> —>
P r o c e s s
K umber, mL 8 .2 —> —> —> —> —>
COLD Not Used Used
ALKALI
EXTRACTION
A l k a l i Used ( C o n t r o l ) NaOH
S o l u t i o n 6 9
1 2 1 5 1 8
S t r e n g t h ,
Temperature, 30° C. —> —> —> —>
° C.
Time,
H:M 0:15 —> —> —> —>
Consistency,
3 . 0
—> —> —> —>
MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTION
TEST
A b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s , s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t 8 . 9 8 . 2 6 . 7 7 . 5 7 . 4 8 . 3
2nd
i n s u l t 4 3 . 8 4 3 . 7 3 0 . 7
3 2 . 8 2 9 . 6
3 1 . 7
3 r d i n s u l t 6 4 . 5 6 8 . 5 5 1 . 2 4 8 . 3 5 0 . 0 4 6 . 3
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
1 6
EXAMPLE
, TABLE - 3
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION
A - 3v
B -3 v
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d P r o c e s s C o l d
A l k a l i
( N o n - d e b o n d e d ) E x t r a c t i o n
Wood
p e c i e s
Southern
—>
p i n e b l e n d
K umber, mL
1 2 . 4
—>
COLDALKALI
EXTRACTION Not
Used Used
A l k a l i Used ( C o n t r o l ) NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h
6
Temperature,
°
C . 28
T i m e , H:M
0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y . 3
PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES
ISO
B r i g h t n e s s ,
8 4 . 8 8 4 . 8
SHEETPHYSICS
B a s i s
Wt
g / m 2 )
6 4 4 5 9 9
C a l i p e r (mm)
1 . 3 3
1 . 4 0
D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 )
0 . 5 3 0 . 4 4
M u l l e n
( k P a )
1 6 5
6
8 3 4
B u r s t
I n d e x
( k P . m 2 /
)
2 . 6 3 1 . 4 4
Kamas E n e r g y ( W t / k g ) 6 9 . 5
4 7 . 9
KAMAS FLUFF
CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y ( c m )
4 . 1
3 . 7
F l u i d
R e t e n t i o n ( g g )
1 2 . 0 1 1 . 8
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e ( s )
C o n t r o l
3 . 2 2 . 9
H e a t - A g e d 4 . 8
4 . 5
D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t )
A c c e p t s
8 6 . 6 8 8 . 7
Knots
1
1 . 8
9 . 3
F i n e s 1 . 6 1 . 9
P a d I n t e g r i t y
( N )
7 . 1 7 . 0
EXAMPLE
,
TABLE - 3
SAMPLE DESIGNATION A-3vi B - 3 v i
C - 3 v i
D-3vi E - 3 v i
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
Processing Standard Co l d — > — >
P r o c e s s A l k a l i
( n o n - E x t r a c t i o n
d e b o n d e d ) P r o c e s s
Wood pecies Southern —> —> —> —>
hardWood
b l e n d
Pulping P r oc e ss Kr af t
—> —> —> —>
K
umber,
mL 11. 0 — > — > — > — >
COLD
ALKALI
EXTRACTION
Alkali Used None Sodium — > — >
( c o n t r o l )
h y d r o x i d e
Solution S t r e n g t h , i 9
12
1 5
18
Temperature,
C.
30°
C. —> —> —> —>
Time,
H:M
0:15
—> —> —> —>
Consistency, 3
—> —> —> —>
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 3 1 . 5 4 3 . 2
3 8 . 6
3 7 . 6 3 7 . 8
KAMAS FLUFF
CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y ( c m )
3 . 4
2 . 9 2 . 9 3 . 0 2 . 7
F l u i d R e t e n t i o n ( g g ) 1 2 . 5 1 2 . 2
1
1 3 . 2 1 2 . 6
A d s o r p t i o n
T i m e
( s )
C o n t r o l 6 . 2
4 . 5
4 . 0
4 . 3
3 . 8
Heat-Aged 1 2 . 9 8 . 1 . 9 . 3 7 . 1 6 . 5
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US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
EXAMPLE
, TABLE
- 3 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE DESIGNATION A-3vi B - 3 v i C - 3 v i D-3vi E - 3 v i
D r y
C l a s s i ? c a t i o n
( W I
)
A c c e p t s 9 3 . 2 9 3 . 7 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 5
9 0 . 4
Knots
0 . 7 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 5
F i n e s
6 . 1 5 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 8 9 . 1
Pad
I n t e g r i t y ( N ) 3 . 6 4 . 4 4 . 1 4 . 3 4 . 1
MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTION TEST
A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t 1 3 . 3 1 1 . 9 1 1 . 4
1 1 . 7
1 0 . 7
2nd i n s u l t 5 5 . 3 4 8 . 1
4 8 . 8 4 5 . 8
4 5 . 9
3 r d
i n s u l t 9 8 . 5 6 4 . 2 6 7 . 3 7 3 . 6 7 4 . 3
EXAMPLE , TABLE 1 - 3
SAMPLE DESIGNATION
A-3vi
B - 3 v i C - 3 v i D-3vi
E - 3 v i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Processing Standard Co l d — > — >
P r o c e s s A l k a l i
( n o n E x t r a c t i o n
d e b o n d e d ) P r o c e s s
Wood pecies
Southern
—> —> —> —>
hardwood
b l e n d
Pulping Process
Kr af t
—> —> —> —>
K umber,mL 11.0 — > — > — > — >
GOLD ALKALI
EXTRACTION
Alkali
Used
None
Sodium
— > — > — >
( c o n t r o l ) h y d r o x i d e
Solution S t r e n g t h , i 9 12 1 5
18
Temperature,
C
300
C. —> —> —> —>
Time, H:M 0:15 —> —> —> —>
Consistency, 3
—> —> —> —>
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 3 1 . 5 4 3 . 2 3 8 . 6 3 7 . 6
3 7 . 8
KAMAS
FLUFF
CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y ( c m )
3 . 4
2 . 9 2 . 9 3 . 0 2 . 7
F l u i d R e t e n t i o n
( g / g ) 1 2 . 5
1 2 . 2 1 3 . 0 1 3 . 2 1 2 . 6
A d s o r p t i o n
T i m e
( s )
C o n t r o l 6 . 2
4 . 5
4 . 0
4 . 3 3 . 8
Heat-Aged 1 2 . 9 8 . 1 9 . 3 7 . 1 6 . 5
D r y
C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( w t .
)
A c c e p t s
9 3 . 2
9 3 . 7
9 1 . 6 9 1 . 5 9 0 . 4
Knots
0 . 7 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 5
F i n e s
6 . 1
5 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 8
9 . 1
Pad
I n t e g r i t y ( N ) 3 . 6 4 . 4 4 . 1 4 . 3 4 . 1
MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTION TEST
A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t
1 3 . 3
1 1 . 9 1 1 . 4
1 1 . 7
1 0 . 7
2nd i n s u l t 5 5 . 3 4 8 . 1 4 6 . 8 4 5 . 8 4 5 . 9
3 r d i n s u l t 9 8 . 5 6 4 . 2 6 7 . 3 7 3 . 6 7 4 . 3
The a t a g i v e n n T a b l e - 3 o f h i s
e x a m p l e
c o v e r l a b o r a t o r y
e x p e r i m e n t s o n b l e a c h e d S o u t h e r n p i n e k r a f t p u l p . A l l
S a m p l e s
A - 3 i
t h r o u g h
C - 3 i w e r e
b l e a c h e d
t o t h e b r i g h t n e s s
i n d i c a t e d
w i t h
t h e
c o m m o n
l e a c h i n g
c h e m i c a l s o f
c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n
p e r o x i d e
a n d s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e . T h e c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c t e d Sample
3 - 3 i a n d
C - 3 i
were a d d i t i o n a l l y
b l e a c h e d w i t h c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e
s u b s e q u e n t
t o c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n ( t h i s c o n t r i b u t e d t o
t h e h i g h e r
b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l s
o f
S a m p l e s
B - 3 i
a n d
- 3 i ) .
