5/31/2018 AbsoluteFinalPost-slidepdf.com http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 1/882 Art Movements- Research Renaissance 1150When? The movement started from roughly 1150- 1600.This means that the movement started during the period of the middle ages and into the period of time, which was also called Renaissance. Renaissance means re-birth, this was because the middle ages was thought as of a period of darkness. Because it involved a period of 100-year war, the plague and the chaos, which was happening in the Catholic Church which was said to, unsettle people’s faith in the government and religion. This period of unsettling circumstances lead to the movement occurring in Europe as people weresearching for a di#erent culture than the one they had hence the renaissance nameRenaissance because they wanted a new society. The meaning of Renaissance’ represents how at the time things resumed after the decline in trade
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 1/882
When? The movement started from roughly 1150-
1600.This means that the movement started during
the period of the middle ages and into the period of time, which
was also called Renaissance.
Renaissance means re-birth, this was because the
middle ages was thought as of a period of
darkness. Because it involved a period of 100-year
war, the plague and the chaos, which was happening in the Catholic
Church which was said
to, unsettle people’s faith in the government and
religion.
movement occurring in Europe as people
were searching for a di#erent culture than the one
they had hence the renaissance name Renaissance
because they wanted a new society. The meaning of
Renaissance’ represents how at
the time things resumed after the decline in trade
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 2/882
used for structuring society and how relationships
were based around the holding of land and
exchanged for services and labour work. 'The
arts had quite a di # cult time remaining important
during the Middle Ages, given all of the territorial struggles that
were occurring
throughout Europe. People living then had enough to do merely
figuring out how to stay in
the good graces of whoever was ruling them, while the rulers were
preoccupied with
maintaining or expanding control.’ Jennifer Rosenberg
People wanted to bring back the
classical arts which had declined they had
declined because of the period of war and
unsettlement that had taken place this meant that
because 'that People living then had enough to do
merely figuring out how to stay in the good graces of
whomever was ruling them' it meant
they just had to what they could to survive and not
get into some kind of trouble with what is nowknown as a
dictator 'the good graces of whom ever was ruling
them’. This shows how
they had to keep the ruler happy and not step out
of line therefore this implies that the ruler was
demanding and didn't give the people of that time
much freedom, this means that they weren't given free will and were
treated like sheep almost bosses
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 3/882
around and not give free will. The definition of
a dictator is 'a ruler with total power over a country,
typically one who has obtained control
by force.' They were therefore too busy keeping their
ruler happy this shows how they must have
been running errands for them out of fear for their
lives, this is because of the reason that if they were
not afraid of them why would they give up there
free will for them 'With the large exception of the
Roman Catholic Church, no one had much time or thought left
over to devote toward the luxury of art' ( Shelley
Esaak ). This means the ruler must
have given them a reason to fear them like made
an example of someone else, to have so much
authority, what we know as a dictator now, which is
someone who contradicts to you what to do, what to think such as
what to believe in.
This created a sudden want from society to learn
classically again this was from the: paintings,
sculpture, architecture, music and literature work
that was created in previous centuries (14th,
15th and 16th). This was therefore when societies
knowledge and awareness of nature and classical
learning increased. This means that the movement
was influenced by a variety of subjects these were
all under the category of classical arts:
politics, art,
literature, philosophy, music, science and religion.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 4/882
that 'Christian worship and symbology continued to inspire
renaissance artists’; this
therefore means that they included symbols in their paintings,
which are associated with religion. Other
things such as ‘roman history and mythology were
explored for subject matter’ also inspired them.
Quote Art the Whole Story
Characteristics of renaissance? The art was
characterised by a humanist
aspect that meant that they were trying to capture
the human element of emotion within the art; this
therefore meant that they wanted to capture
emotion within a scene rather than just
concentrating on the visual beauty of the painting.
Most important pieces and artists
of the movement?
Florence doors (gates of paradise) which were
installed in 1452.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 5/882
is made up of ten panels.
The doors are so important to the renaissance
period because of the fact that 'Before him, nobody in
Italy was able to create something in
bronze so big in dimension, not since the end ofthe Roman
Empire," says Annamaria Giusti, the director of the Museo
dell'Opificio delle Pietre
Dure' http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-
achievement, this is because at the time it would
have been a great innovation to be able to create
he had discovered a technique to create dimension
using the material of bronze. This therefore show
other artists how to use the material and mean that it paved away
for them to use a similar technique
to what he did and eventually lead onto bigger
scale.
They are called 'The Gates of Paradise' and ‘received
their name by Michelangelo who is believed
to have exclaimed: "they are so beautiful that they would be
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 6/882
www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-gates-of-
competition which many artists competed in
each one was judged on '(realism, dynamic composition,
perspective techniques) that
would become the keystones of the Renaissance, many scholars
chose this date, 1401, to mark the beginning of the
Renaissance', this was as these were the
characteristics of the movement.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 7/882
examples of pieces created after the doors have
been created. The bronze doors had been created
with bronze and then gold plated. This is because
of the fact that the doors are a gold colour, if they were created
using just bronze because the
materials a brown colour it would be a brown
colour.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 8/882
have been created using the same method. The
sculpture also has slight erosion this is in the way that there is
some brown colour showing through such as
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 9/882
on the sword she is holding this therefore shows the
material that is underneath.
$
This one is a very good example this is because of
the fact that it is made out of both techniques. This is because
the hair is a gold colour and the object,
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 10/882
which she is holding, is also gold. And the body of
the person is a brown colour. The artist has used
the technique of sculpting the body straight out of
bronze and then the hair and the object the person is holding and
plating it in gold. I think that this
technique creates focus point on the sculpture,
because of the contrast created. This is as the
colours of brown and gold are very di#erent toned
hues. This is as the brown is a dark colour and the
gold is a bright vivid metallic colour.
Triton, 16th century (1560–70)
$ And this one uses the most basic technique
although the subject has a lot of detail. This is
because the artists has sculpted the subject
straight out of bronze. This means that the
sculpture has been made is a more straightforward way because it
doesn't have as many
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 11/882
And it also isn't mixing the two di#erent techniques
which therefore means that the technique which
has been used is more basic because it doesn't require as much
delicacy either because small
details don't need to be gold plated either which
would require a lot of neatness.
David Michael Angelo
$ 'Michelangelo’s David has become one of the most
recognised works of Renaissance sculpture, becoming a symbol of
both
strength and youthful human beauty.' quote and image
http://www.museumsinflorence.com/musei/
David_by_michelangelo.html
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 12/882
' It was commissioned with the idea that it would stand
in a
niche on one of the cathedral’s tribunes, way up high. When
Michelangelo was finished, they realized that it was
far too beautiful to be placed up high, and so it was decided to
build a base for the sculpture and to place it
right in front of the main government building of Florence
(like putting it outside the capital building in Washington
D.C.)’ It was therefore to become the symbol of
Florence as it was placed in front of the %
quote from http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/
Michelangelo-David.html
louvre-lessing-pomarede-1st/italian-school-15th-
and-16th/five-masters-of-the-florentine)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 13/882
the earliest known example of true scientific one
point linear perspective... which had only beendiscovered.... a few
years earlier.’ http://
smarthistory.khanacademy.org, they explain in the
commentary how it creates an illusion of space.
