â¹þÓ§ý tÑàÊà˜ìþ âwùàqãºþ, q½àç dÎm {dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$m …Hindi)/HAS302 Patrikarita.pdf · â¹þÓ§ý tÑàÊà˜ìþ âwùàqãºþ, qä½àç §ývqmã

â¹þÓ§ý tÑàÊà˜ìþ âwùàqãºþ, qä½àç

d¥Îm {dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$m n[aMÈ_. E. ^mJ 2

V¥Vr` Ed§ MVwW© gÌ

{ZYm©[aV nmR>ç J«§Wd¥Îm{dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$m n[aM`

{ddoÀ` _wÔo -nÌH$m[aVm H$m n[aM` - ñdê$n Ed§ {deofVmE± …

{d^mJ 1nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hËd Ed§ ì`m{á - dV©_mZ `wJ _| nÌH$m[aVm H$s pñW{V Am¡a g_mOnaCgH$m à^md - nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {d{dY Am`m_ - _r{S>`m Ho$ àH$ma - qàQ> _r{S>`m, ao{S>`mo,

XyaXe©Z, BboH$Q>m{ZH$ _r{S>`m - g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ àH$ma - {gZo_m - nÌH$m[aVm H$mCÔoí`nÌH$m[aVm H$m B{Vhmg - ñdV§ÌVmnyd© - ñdmV§Í`moÎma nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ MaU - ^mfm H$m

ñdê$n - _mZd g§Mma - _m¡{IH$ g§Mma - {b{IV g§Mma - _wÐm `wJ - nmañnm[aH$ {H«$`mË_H$g§Mma àUmbr - ^maVoÝXw - {ÛdoXr - Jm§Yr `wJ - y{_JV àH$meZ - d¡pídH$aU H$s à{H«$`m

g_mMma nÌm| H$s H$m`©àUmbr - g§nmXH$ - Cng§nmXH$ - H$m`© - g§dmXXmVm H$s y{_H$m - g§dmXboIZ, |Q>dmVm© - ñV§ boIZ, ày\$emoYZ

nÌH$m[aVm - AÝ` joÌ\$sMa boIZ (ê$nH$)gm§ñH¥${VH$ boH$Z |Q>dmVm©{dkmnZ

{d^mJ 2 - MVwW© gÌd¥Îm{dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$m n[aM` na AmYmarV n[a`moOZm àñVwV H$aZm &CX²Xoí` -1. nÌH$m[aVm H$s J{V{d{Y`m| H$m àË`j ê$n _| n[a{MV hmoo H$s N>mÌm| H$mo àoaUm XoZm &2. g§dm boIZ, |Q>dmVm©, ñV§ boIZ Am{X H$m`©àUm{b`m| H$mo àË`j OmZZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm| H$m CËgmh~‹T>mZm &3. nÌH$m[aVm à{V ì`mdgm{`H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ {hV H$s Ñ{ï> aIZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm| H$mo ào[aV H$aZm &


ÀåÊâÎàÕà½à âwsàªà

d¥Îm {dÚm(nÌH$m[aVm) H$m n[aM`

E_. E. ^mJ 2

V¥Vr` Ed§ MVwW© gÌ

(HAS 302) - (HP 402)


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§äývªàäÛý ß »þàé. Àãq§ý â¹þÓ§ý

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àñVmdZm

N>mÌ {_Ìm|,E_. E. ({hÝXr) Cnm{Y Ho$ {ÛVr` df© _| Amn g~H$m ñdmJV !àW_df© _| AmnZo AmYw{ZH$ Ed§ àmMrZ H$mì`, ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË` gm{hË` - emó

Ed§ AmbmoMZm VWm {deof gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ ê$n _| CnÝ`mgH$ma ào_M§XOr Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ gmWgmW gm_mÝ` ñVa na AmYw{ZH$ ^maV … _| ^maV H$m ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ed§ ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV H$mAm{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ ê$n _|, EH$ ñdV§Ì amï> Ho$ JR>Z Ho$ ê$n _| AÜ``Z {H$`m h¡ &

Bg df© {hÝXr {df` _| H$mì` Ho$ JÚ - nÚ ê$nm| Ho$ gmW ^mfm {dkmZ, AZwdmX {dkmZH$m ^r AÜ``Z H$aZm h¡ & Bg df© BZ {df`m| Ho$ gmW gmW Amn d¥ÎmnÌ {dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm){df` Ho$ gmW ^r Ow‹S> OmE§Jo &

d¥Îm{dÚm Ed§ nÌH$m[aVm joÌ AmO _mZd g_mO Ed§ Xoe Ho$ g§X^© _| _hËdnyU© h¡ & Bg{df` H$m AÜ``Z AmnH$mo amoOJma Ho$ gwAdga àmá H$am gH$Vm h¡ &

h_| {dídmg h¡ {H$ h AÜ``Z gm{hË` AmnHo$ AÜ``Z _| AmnH$s ghm`Vm H$aoJm, VWmnarjm _| AmnH$m C{MV _mJ©Xe©Z ^r H$aoJm &

h_ {dÚmnrR> Ho$ _mZZr` Hw$bJwê$ S>m°. XrnH$Or {Q>iH$ Ho$ à{V öX` go Am^mar h¡,{OÝhm|Z h_| ha H$X_ na àmoËgm{hV H$aVo hþE h_mam _mJ©Xe©Z {H$`m h¡ &

AnZr ì`ñVVmAm| _| go g_` {ZH$mbH$a Bg AÜ``Z gm{hË` H$mo V¡ ma H$aZodmbr S>m°.aOZr aU{ngo Ho$ à{V ^r h_ ~hþV Am^mar h¡&

Amn g^r H$mo hm{X©H$ ew H$m_ZmE±± &

{d^mJ à_wIXya{ejU {d^mJ

{df` Ho$ ~mao _|...

h_mar {ejm Zr{V Ho$ A§VJ©V gm{hË` Ed§ H$mì` OJV² H$m ñWmZ h¡ hr _Zwî` H$s à{V^m,^mdZmE±, _mZdVm, amï>Y{_©Vm Ho$ {bE CgH$s Cn`mo{JVm {Z{d©dmX h¡, na§Vw N>mÌm| H$mo OrdZ X¥{ï>A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Ed§ ~hþAm`m_r hmo Am¡a CgH$s {ejm - Xrjm àË`j ì`dhm`© OJV² H$s H$gm¡Q>rna Cn`wº$ gm{~V hmo Bg{bE r AmYw{ZH$ {ejm - nÕ{V _| ì`dgm` Ed§ amoOJma A{^_wI Hw$N>{df` aIo h¢ CZ_| go ¥H$ h¡ d¥Îm{dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$m n[aM` &

d¥Îm{dÚm AmYw{ZH$ OrdZH$m A{d^mÁ` A§J h¡ & na§namJV Ed§ àmMrZ d¥Îm{dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm)go boH$a AË`mYw{ZH$ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s H$m¡eb go n[anyU© nÌH$m[aVm ha `wJ _| AnZr _hÙàà Ed§à`moJY{_©Vm {gÕ H$aVr AmB© h¡ &

Bg AÜ``Z gm_J«r _| nÌH$m[aVm H$m wJ Ho$ AZwgma n[aM`. CgH$m _hÎd, CgH$m {dH$mg,CgH$s H$m`©àUmbr Am¡a CgHo$ AZoH${dY Am`m_m| Ho$ gmW N>mÌm| H$m n[aM` hmoJm &

ao{S> mo, XyaX²eZ, {\$ë_, |Q>dmVm©, {dkmnZ Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>r nÌH$m[aVm go r gmjmËH$ma hmoJm&N>mÌ Bg gm_J«r H$mo _mJ©Xe©Z VËd Ho$ ê$n _| XoI| Am¡a A§V _| {XE JE g§X^© J«§Wm| H$mo ^r n‹To> Am¡a{df` kmZ H$mo A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Ed§ {dñV¥V H$a| &

Bgr df© MVwW© gÌ _| AmnH$mo Bg {df` go Ow‹S>r EH$ n[a`moOZm ^r àñVwV H$aZr h¡, Vmo BgnwñVH$ go ghm`Vm àmá H$aHo$ Amn AnZm AÜ``Z Ed§ kmZ _mJ© A{YH$ n«eñV H$a| &

AZoH$ ew H$m_ZmAm| Ho$ gmW,

- S>m°. aOZr aU{ngo

AZwH«$_{UH$m

AÜ`m` 1 nÌH$m[aVm H$m n[aM`nÌH$m[aVm H$s n[a^mfm - ñdê$n - {deofVmE± - nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hÎd Ed§ ì`m{á -AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| nÌH$m[aVm H$s pñW{V Am¡a g_mO na CgH$m à^md - nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {d{dY Am`m_ -

_r{S>`m Ho$ àH$ma - qàQ> _r{S>`m - ao{S>`mo, XyaXe©Z, BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ _r{S>`mg_mMma nÌm| Ho$ àH$ma - {gZo_m - nÌH$m[aVm H$m CÔoí`

AÜ`m` 2 … nÌH$m[aVm H$m B{VhmgñdV§ÌVm nyd©, ñdmV§Í`moÎma - nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ MaU - nÌH$m[aVm H$s ^mfm H$m ñdê$n - 1)

_mZd g§Mma, 2) _m¡{IH$ g§Mma 3) {b{IV g§Mma 4) _wÐU - `wJ 5) nmañnm[aH$ {H«$`mË_H$ g§MmaàUmbr

^maVoÝXw `wJ, {ÛdoXr `wJ, Jm§Yr`wJ - y{_JV àH$meZ - d¡pídH$aU H$s à{H«$`m Am¡a OZg§MmagyMZm, {Z_m©U - e¡br, g§àofU, dm{MH$ ^mfm, boIZ ^mfm

AÜ`m` 3 … g_mMma nÌm| H$s H$m ©àUmbr (T>m±Mm)g_mMma nÌm| H$s H$m`©àUmbr - g§nmXH$ - Cng§nmXH$ - H$m`© - g§dmXXmVm H$s y{_H$m - g§dmX

boIZ, |Q>dmVm© - ñV§ boIZ, ày\$emoYZ

AÜ`m` 4\$sMa boIZ (ê$nH$)gm§ñH¥${VH$ boH$Z |Q>dmVm©{dkmnZg§X © J«§W - gy{M / n[a{eï>àíZ _§Owfm

8 / d¥Îm {dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$m n[aM`

/ 9

AÜ`m` 1

nÌH$m[aVm H$m n[aM`

1.1 àñVmdZm - {df` àdoe1.2 nÌH$m[aVm H$m ñdê$n1.3 nÌH$m[aVm H$m CÔoí`1.4 nÌH$m[aVm H$s ì`m{á1.5 nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hÎd1.6 nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ àH$ma1.7. dV©_mZ`wJ _| nÌH$m[aVm H$s pñW{V

1.0 £öçÎuBg nmR> H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ Cnam§V nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo OmZH$a CgHo$ CÔoí`m| H$mo ñnï> gH|$Jo & nÌH$m[aVm H$s ì`m{á Ed§ _hËd H$mo ñnï> H$a gH|$Jo & nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ àH$mam| H$m {díbofU H$a gH|$Jo & dV©_mZ `wJ H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$m n[aM` àmá H$a gH|$Jo &

1.1 àñVmdZm_mZd _| OÝ_ go hr {Okmgy d¥{Îm hmoVr h¡ & nwamVZ H$mb go AmO VH$ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo {X

XoIm OmE Vmo h H$hZm JbV Z hmoJm {H$ _mZd OrdZ Ed§ n[apñW{V Ho$ {dH$mg _| `h {Okmgyàd¥{Îm ghmæ`H$ ahr h¡ & AnZo Amg-nmg hmo ahr KQ>ZmAm|, n[adoe, g_mO Am{X H$mo OmZZo H$s_mZdr {Okmgm go hr nÌH$m[aVm H$m OÝ_ hþAm h¡ & AV… KQ>ZmAm| H$s OmZH$mar XoZodmbm gyMZmnÌ Yrao-Yrao OZOmJ¥{V, gm_m{OH$ MoVZm Am{X H$m _w»` AmYma ~ZVm hþAm, AmO OZV§ÌH$m Mm¡Wm ñV§ gm{~V hmo ahm h¡ & AmJo h_ nÌH$m[aVm {df`H$ {dñVma go MMm© H$a|Jo &1.2 nÌH$m[aVm H$m ñdê$nnÌH$m[aVm dmñVd _| gm{hË` H$s ^m±{V g_mO _| MbZodmbr J{V{d{Y`m| Ed§ hbMbm| H$mXn©U h¡ & dh h_mao n[adoe _| KQ> ahr àËòH$ gwMZm H$mo h_ VH$ nhþ±MmVr h¡ & Xoe Xw{Z`m _|hmo aho Zò à`moJm|, H$m`m] Am{X H$mo h_| ~VmVr h¡ & `hr H$maU ho {H$ {dÛmZm| Zo nÌH$m[aVm H$moerK«Vm _| {bIm J`m B{Vhmg ^r H$hm h¡ &



1.2.1 nÌH$m[aVm H$m AW©à»`mV boIH$ Ed§ nÌH$ma S>m°. AOw©Z {Vdmar BZgmBH$bmonr{S>`mo Am°\$ {~«Qo>{ZH$m H$mo

AmYma ~ZmH$a nÌH$m[aVm H$m AW© ñnï> H$aVo h¡ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {bE OZ©{bÁ_ eãX ì`dhma _|AmVm h¡, Omo OZ©b go {ZH$bm h¡ & BgH$m empãXH$ AW© h¡ - X¡{ZH$ & {XZ-à{V{XZ Ho${H«$`mH$bmnm|, gaH$mar ~¡R>H$m| H$m {ddaU OZ©b _| ahVm Wm & 17dt Ed§ 18 dt eVmpãX _|nr[a`m{S>H$b Ho$ ñWmZ na b¡{Q>Z eãX, {S>`yZab Am¡a OZ©b H$m à`moJ Ama§ hþAm & 20 dtgXr _| BgHo$ A§VJ©V J§ ra g_mbmoMZm Ed§ {dÛVmnyU© àH$meZ H$mo aIm J`m & Bg àH$mag_mMmam| H$m g§H$bZ - àgaU, {dkmnZ H$s H$bm Ed§ nÌ H$m ì`mdgm{`H$ g§JR>Z nÌH$m[aVmh¡ & g_gm_m{`H$ J{V{d{Y`m| Ho$ g§Mma go g§~ÜX g^r gmYZ Mmho dh ao{S>`mo hmo m Qo>br{dOZ,Bgr Ho$ A§VJ©V g_m{hV h¢&

EH$ AÝ` g§X © Ho$ AZwgma OZ©{bÁÝ_ eãX \«|$M ^mfm Ho$ eãX OZu go CnOm h¡ &{OgH$m VmËn`© h¡, à{V{XZ Ho$ H$m`m] AWdm KQ>ZmAm| H$m {ddaU àñVwV H$aZm & nÌH$m[aVm _moQo>Vm¡a na n«{V{XZ H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$m `WmVÏ` {ddaU n«ñVwV H$aVr h¡ & dñVwV… `h g_mMmam| Ho$g§H$bZ, M`Z, {díbofU VWm g§àofU H$s à{H«$`m h¡ & nÌH$m[aVm A{^ì`{º$ H$s EH$ _Zmoa_H$bm h¡ & BgH$m H$m_ OZVm Ed§ gÎmm Ho$ ~rM EH$ g§dmX - goVw ~ZmZm ^r h¡ & Bg AW© _|nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ \${bV Ed§ à^md ~hþV ì`mnH$ h¢ &1.2.2. nÌH$m[aVm H$s n[a^mfm

^maV _| ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| nÌH$m[aVm EH$ _hÎdnyU© eó Wm & AV… _hmË_mJm§Yr nÌH$m[aVm H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aVo hwE {bIVo h¢ {H$,nÌH$m[aVm EH$ gm_m{OH$ Y_© h¡ Am¡a dhg_mO Ho$ ñdmñÏ` Ho$ {bE h¡ & Omo ~mobm OmVm h¡ Cgo {bIZo H$s Oê$aV Zht & na Omo {bIm J`mh¡ Cgo ghr {bIZo H$s Oê$aV h¡&

M¡å~g© {S>H$eZar _| nÌH$m[aVm H$s n[a^mfm Xr J`r h¡ {H$,àH$meZ, g§nmXZ, boIZAm¡a àgmaU`wº$ g_mMma _mÜ`_ H$m ì`dgm` hr nÌH$m[aVm h¡& gyMZm, kmZ `m {dMmam| H$mog_rjmË_H$ {Q>ßn{U`m| Ho$ gmW eãX, Üd{Z Am¡a {MÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go bmoJm| VH$ nhþ§MmZm hrnÌH$m[aVm h¡&

gr. Or. _yba Ho$ AZwgma,gm_m{`H$ kmZ H$m ì`dgm` hr nÌH$m[aVm h¡ & Bg_| VÏ`m| H$sàm{á, CZH$m _yë`m§H$Z Am¡a R>rH$-R>rH$ AWm©V dmñV{dH$ àñVw{VH$aU hmoVm h¡ &

hoaëS> Ama. ~¡ÝOm{_Z Ho$ AZwgma,gƒr {ejm _Zwî` H$mo ñnï> Ñ{ï>H$moU go _mZd Ho$A{YH$m{YH$ {hV H$s Amoa ào[aV H$aVr h¡ & AV… OZ-godm Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$mo{ejm Ho$ g~go A{YH$ _hÎdnyU© VWm e{º$embr gmYZm| H$s H$mo{Q> _| {JZm OmZm Mm{hE &

~ëObo H¡$åndob Ho$ AZwgma,nÌH$m[aVm AmYw{ZH$ àH$meZ nÕ{V Ho$ Ûmam OZVm Ho$g_mMma, OZVm H$s YmaUm VWm OZVm Ho$ _Zmo{dZmoX H$m gw{Z`mo{OV VWm {dídgZr` àgmaUh¡&

Ooåg² _¡H$S>moZmb {bIVo h¡ {H$, nÌH$m[aVm H$mo _¢ aU y{_ go A{YH$ ~‹S>r MrµO _mZVmhÿ±, `h H$moB© noem Zht A{nVw noeo go H$B© D±$Mr MrµO h¡ &

S>m°. am_M§Ð {Vdmar nÌH$m[aVm H$mo ì`dgm` Am¡a amï>r` MoVZm H$m geº$ _mÜ`_ _mZVohþE {bIVo h¢ {H$, g_J«ê$noU nÌH$m[aVm ì`dgm` h¡, H$bm h¡ Am¡a amï>r` MoVZm H$mo C{Ôá H$aZoH$m geº$ _mÜ`_ h¡&

/ 11

n§. H$_bmn{V {ÌnmR>r Ho$ AZwgma, g_mMma nÌm| Zo Xme©{ZH$m| H$s D±$Mr C‹S>mZ, Y_©JwéAm|Ho$ {Xì`-kmZ, _Zmod¡km{ZH$m| H$s VrIr ImoO Am¡a à`moJ H$mo, CÎmw§J kmZ AmH$me go KgrQ>bmH$a gd©gmYmaU Ho$ {bE YaVr na aI {X`m h¡ & ~‹So> - ~‹So> {dÛmZ Am¡a n§{S>V VWm {deof{df`m| Ho$ d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ {bE g_mMmanÌm| Ho$ ñV§ m| Zo A{^ì`{º$ H$m Zd gmYZ àXmZ H$a {X`mh¡, {OgHo$ Ûmam grYr Am¡a gab mfm VWm T§>J go D±$Mr-D±$Mr kmZ H$s ~mV| gmYmaU bmoJm| VH$nhþ±Mm`r Om ahr h¡ & AmO H$m _Zwî` {H$gr ^r nyd© `wJ H$s Anojm {d{dY {df`m| H$m H$htA{YH$ OmZH$ma h¡ & ^bo hr {d{^Þ {df`m| H$s Jhar OmZH$mar Ho$db n§{S>Vm| H$mo hr hmo, CZbmoJm| H$mo r nÌm| Ho$ Ûmam J§ ra {df`m| H$m Wmo‹S>m - ~hþV kmZ hmo hr OmVm h¡, Omo Z {dÛmZ h¢ Am¡aZ ~w{ÕnyOH$ Am¡a Z gañdVr Ho$ AamYH$ &

S>m°. doXàVmn d¡{XH$ Ho$ AZwgma, {dYm{`H$m, H$m ©nm{bH$m VWm I~anm{bH$m r bmoH$V§ÌH$m _hÎdnyU© ñV§ h¡ & nÌH$ma H$mo {H$gr {deofm{YH$ma H$s AmH$m§jm Z aIVo hþE Ý`m`m{Ye H$s- gr {ZînjVm Am¡a moÜXm H$s - gr {Z{ ©H$Vm Ho$ gmW gƒmB© COmJa H$aZr Mm{hE & do AnZrñd`§ H$s AmMma g§{hVm Ho$ gmW nÌH$m[aVm _| àdoe H$a|&

à{gÕ g§nmXH$ à^mf Omoer Ho$ AZwgma,Ý`m`nm{bH$m, H$m`©nm{bH$m, {dYm{`H$m Am¡aàog _| {X _| Mm¡Wm I§~m hÿ± Vmo nÌH$ma hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo _oam A{YH$ma Am¡a H$V©ì` h¡ {H$ BZ VrZ I§ m|H$mo _¢ OO H$ê±$ &

S>m°. a_oeHw$_ma O¡Z Ho$ AZwgma, àog OZVm H$s `h g§gX h¡ {OgH$m A{YdoeZ H$^r rg_má Zht hmoVm & EH$ dmñV{dH$Vm h¡ {H$ Ohm± àog OZVm H$m OmJê$H$ àhar hmoVm h¡ dhm± hgaH$ma Am¡a OZVm Ho$ _Ü` EH$ {dídgZr` gånH©$ - gyÌ H$s y{_H$m ^r {Z^mVm h¡ &

n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ nÌH$m[aVm H$mo AË`§V _hÎdnyU© _mZVo¡ h¡ & CZH$m H$hZm h¡{H$,àog AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ _| Am¡a {deof ê$n go bmoH$V§Ì H$m _hÎdnyU© A§J h¡ & Bg_| ~hwV e{º$hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Bgna _hÎdnyU© {Oå_oXm[a`m± ^r h¡ & AV… nÌH$m[aVm H$m gå_mZ {H$`m OmZmMm{hE&

Cn`w©º$ n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AÜ``Z go Hw$N> {ZîH$f© gm_Zo AmVo h¢ & BÝh| nÌH$m[aVm H$s{deofVmAm| Ho$ ê$n _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & BZ na g§jon _| {dMma H$a|Jo &1) nÌH$m[aVm bmoH$V§Ì H$m _hÎdnyU© ñV§ h¡ &2) nÌH$ma H$mo Ý`m`mYre O¡gr {ZînjVm VWm moÜXm O¡gr {ZûH$Vm Ho$ gmW gƒmB© H$mo

bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±MmZm Mm{hE &3) àog OZVm H$s g§gX h¡ {OgH$m A{YdoeZ bJmVma Omar ahVm h¡ &4) nÌH$m[aVm gaH$ma Am¡a OZVm Ho$ _Ü` EH$ {dídgZr` g§nH©$-gyÌ H$s y{_H$m {Z^mVm

h¡ &5) nÌH$m[aVm ì`dgm`, H$bm Ed§ amï>r` MoVZm H$mo C{Ôá H$aZo H$m nw»Vm (_O~wV)

_mÜ`_ h¡&6) nÌH$m[aVm Mm¡Wm I§ m h¡ &7) nÌH$ma H$mo nÌH$m[aVm H$aVo g_` Ý`m`nm{bH$m, {dYm{`H$m Ho$ AÀNo> - ~wao H$m`m] H$m

boIm-OmoIm AnZo AI~ma _| noe H$aZm Mm{hE &8) nÌH$m[aVm H$s JUZm {ejm Ho$ g~go _hÎdnyU© Ed§ e{º$embr gmYZm| H$s H$mo{Q> _| H$s

OmZr Mm{hE &



9) {Zînj VWm ~w{Õ_ÎmmnyU© nÌH$m[aVm aMZmË_H$ godm H$m à^mdnyU© gmYZ h¡ .10) nÌH$m[aVm _| {dÛmZ go boH$a Am_ AmX_r VH$ g_P gH|$ Eogr I~ao XoZr Mm{hE &11) nÌH$m[aVm H$m H|$Ð q~Xy OZVm h¡ & AV… OZVm Ho$ g_mMma, CZH$s YmaUmE± Ed§ CZHo$

_Zmo{dZmoX H$s I~a| N>mnZm nÌH$m[aVm H$m bú` h¡ &12) nÌH$m[aVm aU y{_ go D±$Mr MrµO h¡ {OgH$m `moÕm nÌH$ma hmoVm h¡ &13) nÌH$m[aVm n{dÌ noem h¡ na§Vw CgH$s n{dÌVm H$m OVZ nÌH$ma H$mo H$aZm Mm{hE &

g_mMmam| Ho$ g§H$bZ Am¡a CZHo$ _mÌ àñVw{VH$aU Ho$ àma§{^H$ ñVa go boH$a AmO VH$nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ñdê$n _| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z hþE h¢ & hoaå~ {_l {bIVo h¢ {H$, g_mMma nÌ H$mOÝ_ `{X Mm¡Xhdt eVmãXr Ho$ nydm©Y© _| hþAm Wm, Vmo nÌH$m[aVm H$m OÝ_ dñVwV… gÌhdteVmãXr Ho$ àma§ _| _mZm OmEJm, O~ Bgo EH$ H$bm H$s g§km {_br Am¡a BgH$m AnZm EH$AmXe© {ZYm©[aV hþAm & AÝ`Ì do {bIVo h¡ {H$ - nÌm| Ho$ _mZ - d¥{Õ Ho$ gmW hr nÌ gonÌH$m[aVm H$m OÝ_ EH$ H$bm Am¡a {dkmZ Ho$ ê$n _| hþAm & ht nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Cg AmXe© Am¡aXm{`Îd H$s Ztd n‹S>r {OgZo nÌ Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm H$mo MVwW© gÎmm H$m AmgZ n«XmZ {H$`m&

dñVwV… AmO H$s nÌH$m[aVm gyMZmAm| Am¡a g_mMmam| H$m g§H$bZ _mÌ Z ahH$a _mZdOrdZ Ho$ ì`mnH$ n[aÑí` H$mo AnZo Amn _| g_m{hV {H$E hþE h¡ & Bgr Ho$ MbVo B§Ð{dÚmdmMñn{VnÌH$m[aVm H$mo nm±Mdm doX _mZVo h¢ & do H$hVo h¡ {H$, nÌH$m[aVm nm§Mdm§ doX h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam h_kmZ-{dkmZ g§~§Yr ~mVm| H$mo OmZH$a AnZm ~§X _pñVîH$ ImobVo h¢ &

`h emídV Z¡{VH$ _yë`m|, gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m| H$mo g_gm_m{`H$ KQ>ZmMH«$ H$s H$gm¡Q>r naH$gZo H$m gmYZ ~Z JB© h¡ & dmñVd _| nÌH$m[aVm OZ ^mdZm H$s A{^ì`{º$ gX² mdm| H$sAZw y{V Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm H$s nr{R>H$m h¡ & g§ñH¥${V, gä`Vm Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm H$s dmUr hmoZo Ho$ gmWhr `h OrdZ A yVnyd© H«$m§{V H$s AJ«Xy{VH$m h¡ & kmZ-{dkmZ, gm{hË` - g§ñH¥${V, Amem-{Zamem, g§Kf© - H«$m§{V, O` - namO`, CËWmZ-nVZ Am{X OrdZ H$s {d{dY ^md y{_`m| H$s_Zmohmar Ed§ WmW© N>{~ h_ wJrZ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Xn©U _| H$a gH$Vo h¢ & nÌH$m[aVm nyao {díd H$sEogr XoZ h¡ Omo g~ go Xya Ñ{ï> àXmZ H$aVr h¡ & dmñVd _| à{VjU n[adV©Zerb OJV H$m Xe©ZnÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Ûmam hr g§ d h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm H$s Amdí`H$Vm Ed§ CX² d na Jm¡a H$a| Vmo H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {Og àH$makmZ-àm{á H$s CËH§$R>m, qMVZ Ed§ A{^ì`{º$ H$s AmH$m§jm Zo ^mfm H$mo OÝ_ {X`m & R>rH$ CgràH$ma g_mO _| EH$ Xygao H$m Hw$eb-jo_ OmZZo H$s à~b BÀN>m-e{º$ Zo nÌm| Ho$ àH$meZ H$mo~T>mdm {X`m & nhbo kmZ Ed§ gyMZm H$s Omo WmVr _wÇ>râ bmoJm| Ho$ nmg H¡$X Wr dh AmOnÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±M ahr h¡ & Bg àH$ma nÌH$m[aVm h_mao g_mO OrdZ_| AmO EH$ A{Zdm`© A§J Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$m`© h¡ & CgH$s àm_m{UH$Vm Ed§ {dídgZr`Vm {H$grAÝ` ì`dgm` go Á`mXm h¡, em`X Bgr{bE Bg H$m`© H$mo H${R>ZV_ H$m`© _mZm J`m h¡ & Bg H$m`©H$s MwZm¡Vr H$m Ehgmg à»`mV emà A~a Bbmh~mXr Zo BZ eãXm| _| ñnï> {H$`m h¡ -