T h e
N a O H
s o l u t i o n
s t r e n g t h u s e d i n
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
1 8
t h e
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
o f
Sample
B - 3 i was
r e l a t i v e l y
l o w
(7%
c o m p a r e d t o t h a t u s e d
f o r
S a m p l e C - 3 i , 1 2 ) . T h e s e
s a m p l e s
were s h e e t e d ( n o n - d i r e c t i o n a l s h e et on a l a b o r a t o r y
s h e e t
mold)
and r i e d u n d e r t h e same s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n s i n
t h e l a b o r a t o r y ( b u t d r i e d w i t h o u t
r e s t r a i n t
u n l i k e a commer
c i a l p u l p m a c h i n e )
so t h a t t h e
c h a n g e s
i n
p u l p
s h e e t a n d
? b e r / ? u f f
p r o p e r t i e s
measured r e ? e c t t h e c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c
t i o n
p r o c e s s
a l o n e . Thus
f o r Sample B - 3 i , c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c
t i o n
r e s u l t e d
i n ? b e r s which
formed s h e e t
which was ?uffed
I n t o
? b e r s w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g
p r o p e r t i e s
r e l a t i v e
t o
S a m p l e
A - 3 i
( n o n - c o l d c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t i o n ) :
s i m i l a r
b a s i s
w e i g h t ,
h i g h e r c a l i p e r , l o w e r d e n s i t y , l o w e r M u l l e n s t r e n g t h a n d
l o w e r u r s t i n d e x ;
e q u i v a l e n t
? u f f e s i l i e n c y
b u t
r e d u c e d ? u i d
r e t e n t i o n ,
f a s t e r a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s
a n d
s o m e w h a t
i m p r o v e d
d r y ? u f f
l a s s i ? c a t i o n p r o ? l e s . F o r
S a m p l e C - 3 i ( c o l d c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t e d
a t
12% NaOH o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h ) r e l a t i v e t o Sample
A - 3 i ( n o n - c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d ) t h e c o m p a r i s o n / c o n t r a s t
was a s f o l l o w s : s l i g h t l y r e d u c e d b a s i s w e i g h t, h i g h e r a l i p e r ,
l o w e r
d e n s i t y , much
l o w e r M u l l e n s t r e n g t h a n d b u r s t i n d e x
( v e r y
w e a k
s h e e t ) ; e q u i v a l e n t ? u f f
r e s i l i e n c y , h i g h e r ? u f f
r e t e n t i o n ,
s i m i l a r
Kamas ? u f f a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s , a n d
p o o r e r
d r y ? u i d c l a s s i ? c a t i o n
p r o ? l e . T h u s ,
i f a n
e n d - u s e r e q u i r e d a
? b e r o f
h i g h e s t
? u i d
r e t e n t i o n ,
a
h i g h e r
c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n
s t r e n g t h c o u l d b e
s e l e c t e d ;
t o
maximize
a c c e p t ? b e r upon
? u f ? n g ,
a
l o w e r c a u s t i c s t r e n g t h would e p r e f e r a b l e .
I n
T a b l e
I I - 3
o f
t h i s Example
3 , d a t a
a r e
p r e s e n t e d
a s
a d d i t i o n a l
d a t a on b l e a c h e d S o u t h e r n p i n e k r a f t
p u l p ,
p r o
duced i n
t h e
l a b o r a t o r y o v e r
a wider
r a n g e
of c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h s . A l l s a m p l e s A - 3 i i t h r o u g h D - 3 i i
w e r e
b l e a c h e d w i t h
t h e commonbleaching g e n t s o f
h l o r i n e ,
c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e
a n d
o x y g e n ( p r i o r t o
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n ) t o
t h e
ISO
r i g h t n e s s
l e v e l s
i n d i c a t e d .
Even t 3
NaOH
o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h , t h e p u l p s h e e t c a n b e
s o m e w h a t
s o f t e n e d
w i t h o u t a n y l r g e n e g a t i v e c o n s e q u e n c e s
on
? u f f p r o d u c t s . However, c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n a t 1 4 %
NaOH
o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h
a p p e a r
t o r e s u l t i n a p u l p s h e e t t h a t
was ? u f f e d w i t h a p p a r e n t
n e g a t i v e
c o n s e q u e n c e s on r y c l a s
s i ? c a t i o n
a n d
r e s i l i e n c y
w i t h
n o
a d v a n t a g e
i n
a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e
b u t
w i t h a
s l i g h t l y
h i g h e r ? u i d r e t e n t i o n .
R e s u l t s
from a s i m i l a r
s e r i e s
o f
b l e a c h e d p r e h y d r o l y Z e d
k r a f t S o u t h e r n p i n e
p u l p s
c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d o v e r a r a n g e
o f from 7 to 1 8 % NaOH o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h
a r e
p r e s e n t e d i n
T a b l e
1 1 1 - 3 .
A l l s a m p l e s
A - 3 i i i
t h r o u g h
E - 3 i i i were
b l e a c h e d
w i t h c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e ,
s o d i u m h y p o c h l o r i t e a n d
s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e
p r i o r
t o c o l d
c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n .
The mul
t i p l e i n s u l t a b s o r p t i o n
t e s t
r e s u l t s
i n d i c a t e
t h a t l i t t l e b e n e ? t
w o u l d
b e
g a i n e d b y u s i n g
N a O H
o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h
i n t h e
c o l d
c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t i o n ( u n d e r t h e t em p e r a t u r e ,
t i m e a n d
c o n s i s
t e n c y s h o w n ) g r e a t e r t h a n a b o u t
13% o r
t h i s t y p e o f u l p , a n d
t h a t
a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s
i m p r o v e ( d e c r e a s e ) p r o g r e s s i v e l y w h e n
u s i n g a 7 o
1 3 %
c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n .
S i m i l a r l y ,
d a t a a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e I V - 3 o f t h i s e x a m p l e
w h i c h i l l u s t r a t e a
l e v e l l i n g
o f f
o f
i m p r o v e m e n t
o f
a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s
w i t h
i n c r e a s i n g
c o l d l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h s
( 6 - 1 8 ) .
S a m p l e s
B - 3 i v
t h r o u g h
F - 3 i v
w e r e
a l l
c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t e d
f r o m
t h e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l S a m p l e
A - 1
v . No l e a c h
i n g
c h e m i c a l s
were s e d on n y o f h e S a m p l e s
A - 3 i v
t h r o u g h
3 i v . Sample - 3 i v was a
S o u t h e r n
p i n e p u l p cooked t o v e r y ,
v e r y low K um ber i a a
s i n g l e
s t a g e c o n v e n t i o n a l k r a f t cook
i n
t h e l a b o r a t o r y . M u l t i p l e i n s u l t a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s o f t h e
? u f f
?bers
were
improved with t h e use of
a
9
NaOH
o l u t i o n
s t r e n g t h w i t h no f u r t h e r
b e n e ? t
b e i n g s e e n above t h e
9
s t r e n g t h . Thus a
s i m i l a r t r e n d
t o w a r d a l e v e l l i n g o f f
o f a b s o r p
t i o n t i m e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g s o l u t i o n s t r en g t h
s e e n
f r o m
a p p l i
c a t i o n of
o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n was observed
f o r t h i s
low
K
Number u n b l e a c h e d k r a f t S o u t h e r n
p i n e p u l p
a s had b e e n
o b s e r v e d f o r t h e
b l e a c h e d p r e h y d r o l y Z e d k r a f t p u l p
s a m p l e
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
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US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
1 9
s e r i e s g i v e n i n T a b l e
I I I - 3
o f h i s e x a m p l e . B u t t h e
l e v e l
o f t h e
a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s a t W h i c h e a c h t y p e
o f
u l p a b s o r b e d
a n d
t h e
s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h a t W h i c h t h e a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e
i m p r o v e d
o c c u r r e d d i f f e r e n t l y W i t h
t h e t y p e
o f p u l p e x t r a c t e d .
F o r a v e r y loW
K
um ber l e a c h e d k r a f t p u l p , c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n a t r e l a t i v e l y l o W NaOH o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h h a s many
a d v a n t a g e s
o t h e r
t h a n
f a s t e r
a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s .
D a t a
a r e
g i v e n
i n T a b l e
V - 3 o f
t h i s e x a m p l e
Which
compare tWo
s a m p l e s
( A - 3 v W i t h o u t a n d B - 3 v W i t h ) o f p u l p p u l p e d t o 1 2 . 4
K
Num ber
and b l e a c h e d t o 84.8%
ISO
B r i g h t n e s s . The c o l d
c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s used f o r Sample B-3v Were a
r e l a t i v e l y l o W s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h o f 6%,
a t
2 8 0 C .
f o r
1 5 min
u t e s a t a p u l p c o n s i s t e n c y o f 3%. T h i s c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
Was
u s e d
p r i o r t o b l e a c h i n g
t o t h e i n d i c a t e d b r i g h t n e s s . Both
t y p e s
o f u l p s a m p l e s ( d a t a
a v e r a g e s
g i v e n f o r A - 3 v a n d B - 3 v
W e r e b l e a c h e d u s i n g c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n
p e r o x i d e
a n d
s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e .
One o f
t h e l a r g e s t d r a W b a c k s t o
p u l p i n g
t o loW
K
umber
by t h e
k r a f t
p r o c e s s
i s
t h e
n e g a t i v e c o n s e q u e n c e s on ? b e r
p r o p e r t i e s t h a t r e s u l t
f r o m
t h e e x t e n s i v e p u l p i n g . P l e a s e c om
p a r e
t h e
h i g h e r
s h e e t
M u l l e n
s t r e n g t h
a n d
b u r s t
i n d e x
o f
Sample - 3 v . T a b l e V - 3 t o t h o s e
o f t h e
s a m p l e s
i n
T a b l e s I - 3
and 1 - 3 o f h i s Example . W h en h e
p r o c e s s i n g
u s e d on t h e
l o W K umber n c l u d e d c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n ( S a m p l e
B - 3 v ,
T a b l e
V - 3 ) , t h e s e d i s a d v a n t a g e s Were o v e r c o m e . I n a d d i t i o n ,
t h e
? u f f
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f ? b e r s
from t h e B-3v
s a m p l e l o W K
N u m b e r
u l p Were e q u i v a l e n t
t o
o r b e t t e r
t h a n
t h e
A-3v
loW K
Number p u l p s a m p l e ( T a b l e
V - 3 ,
s i m i l a r ? u i d r e t e n t i o n ,
someWhat f a s t e r Kamas ? u f f a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s
a n d
someWhat
i m p r o v e d
d r y
? u f f l a s s i ? c a t i o n p r o ? l e ) .