This is in the way that the technique 'an artist may
suggest three dimensional depth on a flat surface'
this technique was discovered by 'Alberta asoutlined in his
treatise on painting' the technique is
'as a science closely related to optics (the study of
the vision of the eye'. (Art the whole story)
'Three part nature of god', hence the 'trinity part of
the title'
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 14/882
and details of the human body which has been
illustrated in the painting creates sympathy for the
viewer, in the way it makes it seem and look like an event that
actually happened, the man in the
commentary says 'extraordinary rendering of the
human body' he goes on to explain how the details
the artist has included of how the 'muscles are
pulled', he also explains how the blood
makes people empathy for Christ because it shows how
he's su#ering and in pain 'Christ is bleeding'
and 'to see the hollow of the abdomen', I
personally think that the hollowing of the abdomen
is a way of conveying the theme of death and how
the life has been sucked out of him.
http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/holy-trinity-
death is inevitable and the path to eternal life (to
have an afterlife) is to follow faith, this is shown inthe way that
Mary the one on the left side of the
cross in gesturing with her hand towards her son
‘see’s pointing up to Christ', they are talking
about Mary and how she looks very 'mournful' for
her son on the cross, she is showing the way to
eternal life. The theme of death is conveyed with the co&n
which is at the bottom of the piece this is
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 15/882
in the way that the co!n is see-through and you can see a skeleton
and bones lying in in, this
therefore conveys the ideas that the skeleton was
apart of someone who once lived.
http://mbyl.hubpages.com/hub/the-holy-trinity-by-
massacio-masaccio-fresco-florence-paintings-
cathedral in Florence (19th century)
http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/holy-trinity-
santa-maria-novella-florence.html The piece below also shows
this, 'In the
Florentine church of Santa Maria Novella, Masaccio explored the
illusionistic of
perspective.’ (Art the Whole Story)
'Theories into about how to imply depth beyond
a flat surface' The plan below was for the Santa Maria
Novella of
Brunelleschi who constructed the roof of the cathedral, which
replaced the old wooden one,
which was there previously.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 16/882
$ Leonardo de vinci
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 17/882
$ The painting fits in well to the renaissance genre because
of the
way he's placed brush strokes so that the painting has dimension
this is seen in the way the creases in the material of her clothing
bunch up on her wrists and arms, although the lady appears very
three dimensional looking I think the background doesn't show
enough fine details to appear as if she's standing in front of it I
feel as if she contrasts with the scenery too much almost like
she
doesn't belong in front of it but on the other hand it draws your
attention to her the main focus and subject of the piece. He
has
also used light to create dimension such as on her neck area
andusing light and dark shadows on her face to emphasise parts such
as her cheek bones.
Michelangelo
Michelangelo was also a very famous figure ofrenaissance but he was
the figure of high renaissance. He also experimented with
various
techniques but he became famous as a sculpture before any of his
paintings were well known. His
sculptures were under the name of 'Lorenzo
de' Medici' one well known sculpture of his is Pietàfor St
Peter's.
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 18/882
The sculpture is located in the St peters church in
Italy, Venice that is located in Saint Marcs square. In 1501 he
started working on painting projects
which are still left unfinished, this was partly due to the
fact he was interrupted in 1505 as he was
ordered to Rome to work on a sculpted tomb for
'pope Julius' the
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 19/882
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 20/882
The first photo above is of the Sistine chapel ceiling and
then below is the sculpture for the
saint’s tomb. The ceiling is apparently been painted in a
particular way to present a message, this is in
the way it is made of Jewish symbols it was apparently an act of
defiance aimed at the pope
and has to do with the crossover between catholic and Jewish faith.
This is because they are found that there are 'shapes that
correspond to Hebrew
letters', follow the link to a telegraph article covering the
findings from authors with the
theory. % Quote from
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/
Raphael is another high renaissance painter his
most famous paintings were the Madonna’s another famous piece was
pope Julius the second to redecorate his papal apartments in 1505
he was also appointed the architect of St. peters in Rome,
Raphael died at the young age of 37.
St peters church
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 21/882
$
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 22/882
$
$ Above are the madonna's which he is most famous for.
This also
includes the themes of classical arts, this is because of the fact
that the babies are naked, the theme of the human form. However I
find it strange that the baby is naked and the mother isn't. This
is
because in a lot of classical paintings more than one person will
be
nude.
The style of the painting is quiet realistic this is in the way the
subjects in the painting is so realistic. For example the skin
which is quiet a natural colour, this is in the way it is a colour
between yellow and peach. It doesn't look like a false salmon
coloured tone, which is quiet often used as a standard for skin
colour.
The middle painting is the weaker painting this is because of
thefact that the painting is partly cracked, this might be because
of the fact that the painting is older than the other two
paintings.
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 23/882
The a theme he has used in a few paintings. This is in the
way the women aren't the same in the paintings and the babies
aren't the same either therefore it is a theme or a concept which
has been
used several times.
The theme has religious connotations, this is because of the fact
that.
vision of a knight
$ This painting above by the artist was called vision of a
knight it dates to about 1504. The painting is based upon the idea
that the knight represent the
ideal attributes in a man these are conveyed in the use of objects
in the piece. The book represents
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 24/882
the scholar for example reading and poetry and knowledge, which was
very popular in the
renaissance period. The sword represents strength
in to protect and the flower represents the caringaspect the flower
is used as it creates connotations to nature and mother nature and
how's she's
thought to be a caring force. Although the painting fits the
renaissance genre with the subjects in the paintings theme I don't
think the colour scheme
appears very realistically because the colours use a blue vibrant
tone and also a red tone. For
example the lady on the left has light reflecting on her dress this
creates a pale washed out look of colour which reminds of comic
characters the painting doesn’t seem to have enough dark to
contrast the light and a balance between the hues to make it have a
realistic appearance.
Titan The next artist Titan became famous for the
painting called the portrait of a lady.
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 25/882
$ The painting fits in with the renaissance genre because
the
appearance of the scene in very realistic in it's appearance this
isthe three dimensional qualities this is in the way the material
of her dress has dark creases in the dress and the detail in the
stone in front has a realistic appearance this is because of the
texture of stone and how it's appears like it is in real life. I
like the composition of the piece because it appears to be balanced
in the way the subject and objects are placed in the frame, this is
because there is a bulky pillar like object on the right and then
on
the left the lady and then the negative space around her
balancesthe composition out. The painting fits in with the
renaissance genre because the appearance of the
scene in very realistic in it's appearance this is the three
dimensional qualities
this is in the way the material of her dress has dark creases in
the dress and
the detail in the stone in front has a realistic appearance this is
because of
the texture of stone and how it's appears like it is in real life.
I like the
composition of the piece because it appears to be balanced in the
way the subject and objects are placed in the frame, this is
because there is a bulky
pillar like object on the right and then on the left the lady and
then the
negative space around her balances the composition out.
Neo-classical- 1750 This was the art movement that
started in Rome in
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 26/882
the 1750's to the 1830's, the word 'neo-classical' translates into
the meaning 'new-classical'.
Characteristics of the art? 'Neoclassical art is
characterized by its classical form and structure, clarity, and to
an degree,
realism', in which is the opposite of Romanticism.
The codes and conventions for this style was
influenced by 'political events' this was in the way
that Characteristics of this style include: vases, swags and
festoons, classical figures, real and
fantastic creatures and beading. % quote from
http://www.historyofpainters.com/
neoclassical.htm
Vases- these were loved by people in the second
half of
the 18th century, they were the symbol of the ancient world
and because it was a practical object
to put things and also a design motif which is
basically a decorative piece of imagery or design.