ItMmo Z H$_mZm| H$mo, Z Vbdma {ZH$mbmo,O~ Vmon _wH$m{~b hmo Vmo AI~a {ZH$mbmo >

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1.2. AnZr àJ{V Om±{ME &H$) [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE &1. gm{hË` H$s ^m±{V nÌH$m[aVm g_mO H$m ....... h¡ &2. _mZd H$s ......... go nÌH$m[aVm OÝ_ hþAm h¡ &3. {dÛmZm| Zo nÌH$m[aVm H$mo ........... ^r H$hm h¡ &4. nÌH$m[aVm ....... H$m ....... ñV§ h¡ &5. àog OZVm H$s ...........h¡ {OgH$m A{YdoeZ ........ MbVm h¡ &6. nÌH$m[aVm .............., .......... d .......... H$mo C{Ôá H$aZo H$m _mÜ`_ h¢ &7. nÌH$m[aVm H$m H|$Ðq~Xw .......... h¡ &8. B§Ð{dÚmdmMñnVr nÌH$m[aVm H$mo ........ _mZVo h¢ &

I) ghr `m JbV ~VmH$a JbV dmH$`m| H$mo ghr H$s{OE &1. nÌH$m[aVm H$m OÝ_ B{Vhmg {bIZo H$s BÀN>m go hþAm h¡ &2. \«|$M g§X © Ho$ AZwgma nÌH$m[aVm H$m AW© h¡ g_mMma boIZ &3. àog hr g§gX h¡ &4. nÌH$m[aVm Ho$db {dÛmZm| Ho$ {bE I~a| XoVr h¡ &5. nÌH$m[aVm H$m H|$Ðq~Xy gaH$ma h¡ &6. nÌH$m[aVm H$s aU y{_ H$m `moÜXm ZoVm h¡ &

1.3 nÌH$m[aVm H$m CÔoí`nÌH$m[aVm H$m g~go à_wI A§J g_mMmanÌ h¡ & àma§ _| g_mMmanÌ emgH$ àemgH$

VH$ gr{_V Wm & CgH$m Am_ AmX_r Ho$ OrdZ Am¡a CZH$s g_ñ`mAm| go H$moB© r g§~§Y Zht Wm&CgH$m g§~§Y Ho$db amOm-_hmamOmAm|, lo{ð>`m|, Cƒ A{YH$m[a`m| VH$ gr{_V Wm & na§Vw AmOg_mMma nÌ _| Am_ybMyb ~Xbmd Am`m h¡ &

AmO nÌH$m[aVm Ho$db _wÐU VH$ gr{_V Zht ahr, A{nVw dh ao{S>`mo Am¡a Q>r. dr. VH$nhþ±MH$a BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_ ^r ~Z J`r h¡ & na§Vw BZH$m bú` ~hþOZ {hVm`, ~hþOZ gwIm`hmoZm Mm{hE &_hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ VrZ _hÎdnyU© bú` _mZo h¡ …1) OZVm H$s ^mdZmAm| H$mo g_PH$a CÝh| A{^ì`º$ H$aZm &2) bmoJm| _| dm§N>Zr` ^mdZmE± OJmZm &3) bmoJm| Ho$ Xmofm| H$mo g~Ho$ gm_Zo bmZm &

_hmË_m Jm§Yr Ûmam ~VmE JE o bú` nÌH$m[aVm H$s gm_m{OH$ e{º$ H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aZoHo$ gmW hr CgH$s Hw$N> _`m©XmE§ ^r {ZYm©[aV H$aVo h¢ &AÝ` ñWmZm| na {dÛmZm| Zo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ VrZ à_wI CÔoí` _mZo h¢ &1) gwMZm XoZm 2) {e{jV H$aZm 3) _Zmoa§OZ H$aZmBZ CÔoí`m| H$mo {dñVma go XoIZo na nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ AZoH$ CÔoí` h_mao gå_wI Am OmVo h¢ & `hm§h_ A~ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {d{dY CÔoí`m| na g§jon _| {dMma H$a|Jo &



1.3.1. gyMZm H$m àgma, gyMZm H$s EH$ê$nVm ~‹T>mZm &{díd H$s KQ>ZmAm|, g_mO H$s J{V{d{Y`m| Am¡a ì`{º$ Ho$ H¥$Ë`m| H$s gyMZm H$mo OZ-

OZ VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$m H$m`© nÌH$m[aVm H$m h¡ & OZgm_mÝ` H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo emgZ VWm emgZH$s CnbpãY`m| H$mo OZVm VH$ nhþ±MmH$a nmañnm[aH$ gX² md OJmZo H$m H$m`© nÌH$m[aVm H$m h¡&AÚVZ A{dîH$mamm|, {dH$mg g§~§Yr gyMZmAm| Ûmam nÌH$m[aVm nmR>H$m|, lmoVmAm| `m Xe©H$m| H$moà~wÜX ~ZmZo H$m H$m`© gwMmê$ ê$n go H$aVr h¢ &

gyMZm nmZo Am¡a Cgo ì`mnH$ OZg_wXm` VH$ oOZo go Cg gyMZm H$s EH$ê$nVm ~‹T>Vrh¡& VmËn`© h h¡ {H$ gyMZm H$mo Á`m| - {H$ - Ë`m| AnZo dmñV{dH$ ê$n _| Xygam| VH$ oOZo go hrnÌH$m[aVm H$s {dídgZr`Vm ~T>Vr h¡ &

gyMZm kmZ H$s Vah AkmZ Am¡a {nN>‹So>nZ go bµS>Zo H$m AÑí` h{W`ma h¡ & gyMZm h_|Bg {nN>‹So>nZ go bT>Zo H$s e{º$ àXmZ H$aVr h¡ & AmO {OgHo$ nmg AnZo Amg-nmg H$s Xw{Z`mH$s Am¡a OrdZ H$s ~w{Z`mXr Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s {OVZr A{YH$ Am¡a ZdrZV_ gyMZm h¡, dhCVZm hr e{º$embr Am¡a g_W© h¡ & Ho$db gyMZm nmZo go AnZr VmH$V Zht ~To>Jr A{nVw,gwMZm H$m Cn`moJ h_ {H$g àH$ma H$aVo h¡ `h _hÎdnyU© h¡ &1.3.2. Xygam| H$mo {ZX}e XoZm

nÌH$m[aVm H$m Xygam _hÎdnyU© H$m`© h¡ Xygam| H$mo {ZX}e XoZm & g§Mma Ho$ Ûmam Xya-XamOVH$ VWm ì`mnH$ OZ g_wXm` Ho$ ~rM g§Xoe `m gyMZm nhþ±Mm`r OmVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma {ZX}enhþ±MmZo H$m H$m`© ^r g§nÞ hmoVm h¡ & {ZX}e EH$ ì`{º$ go Xygao ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE gr{_V hmo gH$Voh¢, BZH$m Xmàm ~‹S>m ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ & CXmhaUmW©, {H$gr g§ñWm H$m à_wI A{YH$mar AnZoAYrZ H$m`© H$aZodmbo A{YH$mar m H$_©Mmar H$mo {ZX}e XoVm h¡ & h {ZX}e Qo>{b\$moZ go r {XEOm gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a {b{IV `m _w{ÐV nÌ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^r & BZ {ZX}em| H$m Xmàm EH$ A{YH$margo Xygao A{YH$mar m H$_©Mmar Ho$ ~rM VH$ gr{_V hmo gH$Vm h¡ & gaH$ma r ì`mnH$ OZ{hV Ho${bE {d{dY {ZX}e nm[aV H$aVr ahVr h¡ &1.3.3. _Zmoa§OZ

nÌH$m[aVm Ûmam OZgm_mÝ` H$m _Zmoa§OZ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ CÞ`Z hmoVm h¡ & gm_m{OH$VZmd, ì`{º$JV Ûof H$mo {_Q>mH$a g~OZ {hVm`, ñdñÏ` _Zmoa§OZ H$m àñVw{VH$aU nÌH$m[aVmHo$ _mÜ`_ go hmoVm h¡ & Q>r. dr., {\$ë_, H$åß`yQ>a, ao{S>`mo Am{X g§gmYZ _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ hr gmYZh¡ & AmO gyMZm Am¡a _Zmoa§OZ {ZH$Q> AmVo Om aho h¢ & XyaXe©Z na g_mMma XoZo Ho$ gmW_Zmoa§OH$ T§>J go {dkmnZ r namogo OmVo h¢ & H$mQy©>Z {\$ë_| r {XIm`r OmVr h¡& Bg àH$ma gyMZmAm¡a _Zmoa§OZ H$m gmW Mmobr-Xm_Z gm hmoVm h¡ & AmOH$b H$B© Ý`yO M¡Zb H$m`©aV h¢ Omog_mMma XoZo Ho$ gmW _Zmoa§OH$ g_mMma r XoVo h¢ & Bg Vah do gyMZmË_H$ Ed§ _Zmoa§OZnaH$ rhmoVo h¢ &1.3.4. {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ

{dMmam| H$ AmXmZ-àXmZ go Am¡a {dMmam| H$s EH$ê$nVm Ho$ H$maU Xmo ì`{º$`m| Ho$ ~rMAWdm ì`mnH$ g_mO Ho$ {dídmg _| d¥Õr hmoVr h¡ & nÌH$m[aVm H$s AmYma yV BH$mB© {dMma{d{Z_` h¡ & h_ {dMmam| nmaånm[aH$ AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a EH$ Xygao Ho$ {ZH$Q> AmVo h¢ &Bg Vah h_ EH$ Xygao H$mo H$B© gyMZmAm| ^r XoVo h¢ & h_ CZ gyMZmAm| go bm^ CR>mVo h¢ & BggoZ Ho$db {dídmg _| d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡ A{nVw {dMmam| Am¡a gyMZmAm| _| EH$ê$nVm AmVr h¡ & ha ì`{º$

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H$m `h à`mg hmoVm h¡ {H$ dh AnZo {dMmam|, ^mdZmAm| Am¡a _Vm| H$mo Xygam| H$ gå_wI Bg T§>Jgo aIo {H$ do Cggo à^m{dV hmo OmE§&

{dídmg àmá H$aZm Ho$db ì`{º$ ñVa H$s BÀN>m Zht h¡ H$moB© gaH$mar, AY© gaH$mar `mJ¡a gaH$mar g§ñ§Wm, g_mMma nÌ, Qo>br{dOZ M¡Zb, ì`m{nH$ BH$mB©, H$b - H$maImZo, amOZr{VH$- J¡a amOZr{VH$ nmQ>u, g§JR>Z Am¡a `hm± VH$ {H$ H$moB© Xoe ^r AnZr {dídgZr`Vm _| d¥{ÕH$aZm MmhVm h¡ & AnZo {dMmam| H$mo do àgm[aV - àMm[aV H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Vm{H$ A{YH$ bmoJm| H$m{dídmg A{O©V H$aV gH|$ &1.3.5. g_yh Ho$ ñVa na EH$ê$nVm H$s Amoa JË`mË_H$ n[adV©Z

AnZm Xoe AI§{S>V Xoe h¡ Omo H$í_ra Oo boH$a H$Ý`mHw$_mar VH$ \¡$bm h¡ & n«ËòH$ àm§MH$s AnZr ~mobr ^mfm, àm§Vr` ^mfm hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX qhXr, nÌH$m[aVm H$s geº$ ^mfm hmoZo goCÝh| g_yh Ho$ ñVa na EH$ê$nVm àXmZ H$aVr h¡ & Bgrgo h_ {d{dYVm _| EH$Vm H$s ~mV noe H$aVoh¢&

amOZr{VH$ n[adV©Z, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZa©MZm hoVw nÌH$m[aVm à^mdH$marA{^`mZ MbmVm h¡ &1.3.6. g_mO

Bgo h_ Am§Vag§~§Ym| H$s ì`m»`m Ho$ Zm_ go ^r AYmoao{IV H$a gH$Vo h¢ & g_mO {H$grOm{V-{deof go g§~§{YV eãX Zht h¡ & g_mO AWm©V² Xoe & nÌH$m[aVm Xoe H$s OZVm H$mo EH$VmH$s e¥§Ibm _| OmoS>Vm h¡ & g_Vm, ~§YwVm Am¡a EH$Vm BZ {ÌgyÌr g_mO _| EH$ Xygao H$mo à^m{dVH$aVr h¡ &

gË` Am¡a gm_m{`H$ {Q>ßnUr`m| Ûmam nÌH$m[aVm g_mO Ho$ {d{^Þ KQ>H$m| _| g_Ýd`ñWm{nV H$aVm h¢ & g_mOrH$aU Am¡a àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ emoYZ _| BZH$s _hÎdnyU© y{_H$m hmoVr h¡ &OZVm Am¡a gaH$ma amï>{hV _| CÎm_ {ZU© bo, Eogr n[apñW{V Bgr Ho$ Ûmam CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ &1.3.7. g_mO _| gm_m{OH$ àJVr H$m AmZm

O~ VH$ g_mO H$s àJ{V Zht hmoJr g_mO H$s CÞ{V ^r Zht hmoJr & AmO ^r Xoe _|OZVm ~So> n¡_mZo na A{e{jV h¡ & H$B© ~oamoOJma h¡ Bg{bE Xm[aÐàoIm Ho$ ZrMo OmZodmbo bmoJm|H$s g§»`m A{YH$ h¡ & BZ V~H$m| Ho$ bmoJm| H$s Oê$aV O~ VH$ nyU© Zht H$aVo V~ VH$, g_mOàJV Zht hmo gH$Vm & nÌH$m[aVm go g_mO _| àJ{V hmoZo bJr h¡ & {ZåZ _Ü`dJ© A~ Cƒ_Ü`dJ© _| àdoe H$a MwH$m h¡ & CZH$s H«$` e{º$ ~T>Zo go CZH$s àJ{V hþB© Am¡a hmo ahr h¡ &1.3.8. g_mO _| ^mdmË_H$ EH$Vm H$m àgma, gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm ~ZmZm

^maVr` g§ñH¥${V dgwY¡d Hw$Qw§>~H$_ Ho$ H$maU mdmË_H$ EH$Vm go OwµS>r h¡ Am¡a CgH$m àMma- àgma {díd _| ^r hmo ahm h¡ & Jm¡V_ ~wÕ Zo g§Xoe {X`m h¡ - OrAmo Am¡a OrZo Xmo & n[aUm_V…AmO {díd H$mo Jm¡V_ ~wÕ VWm _hmdra Ho$ Aqhgm na_mY_© H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ & {díd _|AmV§H$ H$m gm`m N>m`m h¡ & Cgo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xoe Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo {dídZmJ[aH$ ~ZmZm hmoJmAm¡a AnZr {díd H$s ajm H$aZr hmoJr & `h B§Q>aZoQ> Ûmam g§ d h¡ &1.3.9. {ejm H$m ì`mnH$ àMma-àgma{dH$mgerb Xoem| _| g§gmYZm| H$s H$_r Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejm _| Am‹So> AmVr h¢ & nÌH$m[aVm H$sì`mnH$ nhþ±M H$m bm^ AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejm Ho$ O[aE CR>m`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & ao{S>`mo, XyaXe©Z,H$åß`wQ>a Ho$ Ûmam ñHy$br ~ƒm|, Zdgmjam| Ed§ n«m¡T>m| H$mo {ejm n«XmZ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ & Cƒ



{ejm Ho$ joÌ _| ^r nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Ûmam C„oIZr` H$m`© {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & XyaXe©Z H$m`w.Or.gr. H$m`©H«$_ VWm {ejm go g§~§{YV H$B© H$m`©H«$_ g_`-g_` na {XImE OmVo h¢ .1.3.10. à{Vnw{ï> (Feeed-back)

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/ 17

1.3. AnZr àJ{V Om±{ME &H$) [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE &1. nÌH$m[aVm H$m g~go à_wI A§J ........... h¡ &2. _. Jm§Yr Ûmam ~VmE bú` nÌH$m[aVm H$s ...........Am¡a ...........{ZYm©arV H$aVo h¢ &3. gyMZm ........... H$s Vah AkmZ Am¡a {nNµµ>So>nZ go bT>Zo H$m ...........h{W`ma h¡ &4. nÌH$m[aVm H$s AmYma yV BH$mB© .......... h¡ &5. O~ VH$ g_mO H$s ......... Zht hmoJr V~ VH$ g_mO H$s .......... Zht hmoJr &6. ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ......... Ho$ H$maU .......... EH$Vm go Ow‹S>r h¡ &7. nÌH$m[aVm H$m ........ hmoZm............ _| éH$mdQ> h¡ &8. ........... Ho$ ~rZm g§Mma à{H«$`m AnyU© h¡ &I) EH$ dmH$` _| CÎma {b{IE &1. nÌH$m[aVm H$m bú` H$`m hmoZm Mm{hE ?2. _. Jm§Yr Ûmam ~VmE JE nÌH$m[aVm H$m CÔoí` ~VmBE &3. gyMZm {H$ggo bT>Zo H$m h{W`ma h¡ ?4. {dMmam| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ Ed§ EH$énVm H$`mo Amdí`H$ h¡5. nÌH$m[aVm gË` Am¡a gm_{`H$ {Q>ßn{U`m| Ho$ H$`m n[aUm_ h¡ &6. {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| nÌH$m[aVm {H$g àH$ma ghmæ` H$aVr h¡ &7. à{Vnw{ï> H$`m h¡ &8. g§Mma _| à{Vnw{ï> H$`mo Amdí`H$ h¢ &9. nÌH$m[aVm _| à{Vnw{ï> Ho$ A§VJ©V H`m AmVm h¡ &10. '¥§ý Zàªàm ytàk rÂààÂàç tçÞ qØà§ýàáÊmà tä©u ¡àoàÊ Ñè - Ðq˜þ §ýLâk¥ ñ11. ytàjàÊ qØà §ýL §ýàç¢ê qàÝj qáÊsàxà¥Ý rmà§ýÊ ytàjàÊ qØààçÞ §çý Zà§ýàÊàçÞ §ýL jjàê §ýLâk¥ ñ12 'ÀåÊÀÎàêÂà ¥wÞ qØà§ýàáÊmà' âwxu qÊ jjàê §ýÊmç ÑB¥ ÀåÊÀÎàêÂà tçÞ ytàjàÊ vçhÂà §çý ¡àwÎu§ý mÙwàçÞ qÊZà§ýàÎà »þàâv¥ ñ13. ¢Þ¹þÊÂàç¹þ qØà§ýàáÊmà âwxu qÊ yâwÐmÊ jjàê §ýLâk¥ ñ14. Êçâ»þuàç mnà ytàjàÊ qØà §ýL mävÂàà tçÞ ÀåÊÀÎàêÂà qØà§ýàáÊmà ¡âo§ý Zàsàwã ÑèA - §ýàÊ½ààçÞyâÑm Ðq˜þ§ýLâk¥ ñ15. ¡àk §ýL ÊàkÂàãâm§ý OÐnâmuàçÞ §çý £ÀàÑÊ½à Àç§ýÊ qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýL yùOÐnmã Ðq˜þ §ýLâk¥ ñ16. qØà§ýàáÊmà ¡ÂààèqjàáÊ§ý âÎàÕàà §çý ÕàçØà tçÞ vàsÀàu§ý yàârm ÑB¢ê Ñè - £ÀàÑÊ½ààçÞyâÑm Ðq˜þ §ýLâk¥ñ

1.4. nÌH$m[aVm H$s ì`m{ánÌH$m[aVm H$m joÌ Ed§ n[a{Y ~hþV ì`mnH$ h¡ & Cgo {H$gr gr_m _| ~m§Ym Zht Om gH$Vm

& OrdZ Ho$ àËòH$ joÌ _| hmo ahr hbMbm|, g§ mdZmAm| na {dMma H$a EH$ ZB© {Xem XoZo H$m H$m_nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| Am OmVm h¡ & nÌH$m[aVm OrdZ Ho$ àËòH$ nhby na ZOa aIVr h¡ & BZ AWm]_| CgH$m joÌ ì`mnH$ h¡ & EH$ nÌH$ma Ho$ eãXm| _|, g_mMma nÌ OZVm H$s g§gX h¡, {OgH$mA{YdoeZ gX¡d MbVm ahVm h¡ & Bg g_mMma nÌ ê$nr g§gX H$m H$^r gÌmdgmZ Zht hmoVm &{Og àH$ma g§gX _| {d{^Þ àH$ma H$s g_ñ`mAm| na MMm© H$s OmVr h¡, {dMma {d_e© {H$`m



OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma g_mMma nÌm| H$m joÌ ^r ì`mnH$ Ed§ ~hþAm`m_r hmoVm h¡ & nÌH$m[aVmV_m_ OZ g_ñ`mAm| Am¡a gdmbm| go Ow‹S>r hmoVr h¡, g_ñ`mAm| H$mo àemgZ Ho$ gå_wI àñVwV H$aCg na ~hg H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aVr h¡ & g_mO OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| AmO nÌH$m[aVm H$s _hÎmm H$moñdrH$ma {H$`m Om ahm h¡ & Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, {dkmZ, H$bm g~ joÌ nÌH$m[aVmHo$ Xmào _| h¢ & BZ g§X^m] _| dV©_mZ n[aàoú` _| Am{W©H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hÎd ~‹T> J`m h¡&

AW©ì`dñWm àYmZ wJ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àËòH$ à_wI g_mMma nÌ Xmo go Mma n¥ð> Am{W©H$J{V{d{Y`m| Ho$ {bE Ama{jV H$a ahm h¡ & Bg_| Am{W©H$ OJV go Ow‹S>r KQ>ZmAm|, H§$nZrg_mMmam|, eoAa _mH}$Q> H$s gyMZmAm|, gaH$mar Zr{V _| ~Xbmdm|, _wÐm ~mOma, gam\$m ~mµOmaEd§ {d{dY _§S>bm| go Ow‹So> g_mMma N>nVo h¢ & Eogo _| Xoe - {dXoe Ho$ AW© OJV go Ow‹S>r àËòH$J{V{d{Y Am{W©H$ g_mMmam| Ed§ Am{W©H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$m {hñgm ~Z JB© h¢ & amOZr{VH$-gm_m{OH$n[adV©Zm| Ho$ ~mµOma Ed§ AW©ì`dñWm na H$`m à^md n‹S|>Jo BgH$s ì`m»`m r Am{W©H$ nÌH$m[aVmH$m {df` joÌ h¡ &

Bgr àH$ma J«m_rU joÌm| H$s [anmo{Qª>J Ho$ g§X © _| nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hÎd ~‹T>m h¡ & ^maVJm§dm| H$m Xoe h¡ & Xoe H$s A{YH$m§e Am~mXr Jmdm| _| ahVr h¡ & AV… Xoe Ho$ Jm§dm| _| {ZdmgH$aVo bmIm| - H$amo‹S>m| Xoedm{g`m| H$s ^mdZmAm| H$m {dMma H$a CZHo$ `mo½` Ed§ CZHo$ joÌ H$sgm_J«r H$m àH$meZ nÌm| H$m Z¡{VH$ H$V©ì` h¡ & EH$ n[a^mfm Ho$ _wVm{~H$ {OZ g_mMma nÌm| _|40 à{VeV go A{YH$ gm_J«r Jm§dm| Ho$ ~mao _|, H¥${f Ho$ ~mao _|, newnmbZ, ~rO, ImX,H$sQ>ZmeH$, n§Mm`Vr amO, ghH$m[aVm Ho$ {df` na hmoJr CÝht g_mMma nÌm| H$mo J«m_rU _mZmOmEJm &

V_m_ joÌr` - àm§{V` AI~ma AmO AnZo Am§M{bH$ g§ñH$aU {ZH$mb aho h¢, na CZ_|^r amOZr{VH$ I~am|, ~`mZm| H$m ~mob~mbm ahVm h¡ & BgHo$ ~mX ^r Am§M{bH$ g_mMmam| Ho$MbVo nÌH$m[aVm H$m joÌ ì`mnH$ hþAm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s _hÎmm ~‹T>r h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ àma§{^H$ Xm¡a _| KQ>Zm H$mo WmVÏ` àñVwV H$aZm hr n`m©á _mZm OmVm Wm& n[ad{V©V n[apñW{V`m| _| nmR>H$ KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ _mÌ àñVwVrH$aU go g§Vwï> Zht hmoVm & dh Hw$N>Am¡a Hw$N> r OmZZm MmhVm h¡ & Bgr Am¡a H$s g§Vw{ï> Ho$ {bE AmO g§dmXXmVm KQ>Zm H$s n¥ð> y{_Am¡a H$maUm| H$s r ImoO H$aVm h¡ & n¥ð> y{_ Ho$ ~mX dh g_mMma H$m {díbofU r H$aVm h¡ & Bg{díbofUnaH$Vm Ho$ H$maU nmR>H$ H$mo KQ>Zmgo Ow‹So> {d{dY _wÔm| H$m nVm MbVm h¡ & AZoH$ _w»`g_mMma nÌ g_mMma {díbofU O¡go ñV§ m| H$m àH$meZ r H$a aho h¢ & àog ñdV§ÌVm na A_o[aH$mHo$ àog Am`moJ Zo ^r `h ñdrH$ma {H$`m Wm {H$ A~ g_mMma Ho$ VÏ`m| H$mo gË` ê$n go [anmoQ©>H$aZm hr n`m©á Zht daZ² `h ^r Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ VÏ` Ho$ g§nyU© gË` H$mo ^r àH$Q> {H$`m OmEnÌH$ma H$m _w»` H$m`© AnZo nmR>H$m| H$mo VÏ`m| H$s gyMZm XoZm h¡ & Ohm§ g§ d hmo dhm§ {ZîH$f© r{X`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & AnamY VWm amOZ¡{VH$ g§dmXXmVmAm| H$m `h _w»` H$m`© h¢ & Vrgam EH$à_wI Xm{`Ëd àgma H$m h¡ & Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| VÏ`m| H$m àñVw{VH$aU hrn`m©á Zht daZ CZH$m àgma ^r Amdí`H$ h¡ & J§ ra {dH$mgmË_H$ g_ñ`mAm| go nmR>H$m| H$moAdJV H$amZm ^r Amdí`H$ h¡ & nmR>H$ H$mo gmoMZo Ho$ {bE {dde H$a nÌH$ma H$m boIZg§ m{dV g_mYmZm| H$s Amoa ^r g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ & {dH$mgmË_H$ boIZ _| emoY H$m ^r n`m©á_hÎd h¡ &

ewÕ {dH$mgmË_H$ boIH$ Ho$ joÌm| H$mo d[að> nÌH$ma amOrd ewH$b Zo 18 mJm| _| {d^º$