I n T a b l e
V I - 3 o f h i s e x a m p l e , d a t a a r e
p r e s e n t e d
f o r
a
s e r i e s
o f u n b l e a c h e d
k r a f t
p u l p cooked from a S o u t h e a s t e r n U n i t e d
S t a t e s b l e n d o f h a r d W o o d s
( g u m s ,
o a k s , e t c . ) t o a l o W ( 1 1 . 0 )
K
umber. Cold c a u s t i c NaOH o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h
Was
v a r i e d
f r o m 9 t o 18% f o r S a m p l e s
B - 3 v i t h r o u g h
E - 3 v i ; S a m p l e
A - 3 v i Was t h e s t a r t i n g p u l p
p r i o r
to c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n .
No
b l e a c h i n g c h e m i c a l s Were used on t h e s e s a m p l e s . The
9
NaOH
o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h
a p p e a r s t o b e optimum o f t h e c o n d i
t i o n s s t u d i e d f o r t h i s
t y p e
o f p u l p i n t h e u n b l e a c h e d s t a t e :
Kamas
? u f f a n d m u l t i p l e i n s u l t a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s a r e b a s i c a l l y
c o n s t a n t a t
9 %
a n d h i g h e r s o l u t i o n
s t r e n g t h s .
Dry c l a s s i ? c a
t i o n p r o ? l e f o r t h e
? u f f d e t e r i o r a t e
a t s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h s a t o r
above 12%. F o r t h i s t y p e o f
hardWood
p u l p , e v e n l o W e r
NaOH t r e n g t h
might p r o v e
t o
be
more
d e s i r a b l e .
Note t h a t
hardWood u l p s
d o
n o t
match
s o f t W o o d
p u l p s
i n
t h e s e
t y p e s
o f
? b r o u s p r o p e r t y
p e r f o r m a n c e t e s t s . H o W e v e r ,
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
can be used
t o improve
some of
t h e s e
? b e r / ? u f f
p r o p e r t i e s
to some
e x t e n t
f o r
b o t h
t y p e s
of
u m i s h e s .
EXAMPLE
S u l ? t e P u l p s : D e b o n d e r s ; C o l d A l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n
Debonders
can
b e
used on
s u l ? t e
process pulps a s Well a s
on r a f t
p u l p s .
D a t a
a r e
p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I - 4 , Example f o r
c o m m e r c i a l l y
a v a i l a b l e s u l ? t e p u l p s . T h e p u l p i n g p r o c e s s
u s e d
i s a c i d s u l ? t e ( a l s o knoWn s a c i d
b i s u l ? t e ) ;
b o t h p u l p s
a r e b l e a c h e d t o
t h e
b r i g h t n e s s i n d i c a t e d b y c o m m o n l e a c h
i n g a g e n t s s u c h a s c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e ,
h y d r o g e n
p e r
o x i d e
a n d s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e .
D a t a
g i v e n a r e a v e r a g e d f r o m
s e v e r a l
t e s t s
o f e a c h
t y p e
o f r o d u c t i o n , n o n - d e b o n d e d
( A - 4 i )
a n d d e b o n d e d
( B - 4 i ) .
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
2 0
EXAMPLE
, TABLE - 4
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A-4i B - 4 i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d p r o c e s s S t a n d a r d
non-debonded
p r o c e s s
W o o d
S p e c i e s N o r t h w e s t U . S . debonded
s o f t w o o d b l e n d ,
p r e d o m i n a n t l y
D o u g l a s ? r
P u l p i n g P r o c e s s
S u l ? t o
S h e e t
Debonder
Used
7 )
No Y e s
COLDALKALI EXTRACTION Not Used Not Used
PULP
ANALYYICAL PROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 9 1 . 8 9 1 . 2
SHEETPHYSICS
B a s i s WI g r n 2 )
6 9 8
6 8 4
C a l i p e r (mm) 1 . 2 5
1 . 3 4
D e n s i t y
( g / c r n 3 )
0 . 5 6 0 . 5 1
M u l l e n
( k P a ) 479
2 7 9
B u r s t I n d e x
( k p a . r n 2 / )
0 . 6 9 0 . 4 1
Kamas E n e r g y ( W t / k g ) 4 1 . 0 2 8 . 7
KAMAS
FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 3 . 7 3 . 6
F l u i d R e t e n t i o n
( g g )
1 3 . 2 1 2 . 1
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e
( s )
C o n t r o l 1 1 . 8 6 . 3
H e a t - A g e d 4 3 . 6
6 . 0
D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W I
)
A c c e p t s 7 7 . 9 8 7 . 5
Knots
1 6 . 0
7 . 1
F i n e s
6 . 1 5 . 4
P a d
I n t e g r i t y ( N )
6 . 3
6 . 4
EXAMPLE
, TABLE I - 4
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 4 i i
B - 4 i i C - 4 i i
D - 4 i i
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d S t a n d a r d
C o l d C o l d
P r o c e s s P r o c e s s A l k a l i A l k a l i
( n o n - ( n o n -
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
d e b o n d e d )
d e b o n d o d )
P r o c e s s P r o c e s s
Unbleached Bleached Unbleached Bleached
Wood pecies
S o u t h e r n — > — > — >
p i n e b l e n d
P ulping
Process Acid sul?te — > — > — >
K umber, rnL 34 2 8 34 2 8
COLDALKALI
Not
Used
Not
Used Used Used
EXTRACTION
A l k a l i
Used
NaOH NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 5
Temperature, ° C .
30 30
T i m e ,
H:M
0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 3
PULP
ANALYTI
CAL
PROPERTIES
ISO
rightness,
i 8 6 i 8 6
MULTIPLE
N
SULTABSORPT
ION TEST
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7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
EXAMPLE , TABLE I - 4 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 4 i i B - 4 i i C - 4 i i
D - 4 i i
A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s ,
s e c o n d s
1 s t
i n s u l t 1 3 . 2 7 . 9 6 . 8
8 . 1
2nd
i n s u l t 3 6 . 3
3 7 . 2 2 0 . 9
2 7 . 3
3 r d
i n s u l t 4 5 . 1
6 3 . 5 3 0 . 1
3 8 . 6
EXAMPLE
, TABLE n - 4
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION
A - 4 i i i B - 4 i i i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d
C o l d A l k a l i
P r o c e s s i n g
E x t r a c t i o n
( n o n - d e b o n d e d ) P r o c e s s
Wo o d
S p e c i e s
C a r i b b e a n
p i n e — >
Pulping Process
S u l ? t e
—>
K umber 24 — >
COLD
ALKALIEXTRACTION
Not Used Used
A l k a l i
Used Not Used
NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 . 4
Temperature,
° C. 30
T i m e , H:M 0 : 3 7
C o n s i s t e n c y ,
8
PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES
ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 7 7 . 5
KAMAS FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 3 . 4 2 . 9
F l u i d
R e t e n t i o n ( g / g ) 1 2 . 1
1 3
0
A b s o r p t i o n
T i m e s ( s )
C o n t r o l 2 . 8 3 . 5
H e a t - A g e d 4 . 4 4 . 4
D r y
C l a s s i ? c a t i o n
( W t
)
A c c e p t s 9 2 . 4 8 0 . 4
Knots 1 . 6
1
1 . 3
F i n e s
6 . 0 8 . 3
MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTION
TESTS
A b s o r p t i o n T i m e s , s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t 3 8 . 1 1 5 . 9
2nd
i n s u l t 8 8 . 2 4 5 . 0
3 r d i n s u l t 1 3 5 . 8
6 9 . 6
EXAMPLE
, TABLE
v - 4
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION
A-4iv
B - 4 i v
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d
C o l d A l k a l i
P r o c e s s E x t r a c t i o n
( n o n - d e b o n d e d )
Wo o d
S p e c i e s
D o u g l a s
? r — >
Pulping Process
S u l ? t e
—>
K umb e r, mL
26.6
—>
COLDALKALIEXTRACTION Not Used Used
A l k a l i
Used
NaOH
S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h ,
1 5 . 4
Temperature,
° C.