Swags and festoons-
flowers were also used
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 27/882
were bud like motifs. These were based on classical Roman
decoration
Classical figures-
These were used as the human figure is used in Classical Greek and
Roman art.
Animal figures- Both real and imaginary creatures
were
used 'Dolphins, lions, sphinxes, gri!ns and satyrs often form
the bases or handles of objects.'
Beading- Lines of small bead shapes adorn many
Neo-classical objects, this is because it’s a common feature
to classical architecture.
Influences? The style was influenced by the designs
of
classical Greece and Rome 'the major source of
inspiration came from archaeological discoveries such as those made
at Herculaneum and Pompeii
which brought the ancient world to life '
The aim of the movement was 'to revive the spirit
of the great civilisations of ancient Greece and
Rome and developed as a reaction
against hedonism and frivolity of the Rocco movement',
the movement first started
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 28/882
by philosophers in France who talked about enlightenment
examples of those philosophers are
'Denis Diderot' and 'Voltaire'. The philosophers
were against the Rocco movement this is because they didn't
like
the 'morel laxity of the Rocco style, and by
association, the regime that had spawned
it' they replaced it with 'art that was more
rational, morel and high-minded. A revival of the culture of the
classical world fitted this
perfectly'.
The movement started in Rome 'It's theoretical
basis was
provided by Johann Wickelman, a German scholar who worked
for Cardinal Alessandro Albani, a wealthy collector of
antiquities. In his books, Wickelmann proclaimed
the superiority of Greek art, while also urging painters to
dip
their brush in intellect.'
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 29/882
This inspired Anton Mengs, an example of this is the
ceiling painting in Alessandro Albai in his new villa.
characteristics of the movement?
'over the course of it's development across Europe neoclassic took
on di $ erent characteristics and
meaning'.
This shows how there was a really varied amount of characteristics
that the movement used over the years it was
active. %
quotes from Art the Whole story
Jacques- Louis- David he perceived the
movement as being 'a grand heroic movement
that was associated with the French revolution'. This shows
how the artist had one perspective on the art movement that there
were several di&erent takes on the movement. He is the example
of
artists who painted events in a heroic style. % quote
from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/neoc_1/
hd_neoc_1.htm Whereas the artist below Robert Adam had a
completely di&erent
take on it. This is in the way that he used it in the medium of
interior design. Still using the a similar style, the concept
of
everything being grand, for example this artists who painted heroic
scenes whereas the designer below designed grand looking
rooms
they both have a grand look almost like they are making a
celebrative statement.
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 30/882
$
whereas other contributors to the movement such as 'Robert
Adam and James Wyatt, it became a fashionable, decorative
form
of interior design'. % quote from
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/neoc_1/
hd_neoc_1.htm
'Robert Adam'
'Robert Adam was one of the most eminent architects of the
second half of the 18th century. He played a major role
in
introducing Neo-classicism to Britain’ V&A. His work was so
well known and liked that it was given the name 'adam'
style. This
therefore shows that his work was successful and had a good
response from people. This is in the way that the 'Adam
style'
became a nickname. This is almost like it was something everyonewas
talking about and had become a house hold name. This is like the
way celebrity's are re&ered to today, for example when we are
talking about the singer Madonna Louise Ciccone we don't
need to call her by her first name we can just re&er to her as
madonna this is because of the fact
that she is so well known that we just know her by her first name.
Another example is the singer Beyoncé Knowles we just
call by the name Beyoncé, this
is because of the fact that she is so well known that everyone
knows who she is by her first name. But this could be due to the
fact that she has such as distinct name which not many people
have. However it is a simuliar concept to the 'Adam Style'.
%
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 31/882
ceilings, walls and floors to furniture, silver and ceramics.
The
'Adam Style' was enormously popular and had a lasting influence on
British architecture and interior design.’ V&A
He produced a wide variety of work 'interior decoration,
sculpture, furnishing, metalwork and architecture.' V and A
This means that he had a wide skill set to use in his career it
meant that
whereas other contributors to the movement such as
'Robert Adam and James Wyatt, it became a fashionable,
decorative form of interior design'.
'Robert Adam'
'Robert Adam was one of the most eminent architects of the
second half of the 18th century. He played a major role
in
introducing Neo-classicism to Britain', his work was so well known
and liked that it was given the name 'Adam' style.
This
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 32/882
therefore shows that his work was successful and had a good
response from people. This is in the way that the 'Adam
style'
became a nickname. This is almost like it was something everyone
was talking about and had become a house hold name. This is like
the way celebrity's are referred to today, for example when we are
talking about the singer Madonna Louise Ciccone we don't
need to call her by her first name we can just refer to her as
Madonna this is because of the fact
that she is so well known that we just know her by her first name.
Another example is the singer Beyoncé Knowles we just
call by the name Beyoncé, this
is because of the fact that she is so well known that everyone
knows who she is by her first name. But this could be due to
the
fact that she has such as distinct name that not many people have.
However it is a similar concept to the 'Adam Style'.
' Adam developed a distinctive and highly individual style
which
was applied to all elements of interior decoration, from
ceilings, walls and floors to furniture, silver and ceramics.
The
'Adam Style' was enormously popular and had a lasting
influence on British architecture and interior design.' He
produced a wide variety of work 'interior decoration,
sculpture,
furnishing, metalwork and architecture.' V and A %
This means that he had a wide skill set to use in his career
it meant that he could do a wide range of alteration work that his
clients
wanted. His career started 'work as an architect grew out of
his reputation as a painter', he then went onto architecture but he
only built one the quote 'He only built one complete country house,
Belvedere in
Kent.' shows this fact that he didn't do much construction
from
scratch but he did other architecture in the form of
alterations'most of his work outside London consisted of
alterations to existing houses and villas', the work was said to
have come from upper class families who lived outside London in
large towns, this
is shown 'of alterations to existing houses and villas. Compact
buildings near large towns, villas were used by their
fashion-
conscious owners for hospitality and display.' in the projects he
used inspiration from his research into classical Greek and
Roman
buildings,
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 33/882
material decor motifs on a building front. An example of his work
is the interior room design below.
The book by the artist below James Stuart inspired Robert Adam
which was called Antiquities of Athens, this book meant
that the
things which people hadn't seen who didn't live in Athens would be
able to be inspired from it.
'James Stuart' One of the biggest contributions he made was
the 'Antiquities of Athens' he published in 1762
accurate record of Classical Greek
architecture and served as a principal source book for architects
and designers well into the 19th century, this meant that designers
who didn't live in Italy could access the inspiration away
from the
geographical location, this explains why the book was said to
have 'impact on British design in the late 18th century is
largely due to Stuart's landmark publication Antiquities of Athens’
V&A, the book was brought back to England when he
returned in 1755
and published it in 1762.
$ The artist James Stuart did these two paintings, they are
apart of his collection based upon the classical architecture of
Greece and
Italy. The paintings were deliberately made to be very accurate
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 34/882
$
Josiah Wedgwood The 'Sta&ordshire
potter' Josiah Wedgwood (1730 - 1795) was the one who
introduced 'Neo-classical ceramics', he was the one to
make di&erent types of ceramics
(pottery) available which were
very decorative 'Wedgwood did much to broaden the appeal of
Neo-classicism by introducing new materials and new types of
pottery goods.', he started out by copying 'designs
from their
books and antiquities.', therefore he got lots of inspiration from
di"erent imagery and sources and composed it all together. He
did this from being 'introduced to the style by a number of
collectors and architects’ V&A , this means that he took
influence by artists and designers before him this means that he is
taking inspiration from what they have learned worked and what
didn't
therefore he was informing him self. He then found
steady employment from those wishing to havehouses and park
buildings created in the latest and most authentic
Classical style. He also designed Neo-classical silver and
furniture.' and then gradually his work became known.