/ 19

{H$`m h¡ - CÚmoJ, H¥${f, {ejm Am¡a gmjaVm, Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y`m±, Zr{V Am¡a moOZm, n[adhZ,g§Mma, OZ_mÜ`_, D$Om© Am¡a BªYZ, l_ d l{_H$ H$ë`mU, amoOJma, {dkmZ Am¡a VH$ZrH$,ajm AZwg§YmZ Am¡a CËnmX VH$ZrH$, n[adma {Z`moOZ, ñdmñÏ` Am¡a {M{H$Ëgm gw{dYmE§, ehar{dH$mg, J«m_rU {dH$mg, {Z_m©U Am¡a Amdmg, n`m©daU Am¡a àXyfU&

nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ~‹T>Vo _hÎd Ho$ joÌm| _| AmYw{ZH$ g_` _| g§X © nÌH$m[aVm AWdm g§X ©godm H$m {d{eï> ñWmZ h¡ & g§X © godm H$m VmËn`© g§X © gm_J«r H$s CnbãYVm go h¡ & g§nmXH$s`{bIVo g_` {H$gr gm_m{OH$ {df` na {Q>ßnUr {bIZo Ho$ {bE AWdm H$moB© boI Am{X V¡ maH$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go H$B© ~ma {deof g§X^m] H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ & kmZ - {dkmZ Ho$ àgma VWm`m§{ÌH$ `wJ H$s ì`dñWmAm| _| H$moB© r nÌH$ma àËòH$ {df` H$s ñ_aU e{º$ Ho$ AmYma na Zht{bI gH$Vm & AV… nmR>H$m| H$mo g§nyU© OmZH$mar XoZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ nÌ - à{Vð>mZ Ho$nmg AÀN>m g§X © gm{hË` g§J«{hV hmo & {H$emoar bmb e_m© Zo g§X © nÌH$m[aVm {df`H$ boI _|g§X © godm Ho$ AmR> dJ© {H$E h¢ - H$VaZ godm, g§X © J«§W, boI gyMr, \$moQ>mo {d^mJ, n¥ð>^{_{d^mJ, [anmoQ©> {d^mJ, gm_mÝ` nwñVH$m| H$m {d^mJ Am¡a §S>ma {d^mJ &

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Iobm| H$m _mZd OrdZ go H$m\$s nwamZm g§~§Y h¡ & _Zmoa§OZ VWm ñdmñÏ` H$s ÑpîQ> go ^r_Zwî` Zo BZHo$ _hÎd H$mo g_Pm h¡ & AmYw{ZH$ {díd _| {d{^Þ Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` hmoZodmbrà{V`mo{JVmAm| Ho$ H$maU H$B© Iob {Ibm‹S>r bmoH${à` hmoZo bJo h¢ & em`X hr H$moB© {XZ Eogm hmoO~ amï>r` VWm A§Vam©ï>r` ñVa na {H$gr Z {H$gr à{V`mo{JVm H$m Am`moOZ Zht hmo ahm & AV…Iobm| Ho$ à{V OZ-OZ H$s ê${M H$mo XoIVo hþE nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| Iobm| Ho$ g_mMma VWm CZHo$g§~§{YV {Z`{_V ñV§ m| H$m àH$meZ hmoVm h¡ & àm`… g^r à_wI g_mMma nÌ nyam EH$ n¥ð> IobOJV H$s hbMbm| H$mo XoVo h¢ &

nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hÎd {N>no VÏ`m| H$mo COmJa H$aZo _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡ & dh V_m_joÌ H$s {d{eï> gyMZmE§ OZVm H$mo ~VmVr h¢ & O~ Ohm± H$moB© ì`{º$ `m A{YH$mar H$moB© VÏ`{N>nmZm MmhVm hmo AWdm H$moB© VÏ` AZwÕm{Q>V hmo, dht AÝdofUmË_H$ nÌH$m[aVm àma§ hmoOmVr h¡ & Cg g_mMma VWm VÏ` H$mo àH$me _| OmZo Ho$ {bE nÌH$ma VËna hmo OmVm h¡ & A_o[aH$mH$m dmQ>aJoQ> H$m§S> Bg Ñ{ï> go C„oIZr` h¡ & Bg H$m§S> Ho$ MbVo gÎmm n[adV©Z Ho$ ~mX AÝdofUmË_H$nÌH$m[aVm H$mo {deof àmoËgmhZ VWm _mÝ`Vm {_br &

`{X AÝdofUmË_H$ nÌH$m[aVm ghr CÔoí`m| go AZwà_m{UV hmoH$a H$s OmE Vmo h g_mOAm¡a amï> Ho$ {bE ~hþV ~S>r godm hmo gH$Vr h¡ & `{X M[aÌ hZZ VWm {H$gr ì`{º$ m g§ñWm H$moAn_m{ZV `m ~XZm_ H$aZo H$s Zr`V go Eogr nÌH$m[aVm H$s OmEJr V dh nrV nÌH$m[aVm H$sloUr _| Am OmVr h¡ &

{\$ë_| AmO h_mao g_mO H$mo ~hþV à^m{dV H$a ahr h¢ & AV… {\$ë_r nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± ^r



nmR>H$ dJm] _| Imgr bmoH${à` h¡ & {\$ë_m| H$s g{_jmE§, {\$ë_r H$bmH$mam| Ho$ gmjmËH$ma,{\$ë_ {Z_m©U go Ow‹So> H$bmH$mam| Ho$ gmjmËH$ma, {\$ë_ Ho$ {d{dY H$bmË_H$ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s njm|na {Q>ßn{U`m±, {\$ë_r nÌH$m[aVm H$m hr {hñgm h¡ & g§à{V qhXr - A§J«oOr g{hV g^r n«_wI^mfmAm| _| {\$ë_r n{ÌH$mE± àH$m{eV hmo ahr h¢ & àËòH$ à_wI g_mMmanÌ {\$ë_m| na H|${ÐVa§JrZ n[a{eï> `m gm_J«r n«H$m{eV H$aVm hr h¡ & {\$ë_r nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| {dZmoX ^maÛmO,{dZmoX {Vdmar, à`mJ ewH$b, amOm Xw~o, O`qgh aKwd§er, O`, am_qgh R>mHy$a, {dO` AJ«dmb,~«Ooída _XmZ, O`àH$me Mm¡H$go, AO` ~«åhmË_O, Mm§X Im§ ah_mZr, ho_§V ewH$b, lram_Vm_«H$ma O¡go V_m_ nÌH$ma J§ raVm Ho$ gmW H$m_ H$a aho h¢ & BgHo$ Abmdm {gZoñQ>ma, Or ñQ>ma,ñQ>ma S>ñQ>, {\$ë_r H${b`m§, _m`mnwar, pñH«$Z, nQ>H$Wm, {\$ë_ \o$à O¡gr g§nyU© {\$ë_ n{ÌH$mE±àH$m{eV hmo ahr h¡ & BgHo$ Abmdm qhXr H$s g^r à_wI n{ÌH$mE± B§{S>`m Qw>So> AmCQ>bwH$ Am{XHo$ àËòH$ A§H$ _| {\$ë_m| na gm_J«r àH$m{eV hmo ahr h¢ & gmao à_wI g_mMma nÌm| _| {gZo_m na{d{dY gm_J«r àH$m{eV hmoVr h¢ & BgHo$ MbVo {\$ë_ nÌH$m[aVm, nÌH$m[aVm H$m EH$ à_wI joÌ~ZH$a Câr h¡ & BgZo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _hÎd Ed§ bmoH${à`Vm _| d¥{Õ H$s h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _hÎd H$mo AmO BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_m| H$s nÌH$m[aVm Zo ~hþV ~‹T>m {X`m h¡& BÝhm|Zo g_` Ed§ ñWmZ H$s gr_m H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoH$a gyMZm {dñ\$moQ> H$m `wJ bm {X`m h¡ & Bgg§X © _| ao{S>`mo nÌH$m[aVm H$m ~hþV _hÎd h¡ & BZHo$ _hÎd H«$_ _| AmH$medmUr Ho$ do H$m`©H«$__hËdnyU© h¢, {OZ_| g_mMma VËd A{YH$ ahVm h¡ & AmH$medmUr Ho$ BZ g_mMma H$m`©H«$_m| H$moV¡ ma H$aZo _| AmH$medmUr H$m g_mMma godm à^mJ g{H«$` ahVm h¡ & Bg n« mJ H$m H$m`©g_mMmam| H$m g§H$bZ Am¡a àgmaU h¡ & AmH$medmUr Ho$ ñWm`r Am¡a A§eH$m{bH$ g§dmXXmVm nyaoXoe _| h¢ & g_mMma godm à^mJ à{V{XZ AnZr J«h, n«mXo{eH$ Am¡a d¡Xo{eH$ godmAm| _| 36 K§Q>m|go ^r A{YH$ g_` _| 273 g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Z n«gm[aV H$aVm h¡ & {dXoe Ho$ à_wI eham| _| ^rg§dmXXmVm h¢, Omo dhm§ H$s J{V{d{Y`m§ ào{fV H$aVo h¢ & àËòH$ K§Qo> na g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Z Ho$àgmaU go AmH$medmUr OZ_mZg H$mo Vwï> H$aVr h¡ & g_mMma Xe©Z, g_mMma nÌm| go, {dYmZ_§S>b g_rjm, g§gX g_rjm, gm_m{`H$s, {Obo Am¡a amÁ`m| H$s {MÇ>r, ao{S>`mo Ý`yOarb Am{XH$m`©H«$_m| H$m àgmaU Bgr nÌH$m[aVm H$m A§J h¡ & BgHo$ Abmdm gm_{`H$ {df`m| na ~hg,n[aMMm© Ed§ gmjmËH$mam| H$m àgmaU H$aHo$ dh AnZo lmoVmAm| H$s _mZ{gH$ yI em§V H$aVm h¡&

ao{S>`mo nÌH$m[aVm AmO EH$ {deofkVmnyU© {dYm h¡ & {Og_| nÌH$ma - g§nmXH$ H$moAnZo H$m`© _| geº$ y{_H$m H$m {Zd©hZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & gr{_V AdYr _| g_mMmam| H$s àñVw{VEd§ M`Z ao{S>`mo nÌH$ma H$s XjVm H$mo gm{~V H$aVo h¢ & {d{dY g_mMma Ed§ OmZH$mar àYmZH$m`©H«$_m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AmH$medmUr g_J« {dH$mg H$s à{H«$`m H$mo ~T>mZo _| AJ«ga h¡ &

Bgr àH$ma Qo>br{dOZ nÌH$m[aVm H$m \$bH$ AmO ~hþV {dñV¥V hmo J`m h¡ & CnJ«hM¡Zbm| H$s ~T>Vr ^r‹S> Ho$ ~rM `h EH$ à{VñnYm© Ed§ H$m¡eb H$m joÌ ~Z J`m h¡ & AmYw{ZH$g§Mma H«$m§{V _| {ZíM` hr BgH$s y{_H$m H$mo ZH$mam Zht Om gH$Vm & BgHo$ _mÜ`_ go h_maoOrdZ _| gyMZmAm| H$m {dñ\$moQ> hmo ahm h¡ & ½bmo~b {dboO `m d¡pídH$ J«m_ H$s H$ënZm H$mogmH$ma ê$n XoZo _| h _mÜ`_ g~go n« mdr hþAm & Ñí` Ed§ lì` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BgH$s ñdrH$m ©VmEd§ {dídgZr`Vm AÝ` _mÜ`_m| go A{YH$ h¡ & ^maV _| gZ 1956 _| Ama§ XyaXe©Z H$s{dH$mg`mÌm Zo AmO g^r g§Mma _mÜ`_m| H$mo nrNo> N>mo‹S> {X`m h¢ & XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm _| g_mMmag§H$bZ, boIZ Ed§ àñVw{VH$aU g§~§Yr {d{eï> j_Vm Ano{jV hmoVr h¡ & XyaXe©Z g§dmXXmVm

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KQ>Zm H$m Mb {MÌm§H$Z H$aVm h¡ VWm dh n[aM`mË_H$ {ddaU hoVw ^mfmJV gm_Ï`© Ed§ dmUrH$mo {d{eï> e¡br H$m __©k hmoVm h¡ & {d{dY ómoVm| go àmá g_mMmam| Ho$ g§nmXZ H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëdg_mMma g§nmXH$ H$m hmoVm h¡ & dh g_mMmam| H$mo _hÎd H«$_ Ho$ AZwgma H«$_~ÜX H$a g§nm{XVH$aVm h¡ VWm Cgo g_mMma dmMH$ Ho$ g_j àñVwV H$aZo `mo½` ~ZmVm h¡ & {MÌmË_H$Vm XyaXe©ZH$m àmUVËd h¡ & `h dhr VËd h¢ Omo g_mMma H$s {dídgZr`Vm Ed§ ñdrH$m`©Vm H$mo ~‹T>mVm h¡ &AmO V_m_ {ZOr Q>rdr M¡Zbm| _| g_mMma Ed§ gyMZm àYmZ H$m`©H«$_m| H$s hmoµS> bJr h¡ &gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ gdmbm| na n[aMMm©Am| Ed§ ~hg H$m Am`moOZ hmoVm ahVm h¢&à{VñnYm© Ho$ dmVmdaU go Qo>br{dOZ H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| H«$m§{V Am B© h¡ Am¡a CgH$s JwUdÎmm _|{Za§Va gwYma Am ahm h¡ &{ZîH$f© …

Bg àH$ma h_ XoIVo h¢ {H$ dV©_mZ n[adoe _| Ohm§ àog H$m Xmàm {dñV¥V hþAm h¡, dhtCgH$s _hÎmm ^r ~T>r h¡ & dh bmoJm| Ho$ hmoZo Am¡a OrZo _| ghm`H$ ~Z J`m h¡ & Xoe _| O~ VH$bmoH$V§Ì ahoJm, CgH$s àmUdÎmm ahoJr, nÌH$m[aVm H$m {dî` C‚db ahoJm & AmO Ho$ Xm¡a _| ~T>aho {dídgZr`Vm Ho$ g§H$Q>, ì`mdgm{`H$ à{VñnYm© Ed§ V_m_ X~mdm| Ho$ ~mdOyX àog H$m dOyXZ Vmo KQ>m h¡, Z H$_ hþAm h¡ & CgH$s ñdrH$m`©Vm {Za§Va ~‹T> ahr h¡, nmR>H$s`Vm ~‹T> ahr h¡,{d{dY ê${M H$s gm_J«r Am ahr h¡ Am¡a AI~mam| H$s g§»`m _| r d¥{Õ hmo ahr h¡ & BboH$Q>m°{ZH$nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| Vmo H«$m§{V gr hmo JB© h¡ &

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BZ g^r Ho$ ~mdOyX _yë`m| Ho$ ñVa na g_mO H$m nVZ hþAm h¡ & AV… CgHo$ à^mdm| gonÌH$m[aVm AbJ Zht h¡ & nÌH$m[aVm gm{hË` Ed§ gwa{M Ho$ g§ñH$ma AmO {dXm hmoVo {XI aho h¢&BgHo$ ~mdOyX V_m_ bmoJ Eogo ^r h¡, Omo ^mfm Ed§ AI~ma H$s gm_m{OH$ {Oå_oXmar H$mo boH$aH$m\$s gMoV h¡ & g§ñWmAm| H$s n{ÌH$mE§ ~§X hmoZo go EH$ ~ma bJm nÌH$m[aVm H$s Ztd S>J_Jm ahrh¢ & A{nVw BZHo$ g_mZmZ§Va joÌr` AI~mam| H$s gÎmm EH$ ~S>r e{º$ Ho$ ê$n _| gm_Zo Am`r h¡& ~mhar - ^rVar IVao Ho$ ~mdOyX h_mar nÌH$m[aVm H$m àJ{V aW gX¡d ~‹T>Vm ZOa AmVm h¡ &nÌH$m[aVm Zo ha g§H$Q> H$mo nma {H$`m h¡ & dh Bg g§H«$_U go ^r Á`mXm D$Om©dmZ Ed§ Á`mXmVoOñdr ~ZH$a gm_Zo AmEJr, ~eV} dh AnZr y{_H$m OZnj H$s ~VmE Am¡a g§H$Q> _mob boZoH$m gmhg nmbo & nÌH$m[aVm go AmO ^r gm_mÝ` OZ H$s Cå_rX| Ow‹S>r hþB© h¡ &

1.4. AnZr àJVr Om±{ME &I) EH$ dmH$` _| CÎma {b{IE &1. {H$Z g_mMma nÌm| H$mo J«m_rU _mZm OmEJm ?2. OZVm H$s g§Vw{ï> Ho$ {bE g§dmXXmVm H$`m ImoO H$aVm h¡ ?3. nÌH$m[aVm _| H$m¡Z - H$m¡Z go joÌ h¢ ?4. AÝdofUmË_H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$`m h¡ ?5. nrV nÌH$m[aVm {H$go H$hVo h¡ ?6. g§X © nÌH$m[aVm go H$`m AW© h¡ ?

1.5 nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hÎdH$moB© ^r g§ñWm hmo `m ì`{º$ dh Omo H$m`© H$aVm h¡ Cg H$m`© Ho$ H$maU CgH$m _hÎd

{ZYm©[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡ & nÌH$m[aVm {d{eï> CÔoí` H$mo gmÜ` _mZH$a H$m`© H$aVr h¡ & OZgodmnÌH$m[aVm H$m à_I CÔoí` _mZm J`m h¡ & g_mO _| gOrdVm, OmJaU, Zdñ\y${V©, J{V_`Vm,Zd-g§Mma Ho$ g§Xoe H$m àMma Ed§ àgma H$aZm ^r BgH$m CÔoí` h¢ &

_hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo OZVm _| dm§N>Zr` ^mdZmAm| H$mo OmJ¥V Ho$ {bE OZVm H$s BÀN>mAm|Am¡a {dMmam| H$mo g_PZm VWm CÝh| ì`º$ H$aZm, CgHo$ níMmV gmd©O{ZH$ Xmofm| H$mo {ZûH$Vmnyd©H$àH$Q> H$aZm nÌH$m[aVm H$m na_ CÔoí` _mZm h¡ &

g_mO _| g_Vm, ~§YwVm, em§{V, Aqhgm Am{X _hmZ VËdm| H$s à{VñWmnZm H$aZm ^rnÌH$m[aVm H$m CÔoí` _mZm J`m h¡ & gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$Am{X g§X^m] _| g_gm_m{`H$ Ed§ VmËH$m{bH$ A{YH$m{YH$ ZdrZV_ gË` OmZH$mar {ZînjVmHo$ gmW gag, ghO, ~moYJå` ^mfm _| ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo XoZm nÌH$m[aVm H$m à_wI H$m`© h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm _mZd OrdZ H$s g§nyU© Pm±H$s H$mo AnZo öX` _| g_oQo> hþE h¡ & dh amï>r`MoVZm H$s g§dm{hH$m Ho$ gmW hr d¡pídH$Vm H$s ^r g§dm{hH$m h¡ & CÞrgdt eVmãXr H$s OZVmnÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr amï>r` MoVZm Am¡a ZdOmJaU H$s e{º$ àmá H$a nm`t Wr & nÌH$m[aVmg_mO _| d¡Mm[aH$ H«$m§{V H$a A§Y{dídmgm|, Hw$àWmAm| H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo H$m H$m`© H$aVo hþE n[adV©Z bmgH$Vr h¡ & g_mO _| nÌH$m[aVm Zo AmMma {dMma Am¡a ì`dhma H$mo J{V XoZo H$m MVw{X©H$ H$m`©H$aVr h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm jU - jU _| KQ>Zodmbr {dídâ Ho$ KQ>ZmAm| H$s gyMZm OZ-OZ VH$

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nhþ±MmZo H$m H$m`© H$aVr h¡ & BgHo$ Ûmam hr Am_ OZVm H$mo gaH$ma H$s Zr{V`m|, {H«$`mH$bmnm|,J{V{d{Y`m| Am{X H$s OmZH$mar {_bVr h¢ & bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWm _| nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hËd Am¡aA{YH$ ~T>m h¡ H$`m|{H$ `h bmoH$V§Ì _| Ohm± OZVm Ho$ {hVm| Ho$ g§a{jH$m h¢ dhr Am_ OZVm H$sà{V{H«$`mAm| H$mo gaH$ma VH$ nhþ±MmH$a h gaH$ma Am¡a OZVm Ho$ ~rM H$m _hÎdnyU© g§nH©$ gyÌ^r h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm H$m EH$ à_wI H$m`© g_mO H$mo {e{jV H$aZm h¡ & g§Mma _mÜ`_m| Ho$ ÛmamOZVm H$mo n[aMMm©, gmjmËH$ma, emoYH$m`m] Am{X H$s OmZH$mar àXmZ H$a CÝh| {e{jV H$aZo _|nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ ahm h¡ & g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV g§nmXH$s` -AJ«boI, {d{dY ñV§ , amOZr{V go g§~§{YV {Q>ßn{U`m±, B§Q>aì`yd Am{X Ho$ Ûmam OZVm H$mog_gm_{`H$ {df`m| na OmZH$mar àXmZ H$a CZHo$ kmZ _| d¥pÜX H$m H$m`© nÌH$m[aVm ~Iw~rH$aVr h¡ & BgHo$ Ûmam g_mO _| d¡Mm[aH$ H«$m§{V H$m ~rO ~mo m OmVm h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm {d{^Þ ê$nm| Ûmam ì`mnma, dm{UÁ`, H¥${f, {M{H$Ëgm, ê$nm| Ûmam ì`mnma,dm{UÁ`, H¥${f, {M{H$Ëgm, {dkmZ, d¡km{ZH$m| H$s JhZ ImoO H$mo gm_mÝ` go gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$mon[a{MV H$amZo H$m H$m`© H$aVr h¡ & Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg hoVw ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo _w{ÐV, BboH$Q>m°{ZH$_mÜ`_m| Ûmam {dkmnZ, {\$ë_, n[ag§dmX Am{X moOZmAm| H$m {Zdm©h H$aVo hþE {Xem{ZX}eZ H$mH$m`© H$aVr h¡ &

h~©Q> ~wH$a Zo nÌH$m[aVm H$s ì`m»`m H$aVo hwE H$hm h¡ {H$,`h dh _mÜ`_ h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmamh_ AnZo _pñVîH$ _| Cg Xw{Z`m Ho$ ~mao _| g_ñV gyMZmE± g§H${bV H$aVo h¢ {OÝh| h_ ñdV… H$^rZht OmZ gH$Vo &

nÌH$m[aVm H$m gmÜ` AÝ`m`, AË`mMma H$m àH$meZ H$aZm, OZ_mZg H$mo `mo½` amh{XImZm, XrZ-Xw{I`m| H$s _XX H$aZo hoVw H$m`© H$aZm h¡ & dh OZVm Am¡a emgZ Ho$ _Ü` gwÑT>g§~§Ym| H$s EH$ _hÎdnyU© H$‹S>r h¡ & BgH$s ghm`Vm go hr OZV§Ì _| {dídmg H$aZodmbo Xoem| ZoCÞ{V H$s h¡ & MwZmd A{^`mZ _| n«Ë`mer AnZm KmofUm-nÌ, g_mMma-nÌ, n{ÌH$mAm|, ao{S>`mo,XyaXe©Z Am{X _mÜ`_m| Ûmam OZVm VH$ nhþ±MmVo h¢, {Oggo OZVm {Z{X©ï> nj m {gÕm§V Ho$ {ZH$Q>AmVr h¡ & gaH$ma H$s _mÝ`VmE±, Zr{V`m±, g_` g_` na H$s JB© KmofUmE± Am{X H$mo nÌH$m[aVmàH$me _| bmVr h¡ {Oggo OZVm H$m emgZV§Ì {H$Z {H$Z Zr{V`m| H$m AZwgaU H$a ahm h¡ BgH$mkmZ hmoVm h¡ & BZ Zr{V`m| Ho$ à{V OZgm_mÝ` _| ì`má à{V{H«$`mAm| H$mo r nÌH$m[aVm à{Vq~{~VH$amVr h¡ Am¡a `h {ZYm©[aV H$aZo _| ghm`H$ hmoVr h¡ {H$ bmJy H$s JB© Zr{V`m± C{MV AWdmÌwQ>rnyU© h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm Ohm± AÀNo> H$m`m] H$s àe§gm H$aVr h¡, dht AÝ`m`, X_Z, à{VemoY Am{XH$s IwbH$a ZtXm ^r H$amVr h¡ & Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>Zo na BZ H$gmB`m| H$m gm_Zm ^r H$aVr h¡ &H$^r `h OJVJwê$ H$s Vah g_mO H$mo {e{jV H$aVr h¡, Vmo H$^r Ý`m`mYre ~ZH$a {ZXm}fì`{º$ H$mo Ý`m` {XbmVr h¡, H$^r g\o$Xnmoe ZoVmAm| Ho$ Mohao go ZH$m~ hQ>mH$a CZH$s Agbr`Vg_mO Ho$ gm_Zo bmVr h¡ & nÌH$m[aVm ghr AWm] _| g_mO _| Cƒ _yë`m| Am¡a AmXem] H$sñWmnZm H$aVr h¡ &

nmañnm[aH$ gm¡hmÐ©, AZwemgZ Ed§ ñdñÏ` dmVmdaU Ho$ {Z_m©U _| nÌH$m[aVm à_wIy{_H$m {Z^mVr h¡ & g_mMma nÌm| _| {deof ñV§ m|, g§nmXH$s` boIm| Ho$ Ûmam Xoe^{º$, Ë`mJ,

AÝ`m` Ho$ {Ibm\$ g§Kf© Ho$ {bE OZVm H$mo ào[aV H$aZo H$m H$m`© r dh H$aVr h¡ & ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$



ApñVËd H$mo à^m{dV H$aZodmbr g_ñ`mE± O¡go AH$mb, àXwfU, Jar~r, OZg§»`m d¥{Õ,oX^md Am{X & BZ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ à{V gmdYmZr ~aVZo Ho$ {bE gbmh XoZm Ed§ OZVm H$mo

AJmh H$aZm ^r nÌH$m[aVm H$m H$m`© h¡ &bmoH$H$ë`mU Ed§ ñdñW _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ CËH¥$ï> gmYZ CnbãY H$amZm, BboH$Q°>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_m|

Ûmam, g§JrV, n[ag§dmX Am{X H$m`©H«$_m| H$m àgmaU H$aZm nÌH$m[aVm H$m H$m`© _mZm J`m h¡ &Bggo _Zwî` X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ H$s AnmYmnr, VZmd Am{X go _wº$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ & g_mOmon`moJr_Zmoa§OZ OZ{ejU H$m ^r H$m`© H$aVm h¡ &

_mZd ñd^mdV… Xmo ~mVm| Ho$ à{V {deof ê$n go OmJê$H$ ahVm h¡ & EH$ AnZo OrdZ _|gwIm| H$s ImoO VWm Xygao {díd H$mo A{YH$m{YH$ OmZZo H$s Moï>m, BZ XmoZm| ~mVm| _| gh`moJH$aZm nÌH$m[aVm H$m Xm{`Ëd h¡ & ì`{º$ H$m {dH$mg Am¡a CgHo$ _mÜ`_ go g_mO H$m {dH$mg rhmoVm h¡ & Bg Ñ{ï> go nÌH$m[aVm H$mo _Zwî` H$s A§VÑ©{ï> H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo H$m H$m`© {Z^mZm hmoVmh¡ & BgH$m H$maU h¡ {H$ O~ à{V{XZ _Zwî` ZdrZV_ I~am| go n[a{MV hmoVm h¡ &, Vmo CÝh|OmZH$a dh AnZo ghO ñd^md Ho$ H$maU Am§Xmo{bV hmoVm h¡ & Hw$N> g_mMma CgH$s MoVZm H$moPH$PmoaVo h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> Cgo nrNo> YHo$bZo _| `moJ XoVo h¢ & Bgr go _Zwî` H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ &

Cn`w©º$ {ddoMZ _| nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {OZ à_wI CÔoí`m| Ed§ H$m`m] H$m C„oI {H$`m h¡, CZH$m{Zdm©h H$aZm nÌH$m[aVm H$m Xm{`Ëd h¡ Am¡a O~ dh BZ H$m`m] Ed§ CÔoí`m| H$s ny{V© H$aVm h¡, Vmog_mO _| CgH$m _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm H$s _hÎmm H$m à{VnmXZ H$aZodmbo {d{^Þ _V Bg Ñ{ï> go C„oIZr` h¢ & doBg àH$ma h¢ - nÌH$m[aVm H$mo _¢ aU y{_ go r A{YH$ ~‹S>r MrµO g_PVm hÿ± & h H$moB© noem Zht~pëH$ noeo go H$moB© D±$Mr MrO h¡ & h EH$ OrdZ h¡, {Og_| _|Zo AnZo H$mo ñdoÀN>mnyd©H$ g_{n©V{H$`m h¡ & - Ooåg _¡H$S>moZëS>

àñVwV _V Ho$ AZwgma nÌH$m[aVm Ho$db ì`dgm` Zht A{nVw dh EH$ g_mOgdm h¡ &{Og_| gX² md, gä`Vm, gË` Ho$ àgma H$m hoVw hmoVm h¢ &

2)nÌH$m[aVm nm§Mdm doX h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam h_ kmZ - {dkmZ g§~§Yr ~mVm| H$mo OmZH$a AnZo