30
T i m e , H:M
1 : 0 0
C o n s i s t e n c y , 1 3
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO rightness,
i
83.4
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
22
EXAMPLE
, TABLE
V - 4 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A-4iv
B - 4 i v
KAMAS
FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS
R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 3 . 5 2 . 5
F l u i d R e t e n t i o n
( g g )
1 4 . 1 1 3 . 0
A b s o r p t i o n T i m e ( s )
C o n t r o l 4 . 6
3 . 8
H e a t - A g e d 6 . 2 4 . 5
D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t )
A c c e p t s 8 7 . 8 6 5 . 4
Knots
6 . 6 2 6 . 6
F i n e s
5 . 6
8 . 0
MULTIPLEINSULT
ABSORPTIONTEST
A b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s ,
s e c o n d s
1 s t
i n s u l t
4 7 . 2 2 8 . 9
2nd
i n s u l t 1 0 3 . 3 5 9 . 9
3 r d i n s u l t 1 3 7 . 9 7 7 . 2
As
n
t h e
Example ,
T a b l e
I - 1 ,
Which
l l u s t r a t e d
t h e e f f e c t s
o f
d e b o n d e r s
on
b l e a c h e d
k r a f t
p u l p
s h e e t
p r o p e r t i e s ,
d e b
o n d e r s can
c t t o “ s o f t e n ” t h e
softwood
s u l ? t e s h e e t . Note h e
l o W e r
Mullen s t r e n g t h ,
b u r s t
i n d e x
a n d
Kamas
e n e r g y o f
Sample - 4 i compared o S a m p l e A - 4 i . T h e r e s
a l s o a s i m i l a r
t r e n d
t o W a r d l o W e r ? u i d
r e t e n t i o n
f o r t h e debonded p u l p
a s
Was
s e e n W i t h t h e k r a f t
p u l p .
The d r y ? u f f c l a s s i ? c a t i o n
p r o ? l e i s
improved
o W a r d
g r e a t e r
a c c e p t s , l o W e r
k n o t s
a s
Was
t h e c a s e W i t h t h e k r a f t p u l p .
H o w e v e r ,
s u l ? t e p u l p s
d i f f e r
f r o m
k r a f t p u l p s i n t h a t t h e
u s e o f
d e b o n d e r s
i m p r o v e
a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s f o r s u l ? t e p u l p s
( r e l a t e d t o t h e
d i f f e r e n c e s i n W ood
d e r i v e d e x t r a c t i v e s i n a c i d s u l ? t e p u l p s ) . N o t e t h e l o n g ? u f f
a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s f o r t h e
n o n - d e b o n d e d s u l ? t e p u l p .
H o W e v e r , f o r s u l ? t e
p u l p s
t h e
u s e
o f
c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n
c a n h a v e
a d d i t i o n a l
a d v a n t a g e s a n d c a n i m p r o v e p e r f o r m a nc e
i n t h e
m u l t i p l e
i n s u l t t e s t . D a t a
a r e
g i v e n
i n
T a b l e 1 1 - 4 o f h i s
e x a m p l e Which c o m p a r e m u l t i p l e i n s u l t t e s t s
f o r
u n b l e a c h e d
v s .
b l e a c h e d
s u l ? t e
S o u t h e r n
p i n e
p u l p s ,
p r o c e s s e d W i t h
a n d
W i t h o u t
c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n . Samples
B - 4 i i and D - 4 i i
Were
b l e a c h e d W i t h
c o m m o n b l e a c h i n g a g e n t s
s u c h
a s
c h l o r i n e ,
c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e
a n d s o d i u m
h y d r o x i d e .
S a m p l e s A - 4 i i
a n d C - 4 i i r e p r e s e n t t W o
h i g h K Number
u n b l e a c h e d
S o u t h e r n
p i n e
s u l ? t e p u l p s .
S a m p l e
C - 4 i i Was
c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c t e d u s i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s i n d i c a t e d i n T a b l e
1 1 - 4
f r o m S a m p l e - 4 i i ;
Sample
- 4 i i Was c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t e d
f r o m S a m p l e
B - 4 i i .
These
d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n can mini
m i Z e d i f f e r e n c e s
i n m u l t i p l e i n s u l t p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e
S o u t h e r n p i n e s u l ? t e p u l p s a p p a r e n t
f o r
u n b l e a c h e d v s .
b l e a c h e d
p u l p .
P l e a s e
c o m p a r e t h e
d e l t a
( A )
f o r ? r s t
a b s o r p
t i o n
t i m e s
f o r
( A - 4 i i t o
B - 4 i i )
o f 5 3 s e c o n d s ,
b u t
f o r
d e l t a
? r s t
a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s
f o r ( D - 4 i i
t o C - 4 i i ) o f . 3
s e c o n d s ;
d e l t a f o r
t h i r d a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s f o r ( B - 4 i i
t o
A - 4 i i ) o f
1 8 . 4 s e c o n d s ,
b u t
o n l y
a d e l t a
o f
8 . 5
s e c o n d s f o r
t h e t h i r d
a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s f o r
( D - 4 i i
t o C - 4 i i ) . T h u s c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
r e d u c e d t h e m a g
n i t u d e s o f t h e
d i f f e r e n c e s
i n a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s
b e t W e e n
u n b l e a c h e d
and b l e a c h e d
p u l p s
a s
W e l l
a s
i m p r o v i n g t h e
a c t u a l l e v e l a t
Which
b o t h c o l d c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t e d
s a m p l e s C
a n d D p e r f o r m e d ( r e d u c e d a l l
a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s , f u r t h e r d i s
c u s s i o n
o f
t h e s e
s a m p l e s i s
g i v e n
i n
E x a m p l e 5 ) .
D a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s I I I - 4 and I V - 4
o f
Example 4
f o r s u l ? t e
p u l p s W h i c h
d e m o n s t r a t e
t h e e f f e c t s o f u s i n g r e l a
t i v e l y h i g h s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e s o l u t i o n
s t r e n g t h s
f o r c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n o v e r l o n g e r r e t e n t i o n
t i m e
and a t h i g h e r
c o n s i s t e n c y t h a n
W e r e
u s e d i n
t h e p r e v i o u s
e x a m p l e s a n d
t a b l e s . A l l
f o u r
p u l p
s a m p l e s ( A - 4 i i i
a n d B - 4 i i i , T a b l e I I I ,
A - 4 i v
and - 4 - i v ,
T a b l e I V )
Were
l e a c h e d
time
o m m o n
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
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US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
2 3
p u l p b l e a c h i n g c h e m i c a l s o f h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r
o x i d e and sodium y d r o x i d e .
Acid
s u l ? t e p u l p i n g Was s e d t o
cook a C a r i b b e a n
p i n e
c h i p f u m i s h t o 2 4 K umber ( T a b l e
I I I - 4 ) ; a c i d
s u l ? t e
p u l p i n g Was u s e d t o cook D o u g l a s
? r
to
a b o u t 2 7 K umber
T a b l e
I V - 4 ) .
W hen o l d l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n
Was
u s e d
( f o r t h e B s a m p l e s o f b o t h t h e s e
t a b l e s ,
i . e . ,
B - 4 i i i
a n d
B - 4 i v ) , i t
f o l l o W e d
a n
n i t i a l
b l e a c h i n g s t a g e t r e a t m e n t
o f
t h e u n b l e a c h e d p u l p W i t h c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e .
B l e a c h i n g
Was
c o n t i n u e d f o l l o W i n g t h e c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
t o
t h e b r i g h t
n e s s l e v e l i n d i c a t e d u s i n g c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e ,
h y d r o g e n
p e r o x
i d e a n d s o d i u m
h y d r o x i d e .
F o r
t h e s u l ? t e
C a r i b b e a n p i n e
p u l p ,
t h e u s e o f c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n at 15.4% NaOH under t h e c o n d i t i o n s l i s t e d
r e s u l t e d i n
? b e r s
s h o W i n g s i g n i ? c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t
i n
t h e
m u l t i p l e
i n s u l t a b s o r p t i o n t e s t t i m e s ( a l l
t h r e e
i n s u l t t i m e s
Were reduced
a b o u t
50%). Kamas ?uff h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Were
s i m i l a r
f o r
t h e B - 4 i i i s a m p l e c o m p a r e d t o t h e A - 4 i i i s a m p l e
W i t h t h e e x c e p t m'
p o o r e r
d r y c l a s s i ? c a t i o n p r o ? l e
f o r
t h e
c o l d
c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t e d s a m p l e B - 4 i i i ) . T h i s may e d u e t o i n
o p t i m a l l y h i g h N a O H o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h o r t h i s t y p e o f u l p a s
Was o b s e r v e d f o r
some
t y p e s o f k r a f t
p u l p s d i s c u s s e d
under
Example
,
a n d / r
t h e
h i g h e r c o n s i s t e n c y a n d / r l o n g e r t i m e
a t
Which t h e
r e l a t i v e l y h i g h
c o n c e n t r a t i o n Was
u s e d c o u l d
b e
n o n - o p t i m u m .
F o r
t h e s u l ? t e D o u g l a s
? r
p u l p o f a b l e I V - 4 , t h e u s e o f
o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
a l s o
m a r k e d l y i m p r o v e d t h e m u l t i p l e i n s u l t
a b s o r p t i o n
e s t t i m e s ;
Kamas ? u f f a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s
Were a l s o
f a s t e r b u t
? u f f
r e s i l i e n c y
a n d ? u i d r e t e n t i o n a p p e a r e d to
b e
more g r e a t l y
a f f e c t e d
f o r C a r i b b e a n p i n e o f
T a b l e
I I I - 4 . The
? u f f
d r y
c l a s s i ? c a t i o n
p r o ? l e Was
a l s o p o o r e r W i t h
c o l d
l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n o f h i s
D o u g l a s ? r
s u l ? t e
p u l p . A g a i n ,
a s W i t h t h e
s u l ? t e C a r i b b e a n p i n e s a m p l e a n d W i t h t h e k r a f t
p u l p
e x a m p l e s
d i s c u s s e d n E x a m p l e ,
t h e s e
c o l d l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n
c o n d i t i o n s may b e n o n - o p t i m u m f o r
? b e r
p r o p e r t i e s o t h e r
t h a n a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e
i m p r o v e m e n t
f o r t h i s t y p e
o f
b l e a c h e d
s u l ? t e s o f t W o o d ? b e r .