These ceramic vases are examples of what he produced.
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 35/882
$ image from
http://www.design-about.com/people-josiah-
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 36/882
$ image from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006mk0g/
features/wedgewood The ceramics were very successful this was
in the way that 'His
cream coloured earthenware was christened 'Queen's Ware' after
Queen Charlotte, who appointed him queen's potter in 1762' BBC
'And also the fact that Wedgwood greatly improved the clumsy
ordinary crockery of the day, introducing durable, simple and
regular wares.' BBC
I like the way the designs are very simple. This is because of the
fact that the itonly uses two colours. The designs are very
obviously inspired by classical greek art. This is in the way that
the women are dressed on the design. The lady is
wearing a toga dress. This dress is recognisable from the way the
dress goes over one shoulder.
Romanticism-1770- 'The movement emerged when a
combination of
particular 'philosophical, political, social and
artistic
movements and conditions brought imaginative individualism
and unconstrained activity to the fore'. This therefore
means that it was a combination of di&erent ideas that didn't
come from art
but from the situation in society that had occurred during the
time. It was brought on partly by German philosophers
Immanuel Kant, Karl Schlegel and Georg Hegel, they focused on the
artists 'inner
world as the content of the Romantic sphere', it was the idea
ofa ' visionary, dreamlike core' and this was the
inspiration for the early romantic works. In the way that it
'fuelled early romantic
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 37/882
works such as the mascabre painting The nightmare by the
Swiss artist Henry Fuseli’.% Quotes From Art The Whole
Story
this painting was first exhibited in 1782.
$ 'depicts a women lying defenceless on her bed, trapped
within
her nightmare vision, while a demon incubus squats on top of
her looking defiantly out at a viewer’. This creature is used as a
metaphor, this is from the way that the way it is sitting, it looks
like a heavy mass on her chest. This therefore conveys the idea
that
the creature is weighing her down mentally so much that it
istrapping her in the nightmare she is having. % Quote
from Art the whole story
when? This was the movement, which happened in 1782-1830, it
started
in Germany and then gradually moved to England and spread
across Europe.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 38/882
The movement happened from the influence of German poets and
writers, they wrote about love hence the title Romanticism. It was
also a reaction against the art movement of Enlightenment which
happened in the 18th century, which was because of the 'war
torn
years across Europe. movement
characteristics?
The style was characterised by the fact that they refuse to use the
traditional painting style such as landscapes, still lives and
seascapes. Although the subject matter that they paint isn't
classical the style in which they paint it tends to be. But the
style developed into a more decorative style in its structure, form
and mainly in the way there are luminescent colours used these were
used. For the purpose of creating an emotional or spiritual
like
reaction to the viewer.
Because the paintings were influenced by writings this meant that
they were based upon legends, mythology, fairytales and folklore
which basically means a story which has been passed through
word of mouth this therefore means that these story's are
sometimes generations old. 'the idea of the inner world,
specifically its visionary, dreamlike core’ Art the Whole Story ,
an example of this in a painting is in the painting of the
nightmare
by the Swiss artist Henry Fuseli, this painting has a 'dreamlike
core' this is in the way that the subject has been taken over by
her night mare, this is illustrated by the gremlin sitting on her
chest and also in the way the women is lying spread hanging over
her bed this is
almost like the position of someone who has passed out, this
could
also be inspired by the story of sleeping beauty because they
areinspired by fairytales and the lady is passed out in a similar
way and the gremlin on her chest could be illustrating the
character of
who is evil and misleads her. Because the Romantics were
trying to evoke emotion in their audience they would sometimes use
animals as there subject
matter this is because animals could be used as metaphors for
human behavior and nature forces by artists such as
'Delacroix, Antoine-Louis Barye, and Edwin Landseer.'
quote from metmuseum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 39/882
Influenced by?
The movement was influenced by the industrial revolution which
started in 1779 when the coal Brookdale bridge was constructed
in
England, an example of this is in 1844 in turners painting
Rain,Steam and speed 'allying Romanticism with the spirit of
the
steam' and the industrial revolution. Art the Whole Story
Quote.
Also during the movement in 1789 the French revolution
starts, the movement helped the French revolution as they produced
art that
promoted the cause of the revolution for example in 1793 the
painting 'The death of Marat' painted by the artist
Casper David
Friedrich which was based upon the murder of his friend. The
movement was also inspired by the French revolution this is in the
way they rejected the 'the rational thought of the 18th
century
enlightenment', the enlightenment was the period of time when
people 'had sought to rationalize the world and move
away
from the dominations of superstitions and religious ideals
towards a more ordered world and more intelligent
thinking' this was because during of the French revolution
which
occurred after the American revolution, it created a period of
timewhen there was war right across Europe which lasted years. This
therefore meant that people were losing faith in religion and the
idea of having a higher power guiding them such as god, and
looked for other solutions to the unsettlement. %
Quotes from Art the Whole Story
This was one of the reasons the paintings were so dramatic and
emphasised the emotion within the painting , this was referring
to
the trauma which was happening socially in the movement, for
example the unsettlement of death during the war, they used
nature to emphasise this such as animals and also weather such as
sea storms and rain. The paintings seem to having a mainly
deep
and dark toned colour scheme. Then in 1799 when Napoleon was
brought to power in France he
was the main subject of many paintings during the movement, the
Spanish resistance was then painted later on, the theme of
faith
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 40/882
was also used to produce dream like landscape paintings such as the
paintings by John Martin.
The movement was also influenced by events in society. The French
revolution which happened in 1789
which occurred because of the American revolution
which happened between 1775 and 1783, this 'marked long
war-torn
years across Europe, illustrated by works such as the third of May
1808 by Eugene Delacroix.
$ The piece above is called the wanderer above the sea of
fog.
The message behind the piece is that 'the artist is
experiencing
the world as no one has ever experienced it before.
Fredrich's
wanderer is symbolically at the edge of existence. He stands
on the mountain top, confronted by a physical, and emotional,
choice- he could end his life by hurling himself into the
unknown or he could return to the world below and changed
man’ V&A. This therefore is exploring the theme of death
and the belief or idea that there might be an afterlife or we could
just have one life, this is conveying the idea that no one really
knows until
they die if there is one.
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 41/882
The colours and textures that have been used also help emphasise
the emotion the character is feeling this is in the soft texture of
the
waves and the blue colour, which has been used.
$ The painting above is called The Raft of the Medusa, this
piece is also conveying a very emotional scene 'placed an emphasis
on
the turbulence of human psychology and the awe inspiring
power of nature Art the Whole Story'. The nature has been
shown as very powerful in this painting, this has been conveyed
in
the way that the waves a gradually getting higher and thereforemore
powerful, the wave on the left is a little away from the raft but
is on the way to the raft and is seen to be rising and is therefore
a danger to their lives, then on the right side there is a wave a
way
away but is on it's way and appears like it's getting to them and
is also a danger to them because it's also gaining strength like
the
other one.
