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Absolutism in E.
Europe to 1740
Eastern Europe Conditions:
• Powerful nobility
• Weak middle class
• Oppressed peasantry
(mostly serfs)
Bubonic Plague killed 1/3 of the
population of Europe between the
years of 1347 - 1351
Population loss due to
the Bubonic Plague
{1347-1351} led to
greater freedom for
peasants in W. Europe.
Yet, nobles gained the
upper hand in E.
Europe.
By the mid 1600s,
population pressures
caused nobles to seize
more peasant land and
demand more unpaid
serf labor!
Absolutism was more powerful in E.
Europe partly because the nobility of
the East had greater political power
than those in the West. Eastern kings
relied on nobles and their armies for
support, whereas Western kings
developed centralized states.
E. Europe retained more of a feudal
structure for a longer period.
THE RISE OF AUSTRIA & PRUSSIA
War helped the kings of E. Europe to develop
absolute power.
Kings Gained Political Power in 3 Key Areas:
1. Permanent taxation
2. Standing armies
3. Foreign relations (conducted by king)
Austria & the
Ottoman
Turks
The defeat of the Hapsburgs in Central
Europe during the 30 Years’ War FORCED
them to turn eastward to re-create a strong
empire.
Ferdinand II restored Bohemia to Catholic
control.
Ferdinand II
King of Bohemia (1617-1619, 1620-1627)
King of Hungary (1618-1625)
Holy Roman Emperor (1619-1637)
The Austrian
Empire
The Hapsburgs established strong
direct rule over Bohemia. The
peasantry was enserfed:
1)Most peasants required to work 3
days of unpaid labor per week
(robot)
2)Some had to work every day except
Sunday & holidays
** Reorganization of Bohemia was big
step toward Austrian absolutism.
King Ferdinand III (1637-
1657) created a permanent
standing army to hold the
Hapsburg Empire together.
He then prepared to attack
Hungary.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman
Empire peaked in
the mid 1500s under
the leadership of
Sultan Suleiman the
Magnificent (r. 1520
– 1566). They were
most powerful
empire in the world
at that time.
Ottoman Empire structure:
1)All land hereditarily owned by Sultan
2)There are NO landed nobility
3)Top gov’t bureaucracy staffed by the Sultan’s
Slave Corps. Every year the Sultan taxed the
Christian population of the Balkans anywhere
from 1,000 – 3,000 male children. They were
raised as Moslems and trained either to fight
or be administrators. Those who were
unsuccessful in administration became the
core of the Sultan’s army - - ** the Janissary
Corps.
The Janissary Corps escorting the Ottoman Empire
1683 Turkish Siege of Vienna – forced retreat of the
Ottomans turned into a rout by the Austrians.
1683 Ottoman Siege of Vienna, Austria
• Ottomans forced to retreat
• Russian & Venetian troops counterattacked Ott. Emp.
• ** Hapsburgs conquered Hungary & Transylvania
(Romania) by 1699
• The war with the Ottomans developed a sense of
political unity in the Hapsburg Empire!
Hapsburg Empire Now Consisted of:
1) Austria
2) Bohemia
3) Hungary
Transylvania – AH, AH, AH, AH!!!!
Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI (r. 1711 – 1740 - -
Knew the empire was
fragile and tried to legislate
its guaranteed existence
through the ** 1713
Pragmatic Sanction which
said Hapsburg territory had
to be passed down as one
piece (never divided) to
male or female heir {since
Charles had NO sons & was
the last of the Hapsburgs}.
Prussia in the
17th Century
King Frederick
William, the Great
Elector of Prussia
{r. 1640-1688}
Hohenzollern Castle
Elector Frederick
III of Prussia
(r. 1688 – 1713)
King Frederick
William I of
Prussia
“the Soldier’s
King”
{r. 1713 – 1740}
New Prussian
army uniforms
introduced by
King Frederick
William I
King Frederick William I
inspecting his “Potsdam
Giants” or “Lange Kerls”
(Long Guys). King was 4’11”
and average soldier was 5’11”
(tallest up to 7 feet tall!)
The Mongol
Yoke & the
Rise of Russia
Emperor Diocletian divided the
Roman Empire in 284 AD, creating
the Byzantine Empire (in green)
Genghis Khan (1162-1227 AD)
Tsar Ivan III of Muscovy
(1462-1505) aka “Ivan the
Great”
Tsar Ivan IV (“Ivan the Terrible”) / (r. 1553 – 1584)
The Russian Boyars
Russian Boyars
Russian Cossacks
Cossacks
St. Basil’s
Cathedral in
Moscow,
Russia.
Shows Byzantine
influence on Russian
architecture.
Ivan the Terrible
blinded the
cathedral’s architects
so they could never
duplicate the
achievement.
Placed in Red
Square, in Moscow.
Red Square, Moscow. Kremlin on the right.
Peter the
Great
Russia
r. 1682-1725
Land on the coast
of the Baltic Sea,
conquered by Peter
the Great in the
“Great Northern
War (1700-1721)”
with Sweden.
Russian gained:
Estonia, Livonia,
and some of
Finland.
The Neva River runs through St. Petersburg
Griboyedov Canal
The Peterhof Palace
The Peterhof Palace
The Hermitage Museum
St.
Catherine’s
Palace
St.
Petersburg
Gazprom Building
Peter the Great
cutting the
beards of the
Boyars!!
Leopold I
Holy RomanEmperor
(r. 1658-1705)
Schönbrunn Palace
Schönbrunn Palace
Schönbrunn Palace
The
End