~§X _pñVîH$ H$mo ImobVo h¢ &&- B§Ð {dÚmdmMñn{V

àñVwV _V _| nÌH$m[aVm H$mo nm±Mdm doX _mZm J`m h¡ & ^maVr` na§nam Mmam| doXm| H$m_mZd OrdZ _| _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ _mZVr h¡ & {Og àH$ma F$½doX H$m à_wI {df` XodVmAm| H$sàe§gm Ed§ kmZ, Òwd}X H$m na_nX àm{á hoVy H$_© {gÕm§V, gm_doX CnmgZm nÕ{V Ed§ JmZ,AWd©doX H$m g_mO, amï>, amÁ`, amOZr{V Am{X {df`m| H$m kmZ h¡ Cgr àH$ma nÌH$m[aVmà{V{XZ, à{VjU _mZd g_mO H$s J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo Zra - jra {ddoH$ Ed§ Hw$eb {M{H$ËgH$ Ho$ê$n _| g§àofUr`Vm Ho$ gmW OZgm_mÝ` H$mo {díd n[adoe Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>Vr h¡ & h H$m`© CZ _yë`m|H$s {Z`m{_H$m Ho$ ê$n _| H$aVo hþE _mZd OrdZ H$m AmYma ~Z OmVr h¢ & Bgr H$maU nÌH$m[aVmH$mo nm±Mdm doX H$hm J`m h¡ &

3) ItMm| Z Vbdmam| H$mo Z H$_mZ {ZH$mbmo,O~ Vmon _wH$m{~b hmo VH$ AI~ma {ZH$mbmo &&

- AH$~a Bbmh~mXr

/ 25

Bg _V _| nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ gm_Ï`© H$mo A{^ì`º$ {H$`m J`m h¡ & {Ogo Zonmo{b`Z ~moZmnmQ©>Zo ^r _mZm Wm Am¡a `h H$hm Wm {H$,Mma {damoYr g_mMmanÌ Mma hOma g§JrZm| go A{YH$IVaZmH$ hmoVo h¢ & Bg ~hþ lwV _V Ho$ AZwgma nÌH$m[aVm H$s AnZr EH$ e{º$ hmoVr h¡ &

4) nÌH$m[aVm g_mMmam| H$m g§H$bZ, boIZ Am¡a àñVwVrH$aU h¡ & nÌH$ma VmËH$m{bH$KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a g_ñ`mAm| H$m `WmW© Am¡a {Zînj dU©Z nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo àñVwV H$aVm h¡ &

Bg àH$ma {d{^Þ {dMmam| VWm kmZdY©H$ gyMZmAm| H$mo nmR>H$m| VH$ g§ào{fV H$aZo H$mgeº$ _mÜ`_ nÌH$m[aVm h¡ &

nÌH$m[aVm godm{Y{ð>V ì`dgm` h¡ & gË` Ed§ dmñV{dH$ VÏ`m| H$mo OZVm VH$ nhþ±MmZo Ho$gmW hr OZVm H$mo AnZo g_mMma-nÌ H$s Amoa AmH${f©V H$aZo Ho$ {bE {MÌm|, {dkmnZm|,à^mdnyU© gmO - g‚mm Ed§ a§JrZ _wÐU Am{X VËdm| H$mo AnZmZo na ~b {X`m OmVm h¡ & Am{W©H$bm^ H$s Ñ{ï> go `m {dVaU H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg_| {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡ & A{YH$m{YH$ ZdrZV_OmZH$mar nmR>H$m| VH$ `WmerK« AÝ` _mÜ`_m| go nyd© `m gd©àW_ nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE à`mg {H$òOmVo h¢ & OZê${M H$mo n«_wI _mZH$a àH$meZ, àgmaU H$aZo H$m H$m`© ì`mdgm{`H$ X¥{ï> go hr{H$`m OmVm h¡ & h {ZpíMV h¡ {H$, nÌH$m[aVm _| ì`mdgm{`H$Vm godm{Y{ð>V gr_m VH$ hr hmoZrMm{hE &

nÌH$m[aVm godm{Y{ð>V ì`dgm` Ho$ gmW H$bm r h¡ & A{^ì`{º$ nÌH$m[aVm H$m _ybmYmah¡ Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm A{^ì`{º$ H$s _Zmoa_ H$bm h¡ & H$bm H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ _mÌ à{ejUgo Bg_| à^m{dVm {Z_m©U H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ & OZmH$f©H$ àñVwVrH$aU H$mo _hÎd {X`m OmVm h¡ &H$moB© ^r _Zwî` àËòH$ dñVw H$mo gm\$-gwWar Am¡a gOr g±dar XoIZm MmhVm h¡ & nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm|H$mo r dh gOr-g±dar XoIZm MmhVm h¡ & Bg g§~§Y _| _mH}$Q>_ÝoZ Zo H$hm h¡ {H$,g_mMmanÌ H$monhbo gw§Xa {XImZm Mm{hE, {\$a gË` H$m à{VnmXZ H$aZm Mm{hE &

1.6 nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ àH$ma1.6. 1. qàQ> _r{S>`m - g_mMma nÌ1. 6. 2. ao{S>`mo nÌH$m[aVm

nÌH$m[aVm H$m Xygam _w»` àH$ma ao{S>`mo nÌH$m[aVm h¡ & Bg_| AmH$medmUr H$m _hÎd h¡& AmH$medmUr Ho$ g_mMmam| H$m g§H$bZ, g§nmXZ, boIZ Ed§ àñVw{V _| nÌH$mam| H$s Oê$aVhmoVr h¡ & BgHo$ A{V[aº$ g_gm_{`H$ MMm©Am|, {ejm àYmZH$m`©H«$_m| Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ H$m`©H«$_m|Ho$ g§ moOZ Am¡a àñVw{V hoVw nÌH$mam| H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ &

nÌH$ma S>mD$qZJ boXa dwS> Ho$ AZwgma,ao{S>`mo g_mMma {H$gr n[apñW{V, am` Am¡a pñW{VH$s ghr gyMZm h¡, Eogr gyMZm {Og_| CZ bmoJm| H$s {XbMñnr hmo {OZHo$ {bE A{^àoV hmo &

ao{S>`mo go g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Z àgm[aV {H$E OmVo h¡ & VmËH$m{bH$Vm, {ZH$Q>Vm, _hÎd VWm^md ao{S>`mo g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Zm| Ho$ _hÎdnyU© A§J h¡ & g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Z V¡ ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE g_`H$m AË`{YH$ A^md ahVm h¡ & g_mMma àgm[aV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gm_mÝ`V`m 5, 10 m 15 {_ZQ>H$m g_` {ZYm©[aV ahVm h¡ & BVZo WmoSo> g_` Ho$ A§VJ©V ao{S>`mo g_mMma g§nmXH$ H$mo g_mMma~wbo{Q>Z V¡ ma H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & 15 {_ZQ> Ho$ g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Zmo _| gw~h Am¡a amV H$mo àgm[aV{H$E OmVo h¢, CZ_| bJ^J 1500 go 2000 eãX n‹To> OmVo h¢ & g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Z joÌr` mfmAm|_| V¡ ma {H$E OmVo h¢ & joÌ H$s {dembVm, ^mfm H$s AZoH$Vm, joÌJV A§Va, lmoVmAm| H$s



A{^ê${M`m| _| {d{dYVm Am{X g^r g_ñ`mAm| H$mo ZOa _| aIZm n‹S>Vm h¢ & AÀN>m Am¡aAmH$f©H$ g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Z V¡ ma H$aZm EH$ H$bm h¡ & Cg_| n[aewÕVm Am¡a EH$Vm H$m g_mdoehmoZm hr Mm{hE & g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Z, _hËdnyU© {df`m|na dmVm©E± Am¡a n[aMMm©E§, gm{hpË`H$AmbmoMZm, nwñVH$ g_rjm, g_mMma {díbofU, àñVw{VH$aU Am{X ao{S>`mo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {d{^ÞA§J _mZo OmVo h¢ &ao{S>`mo g_mMma {bIVo g_` {ZåZm§{H$V ~mVm| na Ü`mZ XoZm Amdí`H$ h¢ …1) g_mMma g§{já A{nVw ñd`§ _| n[anyU© hmo &2) Eogm g_mMma Omo _hÎdnyU© AWdm bmoH$ê${M AWdm ì`mnH$ OZ{hV H$m hmo, dh {dñVma go

{bIm Om gH$Vm h¡ {\$a ^r Cg_| H$gmdQ> hmoZr Mm{hE&3) g_mMma H$s {dídgZr`Vm Ed§ _yë` H$mo naIZo Ho$ ~mX hr Cgo ñdrH$ma {H$`m OmE&4) g_mMma H$s {dídgZr`Vm ~T>mZo hoVw Amdí`H$VmAZwgma Cg_| Am±H$‹So> VWm g_mMma Ho$

ómoVm| H$m ^r C„oI hmoZm Mm{hE bo{H$Z g_mMma H$s _yb AmË_m ^r gwa{jV ahZrMm{hE &

5) g_mMma {bIVo g_` H$ht r IwX Ho$ {dMmam| H$m à^md Cg na Zht nS>Zm Mm{hE, g_mMma_| {Z{hV VÏ` gwa{jV ah| &

6) àmXo{eH$ ^mfm H$m AÀN>m kmZ Ed§ Cgr Ho$ AZwgma ^mfm H$m à`moJ hmoZm Mm{hE &7) g_mMma H$mo AZw{XV H$aVo g_` AZwdmXH$ H$mo bú` ^mfm Ed§ ómoV ^mfm H$m kmZ hmoZm

Mm{hE & XmoZm| ^mfmAm| H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ n¥ð> y{_ Ho$ gmW CZHo$ ì`mH$aU,dmH$àMZm, _whmdam| Am{X H$m kmZ Amdí`H$ h¡ &

8) g_mMma {bIZo Ho$ ~mX g_mMma H$m gmao VËd Cg_| g_m{hV h¡ `m Zht BgH$s Om±M H$aZrMm{hE &

9) h r XoIZm Mm{hE H$s g_mMma H$s mfm _| H$gmda h¢ m Zht, eãX ~mo{Pb Z hm|, AYwaodmH$` Am¡a {Û AW©dmbo eãXm| H$m à`moJ Z hþAm hmo&

10) g_mMma gË` KQ>Zm na AmYm[aV, VmËH$m{bH$, ZdrZVm {bE hE, amoMH$ hmoZm Mm{hE &

1.6.3. XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm …XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm H$m ñdê$n ao{S>`mo d g_mMmanÌm| Ho$ g_mMmam| go AbJ h¢ & g_mMmanÌm|

_o§ g_mnmMa Ho$db lì` h¢, dhr XyaXe©Z h ÑH$-lmì` _mÜ`_ hmoZo go g_mMma n‹To>, gwZo Am¡aXoIo OmVo h¢ & Ho$~b Q>r.dr. Ho$ ~T>Vo àMbZ go A~ Mm¡~rg K§Qo> Ý`yO M¡Zb H$m {gb{gbmAma§ hmo J`m h¡ & E.~r.~r. Ý`yO, AmOVH$, B§{S>`m Qw>So>, Pr Ý`yO O¡go Ý`yO M¡Zb nÌH$m[aVm_| AnZm `moJXmZ àXmZ H$a aho h¢ &

XyaXe©Z H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$m joÌ AË`§V ì`mnH$ h¡ & h EH$ Q>r_ dH©$ h¡ {Og_| H¡$_am_¡Z,g§dmXXmVm, àñVwVH$Vm©, VH$ZrH$s H$_©Mmar Am¡a g§nmXH$ Am{X em{_b hmoVo h¢ & BZ g~Ho$ _Ü`g_Ýd` Amdí`H$ h¢ & XyaXe©Z na g_mMma V¡ ma H$aVo g_` nÌH$mam| H$mo {ZåZm§{H$V ~mVm| H$moÜ`mZ _| aIZm n‹S>Vm h¢ -1.6.3.1. {MÌmË_H$Vm …

nÌH$m[aVm H$s {H$gr ^r {dYm _| Xwhamd Zht hmoZm Mm{hE & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ EH$ hrg_mMma H$mo {H$gr ^r ê$n _| àñVwV Zht H$aZm Mm{hE & {MÌ AnZr ~mV H$h ahm h¡ V~ dhm

/ 27

eãXm| H$m à`moJ Z hmo & XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm _| g_mMma {bIVo g_` CgHo$ Cg A§e H$mo A{YH$COmJa {H$`m OmVm h¡, {Og_| {MÌ `m Ñí` H$m à`moJ H$aZo H$s g§ mdZm hmo & {H$gr g_mMma _|KQ>ZmñWb H$m {MÌ Z hmo V~ nwamZo \$mBb {MÌm| AWdm n|qQ>½O H$s ghm`Vm br OmE & BggoZrag g_mMma H$mo a§JrZ {MÌm| go gag, amoMH$, {dídgZr` Ed§ à^mdnyU© ~Zm {X`m OmVm h¡ &

1.6.3.2. [anmoQ©> …XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm _| KQ>ZmñWb H$s [anmoQ©> AWdm ñnï> {deof ê$n go Cn`moJ _| bm`r

OmVr h¡ & Bg_| {H$gr g_mMma H$mo CgHo$ n¥ð> y{_ Ho$ gmW gmW Ñí` ê$n _| {H$gr g§dmXXmVmAWdm AÝ` ì`{º$ Ho$ ñda _| àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Eogm H$a H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _| A{YH$kmZdY©H$ gm_J«r Ed§ gyMZm ào{fV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ & Eogm H$aVo g_` g_mMma dmMH$ H$_~mobVm h¡ Am¡a g§dmXXmVm Xe©H$m| go grYo g§nH©$ _| ahVm h¡ &

[anmoQ©> ~ZmVo g_` `h Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm _| à`wº$ _whmdam| `m H$WZm|go ~MZm Mm{hE & CXmhaUmW©, A~ h_ XoIVo h¢..., h_ `h Ñí` XoI aho h¢, A~ `h Xo{IE,`h ZoVm, dh _§Ìr, àYmZ_§Ìr H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$,.............., CÝhm|Zo AmJo H$hm............Bg Vah Ho$ dmH$`m|o, _whmdam| H$m à`moJ Zht hmoZm Mm{hE & Xe©H$m| H$m `h ~Vm`m OmE {H$,àYmZ_§Ìr Bg ñWmZ m g^m _| JE dhm± OmH$a CÝhm|Zo H$`m H$hm, {H$g àH$ma H$hm h g~ Cgg_` Ho$ Ñí` {XImH$a Xe©H$m| H$mo g_PmZm Mm{hE & AWm©V² [anmoQ>tJ `WmVÏ` hmo Bg ~mV naÜ`mZ XoZm Mm{hE & XyaXe©Z g_mMmam| H$s g~go ~‹S>r Oê$aV Xe©H$m| H$mo Xoe - {dXoe Ho$g_mMmam| VH$ bo OmZm h¢ & `h CgH$s g\$bVm ^r h¡ & Bgo dh gwg§JV {MÌm|, MmQ©>, J«m\$,ñQ>rëg, J«m{\$H$g Am{X Ûmam n«ñVwV H$aVm h¢ &1.6.3.3. KQ>ZmH«$_ _| VmaVå`Vm …

XyaXe©Z _| CÎm_ g_mMma àñVw{V V^r _mZr OmVr h¡ O~ KQ>ZmAm| H$s gyMZm m {ddaUg_mMma dmMH$ XoVm aho Am¡a BgHo$ gmW hr Bggo g§~Õ {MÌ ^r N>moQo> nX} na {XImB© XoVo h¢ &XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm _| hr g~go _hÎdnyU© VWm AmXe© pñW{V h¡ & h {dOwAb MmQ©> H$mQw©>Z Am¡aAm±H$‹S>m| Ho$ ê$n _| I~am| Ho$ AZwê$n hmoZm Mm{hE & H$B© ~ma XyaXe©Z g_mMma - à^mJ H$sbmnadmhr go g_mMma Hw$N> H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ gmW {dÁ`wAb Hw$N> Xygar Vah Ho$ {XImEOmVo h¢ & `h pñW{V XyaXe©Z Ho$ {bE hmñ`ñnX Am¡a KmVH$ h¡ &

XyaXe©Z g_mMma {Z_m©U H$aVo g_` nÌH$ma H$mo Xmo n[apñW{V`m| _| H$m_ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¢& EH$ Amoa Cgo Cg {XZ Ho$ _hÎdnyU© g_mMmam| H$mo EH${ÌV H$a CZ na g_mMma AmboI Am¡a{Q>ßn{U`m± ~ZmZr n‹S>Vr h¢ Am¡a Xygar Amoa XyaXe©Z g_mMma à^mJ Ûmam {ZX}{eV H¡$_am Q>r_ CZg_mMma pñW{V`m| H$s Vñdra| boVm ahVm h¡ Am¡a {\$ë_ ~ZmVm h¡ & `h nÌH$m[aVm go g§b¾ Xmo^mJ h¢ Omo AbJ AbJ ~ZVo h¢ & AV… g_mMma àgmaU go nyd© BZ XmoZm| H$s g§J{V Amdí`H$h¢ & AWm©V² BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ Ý`yO J¡Q> [aJ (B©.EZ.Or.) Ûmam Omo gm_J«r bm`r OmVr h¡, CÝh| g_mMmaAmboI ~ZmZodmbm| H$mo nhbo hr XoI boZm Amdí`H$ h¡ V^r dh g_mMmam| Ho$ boIZ Am¡a CgH$sÑí`mdbr àñVw{V _| g§J{V ~¡R>m gH$Vm h¡ & {d{^Þ Ñí`mdbr H$s Ad{Y na Ü`mZ XoZm ^rAmdí`H$ h¢ & gm_mÝ`V… EH$ goH§$X _| VrZ eãX ~mobo OmZo Mm{hE & XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm _|gm_mÝ` {Z`_ na Ü`mZ XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ {H$ g_` H$m nyar Vah Cn`moJ hmo Am¡a H$moB© ^rjU Imbr Z OmE &



1.6.3.4. g§{jáVm …`h XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm H$s EH$ gm_mÝ` eV© h¡ & {b{IV Am¡a ~mobo JE g_mMmam| H$s

Anojm {XImE OmZodmbo g_mMma A§e H$m `hm± {deof _hÎd h¢& A{YH$ eãX {MÌmË_H$A{^ì`{º$ _| ~mYm CËnÞ H$a gH$Vo h¢ & AV… XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm _| boIH$ Ed§ g§nmXH$ H$mo BgVÏ` na {deof Ü`mZ XoZm Mm{hE &1.6.3.5. g_mMma àñVw{V

XyaXe©Z g_mMmam| Ho$ àñVw{VH$aU _| VH$ZrH$s H$m_ Á`mXm h¢ H$`m|{H$ H¡$_am, AmCQ>gmBQ>~«m°S>H$mpñQ§>J, BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ Ý`yO J¡X[aJ (BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ nÌH$m[aVm), H¡$_H$mS©>a (H¡$_am [aH$m°S©>a)ñQ¢>S> Ana, ñQw>{S>`mo ñnm°Q> Am{X {d{Y`m| H$m VH$ZrH$s ghmam {b`m OmVm h¡ & AWm©V XyaXe©Zg_mMma ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE nhbo nyar VH$ Q>r_ H$m_ H$aVr h¡ {Og_| H¡$_am_¡Z, [aH$m°{S©>ñQ>, bmBQ>A{gñQ§>Q> VWm g_mMma à^mJ H$m EH$ ì`{º$ hmoVm h¡ & nyao g_mMmam| (Cg g_` {XImE OmZodmbo)Ho$ _hËdnyU© {hñgm| H$mo {\$ë_m`m OmVm h¡, CgH$s [aH$m{Sª>J H$s OmVr h¢, VWm Cg_| Üd{Z H$mC{MV g_mdoe hmo, BgH$m Ü`mZ aIm OmVm h¢ & H$B© ~ma XyaXe©Z g_mMma Q>r_ H$mo ~mha OmH$ag_mMma oOZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & g§dmXXmVm BgHo$ {bE AmCQ> gmBS> ~«mS>H$mñQ> (Amo.~r.) d¡Z H$mà`moJ H$aVm h¡ & Bg g_` g§dmXXmVm AnZr Oê$aV Ho$ AZwgma dhm± H$m g_mMma {MÌm| Ho$ gmWg§H${bV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a _`H«$modod AWdm CnJ«h V§Ìm|Ûmam AnZo [abo ñQo>eZ (àgmaU H|$Ð) H$mo

oOVm h¡ &g_mMma àgm[aV H$aZo go nhbo {d{S>`mo H°$goQ> [aH$m°S©>a H$mo ñnrH$g© VWm _m°{ZQ>a go

Omo‹S>H$a nyd© àXe©Z H$m°nr ~Zm`r OmVr h¡ {Ogo aeoO H$hVo h¢ & aeoO XoIH$a hr g_mOma Qo>nm| H$moA§{V_ Vm¡a na àgmaU Ho$ {bE V¡ ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Bgr g_` [aH$m°S©>a _erZ bJmH$ag_mmMmam| H$m A§{V_ Qo>n V¡ ma {H$`m OmVm h¢ & Bg A§{V_ ê$n H$mo XoZo Ho$ {bE H$B© AÝ` N>moQ>r-_moQ>r à{H«$`mAm| go JwOaZm hmoVm h¡, O¡go - Om°J,BZ, EÝQ>r, Am¡a Q>r_ & gmao N>moQo>-N>moQo> aeoO H$moR>rH$ go A§{V_ ê$n go Omo‹S>Zo H$s EH$ b§~r na§Vw N>moQ>r à{H«$`m H$m ghmam boZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & A§{V_àgmaU g_mMma Qo>n go nhbo CgH$m EH$ àrì`w hmoVm h¡ {Oggo A§{V_ Vm¡a na g§nmXH$ g§Vwï> hmoVmh¡ Am¡a A§{V_ Qo>n V¡ ma H$ao H$s AZw_{V XoVm h¡ & Bgo BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ pñßbqQ>J (Póý_~YWKýÅ>@PK__KWõ) H$hm OmVm h¡ & BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ pñßbqQ>J H$a boZo Ho$ ~mX {MÌ, J«m\$ Am{X H$moMwZH$a A§{V_ ê$n go àmoS>H$eZ A{gñQ|>Q> H$mo gm¢n {X`m OmVm h¡ & XyaXe©Z g_mMmam| H$màñVw{VH$aU dmñVd _| g_mMma boIZ go Á`mXm EH$ VH$ZrH$s à{H«$`m h¡ &1.6.3.6. g§ mfUerbVm

{H$gr Ho$ ~`mZ H$mo Cgr Ho$ _wI go H$hbdmZm g§ mfUerbVm h¢ & O¡go {H$gr àXoe Ho$_w»`_§Ìr AnZo àXoe Ho$ {dff`H$ _hËdnyU© OmZH$mar Xo aho hm| V~ CZHo$ dº$ì`dmbr Ñí`mdmbr{XImZr Mm{hE & Cg g_` g_mMma dmMH$ Mwßnr gmYo gwZVm aho, H$moB© r {Q>ßnUr Cº$ dº$ì`Ho$ ~rM Z H$a| & Bggo dh g_mMma {dídgZr`, {d{dYVmnyU©, amoMH$ Am¡a A{dñ_aUr` ~ZOmVm h¡ &1.6.3.7 g_` gmnoj

g_` H$m Ü`mZ aIZm XyaXe©Z Ho$ {bE A{Zdm`© eV© h¡ & gyMZm H«$m§{V Ho$ à{V`mo{JVm wJ_| H$B© M¡Zb 24 K§Qo> g_mMma XoVo ahVo h¢ {Og_| g_` gr_m H$s g_ñ`m Zht ahVr & {\$a ^rg§dmXXmVm H$mo g_` H$m Ü`mZ aIZm n‹S>Vm h¢ & Xr g§dmXXmVm g_` MyH$ OmE§ Vmo dhr g_mMma

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Xygam M¡Zb bo OmEJm & H$B© ~ma g_mMma ~wbo{Q>Z àgm[aV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX, ~rM _| hr AË`§V_hÎdnyU© g_mMma Am OmVm h¡ & Eogo g_mMma H$mo âb¡e Ho$ ê$n _| àgm[aV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ &g_mMma dmMH$ A^r-A^r {_bo g_mMma Ho$ ê$n _| Cgo ~wbo{Q>Z _| gpå_{bV H$a boVm h¡ &H$^r - H$^r nyam g_mMma Z {_bZo na [anmoQ©> H$s AWdm {dñV¥V {ddaU H$s à{Vjm H$h H$a ZEg_mMma H$s Amoa ~‹T> gH$Vo h¢ &1.6.4. B§Q>aZoQ> nÌH$m[aVm

21dt eVmãXr Ho$ Bg gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s `wJ go nhbo gwMZm Ho$ VrZ _mÜ`_ à{gÕ Wo &g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$mE±, ao{S>`mo Am¡a XyaXe©Z & A~ gmB~a OZ©{bÁ_ `m B§Q>aZoQ> nÌH$m[aVm H$mXm¡a h¡ & nona-noZ-bog nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Bg `wJ _| B§Q>aZoQ> nÌH$m[aVm Zo EH$ Zò `wJ H$m gyÌnmV{H$`m h¡ & `h EH$ Z`r Vah H$s nÌH$m[aVm h¡ {Og_| gyMZm hmBdo na AmYm[aV g_rjm, hmñ`gm_J«r Am¡a A§VÑ©{ï> Am{X {hñgo g§nmXH$s` ~ZVo h¢ & B§Q>aZoQ> nÌH$m[aVm _| A§J«oOr ^mfm H$mEH$m{YH$ma gm Wm A{nVw {nN>bo Hw$N> dfm] _| Bg_| n[adV©Z hþE h¢ & A~ qhXy g_mMma nÌm| Ho$gmW àmXo{eH$ g_mMma nÌm| H$mo ^r do~gmBQ²>g CnbãY h¢ & B§Xm¡a Ho$ Z`r Xw{Z`m g_mMma nÌÛmam do~ Xw{Z`m Ho$ Zm_ go qhXr _| nhbm g_mMma nmoQ©>b ewê$ H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr qhXr ^mfm _|B§Q>aZoQ> nÌH$m[aVm _| EH$ `wJ H$s ewéAmV hþB© & 31 {Xg§~a 2000 VH$ ^maV gaH$ma Ho$n§Or`H$ H$m`m©b` _| XO© gyMr Ho$ AZwgma qhXr _| 2363 X¡{ZH$ g_mMma nÌ, 6610 gmám{hH$,2664 nm{jH$, 3386 _m{gH$, 628 Ì¡_m{gH$, 216 N>_mhr, 33 dm{f©H$ g_mMmanÌ, n{ÌH$mE§àH$m{eV hmo ahr h¢ & na§Vw 2363 g_mMmanÌm| _| go 20 Ho$ r B§Q>aZoQ> g§H$aU Zht Wo & gmám{hH$_m{gH$ n{ÌH$mAm| B§{S>`m Qw>So> Ho$ Abmdm AÝ` do~gmBQ> CnbãY Zht h¡ & gm{hpË`H$ _m{gH$n{ÌH$mAm| _| h§g H$s do~gmBQ> h¡, dh r do~ Xw{Z`m Ho$ EH$ I§S> Ho$ ê$n _| CnbãY h¡ & Hw$N> dfm]nhbo gm{hË` H$mo g_{n©V EH$ do~gmBQ> bm§M H$s J`r - {bQ>ab dëS©> S>m°Q> H$m°_ `h gmám{hH$n{ÌH$m h¡ {OgH$m H$moB© qàQ> g§ñH$aU Zht h¡ & AmO qhXr Ho$ 50 à{VeV g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$mE§do~gmBQ> na CnbãY h¡ bo{H$Z A{YH$Va g_mMma nÌm| H$s do~gmBQ²>g h¡ Omo g_mMma nÌm| _|N>nr I~am| H$mo Á`m| H$m Ë`m| do~gmBQ²>g na S>mb XoVr h¢ &