'a major work in French 19th-century painting—is generally regarded
as an icon of Romanticism.'http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-
notices/raft-medusa
'It depicts an event whose human and political aspects greatly
interested Géricault:
the wreck of a French frigate o" the coast of Senegal in 1816,
with over 150 soldiers
on board. The painter researched the story in detail and made
numerous sketches
before deciding on his definitive composition, which illustrates
the hope of rescue.’
Louvre This therefore shows how the painter has based the piece on
a real event of the time and by 'making many sketches before
deciding his
definitive composition' it shows that he has developed his ideas
rather than picking the first one that came to mind straight away
when deciding to make the painting.
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 42/882
The name of the painting is implying or speculating that the
accident was too strong of a
force just to be a natural accident this therefore means that the
force had to be supernatural, which would be a much more powerful
force. This therefore brings the
legend of medusa into the title
The legend of medusa comes from 'Greek mythology, the
most famous of the monster figures known as
Gorgons . She was usually represented as a winged
female creature having a head of hair consisting of snakes; unlike
the Gorgons, she was sometimes represented as very beautiful.
Medusa was the only Gorgon who was mortal;
hence her slayer, Perseus , was able to kill
her by cutting o$ her head'. http://
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/372807/Medusa
Perhaps the artist is comparing the strength of the waves and the
event to a force like medusa or perhaps those who survived,
saw the event or where
told about it speculated that it was this ancient Greek myth
or medusa. The colours used in the painting, which are very
typical of romanticism, create a moody atmosphere, the
artist to heighten and emphasise the
emotion of the dictator and the experience for the people in it has
used this. For example the colour scheme which has been used is:
black, grey, navy
blue, duck egg blue, beige, white, peach/ tan tones, and brown.
These are all examples of very natural tones because they
are seen in photos of
woodlands or the sea. And although the artist has used some
lighter colours to highlight the scene the colours, which are used,
the most are darker tones
this therefore makes use of the darker tones more therefore
conveying a moody atmosphere.
This has also been created because of the body language of the
people in the scene some are screaming, gritting their
teeth, crying out for help and then some are just lying on
the floor unconscious or dead. The ones which are
crying out for help are reaching up and are waving their arms
in the air
like they are praying to god that it stop or that someone will see
them, which looks unlikely that it will happen because no one is
around so they are most
likely turning to faith (to god).
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 43/882
$ The piece above is called The third of May, this piece is
by theartist Franciso De Goya, which also represents a real life
event in history. ' a French firing squad executing ordinary
people in
Madrid as punishiment for actions of the Spanish rebels, who
revolted against the French occupation’. Which had taken place the
day before he painted this on 2 may 1808.
'The painter used contrasts to tremendous e$ ect in this
scene
and the two groups of figures face each other at very
close range'. Quotes from Art the Whole Story
'early Romanticism was shaped largely by artists trained in
David’s studio, including Baron Antoine-Jean
Gros, Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, and Jean-
Auguste-Dominique Ingres.' (met museum) This
therefore would contribute to the fact that they each have such
a similar style because they a common piece of
background/ foundation training, this is in the way they were all
trained in Jacques Louis David's studio. Which means that they have
been taught the same
techniques and methods.
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 44/882
$
$ The artist was 'trained in David’s studio'
, before that he was first trained by
his father. He met Napoleon through a friend
Joséphine de Beauharnais
who he met in 1785.
These two paintings are from the artist, both of Napoleon. He
choose to paint him because he was 'his hero’ Art the
Whole
Story. This therefore means that he idolised and looked up to him a
lot. This therefore could have added to the dream like state of
the
painting the Romantic fantasy like appearance of the paintings,
because of the fact that when you look up to someone they become
like a hero, almost god like and not apart of reality.
The fantasy like appearance has been created with the use
oflighting. For example the either moody or vibrant appearance of
the sky. The first painting is using a vibrant lighting this is in
the way
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 45/882
that the yellow tone coming from the sky area is seen, it is
therefore conveying sunny weather but the use of the yellow is
properly
emphasising the warm weather more than it is this is because the
yellow is so deep, because on a warm day you an see a glow
from
the sky but it isn't as deep of a yellow tone which the artist has
used he is therefore probably emphasised and therefore
romanticised, meaning that it has been made to seem better than it
actually was or is.
The scenes of the paintings are based upon the subject’s military
career, these are therefore scenes where the subject is in conflict
or
just about to go into conflict. This is conveyed in the
way that people are lying on the floor with
the other people looking strong. This therefore conveys that they
are dead because they don't have there eyes open and also the
fact that a lot of people are lying on the floor in a heap, this
emphasises how many people have been killed this therefore
means that it's not just the one o& person they've killed
it's many this therefore means that it's initial this conveys the
idea that there is a conflict and it's one side against another,
this therefore means
it's some kind of battle, this is also conveyed with the use
of
imagery where one man is holding a spear which is weapon which
would be present it they where having a battle, but the others
don't have them out because they have over powered the other side
who
have died and are standing in some kind of victory
pose.
(Images from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/246595/
Antoine-Jean-Baron-Gros)
'By 1840, then, the emergence of an artist such as Théodore
Chassériau,whose hybrid style fuses Davidian classicism—which he
learned in Ingres' studio—with the Romantic painterliness and
exotic subjects of Eugène
Delacroix, captures the contradictory stylistic impulses of
his generation.' the purpose/ How it happened?
The movement 'o"ered an alternative to Davidian
Neoclassicism. David
himself had been exiled to Belgium in 1816, where he died in 1825,
and his
loyal pupil Gros ran his studio until his own death in 1835. In
pursuing the
stylistic alternative that Romanticism o "
ered, French artists looked beyondtheir borders, emulating British
prototypes, particularly in landscape and
portraiture’. Art the Whole Story
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 46/882
This therefore means that some artists had become board with
the movement of
Neoclassism and it o&ered something a bit more modern for the
time period.
Characteristics?
'This blurring of stylistic boundaries is best expressed in
Ingres' Apotheosis of Homer and Eugène
Delacroix's Death of Sardanapalus (both Museé
du
Louvre, Paris), which polarized the public at the
Salon of 1827 in Paris.' (met Museum).
'the boundaries between Neoclassicism and Romanticism blurred, as
evidenced in the works of many of David's own pupils.'(met Museum).
This is therefore saying that the characteristics of
both movements almost emerged into
one.
However the movement was freer for artists 'with its free
handling of paint and expanded repertoire of subjects'(met Museum).
This therefore means that they
didn't have such ridged codes and conventions.
Other artists-John Martin- 'He was nicknamed 'Mad martin'
because his brother was
mentally ill produces awe inspiring Romantic landscapes that
expresses his faith.’ V&A He was an artist in the
later part of the movement when paintings were said to have been
fully developed
in techniques and therefore more impressive.
$ When you look at the painting from a distance it looks
like a calm
scene of nature. This means that the artist is conveying the
themeof heaven through the calmness of nature.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 47/882
'The Plains of Heaven'
But when you look closer at the painting you can see that on the
cli&, where it looked like waves where crashing gently there
are women wearing long floating dresses, although crashing
isn't
usually a word used for something and connotes something which is
harsh or brash that happens, but the waves have been painted in a
motion which appears soft this is because of the white which has
been used and also the soft texture which they have been
painted
in.
The women in long floating dresses connote the ideas and themes
which are in the bible this is in the way that there are supposed
to be angels in heaven the hue which the dresses have been
painted
in connotes purity this is because... this therefore connotes the
idea of angles being good and being present in heaven.