EXAMPLE
K r a f t a n d
S u l ? t e S o u t h e r n
P i n e P u l p s
T h e
f o l l o W i n g
u n b l e a c h e d
k r a f t p u l p ( S a m p l e A - 5 i - T a b l e
I - 5 , Example 5 ) W i t h
a
K
u m b e r
of 30
Was o b t a i n e d
from
a
S o u t h e r n p i n e
c h i p f u r n i s h .
T h i s
p u l p W a s p r e p a r e d b y
a
r o u t i n e c o n v e n t i o n a l
k r a f t
p u l p i n g p r o c e ss u s i n g m e t h o d o l
ogy common o t h e
i n d u s t r y .
A u l ? t e process Was
used
o n a
S o u t h e r n p i n e c h i p
f u m i s h
t o
c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e b e h a v i o r o f
? b e r s p u l p e d f r o m
t h e
same
s p e c i e s v i a
d i f f e r e n t p u l p i n g
p r o c e s s e s .
T h i s p u l p Was r e p a r e d by a n
a c i d b i s u l ? t e
p r o c e s s
( s u l ? t e
p r o c e s s ) common
o
t h e i n d u s t r y .
T h i s
p u l p ( S a m p l e
A - 5 i - T a b l e I - 5 , Example 5 ) had a
K
umber o f
3 4 .
EXAMPLE
,
TABLE
- 5
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 5 i
B - 5 i C - 5 i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g
U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d
P u l p
B e f o r e
P u l p A f t e r P u l p A f t e r
Cold
l k a l i
Cold l k a l i Cold
l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
Wood
pecies
Southern — > — >
p i n e
b l e n d
Pulping Process
Kraft
— > — >
umber, rnL 30 i i
COW LKAUEXTRACT- Not
Used Used
Used
ION
A l k a l i Used
NaOH NaOH
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
6 5
EXAMPLE , TABLE - 5 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 5 i B - 5 i C - 5 i
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8
Temperature, ° C . 30 30
T i m e , H:M
0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO Brightness,
MULTIPLEINSULT
ABSORPTIONTEST
A b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s ,
s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t 9 . 5
5 . 6 5 . 3
2nd
i n s u l t
3 6 . 3 2 0 . 2 1 8 . 7
3 r d i n s u l t
5 6 . 9
3 2 . 4 2 6 . 7
EXAMPLE
,
TABLE
1 - 5
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 5 i i B - 5 i i C - 5 i i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g U n b l e a c h e d
P u l p
A f t e r P u l p A f t e r
P u l p B e f o r e C o l d
A l k a l i
C o l d
A l k a l i
Cold
l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
E x t r a c t i o n
Wood
pecies Southern — > — >
p i n e b l e n d
P ulping P r ocess Sul?te —> —>
umber, rnL 34 i i
COLDALKALI
EXTRACT-
Not Used Used Used
ION
A l k a l i
Used
NaOH NaOH
S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8
Temperature, ° C . 30 30
T i m e ,
H:M
0 : 1 5
0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y ,
3 . 0 3 . 0
MULTIPLEINSULT
ABSORPTIONTEST
A b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s ,
s e c o n d s
1 s t I n s u l t 1 3 . 2 6 . 9 5 . 1
2nd I n s u l t
3 6 . 3 2 4 . 5 1 8 . 6
3 r d I n s u l t 4 5 . 1 3 2 . 3 2 3 . 2
EXAMPLE
, TABLE I I - 5
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 5 i i B - 5 i i C - 5 i i
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d
P u l p B e f o r e P u l p A f t e r P u l p A f t e r
Cold
l k a l i
Cold
l k a l i
Cold
l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
Wood
pecies Southern — > — >
p i n e - b l e n d
P ulping
Process
Kraft — > — >
COW LKALI
EXTRACT-
Not Used Used Used
ION
A l k a l i
Used NaOH NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8
Temperature, ° C . 30 30
T i m e , H:M
0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO
rightness, 92 i i
8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf
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US
7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
EXAMPLE ,
TABLE I I - S - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 5 i i B - 5 i i C - 5 i i
MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTION
TEST
A b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s ,
s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t 8 . 9 5 . 5 6 . 4
2nd
i n s u l t 4 1 . 6 1 8 . 8 2 3 . 1
3 r d i n s u l t 6 9 . 1 3 3 . 4
3 7 . 3
D e s p i t e t h e d i f f e r e n t p u l p i n g
p r o c e s s e s , t h e S o u t h e r n
p i n e
c h i p f u m i s h y i e l d e d
? b e r s
h a v i n g e x c e l l e n t a b s o r p t i o n
e s u l t s
a f t e r c o l d
a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n ( T a b l e s I - 5 a n d 1 1 - 5 o r
Example ,
t h e
a l k a l i
u s e d
b e i n g s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e ) . E a c h o f
t h e
unbleached
p u l p s was t r e a t e d with
a c o l d c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n of
15% a n d 18% NaOH w e i g h t
) .
The o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n
was c a r r i e d o u t a s f o l l o w s .
P u l p s
o f
3
o n s i s t en c y [ O . D .
p u l p w e i g h t / t o t a l w e i g h t
( c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n + O . D .
p u l p ) > < 1 0 0 ]
were
t r e a t e d
a t a b o u t 3 0 °
C .
f o r a b o u t
1 5
m i n u t e s
by
t i r r i n g
t h e s u s p e n s i o n . F o r e a c h d i f f e r e n t c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n t r e a t ed
s a m p l e ,
t h e
a b s o r b e n c y was e t e r m i n e d a n d
c o m p a r e d
f o r
t h e
r e s p e c t i v e d r a f t
a n d
s u l ? t e
p u l p .
I t
i s
n o t e d t h a t e x t r a c t i o n
w i t h 1 8 % NaOH a v e
t h e b e s t
t e s t r e s u l t s f o r e a c h
o f t h e p u l p
s t o c k s .
F o r c o m p a r i s o n ,
t h e
u n b l e a c h e d k r a f t S o u t h e r n p i n e p u l p
was b l e a c h e d
t o
a n I SO b r i g h t n e s s o f 92% p r i o r t o a p p l y i n g
t h e c o l d
a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s ( S a m p l e - 5 i i i , T a b l e I I I - 5
Example
) .
T h i s p u l p was t h e same u l p u s e d
a s
t h e
s t a r t i n g
m a t e r i a l
f o r
b l e a c h i n g
i n E x a m p l e 5
( S a m p l e
A - 5 i
T a b l e
I - 5 ) .
However,
p r i o r t o c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n t was
l e a c h e d w i t h
t h e
c h e m i c a l s
o f h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n
p e r o x
i d e ,
oxygen
and sodium h y d r o x i d e . The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a r e
shown i n T a b l e
I I I - 5
when f o l l o w i n g t h e same c o l d c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t i o n
p r o c e d u r e a s o u t l i n e d
a b o v e .
F rom
t h e c o m p a r i s o n
o f
t h e d a t a i n
T a b l e s
I - 5 and
1 - 5 o f
t h i s e x a m p l e , i t
i s
e v i d e n t
t h a t
f o r t h e u n b l e a c h e d
p u l p
a n
i n c r e a s e
i n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n
of
h e
c o l d
c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n
t o
1 8 %
Na OH m p r o v e d h e a b s o r p t i o n r o p e r t i e s ;
f o r
b l e a c h e d p u l p
( S a m p l e
A - 5 i i i , T a b l e
I I I - 5 ) t h e h i g h e r
c o n c e n t r a t i o n
( i . e . ,
18% NaOH
e d u c e d
t h e
a b s o r b e n c y
p r o p e r t i e s c o m p a r e d t o
e x t r a c t i o n
w i t h
15%
N a O H . However,
n o t e
t h a t
t h e a b s o r
b e n c y p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e
b l e a c h e d p u l p
c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d
w i t h
15%
NaOH were
d i s t i n c t l y
b e t t e r t h a n
t h o s e
o f
t h e
b l e a c h e d
p u l p p r o c e s s e d w i t h o u t a n y
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n .
EXAMPLE
P r e h y d r o l y Z e d K r a f t
B l e a c h e d
S o u t h e r n P i n e P u l p
I n a
manner i m i l a r
to t h a t u s e d
f o r Example
, t h e a b s o r p
t i o n
p r o p e r t i e s were
d e t e r m i n e d f o r
a
b l e a c h e d , p r e h y d r o
l y Z e d k r a f t p u l p
f r o m
S o u t h e r n
p i n e
w o o d .
T h i s p u l p was
p r e p a r e d b y
a r o u t i n e p r e h y d r o l y Z e d
k r a f t p u l p i n g
p r o c e s s
u s i n g
methodology c o m m o n o
t h e
i n d u s t r y and was l e a c h e d
u s i n g t h e
c h e m i c a l s
o f c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , s o d i u m
h y d r o x i d e ,
a n d
s o d i u m
h y p o c h l o r i t e
t o a n ISO
B r i g h t n e s s
o f
86%.