MmQ©> 1.3. nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ àH$ma

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1.7. dV©_mZ `wJ _| nÌH$m[aVm H$s pñW{Vha Xoe H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s AnZr EH$ Oê$aV hmoVr h¡ & Cgr Ho$ _wVm{~H$ dhm§ H$s

nÌH$m[aVm H$m Voda V` hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AnZr EH$ AbJ na§nam ~ZVr h¡ & Bg Ñ{ï> go AJa XoImOmE Vmo maV H$s nÌH$m[aVm Am¡a npíM_r Xoem| H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| ~w{Z`mXr ñVa na AZoH$ A§Va{XIm`r XoVo h¡ & ^maV H$mo AmµOmX H$amZo _| `hm§ H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s y{_H$m _hÎdnyU© ahr h¡ &Eogm CXmhaU {H$gr npíM_r Xoe H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| XoIZo H$mo Zht {_bVm & AmµOmXr H$m _µH$gXgm_Zo hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `hm§ H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| EH$ AbJ àH$ma H$m Voda {dH${gV hþAm & bo{H$Zg_` Ho$ gmW `hm± H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s àmW{_H$VmE§ n[ad{V©V hþB© Am¡a H$m\$s ^Q>H$md Am`m &npíM_r Xoem| H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| ^r n[adV©Z hþAm bo{H$Z dhm§ Omo n[adV©Z hþAm Cg_| ~w{Z`mXñVa na ^maV O¡gm n[adV©Z Zht Am`m & BZ n[adV©Zm| Ho$ ~mdOyX A^r ^r ha Xoe H$snÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$ Vah H$m Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ & bo{H$Z Xw{Z`mâ _| Bg ~mV na Am_gh_{V {XIVr h¡ {H$ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| {JamdQ> Am`r h¡ & Bg {JamdQ> H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bEha OJh AnZo-AnZo n[adoe H$s Oê$aVm| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a gwPmd {XE JE & hmbm§{H$, Hw$N>~mV| Eogr h¡, {OÝh| ha ñWmZ na nÌH$m[aVm H$s H$gm¡Q>r ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Eogr hr Zm¡ ~mVm| H$moA_o[aH$m H$s H$_oQ>r Am°\$ H$ÝgS©> OZ©{bñQ> Zo gm_Zo aIm h¡ &

dV©_mZ `wJ _| nÌH$m[aVm H$s H`m pñW{V`m§ h¢, `h XoIZo go nyd© A_o[aH$m H$s H$_oQ>rAm°\$ H$ÝgS©> OZ©{bñQ> Ho$ ~mao _| g§jon _| MMm© H$a|Jo & H§$gS©> eãX H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ & AV…H$_oQ>r Am°\$ H§$gS©> OZ©{bñQ> d¡go nÌH$mam|, àH$meH$m|, _r{S>`m _m{bH$m| Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm Ho$à{ejU go Ow‹So> bmoJm| H$s g{_{V h¡ Omo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ^{dî` H$mo boH$a qM{VV h¢ & `h g{_{VnÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ^{dî` H$mo gwa{jV ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ Üò go à`mgaV ahVr h¡ {H$ Bg joÌ _| H$m_H$aZodmbo bmoJ nÌH$m[aVm H$mo AÝ` noem| H$s Vah Z g_P| & A{nVw, EH$ {deof Vah H$sgm_m{OH$ {Oå_oXmar H$mo {Z^mVo hE nÌH$ma H$m_ H$a| & Bg g{_Vr H$s Ztd 1667 _| aIr JB©Wr & Cg {XZ hmdS©> \¡$H$ëQ>r H$b~ _| nƒrg nÌH$ma EH${ÌV hþE Wo & Bg_| Hw$N> MmoQ>r Ho$g§nmXH$ Wo Am¡a Hw$N> ao{S>`mo Ed§ Qo>{b{dOZ Ho$ OmZo - _mZo Mohao Wo & BZ nƒrg bmoJm| _|nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ à{ejU go Ow‹So> Hw$N> _hÎdnyU© bmoJ Am¡a Hw$N> ~‹So> boIH$ ^r em{_b Wo & dhm±_m¡OyX gmao bmoJm| _| EH$ g_mZVm Wr & dh ò {H$ g^r Bg ~mV na gh_V Wo {H$ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$joÌ _| Hw$N> J§ ra Ìw{Q>`m§ Am J`r h¢ & CÝh| Bg ~mV H$s ^r qMVm Wr {H$ AmO nÌH$m[aVm H$sOZVm Ho$ {hVm| H$m nmofU Z H$a H$ht Z H$ht OZ{hV H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ±Mm ahr h¡ & Bg ~mV na rg~H$s gh_Vr Wr {H$ Bg pñW{V _| nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ à{V AnZr {Oå_oXmar H$mo {Z^mVo hþE Hw$N> ZHw$N> H$X_ CR>mZm Amdí`H$ h¢ & Bgr ~mV H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a H$_oQ>r Am°\$ H§$gS©> OZ©{bñQ> H$mJR>Z {H$`m J`m & JR>Z Ho$ níMmV Bg g{_{V Zo Xmo dfm] VH$ nÌH$mam| Am¡a bmoJm| Ho$ ~rMbJmVma H$m_ {H$`m & Bg g{_{V Zo BH$H$sg Jmo{ð>`m| H$m Am`moOZ {J`m, {Og_| VrZ hOma goA{YH$ bmoJ gpå_{bV hþE & BgHo$ ì`{V[aº$ BZ Jmo{ð>`m| _| J§ raVm go H$m_ H$a aho h¢ VrZ Vm¡go A{YH$ nÌH$mam| H$s r ^mJrXmar aht & g{_Vr Zo {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ emoYmWu`m| H$mo ^r AnZogmW Omo‹S>m & emoYm{W© m| Zo gm¡ go A{YH$ nÌH$mam| go nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _yë`m| na AmYm[aV b§~ogmjmËH$ma {H$E & nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| na AmYm[aV Xmo gd}jU ^r Bg g{_{V Zo {H$E &g{_Vr Zo Z nÌH$mam| Ho$ nÌH$m[aVm OrdZ H$m ^r AÜ``Z {H$`m {OZgo g{_Vr Zo ~mVMrV H$sWr & BgHo$ Ûmam CZ nÌH$mam| H$s àmW{_H$VmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| ^r OmZH$mar OwQ>mB© J`r {OZgo

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~mVMrV H$a g{_{V Hw$N> _hÎdnyU© {ZU© boZodmbr Wr & Xmo dfm] VH$ H${R>Z n[al_ H$a VWmg_mO Ho$ {^Þ-{^Þ bmoJm| Ho$ AZw dm| H$mo ghoOZo Ho$ níMmV g{_Vr Zo EH$ nwñVH$ àH$m{eVH$s& Bg nwñVH$ H$m Zm_ h¢ - Ebr_|Q> Am°\$ OZ©{bÁ_& {~b H$modmM Am¡a Q>m°_ amogmo{eAb BgnwñVH$ Ho$ a{M`Vm h¡ & Bgr nwñVH$ _| g{_{V Zo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ~w{Z`mXr VËd Ho$ Vm¡a na Zm¡ ~mVm|H$mo gm_Zo aIm h¢ & BÝht Zm¡ VÎdm| H$s H$gm¡Q>r na Xw{Z`m Ho$ ha Xoe H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$mo H$g H$aXoIZo go H$B© ~mV| AnZo Amn ñnï> hmoJr &

g{_{V Zo AnZo AÜ``Z Am¡a emoY Ho$ ~mX Bg ~mV H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m h¡ {H$ gË` H$mogm_Zo bmZm nÌH$ma H$m Xm{`Ëd h¡ & H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ `h Vmo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ nma§nm[aH$~w{Z`mXr {gÕm§Vm| _| em{_b ahm hr h¡ & A{nVw `hm§ gdmb CR>Vm h¡ {H$ BgH$m {H$VZm nmbZ{H$`m Om ahm h¡ ? Bg H$gm¡Q>r na maV H$mo naIm OmE Vmo hmbmV H$m A§XmOm ghO hr bJ OmVmh¢ & A^r H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| AnZr AnZr gw{dYm Am¡a ñdmW© Ho$ AZwgma I~am| H$mo noe {H$`m Omahm h¢ & EH$ hr KQ>Zm H$mo {^Þ-{^Þ àH$ma go àñVwV {H$`m OmZm r Bg ~mV H$mo à_m{UV H$aVmh¡ {H$ gË` H$mo gm_Zo bmZo H$s àmW{_H$Vm go _w§h _moS>m Om ahm h¡ & Eogm Bg{bE r bJVm h¡ {H$KQ>Zm go Ow‹So> VÏ` Vmo EH$ hr ahVo h¢ bo{H$Z BgH$s àñVw{V AnZo - AnZo g§ñWmZ H$s Oê$aVm|Am¡a AnZo {ZOr {hVm| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a {H$`m Om ahm h¢ & Hw$N> dfm] nhbo Om{_`m BZH$mC§Q>a~hþV MMm© _| ahm Wm & Bg EZH$mC§Q>a H$s [anmo{Qª>J Ho$ ~mao _| AmB© EH$ anQ> _| `h ~mV COmJahþB© {H$ AbJ AbJ _r{S>`m g§ñWmZ AnZr gw{dYm Ho$ AZwgma [anmo{Qª>J H$aVo h¢ & O~ EH$ hrKQ>Zm H$s [anmo{Qª>J H$B© Vah go hmoJr, dmo r {^Þ-{^Þ VÏ`m| Ho$ gmW Vmo Bg ~mV H$mo Vmo g_Pmhr Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ gM H$ht nrNo> Ny>Q> OmEJm & Xw m©½` go hr ghr bo{H$Z Eogm hmo ahm h¡ &

g{_{V Zo AnZo AÜ``Z Am¡a emoY Ho$ AmYma na Xygar ~mV h ñWm{nV H$s {H$ nÌH$maH$mo g~go nhbo OZVm Ho$ à{V {Zð>mdmZ hmoZm Mm{hE & Bg H$gm¡Q>r na XoIm OmE Vmo h_mao Xoe H$snÌH$m[aVm _| OZVm Ho$ à{V {Zð>m H$m Kmoa A^md {XIVm h¢ & A^r Ho$ Xm¡a _| EH$ nÌH$ma H$mo{H$gr _r{S>`m g§ñWmZ _| H$X_ aIVo hþE `h g_Pm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ Amn {H$gr {_eZ mdZm Ho$gmW H$m_ Zht H$a gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a Amn EH$ Zm¡H$ar H$a aho h¢ & AV… ñdm^m{dH$ Vm¡a na AmnH$s{Oå_oXmar AnZo {Z`moº$m Ho$ à{V h¡ & BgHo$ {bE VH©$ h {X`m OmVm h¡ {H$ AmnH$s nJma _r{S>`mH$m _m{bH$ XoVo h¢ Bg{bE CZH$s _Ou Ho$ _wVm{~H$ H$m_ H$aZm hr Bg Xm¡a H$s nÌH$m[aVm h¡ &`hm Bg ~mV H$mo g_PZm Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ AJa _m{bH$ H$s à{V~ÕVm r nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ à{V h¡V~ Vmo hmbmV gm_mÝ` ah|Jo bo{H$Z AmO Bg ~mV H$mo ^r XoIZm hmoJm {H$ _r{S>`m _| bJZodmbon¡go H$m M[aÌ H$m {H$g VoµOr Ho$ gmW ~Xbm h¡ & O~ Anam{Y`m| Am¡a ZoVmAm| Ho$ n¡go go _r{S>`mKamZo ñWm{nV hmoJo Vmo ñdm^m{dH$ Vm¡a na CZH$s àmW{_H$VmE§ AbJ hmoJr & Bgr Ho$ {hgm~ goCZ g§ñWmZm| _| H$m_ H$aZodmbo nÌH$mam| H$s Odm~Xohr V` hmoJr & Bg Ñ{ï> go AJa XoIm OmE VmoqhXwñVmZ _| _w»`Ymam H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| {JZo-MwZo g§ñWmZ hr Eogo {XIVo h¢ {H$ Ohm§ Ho$ nÌH$mam|Ho$ {bE OZVm Ho$ à{V {Zð>mdmZ hmoZo H$s WmoS>r - ~hþV g§ mdZm h¡ &

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ì`{º$ gM_wM Cg AmV§H$s g§JR>Z go g§~§{YV Wm AWdm `h _r{S>`m g§JR>Z H$m BñV_omb H$aaho Wo & {Og g_mMma g§JR>Z Zo Cg gmjmËH$ma H$mo àgm[aV {H$`m H$`m CgZo Bg ~mV H$s nw{ï>H$s Wr {H$ dh ì`{º$ _w§~B© h_bo Ho$ {Oå_odma AmV§H$dmXr g§JR>Z go g§~§Y aIVm h¡ `m Zht &{ZpíMV Vm¡a Eogm Zht {H$`m J`m Wm & ~Om{ha `hm§ gyMZm Ho$ ómoV H$s nw{ï> _| Ano{jVAZwemgZ H$s Cnojm H$s JB© & Eogo H$B© _m_bo ^maVr` _r{S>`m _| g_` g_` na XoIo Om gH$Voh¢ & hmbm§{H$, AmV§H$dmXr H$m B§Q>aì`yd àgm[aV H$aZo Ho$ _m_bo _| EH$ _hËdnyU© àíZ Vmo h rh¡ {H$, H$`m {H$gr AmV§H$dmXr H$mo AnZr ~mV H$mo àMm[aV - àgm[aV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _r{S>`m H$mEH$ _O~yV _§M XoZm ghr h¡ ? A{YH$Va bmoJ Bg àíZ Ho$ CÎma _| ZH$mamË_H$ Odm~ hr X|Jo &g{_Vr Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$aZodmbm| H$mo d¡go bmoJm| Ho$ à^md go IwX H$mo ñdV§Ì aIZmMm{hE {OÝh| do H$da H$aVo hmo & Bg H$gm¡Q>r na ^r `{X XoIm OmE Vmo ^maV H$s nÌH$m[aVm Ho$g_j h EH$ ~‹S>m g§H$Q> {XIVm h¡ & AnZo {ZOr g§~§Ym| Ho$ AmYma na I~a {bIZo H$s Hw$àWmMb n‹S>r h¡ & H$B© Eogo _m_bo COmJa hþE h¢ {Og_| `h XoIm J`m h¡ {H$ {Z{hV ñdmW© Ho$ {bEI~a {bIr J`r hmo & H$B© ~ma d¡gr hr nÌH$m[aVm hmoVr {XIVr h¡ {Og Vah H$s nÌH$m[aVm hmoZr{XIVr h¡ {Og Vah H$s nÌH$m[aVm gyMZm XoZodobm MmhVo h¢ & amOZr{V Am¡a AnamY H$s [anmo{Qª>JH$aVo g_` h g_ñ`m Am¡a r ~‹T> OmVr h¡ & amOZr{V Ho$ _m_bo _| ZoVm Omo OmZH$mar XoVo h¡ CgrH$mo Bg Vah go noe {H$`m OmVm h¡ O¡go Agb I~a ghr hmo & ZoVm H$~ _r{S>`m H$m BñVo_mbH$aZo bJVo h¢, BgH$m A§XmOm bJmZm AmgmZ Zht hmoVm & AnamY H$s [anmo{Qª>J H$aVo g_` OmoOmZH$mar nw{bg XoVr h¡ CgrHo$ à^md _| AmH$a AnamY H$s nÌH$m[aVm hmoZo bJVr h¡ & nw{bgAnZo Ûmam H$s J`r hË`m H$mo EZH$mD§$Q>a ~VmVr h¡, Am¡a Á`mXmVa _m_bm| _| h XoIm J`m h¡ {H$_r{S>`m Cgo EZH$mD§$Q>a Ho$ Vm¡a na hr àñVwV H$aVr h¡ &

g{_{V Bg ZVrOo na ^r nhþ±Mr {H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$mo gÎmm H$s ñdV§Ì {ZJamZr H$aZodmbrì`dñWm Ho$ Vm¡a na H$m_ H$aZm Mm{hE & Bg q~Xw na gmoMZo Ho$ ~mX `h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ O~nÌH$ma gÎmm go ZOXrH$s ~‹T>mZo Ho$ bmo H$m g§daU Zht H$a nmVm h¡ Vmo nÌH$m[aVm H$ht nrNo> ahOmVr h¡ & maV H$s nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ~mao _| EH$ ~ma {H$gr ~‹So> {dXoer nÌH$ma Zo H$hm Wm {H$ hm§Omo ^r AÀNo> nÌH$ma hmoVo h¢ CÝh| amÁ`g^m oOH$a CZH$s Yma H$mo Hw§$X H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ &amÁ`g^m nhþ§MH$a AnZr nÌH$m[aVm H$s Yma H$mo Hw§$X H$aZodmbo nÌH$mam| Ho$ Zm_ `mX H$aZo _|`hm§ H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$mo OmZZo g_PZodmbm| H$mo {X_mJ na Á`mXm Omoa Zht XoZm n‹So>Jm & EogonÌH$ma ^r AH$ga {_b OmVo h¢ Omo `h ~VmZo _| ~ohX Jd© H$m AZw d H$aVo h¢ {H$ CZHo$ g§~§Y\$bm§ ZoVm Ho$ gmW `m \$bm§ CÚmoJn{V Ho$ gmW ~hþM AÀNo> h¢ & `hr g§~§Y CZ nÌH$mam| gonÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ~OmE OZg§nH©$ H$m H$m`© H$admZo bJVm h¡ Am¡a CÝh| Bg ~mV H$m nVm ^r ZhtMbVm h¡ & O~ h nVm MbVm h¡ V~ VH$ do Cg_| BVZm gwI Am¡a gw{dYmE§ nmZo bJVo h¢ {H$ Cgoò g_` Ho$ Zm_ na ghr R>hamVo hþE AmJo ~‹T>Vo OmVo h¡ &

g{_Vr AnZo AÜ``Z Ho$ AmYma na Bg ZVrOo na nhþ§Mr h¡ {H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$mo OZAmbmoMZm Ho$ {bE EH$ _§M _wh¡ m H$amZm Mm{hE & BgH$s ì`m»`m Bg Vah go H$s Om gH$Vr h¡{H$ {Og _gbo na OZVm Ho$ ~rM à{V{H«$`m ñdm^m{dH$ Vm¡a na CËnÞ hmo CgHo$ A{^ì`{º$ H$mO[a`m nÌH$m[aVm H$mo ~ZZm Mm{hE & bo{H$Z AmO H$b Eogm hmo Zht ahm h¡ & Bg_| _r{S>`m KamZoCZ g^r ~mVm| H$mo à_wIVm go CR>mVo h¢ {OÝh| do AnZo ì`mdgm{`H$ {hVm| Ho$ nmofU Ho$ {bECn`wº$ g_PVo h¢ & CZHo$ {bE OZVm Ho$ ñdm^m{dH$ _gbo H$mo CR>mZm g_` Am¡a OJh H$s

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~a~mXr H$aZm h¡ & h g~ hmoVm h¡ OZVm H$s ng§X Ho$ Zm_ na & Omo r namogm OmVm h¡ CgHo$ ~mao_| H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ bmoJ Cgo ng§X H$aVo h¡§ Bg{bE do go àH$m{eV m àgm[aV H$a aho h¢ & O~{H${df` Ho$ M`Z _| ghr _mBZo _| OZVm H$s H$moB© ^mJrXmar hmoVr hr Zht h¡ & Bg{bE OZVm {Og_gbo na ì`dñWm H$s AmbmoMZm H$aZr MmhVr h¡ dh _gbm _r{S>`m go Xya ah OmVm h¡ & BgH$mAga `h hmo ahm h¡ {H$ d¡go _gbo hr _r{S>`m _| à_wIVm go N>mE hþE {XIVo h¡ `m CZH$s _mÌmÁ`mXm ahVr h¢ Omo bmoJm| H$mo amoO_am© Ho$ H$m_m| _| hr CbPmE aIo Am¡a CÝh| Cg Xmào go ~mhagmoMZo H$m _m¡H$m hr Z Xo & g{_{V Zo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ A{Zdm`© VËd Ho$ Vm¡a na H$hm h¡ {H$ nÌH$maH$mo Bg {Xem _| à`ËZerb ahZm Mm{hE {H$ I~a H$mo gmW©H$, amoMH$ Am¡a àmg§{JH$ ~Zm`m OmgHo$ & Bg AmYma na Vmo ~g BVZm hr H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ I~a H$mo amoMH$ Am¡a àmg§{JH$ ~ZmZoH$s H$mo{ee Vmo `hm§ H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| {XIVr h¡ bo{H$Z Cgo gmW©H$ {Xem _| nhbo H$aVo hþE H$_go H$_ _w»` Ymam Ho$ _r{S>`m KamZo Vmo Zht {XIVo & ghr _m`Zo _| Omo g§ñWmZ gmW©H$ nÌH$m[aVmH$a aho h¡, do ~So> gr{_V g§gmYZm| Ho$ gmW MbZodmbo g§ñWmZ h¡ & CZHo$ nmg ha dº$ {dkmnZm|H$m Q>moQ>m ahVm h¡ & BgH$m EH$ ~‹S>m H$maU `h ^r h¡ {H$ AJa nÌH$m[aVm gmW©H$ hmoZo bJoJr Vmo~mOma Ho$ {bE AnZm {hV gmYZm AmgmZ Zht ah OmEJm & Bg{bE ~So> _r{S>`m KamZo {dkmnZAm¡a g§gmYZm| Ho$ _m_bo _| A_ra hmoVo h¢ Am¡a gmW©H$Vm Ho$ _m_bo _| CZH$s A_rar ZOa ZhtAmVr &

g{_{V Ho$ _wVm{~H$ g_mMma H$mo {dñV¥V Am¡a AmZwnm{VH$ hmoZm Mm{hE & Bg ZO[aE goXoIm OmE Vmo Bgr ~mV _| I~amo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ g§VwbZ H$m VËd ^r em{_b h¡ & {dñVma Ho$_m_bo _| A^r Om hmbV h¢ CÝh| XoIVo hþE h Vmo H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ pñW{V ~hþV AÀN>r Zhth¡ bo{H$Z ~hþV ~war ^r Zht h¡ & Ohm§ VH$ g§VwbZ H$m gdmb h¡ Vmo Bg _m_bo _| ì`mnH$ gwYmaH$s Oê$aV {XIVr h¡ & g§VwbZ _| A^md Ho$ H$maU hr AmO Á`mXmVa _r{S>`m KamZm| H$s EH$nhMmZ ~Z J`r h¡ {H$ \$bm§ _r{S>`m KamZm Vmo \$bm§ amOZr{VH$ {dMmaYmam Ho$ AmYma na H$sbmBZ boJm & Bgo ew g§Ho$V Vmo Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ bo{H$Z Xw m©½` go h MbZ ~hþV VoOr go~‹T> ahm h¢ & Bg _m_bo _| npíM_r Xoem| H$s _r{S>`m _| Vmo hmbmV Am¡a ^r Iam~ h¢ & A_o[aH$mZo ~H$m`Xm Img Cå_rXdma H$m nj Kmo{fV Vm¡a na {b`m &

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¡qÂàã Zàªàâm kàÝâj¥ ß £ÙàÊtàvà1.2. qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýà ÐwÚq1. Àqê½à 2. âkÖààyå wæâÙà 3. Îàãiímà tçÞ âvhà ¢âmÑày4. vàç§ýmÞØà, jàènà 5. yÞyÀ, vªààmàÊ 6. Íuwyàu, §ývà, Êà˜ìþãu jçmÂàà7. kÂàmà 8. qàjwà wçÀ

1.1 qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýà kÂt tàÂàw §ýL âkÖààyå ZàwæâÙà yç ÑB¡à Ñè ñ2. ÄíçÞýj yÞÀsê §çý ¡ÂàäyàÊ qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýà ¡nê Ñè ZàâmâÀÂà §çý §ýàuàG ¡nwà i¹þÂàà¡àçÞ §ýà

âwwÊ½à ZàÐmäm §ýÊÂàà.3. Zàçy kÂàmà §ýã yÞyÀ Ñè âky§ýà ¡âowçÎàÂà vªààmà kàÊã Ñè ñ4. qØà§ýàáÊmà tçÞ âwõàÂààçÞ yç vç§ýÊ ¡àt ¡àÀtã m§ý ysã ytl y§çý ¥çyã hrÊçÞ ÊÑmã Ñè ñ5. qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýà §çÞýôârÞÀå kÂàmà Ñè ñ6. qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýL Ê½àsåât §ýà uàçÁÀà qØà§ýàÊ Ñè ñ

1. qØà§ýàáÊmà ÑtàÊç qáÊwçÎà mnà ÀçÎà - ÀäâÂàuà tçÞ Ñàç ÊÑç Âàuç ZàuàçªààçÞ, §ýàuàG ¡àèÊ i¹þÂàà¡àçÞ §ýL Zà¾uç§ýyåjÂàà Ñt m§ý qÑBÝjàmã Ñè, ¡mß âwõàÂààçÞ ¢yç Îàãiímà yç âvhà ÑB¡à ¢âmÑày sã §ýÑà Ñè ñ2. qØà§ýàÊ §ýàç ÂuàuàoãÎà kèyà âÂàÏqÕà mnà uàçÁÀà kèyç âÂàâsê§ý ÑàçÂàà jàâÑ¥ ñ3. qØà§ýàáÊmà yÊ§ýàÊ ¡àèÊ kÂàmà §çý rãj §ýà âwÎwyÂàãu yÞq§êý yåØà Ñè ñ4. ÑçÊÈr âtó §ýà tàÂàÂàà Ñè â§ý qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýà kÂt jàèÀÑwãA ÎàmàÆÀã §çý qåwàêoê tçÞ ÑàçÂàç §çý ràwkåÀ§ývà ¡àèÊ âwÖààÂà §çý Ûýq tçÞ ¢y§ýL tàÂà wæâ÷ yØàÑwãA ÎàmàÆÀã yç ZààÊÞs Ñàçmã Ñè mnà uÑãA yç qØà§ýàáÊmà§çý £y ¡àÀÎàê ¡àèÊ Ààâu¾w §ýL ÂàãAw qð»þã âkyÂàç qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýàç 'jmänê yÙàà' §ýà ¡àyÂà ZàÀàÂà â§ýuà ñ5. ytàk tçÞ ¥§ý - ÀåyÊç §ýà §äýÎàv - Õàçt kàÂàÂàç §ýL Zàrv ¢°²þà ÎàâQý Âàç qØààçÞ §çý Zà§ýàÎàÂà §ýàç rð¼þàwàâÀuà.6. hãAjàç Âà §ýtàÂààç §ýàç, Âà mvwàÊ âÂà§ýàvàç, kr màçq tä§ýàârv Ñàç, màç ¡hràÊ âÂà§ýàvàç

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2.0 £öçÎà2.1. ÐwmÞØàmà qåwê sàÊmãu qØà§ýàáÊmà

(sàÊm §çý ysã ZààÞmàçÞ §ýL qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýà âw§ýày)2.2 ÐwàmÞØuàçÙàÊ qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýà âw§ýày2.3. ytàjàÊ w yàtàâu§ý yÞÀsê2.4 sàÊmçÂÀä uäªà2.5. OÍÀwçÀã uäªà2.6 ªààÞoã uäªà2.7. såâtªàm Zà§ýàÎàÂà2. 8. yåjÂàà ytàk2.8. yåjÂàà âÂàtàê½à

2.0 £öçÎu¢y qàºþ §ýàç qð¼þ§ýÊ ²þàØà -qØà§ýàáÊmà §çý ÐwmÞØàmàqåwê ¥wÞ ÐwàmÞØuàçÙàÊ âw§ýày §ýà âwwçjÂà §ýÊ y§çÞýªàç ñsàÊmçÂÀä, âõwçÀã, ªààÞoã ¡àâÀ uäªààçÞ tçÞ ÑB¥ qØà§ýàáÊmà §çý âw§ýày §ýàç âwÎàÀ §ýÊ y§çÞýªàç ñm¾§ýàvãÂà qØà§ýàáÊmà yç käð»þã ¡Âu âwoà¡àçÞ §ýàç âwwçâjm §ýÊ y§çÞýªàç ñ

2.1 . ñdVÝÌVm nyd© ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm^maV _| nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ bJ^J So>‹T> gm¡ gmb Ho$ B{Vhmg na O~ h_ ZOa S>mbVo h¢ Vmo h_|²