'was inspired by St John the Divine's fantastic account of the Last
Judgment given in Revelation, the last book of the
New Testament.', this means like the title suggests the
painting is based upon the theme of religion, god and how there is
a higher power in
control rather than the people on earth making the
decisions.
'to express the sublime, apocalyptic force of nature and the
helplessness of man to combat God's will', by the use of the
word ' apocalyptic' , this is referring
to
the 'Biblical Apocalypse' ( Google
definitions), This seen in the painting below which has a very
chaotic, busy and moody atmosphere, the painting is apart of
a three painting series which he based upon the same theme, the
title of the series
being 'the Judgment Series'. The reason that the painting
series fits the style of romanticism is because the theme is based
upon the idea that there is a god which is a
higher power in control of our path and that when we die that there
is a heaven, although some people strongly believe that this is the
case, they don't know for sure only when
they die because no one knows that there is a heaven or hell for
sure until they die because it isn't believed to be on earth or
not accessible until our life on earth is over,
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 48/882
these paintings are therefore based upon the imagination of the
belief this therefore means that the paintings have a dream like
quality which is typical of the style.
The colour scheme of this painting adds to the moody atmosphere,
which has been created by the artist, this is the way that they
have used deep, dark and vivid hues. For example the colours used
in this piece include: black, brown, grey, blue, white and red. The
black and brown hue have been used in the most quantity this is in
the way 2/3 of the painting are painted using them, because they
are darker colours they connote a darker mood this is in that
bright
colours such as yellow connote a happy atmosphere because theyare
seen in hot and sunny weather this means that the dark colours
connote the opposite because they are seen in rainy and cold
weather. The dark colours also help create a contrast between it
and the vivid colour of red this is because the vibrant colour
against the dark brown and black, makes the red seem more vibrant
this is in the way a contrast is created from the darker colours.
The colour red also connotes the theme of anger and danger which
the artist is trying to convey, this is because the scene is about
the 'Biblical Apocalypse' ,this means
the idea of the 'cataclysmic vision of destruction', this is
therefore conveying the idea that god is causing an
' Apocalypse' , this is in the way that god is getting
angry with the people on earth. This is conveyed with the imagery
in the scene of the angry looking sky, the sky looks angry and
moody because of the way there are big storm clouds and the way
that the orange and red lines in the sky look like lighting is
brewing in the sky because they look like lighting bolts. The
colour red also connotes anger and danger this is in the way that
the colour red is associated because blood is red so it connoted
death (the end of life) which we all fear out of
human instinct because we are programmed to survive (the
survival of the fittest. % Quotes from
V&A
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 49/882
$
'Georgios Klontz' The imagery within the painting represents
the ideas within religion that there is an
after life and that there is a hell which people who haven't been
good and have
committed sins burn in red hot lava and singe in hell whereas the
people who have been good go to heaven a live peacefully forever in
their afterlife.
International Gothic
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 50/882
The title gothic refers to the 'Nordic tribes that overran
the
Roman empire in the sixth century', it was an early style of
art in Europe at the end of the 14th century.
It was called an international style because 'of
the similarity between stylistic trends and techniques
that
appeared geographically distant European centers’ an example
of this is in the way that artists from France, Italy, Austria,
Bohemia (Czech republic) and England' all 'developed an
artistic style that
intensified elements of the gothic during it's last flourish'. This
therefore shows how it happened in an international way.
The movement happened because the artists of the movement
were influenced by the events during that time period, the European
crisis that happened 'in the political, social,
and
cultural spears at this time'. This was caused by the decline
of
the holy roman empire. Two things ‘the schism in the church
prior to the death of emperor Charles IV coupled with the
removal of the papal court to Avignon further undermined the
absolute authority of the church’ caused the decline in the holy
roman empire. This was therefore a religious crisis and
this means
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 51/882
that the people trust and respect in the church needed to be
restored. Which in turn means why the
medieval religious theme of
the work in this is present, for example ' Religious
figures and
scenes were the periods predominant subject matter'.
Quotes from Art the Whole Story
The hundreds of years of war during the medieval period
from 1337 to 1453 between the countries of England and
France were also an influence on the art work this is because the
war e&ected the 'social and political landscape of
Europe', for example the
piece below
This piece is showing 'indirect expression of struggle for power',
this is therefore a metaphor for the people in
the medieval period
and how they had to do what ever the ruler wanted and had no
say
or freedom to state their opinion out of fear, this istherefore
comparable to a modern dictator. The piece is
therefore conveying their feeling of unsettlement in their lack of
control in the
situation in society. % Quotes from art the whole story
Gothic Architecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 52/882
The gothic movement also included gothic
architecture, the style of the art was a type Medieval art
that developed in Northern
France which then spread throughout western Europe, it came from
the Romanesque art which happened in 12th century
AD,
it occurred and was influenced led by the development
of Gothic architecture which was 'developing side by side
with
Romanesque art.’ Art the Whole story % The movement lasted
more than 200 years, the movement like the
renaissance was apart of societies e&ort to move out of the
darkness of the middle ages. Societies reaction to trying to
move
out the dark ages meant that Christianity strengthened, this
therefore meant that the building of churches and cathedrals
and
the interior decor inside it for example tapestries,
colourful windows etc.
'Gothic architecture is the result of an engineering
challenge:
how to span in stone ever-wider surfaces from ever-greater
heights? While most early medieval churches were covered
with timber ceilings, many Romanesque buildings
have either
stone barrel vaults (i.e., semi-circular) or groin vaults (i.e.,
bays
of barrel vaults crossing at a right angle). Their walls are
necessarily thick to counter the outward thrust of the vault,
and they allow only small windows. From 1100 onward,
architects experimented with innovations that, once properly
combined, allowed the dissolution of the wall and a fluid
arrangement of space.' MetMuseum % This means that the
movement arose from the want to have higher windows that the
technical di!culty of not being able to
construct
high windows resulted in them having a 'pointed arch' from this
movement they also 'developed a system of stone ribs to
distribute
the weight of the vault onto columns and piers all the way to the
ground' this innovation allowed them build bigger buildings which
gave a grand appearance therefore creating a grand visual looking
which would impress citizens this therefore is an e&ort for
artists,
architects, designers to try and make the church seem appealing in
someway an act of propaganda by using visual elements of
colour
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 53/882
and great scale of building to draw people near to capture their
attention, in my opinion to attract them with a big good looking
building as it would stand out around the smaller buildings
and
therefore attract them to want to see what the buildings
for.
The style was characterised by the naturalism aspects
of work in the movement. The movement also had the purpose of
'art itself
was created to enhance and explain religion. With widespread
illiteracy, painting and sculpture became "teaching tools" to
bring the stories of Christianity to the masses' Yahoo. This
means that in a sense the imagery was used to convey the
story
and religion of Christianity to the people in
society who were unable to read at the time so therefore
weren't able to read the bible which is a heavy piece of written
material, this therefore
means that they were 'teaching tools' to make it easier for
people to access the religion and understand it.
French Academic Art 1800-1900
The movement occurred when 'the Academie Royale de
Peinture
et de Sculpture' combined with 'two other academies and
became 'the Academie des Beaux- Arts in 1816'.
The academy was first established in the 16th century
'replacing
the medieval guild- apprentice system', the academy required
each student to take an entrance exam before they could study
'several years' with them.
the currilicum involved :'a student would spend years copying
works by past artists in order to assimilate their methods.