The
K um ber o f t h e
u n b l e a c h e d
p u l p was a b o u t 1 8
mL.
EXAMPLE , TABLE - 6
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 6 i A - 6 i
C - 6 i
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g
B l e a c h e d
B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d
P u l p
B e f o r e
P u l p A f t e r P u l p A f t e r
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
2 6
EXAMPLE , TABLE - 6 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION
A - 6 i A - 6 i
C - 6 i
Cold l k a l i Cold l k a l i Cold
l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
Wood pecies Southern — > — >
p i n e
Pulping
Process
S tea m
pre- — > — >
h y d r o l y z e d
k r a f t
COW LKALI EXTRACT- Not Used
Used
Used
ION
A l k a l i Used
NaOH NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h . 1 5 1 8
Temperature,
°
C .
30
30
T i m e , H:M 0 . 1 5
0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y ,
3 . 0 3 . 0
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO rightness, 86
i i
MULTIPLEINSULT
ABSORPTIONTEST
A b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s ,
s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t 6 . 7 4 . 9
6 . 2
2nd
i n s u l t 4 8 . 6 1 9 . 6
2 5 . 5
3 r d i n s u l t
7 7 . 2
3 2 . 3 4 1 . 9
T h e a b s o r p t i o n
r e s u l t s
a f t e r c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i n g t h i s p u l p
w i t h
15%
and
1 8 % NaOH r e shown
n
T a b l e
I - 6 , and
con ? rm
t h e e f f e c t c a u s e d by CCE r e a t m e n t on t h e a b s o r b e n c y
o f
t h e
p u l p .
A g a i n ,
t h i s p i n e
p u l p
s u b j e c t e d
t o
e x t r a c t i o n
a f t e r
b l e a c h i n g w i t h
15%
Na OH
S a m p l e
- 6 i ,
T a b l e
- 6 ,
E x a m p l e
6 )
g a v e b e t t e r r e s u l t s t h a n
t h a t e x t r a c t e d
w i t h 18 % NaOH.
I n
c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e
a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t y
d a t a g i v e n
i n
Example , T a b l e s I - 5 t o
I I I - 5 ,
t h e a b s o r p t i o n t e s t r e s u l t s
f o r
t h e
p r e h y d r o l y Z e d k r a f t S o u t h e r n
p i n e
? b e r show h a t
t h e s e
a r e w i t h i n a
good
r a n g e o f a b s o r b e n c y d e s p i t e h a v i n g b e e n
b l e a c h e d t o t h i s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h b r i g h t n e s s p r i o r
t o
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n .
EXAMPLE
K r a f t
S o u t h e r n
P i n e
P u l p :
U n b l e a c h e d K umber
I n t e r a c t i o n
The
accompanying a b l e I - 7 ,
Example ,
i l l u s t r a t e s a
c o m
p a r a t i v e
s e r i e s
o f r a f t S o u t h e r n
p i n e
p u l p s
w h e r e u n b l e a c h e d
p u l p K umber was
v a r i e d ( r e l a t i v e
s e v e r i t y o f p u l p i n g
l o w
numbers i n d i c a t e a more d r a s t i c
p u l p i n g
s c h e d u l e with
l e s s
l i g n i n r e m a i n i n g i n t h e p u l p a f t e r p u l p i n g ) . I n o r d e r t o e s t a b
l i s h t h e d e s i r e d p u l p p r o p e r t y r e g i m e a n d p u l p i n g p r o c e d u r e s ,
t h e
b l e a c h i n g
of l l t h r e e unbleached s t o c k s
was
a r r i e d
o u t
t o
e q u i v a l e n t b r i g h t n e s s
( 9 2 S O ) . T h e b l e a c h i n g c h e m i c a l s o f
c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e ,
o x y g e n
a n d
sodium hydroxide were s e d . I t
i s
noted h a t a s unbleached K
Number
n c r e a s e d ,
r e s u l t i n g
a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s a f t e r c o l d
c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t i o n i m p r o v e d
( l o w e r
a b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s
a r e b e t
t e r ) .
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7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
EKAMPLE
, TABLE - 7
SAMPLE DESIGNATION A - 7 i B - 7 i C - 7 i D - 7 i E - 7 i F - 7 i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d B l e ac h e d B l e a c h e d B l e ac h e d B l e a c h e d
P u l p P u l p P u l p P u l p P u l p P u l p
B e f o r e Cold A f t e r Cold B e f o r e Cold A f t e r Cold B e f o r e Cold A f t e r Cold
A l k a l i A l k a l i A l k al i A l k a l i A l ka l i A l k al i
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
Wood pecies South e rn pine — > — > — > — > — >
Pulping Process
Kraft
—> —> —> —> —>
K umber,mL 19 i 22 i 30 i
COLDALKALI EXTRACTION
Not
Used Used Not Used Used Not Used Used
A l k a l i Used NaOH
NaOH NaOH
S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h ,
1 5 1 5 1 5
Temperature, °
C .
30 30 30
Time,H:M 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y ,
3 . 0
3 . 0 3 . 0
PULP
ANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO
Brightness,
92
i
92
i
92
i
MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTION TEST
A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t 8 . 6 6 . 7
i
5.9 8 . 9 5 . 5
2nd
i n s u l t
48.3 29.6
i
26.9 41.6 18.8
3 r d
i n s u l t
75.0 45.5 i 39 .8
69.1 3 3 .4
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE ,
TABLE - 8 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 5 i
B - 5 i C — 5 i
S i t k a
S p r u c e S u l ? t e P u l p
30 MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTIONTEST
I n a
manner s i m i l a r t o t h a t
used
f o r
t h e
Southern pine chip
f .
h
t
n .
t .
1 l ? t 1
d
Th A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s
urms
spruce s a mg
ma'eria
Was
su
e
pu
e
.
~ e 1 s t
i n s u l t 700 122
m0
s u l ? t e process
used
Was a c i d s u l ? t e
( a l s o
knoWn
a s acid 2 n d i n s u l t 4 3 _ 7
223
2 4 . 1
b i s u l ? t e )
a s
i n E x a m p l e
5 .
The
unbleached pulp Was
s u b -
3 5
3 r d i 1 1 s 1 1 l t 6 4 - 3
3 3 - 6 3 3 - 2
j e c t e d t o c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n . D a t a
f o r t h e
c o l d c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t e d p u l p s
t r e a t e d
W i t h
15% and 1 8 %
NaOH
r e
shoWn
i n
T a b l e
I - 8 ,
Example
.
I t
i s
n o t e d
t h a t
W h i l e
n o t
a l l
s t a r t i n g
EXAMPLE
p u l p s
perform at t h e
same
l e v e l , n e v e r t h e l e s s t h e r e Was a
4 0
s i g n i ? c a n t
i m p r o v e m e n t
i n a b s o r b e n c y a f t e r
c o l d
c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n
t r e a t m e n t
f o r
e a c h o f
t h e
p u l p s o b t a i n e d from
h i s
s p e c i e s .
B o t h s p r u c e p u l p S a m p l e s B - 8 i a n d C - 8 i p e r f o r m e d
s i m i l a r l y
( n o s i g n i ? c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n 15% N a O H a n d
18%
NaOH
x t r a c t i o n s ) .
EXAMPLE ,
TABLE
- 8
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - 5 i
B - 5 i C — 5 i
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g
U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d
P u l p
B e f o r e
P u l p
A f t e r
P u l p
A f t e r
Cold l k a l i Cold l k a l i Cold l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
Wood pecies
S i t k a
Spruce
—> —>
Pulping Process
Sul?te
— > — >
K.Number,mL 31
COLDALKALI
EXTRACT-
Not Used Used Used
ION
A l k a l i
Used NaOH NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8
Temperature, ° C. 30 30
Time,H:M 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0
PULP ANALYIlCAL
PROPERTIES
ISO
Brightness,
45
50
55
60
6 5
W e s t e r n Hemlock S u l ? t e P u l p
T h i s
e x a m p l e
i l l u s t r a t e s t h e a b s o r p t i o n r o p e r t i e s o b t a i n e d
f o r a p u l p made from a W e s t e r n hemlock c h i p f u r n i sh b y a
s u l ? t e
p u l p i n g
p r o c e s s ( a c i d
s u l ? t e ) .
C o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n
o f h e b l e a c h e d h e m l o c k
p u l p
( I S O
B r i g h t n e s s : 8 8 )
a g a i n
i l l u s t r a t e s
t h e
improvement t h a t r e s u l t s on
c o l d
a l k a l i t r e a t
m e n t : g r e a t e r s p e e d o f ab s o r b e n c y o f
? b e r s
p r o d u c e d b y
c o l d
c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n
e x t r a c t i o n . The d a t a a r e
g i v e n
i n
T a b l e
I - 9 ,
E x a m p l e 9 .