CgHo$ {dH$mg H$s H$B© _hËdnyU© aoImE± {XImB© XoVr h¢, CgH$s {d{dYVm d {d{eîQ>Vm ^r AnZoT§>J go AmH${f©V H$aVr h¡ & XaAgb maVr` nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ~mao _| h_ O~ r {dMma ewê$ H$aVoh¢ m Cgo Wmo‹So> {dñVma go Om_Zo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¢ Vmo EH$ Vah h_ AnZo Xoe Ho$ Cg H$mbI§S>_| nhþ±M OmVo h¢ Ohm± go h_ AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s ewéAmV hþB© XoIZo bJVo h¢ & m{Z _wJb embZHo$ nVZ H$s EH$ Vah go ewéAmV hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a {~«Qo>Z Ho$ gm_«mÁ`dm{X`m| H$m àdoe Bg Xoe _|hmoZo bJVm h¡ & ` gm_«mÁ`dmXr àdoe EH$ Vah go B©ñQ> - B§{S>`m H§$nZr (17 dt eVmpãX H$s

nÌH$m[aVm H$m B{Vhmg


ewédmV) Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ewé hmoVm h¡ & h AH$maU Zht h¡ {H$ H$ånZr Ho$ àdoe Ho$ gmW gmW maVHo$ do _hÎdnyU© ì`mnm[aH$ {hñgo g~go nhbo à^m{dV hmoVo h¢, Omo g_wÐ Ho$ {H$Zmao Wo & dh MmhoH$bH$Îmm (~§Jmb) H$m joÌ hm hmo `m _hmamï> (~§§~B©) `m gwaV (JwOamV) H$m joÌ & {~«{Q>egm_«mÁ`dm{X`m| Zo maV na ha Vah go A{YnË` O_mZm Vmo ewê$ {H$`m hr AnZr gw{dYm Ho$ {bEdo AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s ZB© VH$ZrH$ Am¡a `mpÝÌH$Vm ^r AnZo gmW bo AmE & Om{ha h¡ Bgr Ho$gmW àog Am¡a ~mX _| g_mMma nÌ ^r AmE Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm O¡go {~bHw$b ZE {dMmam| d VÏ`m|Ho$ AmXmZ àXmZ Ho$ Ord§V, _Zmoa§OH$ VWm CÎmoOH$ gånH©$ m g§Mma _mÜ`_ H$m {dH$mg r ewê$hþAm & Bg Vah ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV 18 dt eVmãXr Ho$ ApÝV_ g_` go hr ewê$hmoVr {XImB© XoVr h¡ &

^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm _| ~§Jmb H$m g~go g~b d àmapå^H$ moJXmZ ah¡ h¡ bo{H$Z {XImB©`h XoVm h¡ {H$ EH$ Xmo XeH$ Ho$ AmJo nrNo> go {d{^Þ ^maVr` ^mfmAm| _| nÌH$m[aVm ewê$ hmoOmVr h¡ - _amR>r, V{_b, VobJy, CXy©, {hÝXr, ~§Jmbr, åh¡gya Ho$ Amg nmg Am{X & nÌH$m[aVmHo$ {d{^Þ gmonmZ O¡go Hw$N> hr g_` Ho$ AÝVa go IwbVo h¢ Am¡a ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$gånyU©Vm XoVo h¢ & `h Adí` h¡ {H$ ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV ~§Jmb joÌ go ewê$ hmoVr h¡& AV… h_ g~go nhbo ~§Jmb joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm go hr AnZr ~mV ewê$ H$a|Jo & `hm± `h ñnï>H$a XoZm Oê$ar h¡ {H$ {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewê$AmV ^r ~§Jmb go hr {XImB© XoVr h¡ Am¡a ^maVHo$ AÝ` {hñgm| _| r nÌH$m[aVm ~§Jmb go ewê$ hþB© nÌH$m[aVm go hr H$ht Z H$ht à^m{dV {XImB©XoVr h¡, `h AbJ ~mV h¡ {H$ ì`mdhm[aH$ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ H$maU, ~mX _| {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$mñdê$n jo{Ì` hr ah OmVm h¡ & AV… AÜ``Z H$s gw{dYm Ho$ {bE `hm± h_ nhbo ~§Jmb H$snÌH$m[aVm go ewéAmV H$aVo h¢ VWm _amR>r, V_rb, CXy© H$s AË`ÝV g§jon _| MMm© H$aVo hþE h_{hÝr nÌH$m[aVm na V{ZH$ {dñVma go {dMma H$a|Jo & Vmo AmBE h_ nhbo ~§Jmb joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVmgo AnZo AÜ``Z H$s ewéAmV H$aVo h¢ &2.1.1. ~§Jmb joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm …

~§Jmb joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm go hr dmñVd _| ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV _mZr OmVrh¡ na Bg joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$m àmaå^ hëH$s YwÝY go am h¡ & nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ B{Vhmg na {dMmaH$aZo dmbo A{Yg§»` bmoJ _mZVo h¢, {H$ gZ² 1780 _| Ooåg AJñQ>g {h¸$s Zo 29 OZdar H$mo~§Jmb JOoQ> Zm_ g_mMma nÌ {ZH$mbm & H$bH$Îmm go àH$m{eV Bg AI~ma H$mo H$bH$ÎmmOZab ES>daQ>mBOa ^r H$hm J`m Am¡a {hH$H$s JQ> Ho$ Zm_ go Bgo à{gÕr {_br. bo{H$Z Hw$N>bmoJm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$s dmñV{dH$ ewédmV 1816 _| J§JmYa ^Å>mMm`© Ho$ ~§JmbJOQ> go hþB© & Hw$N> bmoJ _mZVo h¢ {H$ 23 _o 1818 H$mo àH$m{eV ~§Jmbr mfm Ho$ g_mMma Xn©Ugo nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV hþB© & Bg AI~ma H$mo ~¡n{Q>ñQ> {_eZar go am_nya go {ZH$mbm J`m Wm&~¥OoÝÐZmW ~ÝYmonmÜ`m` H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ ~§Jmbr JOQ> go EH$ nIdmam nhbo g_mMma Xn©U H$màH$meZ ewê$ hmo J`m Wm AV… dhto nhbm nÌ h¡ & BgHo$ {bE CZH$m VH©$ h¡ Bg AI~ma H$m nyamà~ÝYZ, gånmXZ VWm ì`dñWm H$s nyar {Oå_oXmar Xoer (~§Jmbr) bmoJm| na Wr & Bg Vah^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm _| Eogm nhbm à`mg Wm & {hH$H$s JOQ> Ho$ gmW Eogm Zht Wm &

Bg {ddmX H$m _w»` H$maU `h {XImB© XoVm h¡ {H$ {hH$H$s JOQ> A§J«oOr _| {ZH$bm WmAm¡a ~§Jmbr JOQ> VWm g_mMma Xn©U ~§Jmbr _| & BZ _| ^r g_mMma Xn©U nyar Va go Xoerà~ÝYZ _| {ZH$bm Wm & {hH$H$s JOQ> H$m Zm_ ~§Jmbr JOQ> hmoZo go r «_ H$s EH$ pñW{V ~Zr

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hþB© h¡ & H$`m|{H$ S>m°. Ama. gr. _Ow_Xma H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$, 15 _B©, 1818 _| àH$m{eV ~§JmbJOQ> hr nhbm AI~ma h¡ & Bg nÌ H$s àH$meZ {V{W H$mo boH$a ^r Xmo _V h¢ & H$B© bmoJm| H$m_mZZm h¡ {H$ 23 _B©, 1818 H$mo BgH$m nhbm A§H$ {ZH$bm & gå^dV… Bg _w»` {ddmX Ho$ XmoH$maU h¢ & nhbm Vmo `h {H$ {hH$H$s JOQ> (~§Jmb JOQ>) Am¡a 15 _B©, 1818 _| àH$m{eV~§Jmbr JOQ> XmoZm| hr A§J«oOr _| 1780 _| àH$m{eV hwE Wo & Xygam `h {H$ BZ XmoZm| hr g_mMmanÌm| H$m A~ ^maV _| H$moB© A§H$ CnbãY Zht h¡ & BZ XmoZm| hr A˜~mam| Ho$ ~mao _| H$hm OmVm h¡H$s ò VËH$mbrZ emgZ ì`dñWm Ho$, {H$gr - Z {H$gr ê$n _| AmbmoMH$ hr Wo & Bg{bE BZHo$àH$meH$m| na emgH$m| H$s {VaN>r ZµOa ^r Wr Am¡a BÝh| àVm{‹S>V ^r {H$`m J`m Wm Bg hX VH${H$ BZH$m àH$meZ ~ÝX H$aZm n‹S>m Wm & gå^dV… BZ V_m_ OÔmoOhX _| BZ A˜~mam| Ho$ H$moB©A§H$ ~M Zht nmE `m CÝh| {H$gr Vah Zï> H$a {X`m J`m &

BZ V_m_ {ddmXm| Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {bE àmaå^ _| hr Bg Vah {dnarV pñW{V Ho$ n¡Xmhmo OmZo go h àmapå^H$ Xm¡a Yw±Ybm h¡ na My±{H$ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _|, Mmho {H$gr r mfm _| hmo,nhbo n«H$meZ H$m lo {hH$H$s JOQ> H$mo hr OmVm h¡, Bg{bE AmO Cgo hr ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVmH$m nhbm AI~ma _mZm OmVm h¡ & {hH$H$s JOQ> m ~§Jmb JOQ> H$mo maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$m EH$geH$V Am¡a {Z{ ©H$ nÌ _mZm OmVm h¡ & AJñQ>g {hH$H$s EH$ {Z{ ©H$ nÌH$ma Wo CZHo$ H$b_go VËH$mbrZ JìhZ©a OZab dmaoZ hopñQ§>½O H$m ì`{º$JV OrdZ r Zht ~M nmVm Wm & XaAgb{hH$H$s H$s Bg {Z{ ©H$Vm Ho$ nrNo> EH$ N>moQ>m-gm B{Vhmg h¡ {Ogo _mÌ BVZo go g_Pm gH$Vm h¡{H$ {hH$H$s Ho$ nhbo {d{b`_ ~moëS> Zo r {ZûH$ A˜~ma {ZH$mbZo H$m n`mg {H$`m Wm bo{H$Z~mV brH$ hmo JB© Am¡a V_m_ X~mdm| d AàË`j Y_{H$`m| Ho$ H$maU CZH$m A˜~ma Zht {ZH$bnm`m & Bg n¥ð> y{_ Ho$ gmW {hH$H$s Ho$ {X_mJ _| `h ~mV ^r Wr {H$ bmoJm| H$mo emgH$m| H$sH$aVyVm| H$mo OmZZm Mm{hE & AnZr Bg MoVZm Ho$ {bE {hH$H$s H$mo H$s_V ^r MwH$mZr n‹S>r&AI~mam| Ho$ {déÕ ga Q>m°_g _wZam| H$m H$mZyZ ^r Am`m &

_hËdnyU© `h h¡ {H$ {~«{Q>e emgH$m| Ho$ V_m_ H$mZyZm|, ~§YZm| VWm CËnr‹S>Z H$s H$ma©dmB©Ho$ ~§Jmb joÌ go A§J«oOr, ~§Jmbr, {hÝXr , \$magr Am¡a CXy© _| g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ {ZH$bZo H$se¥§Ibm ~Zr ahr & Eogm Zht hþAm {H$ ~§Jmb joÌ Wm Vmo Ho$db A§J«oOr Am¡a ~§Jmb _| hr AI~ma{ZH$mbZo H$m à`mghþAm O¡gm {H$ ^maV Ho$ Xygao joÌm| _| {XImB© XoVm h¡ & Bg{bE r ~§Jmb joÌH$s nÌH$m[aVm H$m AnZm EH$ Img _hÎd h¡ & {H$VZo hr Eogo g_mMma nÌ {ZH$bo Omo A§J«oOr Am¡a~§Jbm VWm ~§Jbm Am¡a {hÝXr _| {ZH$bo & A§J«Or _| AI~ma {ZH$bZo Ho$ H$B© H$maU Wo _gbZA§J«oOr H$s {ejm, n«og H$s gw{dYm, àgma H$s gw{dYm Am¡a AnZr ~mV emgH$ dJ© VH$ VH$nhþ±MmZo H$m g~go C{MV _mÜ`_ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ^maVr` ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ H$s ewéAmV(1857) Am¡a CgHo$ Hw$N> g_` ~mX VH$ A§J«oOr ^mfmAm| H$_| AI~ma Á`mXmVa {ZH$b| & na~mX _| _hgyg {H$`m J`m {H$ AnZo Xoe H$s Am_ OZVm H$mo AJa emgH$m| VWm Xoe H$sdñVwpñW{V go n[a{MV H$amZm h¡ Vmo {d{^Þ ^maVr` ^mfmAm| (~§Jbm, V{_b, VobJy, CXy©,{hÝXr) _| AI~ma {ZH$mbZm Oê$ar h¡ & Bgr{bE ewê$ _| Vmo ~§Jmbr, BpÊS>`Z {H$aZ, ZoeZbnona, {hÝXy n°{Q>Am°Q> Am{X AI~ma Vmo A§J«oOr _| {ZH$bo Am¡a BZH$m àMma - àgma ^r AÀN>mImgm Wm, ~pëH$ {hÝXw n¡{Q>Am°Q> (1853) H$mo Vmo ~§Jmb go {ZH$bZo dmbo g~go gwJ{R>V dgwì`dpñWV AI~ma H$s g§km Xr JB© & BgH$m EH$ ~‹S>m H$maU `h ^r Wm {H$ Bg VWm Cnamoº$C„o{IV g^r AI~mam| go Cg g_` Ho$ V_m_ n‹To> - {bIo, gwbPo bmoJ d ~w{ÕOrdr Ow‹So> hþo Wo



& CZ_| amï>r`Vm VWm amï> gå_mZ H$s ^mdZm ^r âr hþB© Wr &BgHo$ gmW Am¡a ~mX _| gmo_ àH$me, J«m_dmVm©, àH$m{eH$m, A_¥V ~mµOma n{ÌH$m

(O¡gmoa go ~§Jbm gmám{hH$ Ho$ ê$n _|) gwb^ g_mMma, hmbr eha n{ÌH$m, g_mO Xn©U,ghMa, ~§J Xe©Z, Am`© Xe©Z, ~m§Yd, maV {_{ha Am{X H$B© AI~ma {ZH$bo, {OZgo B©ídaMÝÐ{dÚmgmJa, ÛmaH$mZmW {dÚm yfU, h[aZmW _Ow_Xma, ho_ÝVHw$_ma, {e{ea Hw$_ma, _moVrbmbKmof, Ho$ed MÝÐ goZ, ~§{H$_ MÝÐ, `moJoÝÐZmW {dÚm yfU, H$m{b àgÞ Kmof Am{X Ow‹So> aho &gwa{^, g§OrdZr, g_`, ~§Jdmgr, {hVdmXr Am{X AI~mam| H$m AbJ _hÎd h¡ {OZgo A^`MÝX« gaH$ma, `moJoÝÐZmW ~mog, H¥$îU Hw$_ma {_Ì, kmZoÝÐZmW Xmg Am{X O¡go bmoJ Ow‹So> aho &

`hm± g§jon _| h_ BVZm hr OmZo {H$ 1880 go 1892 VH$ ~§Jbm _| {ZH$bZo dmboAI~mam| H$s Yy_ ahr {OgZo AmJo MbH$a BgH$m Am¡a ^r {dñVma {H$`m & 1880 _| 37,1881 _| 38, 82 _| 56, 83 _| 63, 84 _| 64, 85 _| 63, 86 _| 62, 87 _| 63, 88 _|676, 89 _| 71, 90 _| 62, 91 _| 71, 92 _| 74 - n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ àH$meZ H$s gyMr V¡ maH$s JB© Wr & Bg g§»`m go `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡, {H$ ~§Jbm _| nÌH$m[aVm H$s {H$g àH$ma Yy_ _MrAm¡a CgZo Z ñd`§ H$m {dH$mg {H$`m ~pëH$ nyao ^maV _| nÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$ {Xem Am¡a D$Om© Xr& ñdVÝÌVm nyd© hr ~§Jmb _| hOmam| AI~ma {ZH$bo & V~ AI~mam| Ho$ ~mao _| AmO H$s VahX¡{ZH$, gmám{hH$, nm{jH$, _m{gH$ Am{X H$m ~hþV ñnï> ~±Q>dmam Zht Wm & V~ Vmo `h Wm {H${H$gr ^r ê$n _| Xoe Xw{Z`m, Y_© H$_©, H$_©H$m§S>, H$_©H$m§S> {damoY Am{X H$mo Ho$pÝÐV H$aVo hþEg_mMmam| Am¡a boIm| H$m àH$meZ {H$`m OmE Am¡a Cgo bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±Mm`m OmE & ~«÷ g_mOAm¡a Am`© g_mO O¡gr g§ñWmAm| Zo Bg_| _hÎdnyU© y{_H$m {Z^mB© & AZoH$mZoH$ g_ñ`mAm| goBÝh| OyPZm ^r nµS>m na nÌH$m[aVm H$s Ymam {ZaÝVa àdmh_mZ ahr & nÌH$m[aVm H$s ^ry{_H$m _|bmoJm| H$mo {e{jV H$aZm, CZH$s amOZr{VH$ MoVZm ~‹T>mZm Am¡a CÝh| gm\$ H$aZm VWm amï> ^{º$H$s ^mdZm go CÝh| âZm, _w»` ê$n go em{_b h¡ & Bgr{bE h_ H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ ~§Jmb H$snÌH$m[aVm H$m ^maV amï> Ho$ {Z_m©U _| EH$ _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ h¡ & CgZo bmoJm| Ho$ gm_Zo V_m_,gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ g_ñ`mE± aIt Am¡a amï> {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE, {~«{Q>e emgH$m| Ho$ {déÕEH$Vm~Õ hmoZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ì`mnH$ OZ_V V¡ ma H$aZo _| Ah_ y{_H$m {Z^mB© & gm_m{OH$~wamB`m|, àem{gZH$ Im{_`m|, emgH$m| Ho$ AË`mMmar ñdê$n, AnZo Xoe Ho$ amï>r` ZoVmAm| H$sJ{V{d{Y`m|, ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ H$s V¡ m[a`m| VWm Xoe H$mo {dXoer M§Jwb go _wº$ H$amZo H$s CËH$Q>bmbgm n¡Xm H$aZo _| ~§Jmb H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s _hËdnyU© y{_H$m ahr h¡ & àog Am¡a _Zwî`,A{^ì`{º$ Am¡a _m¡{bH$ A{YH$ma Ho$ hZZ Ho$ {déÕ ñdVÝÌVm H$s _m±J H$mo `hm± CR>m`m J`m -EH$ A{^`mZ O¡gm Mbm`m J`m &2.1.2. _hmamï> Am¡a JwOamV joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm

_amR>r joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV ^r A§J«oOr ^mfm _| {ZH$bo AI~mam| go hr hmoVrh¡ & XaAgb maV Ho$ g^r joÌm| _| nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV A§J«oOr AI~mam| go hr hmoVr {XImB©XoVr h¡ H$`m|{H$ V~ A§J«oOr H$m hr dM©ñd Wm Am¡a n‹To> - {bIo bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM H$s ^mfm dhr Wr& joÌr` m ñWmZr` mfmAm| H$s AnZr gr_m Wr & na _hÎdnyU© h h¡ {H$ A§J«oOr mfm go ewê$hþB© nÌH$m[aVm erK« hr AnZr joÌr` mfmAm| _| \¡$b JB© Am¡a joÌr` mfmAm| H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$mgH$mamË_H$ {dH$mg {XImB© XoZo bJVm h¡ & `m{Z nÌH$m[aVm AnZo _yb CÔoí`m| Ho$ à{V ghO hr~‹T> OmVr h¡ - Am_ bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM amï>r` MoVZm \¡$bmZm, emof Ho$ ê$nm| H$s {eZm»V H$aZm,

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CgHo$ H$maH$m| Ho$ {déÕ _moMm© boZo H$s V¡ mar H$aZm & Hw$N> _Zmoa§OZ, Hw$N> H$Wm, Hw$N> Y_© Am{XBË`mXr & `m| _hmamOmAm| Ho$ g_` go hr g_mMmam| Ho$ oOZo H$s EH$ n[anmQ>r dhm± Wr bo{H$ZnÌH$m[aVm H$mo {OZ AWm] _| h_ AmO OmZZm MmhVo h¢ dh dmñVd _| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s EH$CnbpãY h¢ & AV… _hmamï> joÌ _| nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV A§J«oOr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go 1789 _| ~må~ohoamëS> go hr ewê$ hmoVr h¡, O¡go ~§Jmb joÌ _| 1780 go {hH$H$s JOQ> Ho$ Ûmam &

~må~o hoamëS> Ho$ ~mX 1790 _| ~m°å~o JOQ> VWm 1792 _| ~m°å~o Hw$[aà o g^r AI~maA§J«oOr _| hr n«H$m{eV hþE, bo{H$Z ò AnZo g_` H$m WmoS>m ~hþV _ogoO OZVm VH$ bo JE V^rjoÌr` ^mfm _| AI~ma {ZH$mbZo H$s Oê$aV _hgyg H$s JB© & Bg joÌ H$s {deofVm `h Wr {H$_amR>r Am¡a JwOamVr XmoZm| hr ^mfmE± Am_ bmoJm| H$s ^mfmE± Wt & JwOamV Am¡a _hmamï> V~^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m H$s Ñ{ï> go ^r ~hþV Xya Zht Wo ~mX _| ^mfm Ho$ AmYma na ~å~B© nwZJ©R>ZA{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AmYma na Bg nyao joÌ Ho$ CÎmar níM_r ^mJ H$mo AbJ H$a JwOamV ~Zm`m J`m &Bg{bE àmaå^ _| AmO Ho$ JwOamV Am¡a _hmamï> H$s oH$ d¥hÎma Mm¡hXr Wr Am¡a à_wI ^mfmE±JwOamVr VWm _amR>r Wt & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Bg joÌ _| A§J«oOr AI~mam| Ho$ ~mX Omo joÌr`^mfmAm| Ho$ AI~ma ewê$ hþE CZ_| JwOamVr Ho$ AI~ma g~go à_wI aho - Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s Ñ{ï>go ^r Am¡a àMma àgma H$s Ñ{ï> go ^r &

~m°å~o Hw$[aà Ho$ ~mX {OZ AI~mam| H$m n«H$meZ ewê$ hþAm CZ_| JwOamVr Ho$ _wå~B©g_mMma g~go nhbo àH$m{eV hþAm & EH$ OwbmB©, 1822 H$mo BgH$m nhbm A§H$ {ZH$bm &BgHo$ g§ñWmnH$ Am¡a gånmXH$ \$ahw§Ìr _O©~mZ Wo & Bg nÌ H$s {deofVm AnZo g_mMmam| H$s{dídgZr`Vm Ho$ gmW- gmW h ahr {H$ Bgo g~go bå~m OrdZ àmá hþAm & BgHo$ ~mX g_mMmaZm_ go EH$ gmám{hH$ H$m àH$meZ hþAm Omo 1832 _| X¡{ZH$ hmo J`m, na EH$ gmb Ho$ ~mX hrBgo {\$a gmám{hH$ H$m ê$n {X`m J`m Am¡a AÝVV… 1855 _| `h {\$a X¡{ZH$ hþAm Am¡a {\$aX¡{ZH$ hr ahm & Bg AI~ma Ho$ gmW _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h Wr {H$ ~å~B© Cƒ Ý`m`mb` _| nhbo^maVr` Ý`m`mYre (H$m`©H$mar) OZmX©Z dmgwXodOr H$m daXhñV BgH$mo ànm²V Wm & BÝht Ho$gmW BZHo$ N>moQo> mB© {dZm`H$ dmgwXodOr r BgHo$ gånmXH$ Wo & Bg àH$ma _hmamï> Ho$ Xmo à_wIì`{º$ BgHo$ gånmXH$ ~Zo Am¡a _amR>r Ho$ Bg AI~ma Zo Bg joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| AnZr_hËdnyU© y{_H$m {Z^mB© &

Bgr g_` Xmo AÝ` JwOamVr g_mMma nÌm| H$m àH$meZ hþAm 1 {gVå~a, 1830 _| _wå~B©dV©_mZ Am¡a 1832 _| Om_o O_eoX & ò g^r AI~ma EH$ Vah go Cgr bmBZ na {dH${gV hþEAm¡a AnZm ñdê$n {ZYm©[aV {H$`m {Og Vah A§J«oOr AI~mam| _| MbZ Wm & `m{Z gaH$marA{YH$m[a`m| VWm H$m`m©b`m| H$s J{V{d{Y`m| H$m {ddaU, gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$m {ddaU VWmamOZr{V go gå~Õ g_mMma &

~mb J§JmYa {Q>iH$ O¡go CX² Q> {dÛmZ H$mo hr _amR>r Ho$ g~go ~‹So> gw{MpÝVV nÌH$ma H$molo OmVm h¡ & O~ ~å~B© ào{gSo>Ýgr H$m JR>Z hþAm V~ CÝhm|Zo {ejm Amo¡a nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {~ëHw$bZE n[adoe _| Epë\$ñQ>Z BpÝñQ>Q>çwQ> _| àmo\o$ga hþE Am¡a 6 OZdar, 1832 H$mo nm{jH$ Xn©U H$màH$meZ {H$`m & _amR>r H$m `h nm{jH$ 4 ZB©, 1832 H$mo gmám{hH$ hmo J`m & Xn©U H$mo CÝhm|ZodmñVd _| OZVm H$m EH$ Iwbm _§M ~Zm {X`m {Og_| OZVm Am¡a amï> H$s ~ohVar Ho$ {bE V_m_~hg| Am`mo{OV H$s OmVr Wr & lr emór Zo Bg_| gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo r {dñVma go CR>m`mCÝhm|Zo ^maV H$s {hÝXw Om{V ì`dñWm na {dñVma go ~hg| MbmB© Am¡a amOm am__mohZ am` H$s



J{V{d{Y`m|, CnbpãY`m| na ^r {dñVma go MMm© H$amB© VWm g_mMma n«H$m{eV {H$E & ~mX _|Xn©U H$mo OZmX©Z dmgwXodOr VWm aKwZmW h[aíM§ÐOr H$m r gømoJ àmá hþAm & Xn©U Zo gå^dV…VËH$mbrZ _amR>r nÌH$m[aVm Am¡a qMVZ H$m gdm}ƒ _mZH$ àñVwV {H$`m na 1840 Ho$ ~mXBgH$m àH$meZ gå^d Zht hmo gH$m &

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BZ AI~mam| Ho$ ~mX _amR>r _| AI~mam| H$s EH$ bå~r e¥§Ibm H$s ewéAmV hmo OmVr h¡& _wå~B© AI~ma Ho$ ~mX à^mH$a,kmZ {gÝYw, MÝÐmoX`, {_ÌmoX`, dV©_mZ Xr{nH$m, {dMmabhar, Yy_Ho$Vy, dV©_mZ g§Kf©, ew{^gyMH$, OJV {_Ì, kmZmoX`, kmZ àH$me, AéUmoX`,gy m}X`, Yy_Ho$Vw, {H$aU, BÝXwàH$me, gw~moY n{ÌH$m, bmoH$ H$ë`mUofw, ImÝXoe d¡ d, ~obJm_g_mMma, Zm{gH$ dmVm©, kmZmgmJa, gËèmoYH$ , XrZ~ÝYw O¡go g¢µH$‹S>m| A˜~ma ~å~B©, nyZm,Zm{gH$, H$moëhmnya, emobmnya, aËZm{Jar, WmUo, Yw{b`m Am{X Am{X ñWmm| go 19dt VmãXr Ho$AÝV (1897) VWm CZHo$ ~mX amï>_V (1908) VH$ {ZH$bVo aho & BZ _amR>r d Hw$N> JwOamVrA˜~mam| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ dfm] _| {ZH$bVo aho, O¡go - Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`Z Am{X & AI~ma {ZH$bZo H$s`h naånam 20 dt eVmpãX _| Am¡a ^r n[anH$d T§>J go Omar ahr Am¡a AmO ^r h¡ &