Every drawing had to be approved before a student was
allowed to advance to the next level’ v&A. This was
therefore a very staged process in although it is an art subject
academic. This is because of the fact that the students were judged
very closely in
what they produced.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 54/882
They started by 'initially drawing from printa, then plaster
casts
of classical statues, finally progressing to drawing from
life.
Once proficient in drawing they learnt to paint, but there was
a
straight hierarchy of acceptable subjects’ Art the WholeStory
. There success was then measured of competitions.
'History painting, which included biblical and classical
subjects, had the highest status, next were portraits and
landscapes and last were still life’s and genre paintings'
these were of Romanticism and Neoclassicism they were
'academy
approved styles that artists were encouraged to draw upon in
their work’Art the Whole story . This therefore means that the
kindof painting that they could produce was from a very narrow
range, which means it's had a very straight and rigid structure,
which later caused the movement of pre-Raphael art where a
brotherhood was
formed to rebel against the straight regime of French academic
art.
artists include The one thing that all the
pieces of art noticeably have in common is that they all
include the female nude. For example the birth of Venus there is a
female standing in a shell, the next one there is back of a female
figure, a women lying on a bed
with just a sheet and in the last one there are many women
unclothed along with men. This I personally think is to do with the
roots in neo classism and
Romanticism which have roots in the resistance which was
inspired by the classic
arts for example how in the
renaissance period they used to sculpt the nude.
William Bouguereau- The birth of Venus
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 55/882
$
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 56/882
Thomas Couture
$ image
from http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/painting.html?
no_cache=1&zoom=1&tx_damzoom_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=2031
'all whom successfully combined the theories of
Neoclassicism', this means that they stated art should be modeled
on accepted classics of form and composite and 'not to
repeat them but synthesis their qualities in new works'.
The 'Industialisation and European revolutions of 1848
transformed social conditions and artists began to reconsider
the authority of academic art'.
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 57/882
French realists and the British Pre-Raphaelites were the
first one's
to question this, they did this because they 'objected to the
conservatism and inflexibility structure of the academies, as well
as their control of patronage'. And they also didn't like the
method of
academy painting because they had a 'polished finish' and 'showed
insincerity and a perfunctory approach. To rebel against
the movement they 'held alternative, uno!cial exhibitions to show
their unconventional work. Later on the Impressionists
rejected
their principles because they felt that 'all subjects were are
equally acceptable and that the truthful depiction of the sensation
of light
is art's true goal% quotes from Art the Whole story
Realism 1840 When?
This was the movement, which started in 1840.
Purpose?
The movement 'sought to convey a truthful and objective
vision of contemporary life', (Metmuseum), this quote tells you
that the
movements purpose is conveyed by the title because the movement
wants to convey a 'truthful vision', this means that the
purpose of the work in the movement is to be as realistic
looking
as possible to imitate what is seen with the eye.
They 'responded to the social and political changes by
rebelling against the art establishment and eschewing
Romanticism' they did this is the way that they choose
'to depict
ordinary people and events in a naturalistic, almost
photographic, painting style based on close observation'.
(Metmuseum),
'they also painted such scenes on large- scale canvases to
deliberately elevate their significance to that of major
historic
events'. (Metmuseum), This therefore shows that
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 58/882
events in society The movement happened because of the
influence of the French Revolution in 1848,Metmuseum
' As French society fought for
democratic reform, the Realists democratized art by depicting
modern subjects drawn from the everyday lives of the workingclass.
Rejecting the idealized classicism of academic art
and
the exotic themes of Romanticism'. This means that
although realists liked the classical style of painting things how
they
appeared to the eye they did not like way paintings only painted a
limited range of subjects, which were usually of the upper class.
This is the reason why they decided to paint di&erent subjects,
which were not usually considered such as the 'working class'.
Characteristics?
Realism was based on ‘direct observation of the modern world.
Metmuseum shows how not just the style was realistic but also
the
subject matter they painting because it was 'based upon direct
observation of the modern world'. This means the art was used as a
means to make a statement, the way they represented the lower
class people by painting them and also by painting them in such as
realistic style this was in order to give people who didn't see
this
side of society an idea of what they are like and how they live
through imagery "They often used a detailed technique
'Realists
recorded in often gritty detail the present-day existence of humble
people'", it therefore a message to help the lower class
community
and protest against the higher societies opinions of them and
establishment, the use of detail is in order to make them
seem as
realistic as possible hence the title 'Realism'.
'They often used a detailed technique 'Realists recorded in often
gritty detail the present-day existence of humble people',
this was to raise the awareness of the way the lower class lived
and the presence of them this is because higher class
societies
were generally the ones to attend art exhibition events, this
therefore gives them an insight into the way they live as they
don't live in the same area so they would not usually associate
with them
only walk past them occasionally.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 59/882
Other things influenced this movement such as literature, 'in
the naturalist literature of Émile Zola, Honoré de Balzac,
and
Gustave Flaubert. The elevation of the working class into the
realms of high art and literature coincided with Pierre
Proudhon's socialist philosophies and Karl Marx's
Communist Manifesto, published in 1848, which urged a
proletarian uprising’. This quote is explaining how the
publications of the
literature by people like Emily Zola it gave awareness to the
lower and working class people he stated his purpose in the
following quote 'I have but one passion: to enlighten those
who have been kept in the dark, in the name of humanity
which has su$ ered so much and is entitled to happiness.',
he therefore believed that the lower and working class
people were being kept in the 'dark' by this he means they are
being undermined and that they aren't being considered
he wanted to make people aware that they exist.
% quotes from Metmuseum
'Gustave Courbet'
He is considered to be the 'leader of the realist movement', the
painting of his called 'up seven years of my artistic and moral
life declares his
political agenda'. Art the Whole story
$ image from
(http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 60/882
In this painting he was making a joke out of academic art, this was
in the way that it had a 'ridiculing the idealised stance of
academic art' (art the whole story), this is referring to the way
that academic
art makes things appear perfect or better than prefect, this is in
the way that the definition of idealised is to 'regard or represent
as perfect or better than in reality', (Google definition).
He is therefore making a joke out of how
they make everything seem perfect or better than perfect this is in
the way that model is standing in the middle (the naked women) but
around her are di&erent
people for example on the right there are people who are from upper
class background, this is because of the clothing that they are
wearing (of the dresses which have patterns), one women the closet
to the viewer on the right side has a pattern which appears like
it's gold, the colour of gold denotes ideas of a higher
standard because it is associated with being pure and a good
quality metal as well as being a desirable item
because of it's cost and beauty people associate with it,
therefore because of desire for it is worth a lot this therefore
means that onlypeople in a higher class can a&ord it because
you need to have money to attain it.On the left side of the model
and where the artist is set up are people from the
opposite walk of life this is also conveyed in what they are
wearing this is
because they are wearing what the typical working class person
would wear in that time period which was in the Victorian era,
which started in 1837.