EXAMPLE , TABLE - 9
SAMPLE DESIGNATION A - 5 i
B - 5 i C — 5 i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d
B l e a c h e d
P u l p
B e f o r e
P u l p A f t e r P u l p
A l t e r
Cold
l k a l i
Cold
l k a l i
Cold
l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
Wood
pecies
Western
— > — >
Hemlock
P ulping
Process Sul?te —> —>
K umber,mL
COLD
ALKALI EXTRACT- Not
Used Used Used
ION
A l k a l i
Used NaOH NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8
Temperature,
°
C .
30
30
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7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
EXAMPLE ,
TABLE
- 9 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A - S i B - S i C - 5 i
Time,H:M
0 : 1 5
0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO
rightness, 88 i i
MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTION TEST
A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t 1 2 . 3
7 . 7
9 . 4
2nd i n s u l t 4 7 . 2 3 1 . 9 3 9 . 9
3 r d
i n s u l t 7 5 . 1
4 4 . 7
6 2 . 0
EXAMPLE O
BCTMP B l e a c h e d C h e m i - T h e r m a l
M e c h a n i c a l
P u l p ) a n d C o l d A l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n
I n t h i s
e x a m p l e ,
BCTMP a
b l e a c h e d c h e m i - t h e r m a l
m e c h a n i c a l
p u l p )
c o m m e r c i a l l y
a v a i l a b l e f r o m
Tembec C o .
Was a l s o
e x t r a c t e d
W i t h
15%
and 1 8 % N a O H .
The a b s o r p t i o n
t e s t
d a t a
( T a b l e
I - 1 0 , E x a m p l e 1 0 ) s h o W s u b s t a n t i a l i m p r o v e
ment
t t h e
h i g h e r c o l d c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h .
The KNum
b e r
o f
t h i s BCTMP
u l p
Was 3 6
mL
ven h i g h e r c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h s ( e . g . ,
a b o u t 20%) may
p r o v e t o
b e
b e n e ?
c i a l
t o a b s o r b e n t p r o p e r t y p e r f o r m a n c e
f o r
? b e r s p r o d u c e d
f r o m t h i s t y p e
o f
f u r n i s h v i a t h i s p u l p i n g p r o c e s s . The
Wood
f u r n i s h i s a North
American, e a s t e r n Canadian
s o f t W o o d .
D e s c r i p t i o n
o f c h e m i - t h e r m a l
m e c h a n i c a l
p u l p i n g
a n d
b l e a c h i n g
p r o c e s s e s can
be
found i n t e x t s on
p u l p i n g
and
b l e a c h i n g .
EXAMPLE
0 ,
TABLE
- 1 0
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A-10i
B - 1 0 i C - 1 0 i
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
P r o c e s s i n g B l e a c h e d
U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d
P u l p B e f o r e P u l p A f t e r P u l p A f t e r
Cold
l k a l i
Cold
l k a l i Cold l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
Wood pecies
Northern
— > — >
Softwood
P ulping
Process
Bleached
— > — >
Chemi
t h e r m a l
m e c h a n i c a l
K
umber,
mL
3 6
i i
COLDALKALIEXTRACT- Not
Used Used
Used
ION
A l k a l i Used
NaOH NaOH
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8
Temperature,
° C. 30
30
Time,H:M 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0
PULPANALYTICAL
PROPERTIES
ISO Brightness,
MULTIPLE
INSULT
ABSORPTION
TEST
A b s o r p t i o n
t i m e s ,
s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t
9 . 7 8 . 8
4 . 0
2nd
i n s u l t 3 9 . 8
3 7 . 8 2 5 . 1
3 r d i n s u l t
6 1 . 2 5 9 . 8
3 5 . 4
20
25
30
35
4 0
45
50
55
60
6 5
30
EXAMPLE 1
Use
of Cold
l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n on S e m i - B l e a c h e d ,
L o W e r B r i g h t n e s s P u l p
The
s t r e n g t h
o f c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e d t o
a c h i e v e
o p t i
mum
b s o r p t i o n
p r o p e r t i e s
i s
r e l a t e d
t o
t h e
t y p e of
raW mate
r i a l
a n d
t o
p u l p i n g a n d b l e a c h i n g
s t e p s u s e d . I n
g e n e r a l ,
h o W e v e r , t h e
l e s s
b l e a c h e d
( l o W e r
b r i g h t n e s s ) t h e p u l p ,
t h e
h i g h e r t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n
o f NaOH s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e d
t o
a c h i e v e o p t i m u m p r o p e r t i e s . A l s o , t h e
a b s o r p t i o n
p r o p e r t i e s
a t t a i n e d a r e
b e t t e r
When
t h e
p u l p i s
l e s s
b l e a c h e d p r i o r
t o
a p p l i c a t i o n
of
a c o l d c a u s t i c t r e a t m e n t . T h i s i s
i l l u s t r a t e d
b e l o W
i n T a b l e I - 1 1 , E x a m p l e 1 1 , W h e r e
t W o
S o u t h e r n
p i n e
k r a f t
p u l p s
b l e a c h e d t o d i f f e r e n t
b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l s ( I S O
B r i g h t n e s s o f
5 1 a n d
8 8 ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y ) u n d e r w e n t
c o l d a l k a l i
e x t r a c t i o n
W i t h
1 5
and 1 8 % NaOH
o l u t i o n s . The
r e s u l t s
f o r
b o t h o f h e s e p u l p s shoW h a t 15%
NaOH
a v e
t h e b e s t
o v e r a l l
a b s o r p t i o n t i m e
r e s u l t s ( t h i r d i n s u l t t i m e i s
t h e m o s t
s i g n i ?
c a n t o n e )
W i t h
t h e p u l p
o f l o W e r
b r i g h t n e s s ( s e m i - b l e a c h e d
p u l p ) y i e l d i n g s u p e r i o r p r o p e r t i e s .
EXAMPLE 1 , TABLE
- 1 1
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A-11i B - 1 1 i C - 1 1 i D - 1 1 i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Processing
Semi-
— >
Bleached
— >
B l e a c h e d
P u l p
( I S O
P u l p
( I S O B r i g h t n e s s =
B r i g h t n e s s
= 8 8 ) 1 7
A f t e r
5 1 %)
f t e r
C o l d
A l k a l i
Cold
l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n
E x t r a c t i o n
Wood pecies
South e rn
— > — > — >
p i n e b l e n d
Pul p in g
Process Kraft
— > — > — >
COLDALKALI
EXTRACT-
Used Used Used Used
ION
Al ka l i Used
NaOH —> —> —>
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5
1 8
1 5
1 8
T e m p e r a t u r e , 0
C . 30 30 30 30
T i m e , H:M 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5
C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0
MULTIPLEINSULT
ABSORPTIONTEST
A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s
1 s t i n s u l t 5 . 0 3 . 8 6 . 2
4 . 9
2nd i n s u l t 2 2 . 1 2 1 . 2 2 2 . 2 2 4 . 8
3 r d i n s u l t 2 5 . 1 3 6 . 7 3 3 . 9 3 8 . 6
( “ > P r e p a r e d
b y
b l e a c h i n g
S a m p l e A - 1 1 i
o f E x a m p l e 1 1 ( T a b l e
1 1 ) W i t h c h l o r i n e ,
c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e ,
o x y g e n
a n d
s o d i u m
h y d r o x i d e
t o
an ISO B r i g h t n e s s o f 5 1 .
r e p a r e d b y b l e a c h i n g S a m p l e A - 1 1 i o f E x a m p l e 1 1 ( T a b l e 1 1 ) W i t h
c h l o r i n e ,
c h l o r i n e
d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e , o x y g e n a n d s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e
t o
an
ISO B r i g h t n e s s
o f 8 8 .
EXAMPLE
1 , TABLE I - 1
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION
A-
B- C-
D
1 1 i i 1 1 i i 1 1 i i 1 1 i i
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Processing
Semi-
— >
Semi-
— >
Bleached Bleached
P u l p
( I S O
P u l p
( I S O
Brightness = Brightness =
3 8 %)
f t e r
44 %)
f t e r
Cold
l k a l i
Cold
l k a l i
E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n
Wood pecies
South e rn
— > — > — >
p i n e b l e n d
Pulping
P r oc e ss
—> —> —>
u l ? t e
K umber,mL i
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7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1
3 1 3 2
EXAMPLE 1 ,
TABLE I - 1 - c o n t i n u e d
EXAMPLE
2 , TABLE
- 1 2 - c o n t i n u e d
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION
A-
B- C- D-
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A-12i B - 1 2 i C - 1 2 i
1 1 i i 1 1 i i 1 1 i i 1 1 i i
B l e a c h B l e a c h Bleach
COLD LKALI
EXTRACT-
Used Used Used Used
5
S t a g e s ) S t a g e s ) S t a g e s )
I O N W i t h
Cold
W i t h
Cold
W i t h
Cold
A l k a l i
Used
NaOH A l k a l i A l k a l i A l k a l i
S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h ,
1 5
1 8
1 5
1 8
E x t r a c t i o n
i n
E x t r a c t i o n
i n
E x t r a c t i o n
i n
Temperature,
° C.