_amR>r nÌH$m[aVm H$s {deofVm `h ahr {H$ Xoe^{º$, gm_m{OH$ MoVZm VËH$mbrZg_ñ`mAm| H$mo CR>mVo hþE (O¡gm {H$ BZ AI~mam| Ho$ Zm_ go ^r Om{ha h¡ &) {d{^Þ Jå^ragm{hpË`H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ gm_m{OH$ VWm e¡{jH$ {de`m| na r {dMma - {d{Z_` H$s amh n«eñVH$s OmVr ahr & nÌH$m[aVm H$mo ½oH$ Jå^ra {df` d CÎmaXm{`Îd Ho$ gmW {b`m J`m& _amR>rAI~mam| Ho$ A{V[aº$ nÌ n{ÌH$mAm| H$s nÌH$m[aVm ^r AnZo T§>J H$s AZyR>r ahr & 19dteVmãXr Ho$ _Ü` go hr CgH$s ewéAmV hmo OmVr h¡ & CZ_| ahñ`, amo_m§M, Omgygr Am{X Ho$ VÎdVmo {_bVo hr h¢, _amR>r gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg H$s pñW{V ^r {XImB© XoVr h¡ & A˜~mam| Am¡a nÌn{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ Bg {dH$mgerb VWm gMoV pñW{V H$m hr _amR>r nÌH$m[aVm _| AmO H$B© Am`m_m|_| {dH$mg {XImB© XoVm h¡ & JwOamVr nÌH$m[aVm go BgH$m gmW gmW H$m gånH©$ ahm h¡ & Bg nyaojoÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm Vmo JwOamVr A˜~mam| go ewê$ hmoVr h¡ na Hw$N> hr g_` ~mX _amR>r A˜~mam|d nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$s Yy_ {XImB© XoZo bJVr h¡ & Bg àH$ma JwOamVr nÌH$m[aVm H$mo H$ht nrNo>N>mo‹S>Vr hþB© _amR>r nÌH$m[aVm Amo {ZH$b OmVr h¡ Am¡a ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm _| AnZm EH$ {d{eï>ñWmZ ~ZmVr h¡ &2.1.3. V{_b Am¡a VobJy joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm

Bg joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$m maVr` nÌH$m[aVm _| EH$ {deof _hÎd Bg{bE h¡ {H$ àma§go hr Bg_| gm{hpË`H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$m Omoa ahm h¡ & JÚ H$m {dH$mg H$m\$s ~mX _| hþAm, nÚ Am¡aH${dVm _| bmoJm| H$s ê${M Á`mXm Wr & gmW hr h àd¥{Îm r dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| _| Wr {H$ AnZo Amn_| Sy>~m ahm OmE, ~mhar Xw{Z`m Am¡a CgH$s J{V{d{Y`m| go H$`m boZm XoZm & Bg{bE gm_m{OH$,amOZr{VH$ J{V{d{Y`m|, {ZaÝVa KQ>Zo dmbr KQ>ZmAm| Am{X _| H$mor Img {XbMñnr Zht {XImB©

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XoVr & gå^dV… `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ^maV _| g~go nhbo AI~ma A§J«oOr _| Bgr joÌ go {ZH$bm,1622B©. _|, naÝVw CgHo$ ~mX AÝ` A˜~mam| Ho$ àH$meZ H$m H$moB© B{Vhmg Zht {_bVm & V{_bnÌH$m[aVm _| BgHo$ ~mX EH$ bå~r Mwßnr ahr & 1831 _| V{_b mfm _| nhbm AI~ma {ZH$bm- V{_b _¡J{OZ Ho$ Zm_ go & Bgo r EH$ B©gmB© {_eZar Zo hr {ZH$mbm - {H«$píM`Z [a{b{O`gQ¡>H$Q> gmogm`Q>r Zo & Omhra h¡ {_eZar g§ñWm§ Ho$ àMma H$m EH$ CÔoí` Bg _¡J{OZ H$mo {ZH$mbZo_| Wm & Bg _¡J{OZ Ho$ àH$meZ Ho$ ~mX hr V{_b nÌH$m[aVm _| Wmo‹S>r ~hþV gwJwJmhQ> {XImB© XoVrh¡ & BgHo$ ~mX hr V{_b gmám{hH$ XrZm dV©_mZr H$m _Ðmg _| àH$meZ hþAm & Bg gmám{hH$ _|^r Y_© àMma, Y_© {díbofU Am{X na H$m\$s gm_J«r Xr OmVr Wr na VËH$mbrZ g_mMmam| H$mo rBg_| g_oQ>m J`m &

dñVwV… V{_b mfm _| àH$m{eV g~go nhbm AI~ma, 1882 _| ñdXoe {_Ì Ho$ Zm_ go{ZH$bm. Bg AI~ma H$mo Or. gw~«_Ê` Aæà Zo ewê$ {H$`m& ewê$ Ho$ Hw$N> {XZm| VH$ Vmo BgH$màH$meZ A{Z`{_V ahm na ~mX _| EH$ gmám{hH$ Am¡a {\$a gámh _| VrZ ~ma {ZH$mbZo H$sBgH$m Amd¥Îmr ~aH$ama ahr & Bgr ~rM {hÝXy Zm_ go EH$ AI~ma lr Aæà Zo hr {ZH$mbm.1898 VH$ BZ XmoZm| ²I~mamo go lr Aæà gå~Õ aho, na 1899 _| CÝhmoZo ñdXoe{_Ì H$mo X¡{ZH$H$a {X`m & 1917 VH$ ñdXoe {_Ì V{_b ^mfm H$m AHo$bm AI~ma ahm & 1917 Ho$ ApÝV_{XZm| _| hr Xoe ^{º$ Zm_ go EH$ AI~ma ewê$ hþAm {Oggo Ho$B© V{_b {dÛmZ² gå~Õ hþE & Q>r.dr. Ho$. _wXm{b` Bg X¡{ZH$ Ho$ gånmXH$ hþE & BZ {XZm| V{_b nÌH$m[aVm Zo AnZm nyU© d¡ d d{d{eï>Vm àmá H$s & V{_b nÌH$m[aVm _| Xoe^º$ H$m EH$ {d{eï> `moJXmZ h¡ & hmbm±{H$ 1920_| `h ~ÝX hmo J`m & Bg AI~ma Zo d¡Mm[aH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ ~hgmo, I~am|, {díbofUm| H$mo_hÎd {X`m Am¡a ~hþV AÀN>r ^mfm _| Cgo àñVwV {H$`m &

ñdXoe {_Ì Am¡a Xoe^º$ dmñVd _| V{_b nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _mZH$ h¢, {OZgo AmJo H$s amhIwbVr {XImB© n‹S>r & H$hmZm Mm{hE {H$ ~mX Ho$ AI~mam| na BZH$m AÀN>m Imgm à^md ahm &_hÎdnyU© h¡ {H$ 1904 _| lr Aæà Zo à{gÕ H${d gw~«_Ê`_ ^maVr H$mo Cn gånmXH$ Ho$ ê$n~hmb {H$`m & ~mX _| `hr gw~«_Ê`_ ^maVr à{gÕ H${d Ho$ ê$n _| g_m{ÐV hþE & BÝhm|Zo V{_bnÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$ Z`m ñdê$n {X`m, H$`m|{H$ CZHo$ nmg AË`ÝV gab bo{H$Z ~hþV hr CËH¥$ï>JÚ {bIZo H$s j_Vm Wr {Oggo Am_ OZVm H$m\$s à^m{dV hþB© & ~§Jmb {d^mOZ go do naoeZAm¡a Xw…Ir Wo VWm ~mX _| ~mb J§JmYa {VbH$ Ho$ gmW do aho & {VbH$ Ho$ gmW CÝhmoZo Xmogmám{hH$ V{_b Am¡a A§J«oOr _| ewê$ {H$E - BpÊS>`m (V{_b) Am¡a ~mb ^maVr (A§J«oOr)bo{H$Z BZ n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ amï>r` Voda Ho$ H$maU do gaH$ma H$m H$mon^mOZ hþE, CÝh| nm±So>Moar^mJZm n‹S>m & BZ V_m_ OhmoOhX Ho$ gmW 1910 _| ò XmoZm| gmám{hH$ ~ÝX hmo JE & ~mX _|gw~«_Ê`_ ^maVr _Ðmg AmE Am¡a {\$a ñdXoe {_Ì go gå~Õ hmo JE &

V{_b nÌH$m[aVm _| dmñVd _| 20dt eVmãXr _| H$B© Vah H$s YmamAm| H$m dM©ñd {XImB©XoVm h¡ gaH$ma g_W©H$, OZOm{Vgo gå~Õ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo CR>mVr hþB©, {g{db Zm\$a_mZr Ho$Agh`moJ _| H$s JB© nÌH$m[aVm Am{X {d{^Þ YmamE± {XImB© XoVr h¡ & Ð{d‹S> _| OZOm{V`m| H$s m|H$ho {H$ ~«m÷Um| Ho$ A{V[aº$ g^r Om{V`m| H$s g_ñ`mE± CR>mB© JB© & gr. Ama. lr{Zdmg CgHo$gånmXH$ Wo CÝhm|Zo V{_b nÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$ ZB© gmh{gH$ ì`dñWm Xr & ~mX _| OpñQ>g nmQ>u Ho$_wI nÌ O¡gm BgH$m ñdê$n hmo J`m & BgHo$ ~mX S>m°. nr. daXamOwb Zm`Sy> Zo V{_bZmSy> Zm_ goX¡{ZH$ {ZH$mbm {OgZo Jm±Yr Or Ho$ {g{db Zm\$a_mZr AmÝXmobZ H$m g_W©Z Zht {H$`m Am¡a Bg



àH$ma nÌH$m[aVm EH$ Vah go AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| àdoe H$a OmVr h¡ &V{_b nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ àmapå^H$ gm{hpË`H$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ ñdê$n O¡gm à^md VobwJy

nÌH$m[aVm H$m r ahm na VobJy nÌH$m[aVm na ~§Jmb H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$m à^md g~go Á`mXm ahm& Bg{bE {XImB© h XoVm h¡ {H$ VobJy nÌH$m[aVm H$m r nhbm AI~ma EH$ {H«$píM`Z {_eZarÛmam hr B©gmB© Y_© Ho$ àMma Ho$ {bE {ZH$bm & BgH$m Zm_ gË`XyV Wm, Omo 1836 _| {ZH$bm -~obmar go & `h _Ðmg _| N>nVm Wm Am¡a ~obmar VWm Xygao joÌm| _| ~±Q>Vm Wm & BgHo$ ~mX H$B©AI~ma {ZH$bo - 1840 _| d¥O§{VZr, 1845 _| gwOmZ a§{OZr, 1860 _| {XZm dV©_mZr,{hVdmXr Am¡a a{d & BZ gmao AI~mam| H$s ^mfm g§ñH¥$V {Zð> V{_b Wr & V{_b {b{n WmoS>rCbPr hþB© {b{n h¡ Bg{bE CXy© H$s Vah BgHo$ {bE ^r H$m{V~ O¡go bmoJ hþAm H$aVo Wo Am¡a nyaonÞ H$mo {bIVo Wo &

~mX _| doX g_mO (_Ðmg) Ho$ VËdmdYmZ _| 1864 _| VËd~mo{YVm AI~ma {ZH$bm &_w»` ê$n go `h AI~ma bmoJm| _| doX H$m àMma-àgma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ewÕ Cƒma_ Am{X H$mo~VmZo Ho$ {bE {ZH$bm & Bg_| Ym{_©H$Vm na ~hg VWm {d{^Þ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| na ~hgod {dMma-{d_e© Bg_| Omar ahVm Wm & na VobJy nÌH$m[aVm _| _mo‹S> Am`m amd ~hmXwa H§$XwH$ardramqOJ_ n§Vwbw Ho$ AmJ_Z go, AmÝY« _| nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ZE Am`m_ BZHo$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX go hr ewê$hþAm & amOm_w§Xar go {ddoH$d{Õ©Zr, g{V{hV amo{YZr, hmñ`d{Y©Zr, gË`dm{XZr, AmÝY« ^mfmg§OrdZr, nwéfmW© àXm{`Zr, AmÝY« àH$m{eH$m, bmoH$ a§{OZr, e{eboIm, H¥$îU n{ÌH$m, nwéfmW©àXm{`Zr, AmÝY« àH$m{eH$m, bmoH$ a§{OZr, e{eboIm, H¥$îU n{ÌH$m, JmoXmdar, AmÝY« Ho$ear,Xoem{^_mZr, AmÝY«à^m Am{X {d{^Þ n{ÌH$mAm| Ûmam VobJy nÌH$m[aVm H$m {dH$mg hþAm &V{_b nÌH$m[aVm H$s Vah VobJy nÌH$m[aVm r dmñVd _| 20dr eVmãXr _| hr nyar Vah {dH${gVhþB© &

Bgo EH$ AO~ pñWVr hr H$hZr Mm{hE {H$ X{jU ^maV H$s Á`mXmVa ^mfmAm| H$snÌH$m[aVm Ho$ OÝ_XmVm H$moB© Z H$moB© {_eZar hr h¡ & V{_b, VobJy H$mo {Og Vah B©gmB© {_eZ[a`m|Zo ewê$ {H$`m, Cgr Vah H$ÞS> nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV O_©Z {_eZar Zo ewê$ {H$`m, Cgr VahH$Þ‹S> nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAm{V {_eZar Ûmam hmoVr h¡ & ~obmar _| O_©Z {_eZar ^r Wr {OgZo1812 _| hr H$Þ‹S> g_mMma {ZH$mbm, erK« hr h {_eZar _¡|Jbmoa Mbr JB© Am¡a dht go AnZmàH$meZ H$m`© Omar aIm & Bg {_eZar Zo AnZm N>mnImZm r bJm aIm Wm AV… dhm± go {ejmgå~ÝYr {d{^Þ nwñVH|$ Am¡a AI~ma r {ZH$bZo bJo & BZ àH$meH$m| H$m _w»` CÔoí` Ym{_©H$àMma VWm A§J«oOr, H$Þ‹S> ^mfm H$m gå`H$ kmZ bmoJm| H$mo H$amZm Wm &

1812 _| H$Þ‹S> g_mMma Vmo {ZH$bm bo{H$Z dmñVd _| H$Þ‹S> nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV1863 go hr ewê$ hmoVr h¡ O~ dhm± {hÝXyñWmZr _| H$m{g_-Cb-AI~ma {ZH$bm & BgHo$~mX1865 _| H$Zm©Q>H$ àH$m{eH$m, 1866 _§ _¡gyaJOQ>, _ob, {hamo, _¡gya Q>mB©åg O¡go AI~maA§J«oOr _| {ZH$bo, H«$_e… 1908, 1910 _| & H$Þ‹S> _| {ZH$bo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$gar (1888),g{ZdwXr (1900), dmoH$H$m{bJa n{ÌH$m (1907), AW©gmYH$ n{ÌH$m (1914) VWm gy m}X`àH$m{eH$m EH$ X¡{ZH$ A˜~ma Wm Omo 1888 _| àH$m{eV hþAm &

ò gmao AI~ma EH$ Vah go H$ÞS> nÌH$m[aVm H$s AmYma{ebm V¡ ma H$aVo h¢, {OZ_|{dH$mg H$s J{V `m{Z OrdZ OJV g_mO, gaH$ma go ghO hr EH$ H$Qw> - _Ywa [aíVm ^r ñnï>hmoVm MbVm h¡ & dmñVd _| H$Þ‹S> nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {nVm E_. d¢H$Q>H¥$îU¡ m H$mo H$hm OmVm h¡ & nyao

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_¡gya joÌ _| BÝh| VmV¡ m m d¥Õ {nVm_h Ho$ ê$n _| Am¡a Zm_ go OmVm OmVm h¡ & BÝhm|Zo nÌH$m[aVmHo$ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| MoVZm Ho$ g~go g~b, gƒm Am¡a àoaH$ h{W`ma Ho$ ê$n _| {M{•V {H$`m &BZHo$ {bE nÌH$m[aVm g~go CÎm_ gm_m{OH$ H$_© Wm {OgHo$ Ûmam OZVm _| bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ _yë`m|H$mo OJmH$a CZH$s Jhar Agm_m{OH$ ZtX Vmo‹S>r Om gH$Vr Wr & Bgr CÔoí` go CÝhm|Zo 1885 _|d¥ÎmmÝV {MÝVm_Ur O¡go gmám{hH$ H$s ewéAmV H$s & Bg_| {~«{Q>e emgH$m| Ho$ ê$n, AnZr y_rHo$ {bE ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ H$V©ì`, nyao _¡gya joÌ _| empÝV d gm¡hmX© Ho$ à`mgm| Ho$ {bE MoVZm OJmZogå~ÝYr AmboI àH$m{eV {H$E OmVo Wo & Bgr Ho$ ~mX A§J«oOr Am¡a H$Þ‹S> Ho$ H$B© AI~ma {ZH$bo- {hV~mo{YZr, doXmÝV {MåVm_{U, gmhZr, _¡gya, n¡{Q>`mQ>, d¡ëW Am°\$ _¡gya, ZoMa H$`moa _¡gyahoamëS>, H$ÞS> ZmX§JoXr, _¡gya ñQ¢>Q>S©>, g_mMma g§J«h, gw_{V, H$Zm©Q>H$, OZdmUr Am{X BË`m{X& o AI~ma H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {d{^Þ joÌm| go {ZH$bo _w»` VWm ~mOrnya go r H$B© AI~ma {ZH$bVoaho & Bg AI~mam| Ho$ gmW E_ Jmonmb Eo_§Jma, E_. lr{Zdmg Eo_§Jma, S>r. ~r. Jw§S>ßnm, E_.{dídoída¡ m, {_Om© Bñ_ma, Q>r.Q>r. e_m©, E. Ho$. e_m©, e_m Eo_§Jma, JwéàX ñdm_r Am{X AZoH$_hÎdnyU© bmoJ Ow‹So> aho &

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VH$ o AI~ma V_m_ {eÔVm| d Owë_m| Ho$ ~mX ^r {ZH$bVo aho Am¡a maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$Z`m ñdZê$n {X`m &

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H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV Ho$ nrNo> H$bm Am¡a gm{hË` H$s godm VWmY_© H$m àMma Wm bo{H$Z dñVwpñW{V go nVm bJVm h¡ {H$ {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ nrNo> `wJ MoVZm,amï>r` MoVZm d ñdmYrZVm H$s ^mdZm g~go à~b Wr & BgHo$ ~mX hr gm{hË` H$m {dH$mg,H$bm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V _| bmoJmo H$s ê${M n¡Xm H$aZo H$s ~mV AmVr h¡ & BgH$m g~go ~‹S>m H$maU{XImB© XoVm h¡ {H$ gm{hË`, g§ñH¥${V, H$bm, Y_© Am{X Ho$ àMma àgma, {dH$mg Am{X H$s naånamVmo ^maV _| H$m\$s nhbo go ahr, bo{H$Z gm_m{OH$ {dS>å~ZmAm|, emgH$m| Ho$ emofU, Xw{Z`m Ho$~XbVo n[adoe, {dkmZ H$s àJ{V, {ejm Ho$ ZE _mZXÊS>, ^mfm Ho$ ~XbVo ñdê$n, ñdmYrZVmH$m Ahgmg OJmZo H$s ~mV, Xoe ^{º$ H$s MoVZm \¡$bmZo H$s ~mV Am{X Ho$ {bE H$moB© gwgå~Õ_mÜ`_ Zht Wm & gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ {dg§J{V`m| H$mo ~VmZm VWm gÎmm nj Ho$ emofUVWm Am_ AmX_r H$s hmbV bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$m g~go Z`m, {dídgZr` Am¡a AZyR>m _mÜ`_nÌH$m[aVm hr Wr & Bg{bE nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ewê$ H$aZo Ho$ nrNo> _w»` ê$n go h ZB© MoVZm Am¡a ZE_yë` VWm {df` hr H$maH$ VÎd Wo Bg ZB© MoVZm H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo _| N>mnImZm Zo ~‹S>r_hÎdnyU© y{_H$m {Z^mB© & Bg{bE nÌH$m[aVm {~ëHw$b ZE _mÜ`_ Ho$ ê$n _| gd©Wm ZB© D$Om© Ho$gmW ewê$ H$s JB© Am¡a BgH$s _w»` y{_H$m gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ hr ahr & My±{H$ `hAmYw{ZH$, d¡km{ZH$ AmB© ZB© {dYm, EH$ namYrZ maV _| AmB© Wr & Bg{bE Bgo EH$ amOZr{VH$h{W`ma Ho$ ê$n _| BñVo_mb {H$`m J`m Am¡a Xoe H$s _w{º$ H$s b‹S>mB© H$m EH$ h{W`ma hmoZo Ho$H$maU `h {dYm EH$ {_eZ Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V hmo JB© &

{hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Bg àmapå^H$ B{Vhmg Ho$ bJ^J EH$ gm¡ gmb H$mo h_ gw{dYmZwgmaVrZ IÊS>m| _| ~m±Q>H$a XoI gH$Vo h¢ - àmapå^H$ `wJ (gZ 1826 go 1867 VH$), maVoÝXw `wJ(1867 go 1900 VH$) VWm {ÛdoXr `wJ (1900 go 1920 VH$) & XoIm OmE Vmo {hÝXrnÌH$m[aVm H$m àmaå^ ~§Jmb go hr, dh r _w»` ê$n go H$bH$Îmm go hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ V~ {~hma~§Jmb AbJ Zht Wo Am¡a {~«{Q>e emgZ VWm ì`mnma Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ ê$n _| H$bH$Îmm g~go n_wI

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ZJam| _| go EH$ Wm gmW hr dhm± _wÐU H$bm H$m àmaå^ ^r hmo MwH$m Wm & `m| ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVmH$m nhbm AI~ma {hH$H$s Ho$ ~§Jmb JOQ> go 29 OZdar, 1780 _| hr hmo MwH$m Wm BgHo$ ~mX1791 _| ~§Jmb OZ©b {d{b`_ Sw>AmZr Zo {ZH$mbm bo{H$Z BZ XmoZm| hr gånmXH$m| H$mo {~«{Q>eemgH$m| Ho$ Jå^ra H«$moY H$m {eH$ma hmoZm n‹S>m & BZ XmoZm| hr gånmXH$m| Ho$ {~«{Q>e emgH$m| VWmB©ñQ> BpÊS>`m H$ånZr go AnZo _V oX Wo {OgHo$ H$maU JdZ©a OZab dmaoZ hopñQ§>J VWm gwàr_H$moQ©> Ho$ EH$ OO Ho$ {déÕ Bg_| {ddaU àH$m{eV {H$E JE & CZ_| ^maVr` OZVm H$s ~XhmbrH$mo COmJa H$aZo VWm hm± Ho$ bmoJm| na {~«{Q>e emgH$m| Ho$ X_Z MH«$ H$m ~`mZ H$aZm CÔoí` ZhtWm & H$maU Mmho Omo r aho hmo bo{H$Z BZ nÌm| _| gaH$ma H$s Omo AmbmoMZm Wr dh nÌH$m[aVm Ho$_yb JwU H$s Va\$ g§Ho$V H$aVr Wr {OgZo ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$ Ñ{ï> ^r Xr &

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{hÝXr H$m nhbm AI~ma CX§V _mV©ÊS> Wm Vmo 1826 _| H$bH$Îmm go EH$ gmám{hH$ Ho$ê$n _| {ZH$bm & Cgo n§{S>V `wJb {H$emoa ewH$b Zo {ZH$mbm, 30 _B© 1826 H$mo BgH$m nhbmA§H$ {ZH$bm & Bg_| Hw$N> Xogr I~a| VWm Á`mXmVa {dXoer hbMb, KQ>ZAm| H$m {ddaU Am{XahVm Wm `m{Z {dXoer gyMZmAm| go am EH$ gmám{hH$ Wm & bo{H$Z h AI~ma ~hþV {XZm| VH$Zht Mb gH$m & 19 {_hZm| Ho$ ~mX 11 {Xgå~a, 1927 H$mo ~ÝX hmo J`m & BgHo$ ~ÝX hmoZo Ho$_w»` H$maU Wo ~§Jmb _| {hÝXr Ho$ nmR>H$m| H$s H$_r, {dkmnZm| H$m Z {_bZm Am¡a bmJV Á`mXmbJZm & `m{Z Am{W©H$ H${R>ZmB`m| Ho$ H$maU Bgo ~ÝX H$aZm n‹S>m & `wJb {H$emoa H$mZnya Ho$ahZodmbo Wo na H$bH$Îmo H$s gXa XrdmZr _| H$bH©$ Wo ~mX _| dht dH$sb hþE & {hÝXr ào_r Wo Am¡abmoJm| H$mo Xoe {dXoe H$s J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo ~VmZo Ho$ njYa Wo - ImgVm¡a go {dXoer KQ>ZmAm| Ho$~mao _| Oê$a ~VmZm MmhVo Wo &

{hÝXr Ho$ ^r nhbo, AI~ma H$mo boH$a àmaå^ _| Wmo‹S>m {ddmX ahm & 1894 _| O~amYmH¥$îU Xmg Zo {hÝXr ^mfm Ho$ gm_{`H$ nÌm| H$m B{Vhmg {bIm Vmo CÝhm|Zo {ed àgmX{gVmao{hÝX Ho$ ~Zmag AI~ma H$m Omo 1845 _| {ZH$bm Wm Cgo {hÝXr H$m nhbm AI~maKmo{fV {H$`m & maV {_Ì Ho$ gånmXH$ ~mb _wHw$ÝX Jwá Zo r 1905 _| VËH$mbrZ {hÝXr nÌm| H$moboH$a Omo boI {bIm Cg_| ~Zmag AI~ma H$mo hr {hÝXr H$m nhbm AI~ma _mZm & XaAgbBg Vah Ho$ Xmdo nhbo Ho$ àH$m{eV nÌm| H$s AZwnbãYVm Ho$ H$maU {H$E JE & `h ~mV 1931VH$ gd©{d{XV ahr {H$ ~Zmag AI~ma hr {hÝXr H$m nhbm AI~ma m{Z {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$mB{Vhmg 1845 go ewê$ hmoVm h¡ & na _m°S>Z© [aì`y Am¡a àdmgr Ho$ CngånmXH$ ~¥OoÝÐ ZmW~§S>monmÜ`m` Zo ~§Jbm nÌm| H$s ImoO H$aVo hþE amYmH$mÝV Xdo nwñVH$m` go CX§V _mV©ÊS> à{V`m±hm{gb H$s V~ {gÕ hþAm {H$ {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m B{Vhmg dmñVd _| 1826 go ewê$ hmoVm h¡ &Bg_| {hÝXwñVm{Z`m| Ho$ {hV H$s ~mV Wr na JdZ©a OZab H$s ñVw{V Wr &

Bg Vah CX§V _mV©ÊS> Ho$ ~mX r {hÝXr nÌm| H$m EH$ {g{bgbm {_bZm ewé hþAm & amOmam__mohZ am° {hÝXy hoamëS> Zm_ go A§J«oOr nÌ {ZH$mbVo Wo na AnZo {dMmam| H$mo ì`mnH$Vm àXmZH$aZo Ho$ {bE Á`mXm go Á`mXm bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE 10 _B©, 1829 H$mo {hÝXr _| ~§JXyVZm_ go ^r {ZH$mbm & BgHo$ gånmXH$ ~ZmE JE Zrb aVZ hmbXma & ~mX _| \$magr Am¡a ~§Jbm_| ^r ~§JXyV {ZH$bm &



{hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m {dH$mg dñVwV… {H$gr EH$ joÌ {deof go Zht hþAm & BgH$sewéAmV ^bo hr ~§Jmb Ho$ CX§S> _mV©ÊS> go hmo na _Ü`àXoe, amOñWmZ, {~hma Am{X {d{^ÞjoÌm| go g_mZ ê$n go hmoVr h¡ & Bg{bE {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$s ì`mnH$Vm H$m AÝXmO ghO hr bJgH$Vm h¡ & ~Zmag AI~ma Ho$ ~mX B§{S>`Z gZ Zm_ go {hÝXr, \$mag A§J«oOr, CXy© Am¡a ~§Jbm _|1846 _| gmám{hH$ AI~ma {ZH$bm. 1848 _| _mbdm gmám{hH$ H$bH$Îmm go CXy© _| {ZH$bm& 1849 _| H$bH$Îmm go hr {hÝXr Am¡a ~§Jbm _| O`Xrn ^mñH$a gmám{hH$ {ZH$bm &~Zmag goVmam_mohZ _¡Ìo Zo 1850 _| gwYmH$a {ZH$mbm & h {hÝXr Am¡a ~§Jbm _| {ZH$bVm Wm & 1850_| hr `wJb {H$emoa ewH$b Zo {\$a {hÝXr _| gm_XÊS> _mV©ÊS> {ZH$mbm VWm 1852 _| AmJam go~w{ÕàH$me {ZH$bm, gånmXH$ Wo _w§er gXmgwI & 1854 _| {hÝXr H$m nhbm X¡{ZH$ gwYmdf©U{ZH$bm, gånmXH$ Wo í`m_gwÝXa goZ & `h {hÝXr Am¡a ~§Jbm H$m Û¡ m{fH$ AI~ma Wm & BgAI~ma Z ~mX 1857 Ho$ g§J«m_ g_mMmam| H$mo VWm A§J«oOr Ho$ AË`mMma H$mo bJmVma àH$m{eV{H$`m & 1857 Ho$ ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ H$m g_W©Z H$aVo hþE Bg A˜~ma Zo 5, 9, Am¡a 10 OyZ185 Ho$ A§H$m| _| {gnm{h`m| VWm J«m_rUm| H$s {dO`r goZm H$s àJ{V Ho$ g_mMma N>mno & 12 OyZHo$ gwYmdf©U Ho$ gånmXH$ Ho$ {déÕ gaH$ma Zo _wH$X_m MbmZo H$m \¡$gbm {H$`m VWm 13 OyZ,1857 H$mo AI~mam| H$m Jbm Km|Q>Zo Ho$ {bE J¢qJJ EH$Q> (Jbm Km|Q> H$mZyZ) bmJy H$a {X`m &gånmXH$ go Zo BgH$m {damoY {H$`m & H$bH$Îmm Ho$ gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` _| CÝhm|Zo _m_bm Xmà{H$`m Am¡a CÝh| _m_bo go ~ar H$a {X`m J`m & na Eogo ^r AI~ma Wo {OÝhm|Zo _wH$X_m hmoZo Ho$~mX _m\$s _m±Jr, O¡go - Xya~rZ Am¡a gwbVmZ-Cb-AI~ma &