Madame Auguste Cuoq (Mathilde Desportes,
1827–1910)
$ This piece fits the genre of realism in the way that the
painting style
is realistic but in the scene of the painting the painting
doesn'tquiet match that aspect of it, this is because the lady is
placed in a dress and sitting on what looks like a well made chair
this therefore
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 61/882
connotes the idea that the lady is sitting in a well made comfy
house, which also means that the lady is secure financially,
this
therefore made me think when first looking at the piece why is it
in the realism painting category because wasn't the purpose of the
movement to represent the lower classes, but then the idea came to
me that maybe this painting isn't conveying the social realism
aspect maybe it's conveying emotive realism in the way that
the
subject is posed she looks as if she's thinking deeply, she doesn't
look happy or unhappy, it's the kind of deep expression that could
connote that she is in some sort of depression or facing some sort
of problem she needs a solution to if I had to sect I've her
emotion
it would be deflated ( neither happy Or unhappy) just in a dream
like state, this is therefore connoting the realism of her
emotions
and peoples emotions, this is because in paintings before the
movement subjects tended to be in planned poses and this therefore
didn't connote the emotions people face in real life
because this means the subjects aren't portrayed or captured in a
natural pose but are put in a pose which isn't natural this
therefore forces their facial expressions. The colours on the piece
also add to the moody, deflated emotion that the artist is trying
to convey this is in the way he has used dark hues. For example the
colour
schemes which the artist has used are: black, brown, vivid greenand
burgundy and beige hues, this therefore connotes a depressed mood
this is because of the connotations which the colours bring
into your mind for example black which is quiet often thought of as
a funeral colour in western countries this is because black is
worn
to funerals to represent morning whereas if the artist had used
colours which had bright hues this would create the opposite
connotations this is because colours which are bright such as
yellow make you think of happiness this is as they are
associatedwith warm weather because of the sun and how it is
yellow, and also because of the fact that days get lighter and
brighter in the
summer and the night comes later whereas winter has long nights.
Woman in a Riding Habit (L'Amazone),
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 62/882
$ The painting above is not also obviously representing the
lower or working class, this is because although the women isn't in
a fancy
dress the women is dressed in a horse riding outfit this is an
activity which you had to have some money to do unless the
women worked in a stable this therefore would mean that she was
working class but in that period of time it was unlike that she
works
as she was a women who didn't usually have jobs and stayed at home.
The realism of the piece like the one before was done in the
detailed brush technique that the artist used therefore conveying
as much detail as he could to make it close to what the eye
could
see in real life, this means that it is slightly photorealistic,
this appear similar to the way it would in real life, for example
the
screen shot below of photorealistic art.
Colour scheme- I feel like the colour scheme is quiet dark like
the
previous one for example the piece uses the colour scheme of:
black, dark green, blue, navy blue, white and peach skin
colour.
Although the painting has some lighter and brighter colours
such as the hue below the navy blue which is a light blue colour,
the
lighter shade of the deep green, the white, the pale skin colour a
peach tone and the rosy red colour of her cheeks. This
therefore
means that the painting isn't as dark as the previous painting,
this is because it has slightly more lighter hues than the
previous
painting. But I still feel like the colour scheme adds to the
moody,morbid, and depressed atmosphere that the painting connotes,
this is in the way that the subject (the women) is dressed in
mostly
5/31/2018 Absolute Final Post - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 63/882
black which brings ideas into my mind such as death this is because
the colour is very commonly worn to a funeral in the
western world it is therefore a colour which is considered to be a
colour for mourning, for example widows mourning wear all black to
convey/ communicate their deep sadden emotion. Also the fact that
the women is the main focus of the painting and therefore the
black colour is the first thing you saw. The women is the focus
point because of where she is placed on the canvas of the
painting, she is placed so her body is placed in the middle of the
paintings width, this means that she stands out from the
background immediately, this therefore means that the eye falls on
her straight away. Also I think the light blue hue and the lighter
green hue which is present in the background has a contrast
between light and dark because of the darkness of the black, the
eye also falls on the white gloves she is wearing because they
are
$
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 64/882
This piece above by the artist Alyssa Monks who is a photorealistic
painter, the painting is much more photorealistic than the painting
above but I feel like it does have an aspect of realism in the way
that it is interpreting what the eye see's but it isn't as
realistic as
the photorealistic because the photorealistic painting concentrates
on the tiny little details such as the fine lines of the girls
face, the
details which are captured by the painter are as intricate as a
camera would capture if you were taking a photo with a SLR
high
quality camera.
'The artist Mary Cassatt admired this work as "the finest woman's
portrait Courbet ever did."'
Pre- Raphaelite Art -1848-1900 This was created in
rebellion to the form of the art academies. It was formed when
students at 'London Royal Academy formed a society 'called the
pre-Raphaelite brotherhood' the president of the group they were
going against the 'dictates of the academies first president Sir
Joshua Reynolds' they wanted to move away from the 'somber colour
pallets, fixed subject matter and rigid conventions', they marked
their paintings with PRB instead of signatures, the movement lasted
about five years. The three founding members were 'Everett
Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt. Who were
later joined by 'Thomas woolner, frederic george stephens, James
collision, William Michael rosette.
Everett Millais-
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 65/882
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 66/882
influences-
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 67/882
'early Italianate art and were nostalgic for the medieval
period,
believing that medieval art to be freer and more experimental
than in their own era. ‘This therefore means they were
influenced by art movements that had freer codes and conventions
because
they were reacting against the rigid rules that the French
academicart followed that they didn't like.
the purpose of the movement 'was the melding of art and
literature and they produced a monthly magazine, the germ, sub
titled 'thoughts towards nature in poetry, literature and art'. the
publication wasn't successful as 'very few copies were sold' and
'only four issues were published', however later it was considered
'highly influential' besides the fact it was a
'financial failure at the time'. They liked the theme of
nature this is in the way that they had a 'painstakingly fidelity
to nature'. They therefore had a very big
interest in nature and it was a theme they enjoyed.
They like the theme of fantasy this is in the way that they
‘often
choosing medieval romance as their subject matter', this
therefore means that they liked themes that contained more
freedom in the painting.
earlier'.
They therefore goes with the theme they have of beingmore free with
the art, this is because the studio can be quiet restricting
because they could only paint what was in their heads or
from their imagination. I think that going outside would provide
extra stimuli for inspiration in the painting.
Millais- Ophelia% Quotes from Art The Whole Story
Symbolism 1880
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absolute-final-post 68/882
This movement came about in the 1880's and came about because it
was a reaction ' against the rationalism and materialism that
had come to
dominate Western European culture'.( metmuseum). The artist
Jean Moréas, proclaimed the 'validity of pure subjectivity
and the expression of an idea over a realistic description of
the natural world .' This is therefore a reaction
against
the realism as the imagery in the pieces isn't portrayed in a
realistic way but in a symbolic way in the technique they use for
example they use a less detailed
method where not every piece of the imagery is exact like the
accuracy used in realism.
This movement was also created as a reaction against naturalism
'Symbolism was soon identified with the artwork of a younger
generation of painters who were similarly rejecting the conventions
of Naturalism.' This is because of the
fact that that the piece is using di&erent brush techniques in
the way that the brush strokes used were quicker and a dot like
dabbed shape. This is therefore much di&erent to naturalism
this is because of the fact that the style is more abstract
than based on the realistic look of the object.
The movement was also the opposite to realism as they
' believed that art should reflect an emotion or idea
rather than represent the natural world in the
objective', this means that rather than having the imagery
representing the subject exactly as we see it in the real world
with accuracy that the realists used they instead wanted to convey
emotion in the art or an 'idea' which is meaning
a
concept.
The movement was caterorised as an avante grande movement, the
'symbolism related more to an artistic approach than
to a particular style'. This therefore
means that it was a new innovation a new concept that had been
thought up.
Influenced By? 'the poet jean more as
unfolds the symbolist manifesto in an article about poets
stephane mallarme and Paul Verlaine in the French newspaper
le
Figaro 1886.'
'It was also a reaction against 'the 19th century
preoccupation with
materialism and technological change&#