3 0 —> —> —> Stage
1
Stage
3
Stage
5
Time,
H:M
0:15
— > — > — >
Wood
pecies
Souther n
— > — >
Consistency, 3.0 —> —> —> 10 pine
MULTIPLE INSULT
Pulping Process Prehydro-
—> —>
ABSORPTION ES T l y Z e d k r a f t
COLDALKALIEXTRACT-
Used
— > — >
A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s IO N
1 s t
i n s u l t
4 . 5
4 . 5
5 . 8
4.7 Alkali Used
NaOH —> —>
2nd
i n s u l t 2 4 . 5 1 8 . 8 2 4 . 1 20.2 1 5 S o l u t i o n
S t r e n g t h ,
1 5
—> —>
3 r d i n s u l t 36.4 30.2
41.1
31.2 Temperature, 0 c_ 3 0 _ > _>
(a) _ __ _ _ _ _ Time,H:M 0:15 —> —>
h y d l i r a e g e a l r e p d e r l z a g d l z g z z i l g i l g d i i r r l g p l l z d l i i ? i g E x a m p l e 5
( T a b l e
I I - 5 ) W 1 t h c h l o n n e d l o x l d e , c o n s i s t ? n c y ,
3 _ 0
_ ) _ )
PULPANALYTICAL
A l l o f
t h e
S a m p l e s
A - 1 1 i t h r o u g h D - 1 1 i
( T a b l e
I - 1 1 ,
P R O P E R T I E S
Example 1 1 ) Were p r e p a r e d by b l e a c h i n g
t h e
3 0 K Num ber
2 0
. . . ISO rightness, 84 8 7
484
S o u t h e r n
p 1 n e k r a f t p u l p d 1 s c u s s e d 1 n Example 5
(Sample MULTIPLE I N S U L T
A - 5 i , T a b l e I - 5 )
t o
t h e b r i g h t n e s s
l e v e l
i n d i c a t e d ,
a n d
t h e n ABSORPTION E S T
c o l d
caustic extracted u nder
the conditions
indicated.
N o t e
t h a t i n t h e
u n b l e a c h e d s t a t e , 1 8 %
NaOH e s u l t e d i n b e t t e r
A h s o r p n o n t l m e s ’ S e c o n d s
b t
r t d t h a t
these
abso t i o n
times
Were
2 5
1 s t I n s u l t
1 7 7
1 4 4 1 9 2
a sorp
1on
prope 1es an ~ 2nd i n s u l t 445 311 43.4
b e t t e r t h a n
t h o s e
a s s o c 1 a t e d W1th seml-bleached p u l p s 3 r d i n s u 1 t 6 7 _ 7 5 7 1 7 0 . 4
d e s c r i b e d i n T a b l e I - 1 1 ,
Example
1 1 .
W hen t h e 3 4
K
umber n b l e a c h e d S o u t h e r n
p i n e
s u l ? t e
p u l p
O f E x a m p l e 5 ’
T a b l e
1 1 - 5
( S a m p l e
A 5 1 1 ) W a s S e m i -
3 0
T h e
r e s u l t s
s h o w n
a b o v e
( T a b l e I I - 1 2 )
i n d i c a t e
t h a t
When
b l e a c h e d t o
I S O B r i g h t n e s s
l e v e l s o f 3 8 a n d
4 4 ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , CCE
W e s
u s _ e d 1 h
t h e
h h d d l e
o f t h e
S e q u e h e e ( S t a g e 3 ) ,
t h e
p r i o r
t o
c o l d c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t i o n
W i t h 1 5 a n d 18% NaOH, 18% a h s o r p t l o h t l m e r e s u l t s W e r e
C l e a r l y
b e t t e r ( S a m p l e 1 3 - 1 2 1 )
NaOH as t i l l
r e q u i r e d
t o
g i v e Optimum a b s o r p t i o n
p r O P e r -
t h a n
When CCE Was
used
i n
t h e
1 s t o r 5 t h s t a g e s . I t Was
t i e s . The
e s u l t s
o f
h i s
Work
r e
s e e n i n T a b l e
1 1 - 1
1 ,
Example i n t e r e s t i n g t o
n o t e t h a t
ISO B r i g h t n e s s o f t h e f u l l y b l e a c h e d
1 1 . N o t e t h a t l e s s b l e a c h e d
p u l p
( I S O
B r i g h t n e s s : 3 8 ) s t i l l
3 5
p u l p
( S a m p l e B - 1 2 i ) Was a l s o i m p r o v e d r e l a t i v e
t o
t h e o t h e r
g i v e s t h e b e s t r e s u l t s
When
e x t r a c t e d W i t h 1 8 % NaOH two ( 1 e ,
8 7
v e r s u s 8 4 ) ,
( S a m p l e
B - 1 1 i i v e r s u s
S a m p l e D - 1 1 i i ) ; t h e
r e s u l t s ,
h o w e v e r ,
a r e
n o t
a s
good
s
t h o s e observed b y
1 8 %
NaOH x t r a c t i o n of EXAMPLE 3
t h e u n b l e a c h e d p u l p i t s e l f
W i t h 18%
NaOH
s e e
r e s u l t s
f o r
S a m p l e
C - 5 i i ,
T a b l e 1 1 - 5 , E x a m p l e 5 ) . 4 0
K r a f t
P u l i n
R e ' e c t M a t e r i a l
EXAMPLE 2 p g 1
P o s i t i o n
of
Cold
l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n i n a M u l t i s t a g e 1 h ah e f f o r t t o
look
a t
P u l p
t h a t
i s
even
“raWer”
o r l e s s
B l e a c h
S e q u e n c e 4 5 p u l p e d t h a n
What
o r m a l l y o c c u r s
i n
c o n v e n t i o n a l
f u l l
chemi
c a l p u l p i n g p r o c e s s e s , some k n o t s ” r e s u l t i n g from a conven
The e n e ? t s
o f
c o l d c a u s t i c
e x t r a c t i o n i n i m p r o v i n g a b s o r - t i o n a l k r a f t cook o f
S o u t h e r n p i n e c h i p f u m i s h
Were
c o l d
b e n c y o c c u r s r e g a r d l e s s o f h e r e t i s a p p l i e d n t h e b l e a c h i n g c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d W i t h 18% NaOH. “ K n o t s ” e s s e n t i a l l y
r e p
s e q u e n c e
( e . g . ,
a t t h e
b e g i n n i n g ,
t h e m i d d l e ,
o r a t
t h e
v e r y
r e s e n t
p u l p i n g
r e j e c t
m a t e r i a l s
t h a t a r e
p o o r l y
c o o k e d
( r e l a
e h d ) ~
t h t h e Same m u l t i ' s t a g e h t e a e h i h g s e q u e n c e t o p r e p a r e 5 0 t i v e l y
l a r g e
i n s i z e u n l i k e
s h i v e s
a n d s e p a r a b l e f r o m t h e
e s u l t
h 1 g h
b r l g h t n e s s p u l p s
t h e r e
1 5
e v e n
s o m e
1 n d 1 c a t 1 o n t h a t When i n g p u l p e d
? b e r s V i a
e q u i p m e n t l o o s e l y t e r m e d
“ k n o t t e r y y t
t h e S a m e q u a h t l t y O f
e h e h h e a l s
a r e u s e d , t h e r e t h e y h e W a s n e c e s s a r y
t o
? r s t d e ? b e r
t h e s e
k n o t s i n a W a r i n g b l e n d e r
h h P r O V e d a h s e r p t l e h P r o p e r t l e s
b y a p p t y l h g
t h e s t a g e I n t h e a n d
t o ? a t
s c r e e n t h i s d e ? b e r e d
m a t e r i a l
t o
r e m o v e r e j e c t
H u d d l e O f t h e
S e q u e n c e ;
S u c h
a n
e x a m p l e
1 5 HOW
r e s e n t e d
I n
m a t e r i a l
s t i l l r e m a in i n g n o n - d e ? b e r e d
p r i o r
t o
c o l d
a l k a l i
Wh1ch t h e o n l y b l e a c h l n g v a r 1 a b l e , 1 n a 5 - s t a g e
s e q u e n c e
t o
5 5
e x t r a c t i o n W i t h
18% NaOH'
The ? b e r s had a V e r y
h i g h K
p r e p a r e
a f u l l y b l e a c h e d
p u l p
from t h e same
u n b l e a c h e d
Number
( > 5 0 )
s t o c k ,
Was
t h e p o s i t i o n of h e CCE
t a g e
i n t h e
s e q u e n c e ;
1 5 %
'
NaOH o l u t 1 o n s t r e n g t h Was
u s e d . EXAMPLE 3 , TABLE 13
EXAMPLE
2 , TABLE
- 1 2 6 0
SAMPL E DESIGNATION A - 1 3 i
SAMPLE
DESIGNATION A-12i B - 1 2 i C - 1 2 i
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
SAMPLE E S C R I PT I ON P r o c e s s i n g D e l i b e r i Z e d K n o t s
( R e j e c t s )
A f t e r
Cold
l k a l i
P r o c e s s i n g
F u l l y F u l l y F u l l y E x t r a c t i o n
B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d 6 5
W ood
S p e c i e s S o u t h e r n p i n e b l e n d
P u l p
( 5
P u l p
( 5 P u l p ( 5
P u l p i n g
P r o c e s s K r a f t
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