CYa 1852 _| AmJam go ~w{Õ àH$me AI~ma {ZH$bm Wm na dh EH$ gwYmadmXr nÌ Wm& bmbm gXmgwI bmb Ûmam gånm{XV Bg nÌ H$m _w»` ñda gm_m{OH$ AÝY{dídmgm| Am¡aê${‹T>`m| H$m {damoY H$aZm Wm & Bg_| J{UV, yJmob, {ejm d AÝ` {df`m| na ^r AmboI hmoVoWo & 1855 _| {hÝXr, CXy© _| gd©{hVH$maH$ Zm_ H$m AI~ma {ZH$bm Bggo nhbo 1848 _| eoIAãXw„m Zo {hÝXr Am¡a CXy© _| {e_bm A˜~ma {ZH$mbm &

XaAgb {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m àmapå^H$ VrZ XeH$ EH$ Vah go {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$sV¡ mar H$m B{Vhmg h¡ & 1857 Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX go {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm O¡go AnZo àmapå^H$ Xm¡a _|hr EH$ N>bm§J boVr h¡ & amOZr{VH$ MoVZm VWm gm_m{OH$ MoVZm {dH${gV H$aZo H$m {_eZ, O¡go- {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm _| Yrao Yrao àdog H$aZo bJVr h¡ &

15 AJñV, 1867 _| H$mer go H${d dMZ gwYm _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m {ZH$br na ~mX _|nm{jH$ Am¡a {\$a gmám{hH$ AI~ma Ho$ ê$n _| Am`m & 1873 _| maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ Zo h[aíMÝÐ_¡JOrZ {ZH$mbr VWm 1874 _| ~mb ~mo{YZr, 1880 _| H$bH$Îmm go XwJm©àgmX {_l Zo C{MVdº$m {ZH$mbm & gma gwYm {Z{Y 1879 _| {ZH$bm VWm maV {_Ì 1878 _| & _Ohê$b, géa,½dm{bà JOQ>, gd©{hV H$maH$, àOm {hV¡fr, Y_©àH$me, VËd~mo{YZr, kmZXm{`Zr, gË` XrnH$,d¥VmÝV {dbmg, aVZ àH$me, Am{X AI~ma {ZH$bVo aho Am¡a H$bH$Îmm, AmJam, ~Zmag,~aobr, BQ>mdm, Ah_Xm~mX, Oå_y H$mpí_a, bmhm¡a - Am{X {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m A~mY {dH$mg{XImB© XoVm h¡ & dñVwV… H$bH$Îmm H$s {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm Zo amOZr{VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ MoVZmOJmZo _| Ah_² y{_H$m AXm H$s & N>moQy>bmb {_l VWm XwJm©àgmX {_l Zo ^maV {_Ì {ZH$mbH$agmhgAm¡a à{V~ÕVm H$m n[aM` {X`m & ~mb_wHw$ÝX Jwá, n§. éÐXÎm e_m©, Apå~H$m àgmXdmOno r, ^maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ Am{X Cg Xm¡a Ho$ YmH$‹S> nÌH$mam| _| go Wo &

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\$adar, 1857 _| hr {X„r go n`m_| AmOmXr Zm_H$ AI~ma AOr_w„m Im± Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _|{ZH$bm Wm {OgZo {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm _| AnZm {d{eï> `moJXmZ {H$`m & AOr_w„m Im± ñdVÝÌVmgoZmZr Wo & 16 n§{º$`m| H$m H$m¡_r JrV CÝhm|Zo Bg_| àH$m{eV {H$`m Am¡a 1857 _| H$m¡_r PÊSo>H$s gbm_r Ho$ dº$ Bgo Jm`m r Wm & Xw m©½` h¡ {H$ n`m_| AmµOmXr H$s EH$ r à{V maV _| AmOCnbãY Zht h¡, b§XZ å`w{O`_ _| BgH$s EH$ à{V h¡ & ~Vm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ n`m_o AmµOmXr H$mAmb_ h Wm {H$ {OgHo$ Ka _| CgH$s à{V nmB© JB© Cgo \$m±gr na M‹T>m {X`m J`m, Cgo XoeÐmohrH$ama {H$`m J`m &

H${d dMZ gwYm go hr dmgëVd _| {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ^maVoÝXw `wJMaU H$m Amaå^hmoVm h¡ & 19dt eVmãXr Ho$ BZ ApÝV_ VrZ XeH$m| _| {~hma, ~§Jmb, _Ü` àXoe, CÎma àXoe,amOñWmZ, n§Om~ Am{X joÌm| _| gm{hpË`H$, amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ loð> CXmhaU{_bVo h¢ & ^maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ H$m {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm _| dñVwV… dhr ñWmZ h¡, Omo ~§Jmb H$snÌH$m[aVm _| amOm am__mohZ am` H$m & Bg `wJ _| dñVwV… ^maVoÝXw H$m g~gm Á`MmXm à^md{hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm na ahm & CZH$s n{ÌH$mE± - h[aíMÝÐ _¡JOrZ, h[aíMÝÐ M§{ÐH$m, ~mb~mo{YZr AnZo T§>J H$s AZyR>r n{ÌH$mE± Wr &

^maVoÝXw Zo EH$ Va\$ JÚ Am¡a Xygar Va\$ H$mì` ^mfm H$m CËH¥$ï> à`moJ H$a {hÝXrnÌH$m[aVm H$mo CÞV {H$`m & H$mì` mfm gË` H$mo A{V[aº$ gm¡ÝX`© Ho$ gmW àH$m{eV H$aZodmbmg§aMZm hmoVr h¡ & maVoÝXw _| àhma H$s AX² wV e{º$ Wr Am¡a àhma Ho$ {bE do _whmdam| Am¡a H$mì`^mfm H$m gQ>rH$ n`moJ H$aVo Wo & nÌH$m[aVm H$s mfm _| H$mì` à`moJ dm§N>Zr` V^r hmoVm h¡, V~dh bmoH${hV _| hmo Am¡a gË` H$mo àH$m{eV H$ao & ^maVoÝXw garIo g H$mb Ho$ H$B© nÌH$ma BgH$gm¡Q>r na Iao CVaVo h¢ & ^maVoÝXw H$m `h bmoH${hV dñVwV… OZMoVZm go Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡ &

`h AmíM`© H$s ~mV Zht h¡ {H$ maVoÝXw H$mb VH$ {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$mo gm‹To> VrZ gm¡ goA{YH$ A˜~ma {dH${gV H$a aho Wo {OZ_| go A{Yg§»` bmoJm| _| amï>r` ^mdZm n¡Xm H$aZo, XoeHo$ {bE _a {_Q>Zo VWm ñdmYrZVm H$s b‹S>mB© Ho$ {bE V¡ mar H$am aho Wo & gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$pñW{V`m| na MwQ>rbr {Q>ßn{U`m± ewê$ hmo JB© Wt &

BÝht gm‹To> VrZ gm¡ go A{YH$ A˜~mam| _| ~mbH¥$îU ^Å> H$m {hÝXr àXrn _m{gH$ Wm Omo{gVå~a 1877 go ewê$ hmoH$a 33 dfm] VH$ {ZbH$Vm ahm & {~«Q>re gaH$ma na {Q>ßnUr Ho$ H$maU`h ~ÝX hþAm & BgHo$ A{V[aº$ {d{dY {df` {d y{fV, d¥ÎmmÝV Xn©U, à`mJ Xya, {hÝXy àH$me,b{bVnwa ~wÝXob IÊS> g_mMma {ZH$bo & 1871 _| Aë_mo‹S>m AI~ma CÎmaàXoe H$s nÌH$m[aVmH$mo EH$ Z`m _mo‹S> XoVm h¡ & 47 dfm] VH$ h H$^r nm{jH$ Am¡a H$^r gmám{hH$ Ho$ ê$n _| {ZH$bm& Bg AI~ma Zo AnZo joÌ _| ì`mnH$ MoVZm n¡Xm H$s Am¡a g¢H$‹S>m| boIH$ - nÌH$ma n¡Xm {H$E &1872 _| H$m{V©H$ àgmX Zo {hÝXr Xr{á àH$me Ed§ 1874 _| H$bH$Îmo go {~hma ~ÝYw {ZH$mbm(~mX _o§ h nQ>Zm go àH$m{eV hmoZo bJm & ) O~anya go O~bnya g_mMma 1874 _| bIZD$ go^maV n{ÌH$m, AmJam go _`m©Xm, n[anmQ>r g_mMma, _oaR> go ZmJar àH$me, n§Om~ go OJVAe©Zm, AbrJ‹T> go ^maV ~ÝYw, {X„r go gXXe©, emhOhm±nya go Am`© Xn©U VWm {hÝXy ~m§Yd,{_Ì {dbmg, ^maV Xr{nH$m, ^maV {hV¡fr Am{X Ho$ àH$meZ go {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {d{dYAm`m_ CâH$a gm_Zo AmE & 1883 go 1885 VH$ bÝXZ go {hÝXwñVmZ Ì¡_m{gH$ Ho$ ê$n _|{hÝXr, CXy©, A§J«oOr _| {ZH$bVm ahm & H$mbmH$m§H$a Ho$ amOm am_nmb qgh Ho$ à`ËZm| go `h{ZH$bm & 1885 _| Bgo H$mbmbm§H$a go X¡{ZH$ Ho$ ê$n _| àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m & {hÝXr joÌ go



{ZH$bZodmbm h {hÝXr H$m nhbm X¡{ZH$ AI~ma Wm & n§. _XZ _mohZ _mbdr` BgHo$ gånmXH$Wo & Bg àH$ma pÝXr nÌH$m[aVm gmV XeH$m| H$m AnZm EH$ nmapå^H$ MaU nyam H$aVr h¡ & BgHo$~mX {ÛdoXr wJ H$m àmaå^ hmoVm h¡ & `m{Z {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm 20 dt gXr _| àdoe H$aVr h¡ & `hH$mb maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$s n[anH$dVm H$m H$mb h¡ & Bg H$mb _| A§J«oO emgH$m| H$m AI~mam|na VWm ~w{ÕOr{d`m|, amï>^º$m| na EH$ Vah go H$ha H$m H$mb Wm & 20dt eVmãXr H$m àW_XeH$ dñVwV… bmS©> H$O©Z Ho$ Hw$emgZ H$m H$mb Wm& ~§J §J bmS©> H$O©Z Ho$ Hw$H¥$Ë` H$s namH$mð>mWr & Bg amOZr{VH$ XwK©Q>Zm na {Q>ßnUr H$aVo bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$ Zo {bIm - bmS©> H$O©Z~§Jm{b`m| H$s g§Ke{º$ H$mo Hw$MbZm MmhVm h¡, H$`m|{H$ Cgo S>a h¡ {H$ H$ht A§J«oOr gaH$ma nado hmdr Z hmo OmE± & ñdXoer AmÝXmobZ V~ Omoam| na Wm & Bg AmÝXmobZ H$mo COmJa H$aZodmboàdº$m Wo - dÝXo _mVa_, g§Ü`m, Ho$gar, _amR>m, n§Om~r Am¡a maV {_Ì & ~§J §J H$m nyao Xoe H$snÌH$m[aVm na EH$ Img Aga nµS>m & 21 AŠQy>~a, 1905 H$mo maV {_Ì Zo ~§J {dÀNo>X erf©H$go boI àH$m{eV {H$`m & emBñVm Im± H$m IV Am¡a {ed eå y Ho$ {MÆo> - ^maV {_Ì Ho$ EogoñVå^ Wo Omo A§J«oO emgH$m| H$s Yp‚m`m± C‹S>m aho Wo & h EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ` h¡ {H$ bmS©> H$O©ZAm¡a AmMm`© _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr g_mZ e{º$ go OyPVo aho & maV {_Ì - gånmXH$ ~mb_wHw$ÝXJwá H$s OmJê$H$ Ñ{ï> g_ñV OmVr` n[aÑí` na {Z~Õ Wr & ^maV {_Ì Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CZH$sgmYZm Zo {hÝXr Am¡a ^maV H$mo g_¥Õ {H$`m &

20 dt eVmãXr H$m àmaå^ AJa A§J«oOm| Ho$ Hw$emgZ H$m _mZH$ H$mb Wm Vmo {hÝXrnÌH$m[aVm Ho$ VrIo hmoZo H$m r H$mb Wm & Bgr g_` H$bH$Îmm go Xmo {d{eï> AI~ma {ZH$bo -Apå~H$m àgmX dmOno r VWm AmMm`© Jmo{dÝX ZmamÙ {_l Ho$ gånmXZ _| - Z¥qgh Omo EH$ewÕ amOZr{VH$ AI~ma Wm & Xygao XodZmJa {OgHo$ gånmXH$ _| - Z¥qgh Omo EH$ ewÕ amOZr{VH$AI~ma Wm & Xygam XodZmJa {OgHo$ gånmXH$ Wo n§. C_mn{V XÎm e_m© VWm èmoZÝXZ AIm¡ar& XmoZm| hr AI~ma 1907 _| {ZH$bo Am¡a amOZr{VH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ _moMm© g± mbm & g_Ýd`,{hÝXy n§W, {demb ^maV, goZmn{V O¡go AI~mam| Ho$ gmW _Vdmbm Am¡a {demb ^maV H$moAnZr EH$ {d{eï> nhMmZ Wr, {OZgo - AmMm`© {ednyOZ ghm` nmåSo>`, ~oMZ g_m© CJ«,gy ©H$mÝV {ÌnmR>r {Zambm, _wÝer ZdOm{XH$bmb, ~Zmagr Xmg MVwd}Xr, lram_ g_m© Ako -O¡go gånmXH$ - boIH$ - H${d Ow‹So> hþE Wo gånmXZ H$m _mZH$ ñWm{nV H$a aho Wo &

½dm{bà JOQ> 1896 go {hÝXy, CXy© _| N>nZo bJm Wm Omo [a`mgVr gyMZmAm| Ho$ {bEOmZm OmVm Wm & Bgr bmBZ na 11 OZdar, 1906 _| AmbrOmX Xa~ma àog go EH$ nÌàH$m{eV hþAm O`mOr àVmn & _Ü`àXoe H$m `h g~go gwJ{R>V d g~go nwamZm nÌ _mZm OmVmh¡ & `m| atdm go ^maV «mVm H$m àH$meZ 1887 go hr ewê$ hmo J`m Wm na dh {ÛdoXr H$mb Ho$àmaå^ VH$ ahm, 1902 _| dh ~ÝX hþAm na EH$ _hÎdnyU© amOZ¡{VH$ AI~ma Ho$ ê$n _| CgZoAnZr N>mn N>mo‹S>r & dmñVd _| dh OZ-OrdZ go Ow‹S>m AI~ma Wm Am¡a V~ CgH$s VrZ hOmaà{V`m| H$m àgma Wm &

_Ü`àXoe _| ^r 20dt eVmãXr H$s ewéAmV Ho$ gmW {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm _| EH$ ZB© bhaAmB© & _mYdamd gào Zo {~bmgnya {Obo Ho$ n|S>m go 1900 _| _m{gH$ N>ÎmrJ‹T> {_Ì {ZH$mbm &{hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$mo BgZo ZB© {Xem Xr Am¡a mfm H$mo r g±dmam & hmbm±{H$ h nÌ VrZ hr gmbVH$ {ZH$bm na Bgo amï>r` ñVa na »`m{V {_br & gånmXH$ Wo am_amd qMMmobH$a & 1903 _|gào Or Zo ZmJnya go {hÝXr Ho$gar {ZH$mbm VWm 1920 _| O~bnya go H$_©dra & Bgr H$mb _|

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BÝXm¡a go ZdOrdZ (1915, g§. Ho$ed Xod emór ÛmaH$m àgmX godH$), AmJam go ~mb _Zmoa§OZ(1914, g§. JUoeXÎm e_© m BÝXw), {hÝXr gd©ñd, MÝÐà^m (gZmdX) VWm BÝXm¡a go ^maVrÀmXe© {ZH$bm & 1910 _| O~bnya go {ejm àH$me, 1913 _| H$mby am_ J§JamSo> Zo à^m{ZH$mbm & 1915 _| emaXm {dZmoX O~bnya go {ZH$bm & 1910 _| aKwda àgmX emór Zoew qMVH$ {ZH$mbm Omo ewÕ gm{hpË`H$ nÌ Wm &

ñdmYrZVm gÝ_mZr n§. gwÝXa bmb Zo Bbmhm~mX go 1909 _| H$_© moJr {ZH$mbm VWm1919 _| JmoaInya go XeaW àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo ñdXoe {ZH$mbm, H$mZnya go àVmn {ZH$bm & BZHo$Zm_ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ BZH$s {df`dñVw H$`m hmoJr VWm BÝh| gaH$ma go {H$g Vah bmohm boZm n‹S>VmhmoJm, O~ gånmXH$m| d nÌH$mam| H$m EH$ n¡a Oob _| hr hmoVm Wm & 7 An«¡b, 1919 H$mo Jm±Yr OrZo ~å~B© go gË`mJ«hr Zm_ go EH$ nÞo H$m ~wbo{Q>Z {ZH$mbm {Og_| amoboQ> EH$Q> H$m {damoY {H$`mJ`m Wm &

{ÛdoXr wJ H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| {damoY H$m ñda nhbo go H$m\$s à_wI VrIm Wm & ~mbH¥$îU^Å> H$m àXrn (Bbmhm~mX) _XZ _mohZ _mbdr` H$m Aä`wX`. (Bbm.), n§. gwÝXa bmb H$mH$_© moJr, ~m~yamd {dîUw nam‹S>H$a Zo 1906 _| H$bÎmm go ~§Jdmgr Am¡a ~mX _| {hVdmVm© - Am{Xg^r AI~ma BgHo$ CXmhaU Wo & hr Zht 5 {gVå~a, 1920 H$mo AmO X¡{ZH$ H$m àH$meZ ewéhþAm {Og_| amï> ào_, amï> mfm, H$m±J«og Am{X H$mo Ho$pÝX²VaV {H$`m J`m Wm & hr Zht, H$bH$Îmmg_mMma (1914), {díd{_Ì (1916) Am¡a ñdVÝÌ (1920) O¡go nÌm| _| IwbH$a {~«{Q>eemgZ H$m {damoY {H$`m J`m Am¡a Bgo àMm[aV H$aZo H$m A{^`mZ Mbm`m J`m & BZ AI~mam|H$m e§I \y±$H$Zo H$m A{^`mZ Mbm`m & BgHo$ {bE Apå~H$m àgmX dmOno r, _ybMÝX AJ«dmb,A_¥Vbmb MH«$dVu Ho$ Zm_ {deof ê$n go C„oIZr` h¡ & BÝh| A§J«oOr hþHy$_V H$m H$mon^mOZ ^r~ZZm n‹S>m, _ybMÝX AJ«dmb H$mo Oob OmZm n‹S>m na nÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$ Z`m Am`m_ {_bm Am¡anÌH$mam| H$mo EH$ ZB© D$Om© & ZE nÌH$mam| H$mo BZ nÌm| go Ow‹S>Zo H$m gmhg OmJm & Bg àH$ma {hÝXrAm¡a ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$mo VÏ`m| VWm X_Z go ê$~ê$ hmoZo H$m _m¡H$m {_bm Am¡a OZVm H$mogMoVZ H$aZo Ho$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd H$m Jham ~moY n¡Xm hþAm & Bg Vah {ÛdoXr wJ VH$ AmVo AmVo Am¡aCggo {ZH$bVo {ZH$bVo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ZE Am`m_ H$m {dH$mg hþAm {OgZo AmJo H$s nÌH$m[aVmH$mo Z`m ñdê$n {X`m &

AnZr àJVr Om±{ME &1. ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m g§{já {ddoMZ H$s{OE &2. ~§Jmb H$s nÌH$m[aVm Am¡a {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ gå~ÝY H$mo AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE &3. {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$s {d{eï>VmAm| H$mo d{U©V H$s{OE&4. ñdmYrZVm nyd© nÌH$m[aVm H$s _w»` àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo {M{•V H$s{OE &5. {hÝXr Ho$ àW_ AI~ma Ho$ ~mao _| VÏ`mË_H$ {Q>ßnUr H$s{OE &6. X{jU ^maV H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$m g§{já n[aM` Xr{OE &7. {Q>ßn{U`m± {b{IE …A) CXy© nÌH$m[aVm H$m _hÎd ~) CX§V _mV©ÊS>g) gwYm df©UX) ^maVoÝXw `wJ H$m _hÎd`) _Ü`àXoe H$m àW_ amOZr{VH$ OZ{à` AI~ma



2.2. ñdmV§Í`moÎma qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýà âw§ýàyñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` g_mMma nÌ, nÌH$m[aVm

{hÝXr _| {Ogo h_ {ÛdoXr `wJ H$hVo h¢ `m{Z 1900 go 1920 VH$ H$m g_`, ^maVr`nÌH$m[aVm EH$ Vah go hm± AmVo AmVo m `m| H$h| {H$ bJ^J EH$ eVmpãX H$s AnZr `mÌm nyarH$a EH$ ñdê$n Am¡a CÔoí` J«hU H$a boVr h¡ & maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$m h H$mb CËWmZ H$mb rH$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ & nyao Xoe _|, g^r joÌm| _|, nÌH$m[aVm AnZo àmapå^H$ à`moJm|, Jb{V`m| gogrIZo H$s pñW{V Am{X H$mo nma H$aVo hþE EH$ gmoÔoí` à`moJm|, Jb{V`m| go grIZo H$s pñW{VAm{X H$mo nma H$aVo hþE EH$ gmoÔoí` nÌH$m[aVm H$s Va\$ AJ«ga hmoVr h¡ & 1920 VH$ AmVo hþEdh H$B© CÎmah Ho$ amOZr{VH$ X~mdm| d CÎmaXm{`Îd H$m AZw d H$aVr h¡ Am¡a EH$ amOZr{VH$H$_© H$s Vah CgH$s {Xem {ZpíMV hmoZo bJVr h¡ & nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _yb CÔoí` `m{Z OZVm Ho$ì`mnH$V_ g_yh VH$ Xoe, H$mb, g_mO, {dH$mg, emoY, {dkmZ, àJ{V, amOZr{V Ho$ g^rhmbMmb nhþ±MZm - ~hþV gm\$ hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a amï> ^{º$ VWm ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE CR>mEOmZodmbo V_m_ H$X_m| H$s AmhQ> Cg_| gwZmB© XoZo bJVr h¡ & H$hZm Mm{hE {H$ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _|nÌH$m[aVm AnZo nyao bjUm| Ho$ gmW ^maV O¡go Cn _hmÛrn _| hr g~go gH$mamË_H$ y{_H$m _|I‹S>r hmoZo bJVr h¡ & My±{H$ V~ ^maV namYrZ Wm Bg{bE ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$mo àmaå^ _| CZAmH«$_H$ H$mZZm| d à{V~ÝYm| H$m ^r gm_Zm H$aZm nµS>m Omo nÌH$m[aVm H$m Jbm Km|Q>Zo Ho$ {bEbmJy {H$E JE Wo & Eogr pñW{V em`X EH$ ñdVZÌ Xoe H$m nÌH$m[aVm H$mo PobZr Zht n‹S>Vr &^maV H$s namYrZVm Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _yb CÔoí`m| H$s I~ ~Zr & Bg namYrZVm Am¡a nÌH$m[aVmHo$ _yb CÔoí`m| H$s Iy~ ~Zr & Bg namYrZVm Zo hr ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$mo dh Yma d D$Om© XrOmo nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {bE g~go Á`mXm Cno{jV h¡ & Bg{bE ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$m B{Vhmg g§Kf©d MwZm¡{V`m| go âm ahm Am¡a ò MwZmo{V`m± CgZo Z Ho$db AnZo gdm gm¡ gmb Ho$ àmapå^H$ Xm¡a_| hr Pobr ~pëH$ ZE ê$nm| _| Cgo ñdmYrZ ^maV _| ^r PobZr n‹S> ahr h¡ & Bg{bE ^maVr`nÌH$m[aVm H$m AnZm {d{eï> B{Vhmg h¡ & ñdmYrZVm Ho$ nhbo bJ^J {N>`mZd| dfm] m gm¡ dfm]VH$ CgZo AnZo ñdê$n H$mo pñWa H$aZo _| bJmE Am¡a 1920 Ho$ ~mX CgZo {dH$mg H$s ZB© {Xemd MoVZm nH$‹S>r, H$`m|{H$ 1920 Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ {H«$`m-H$bmnm| VWm gm_m{OH$MoVZm _| ^r n[adV©Z H$s EH$ bha {XImB© XoVr h¡ & 1919 go hr Bg bha H$s ewéAmV hmoVr h¡O~ amobmoQ> EH$Q> nmg {H$`m OmVm h¡, Om{b`m±dmbm ~mJ H$mÊS> hmoVm h¡ Am{X & BgHo$ ~mX1920 _| H$m±K«og Zo Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ H$mo ñdrH¥$V Xr & N>mÌm| Zo n‹T>mB© N>moµS>r & dH$sbm| ZoAXmbV, A§J«oOr H$nµS>m| H$s hmobr ObmB© JB© Am¡a 1920 _| _monbm {dÐmoh hþAm & {àÝg Am°\$doëg H$s ^maV `mÌm hþB© Am¡a amï>ì`mnr hµS>Vmb...

ò gmar amOZr{VH$ pñW{V`m± maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr aht Am¡a 1920 Ho$^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm _| {damoY H$m ßŒEH$ {ZpíMV ñda CâVm hþAm {XImB© XoVm h¡ & ^maVr`nÌH$m[aVm H$s Bg àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU hr h_ ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s ghO Am¡a{d{eï> n¥ð> y{_ H$s Vah 1920 Ho$ ~mX go 1947 ~pëH$ 1950 m{Z Vrg dfm] H$s nÌH$m[aVmH$mo {deof _hÎd XoVo h¢ & ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s MMm© H$aZo go nhbo h_ Bg Xm¡aH$s nÌH$m[aVm na ^r ZµOa S>mbZm MmhVo h¢ &

XaAgb 1920 Ho$ ~mX go 1947 VH$ ^maVr` amOZr{V H$m g~go CÎmoOH$, J_© Am¡a

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{ZUm© H$ Xm¡a ahm h¡ & Bg Xm¡a _| maVr` nÌH$m[aVm Zo AnZo {dH$mg H$m EH$ Z`m Am`m_ Nw>Am& h_ `h ^r H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ `h Xm¡a EH$ Vah go _hmË_m Jm§±Yr H$s amOZr{V Ho$ AË`ÝV{dH${gV hmo OmZo VWm Cgo EH$ {ZU© VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$m Xm¡a ahm h¡, Bgr{bE Bg {hñgo H$mo h_Jm±Yr wJ r H$h gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm H$m CËWmZ wJ r & maV _| ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE Mbaho V_m_ H«$mpÝVH$mar Am¡a AqhgH$ AmÝXmobZm| Ho$ Bg g§Kf©nyU© Am¡a _maH$mQ> go âo Xm¡a _|AÝVV… ^maVr` amï>r` H$m±J«og VWm Jm±Yr Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| H$mo hr {dO` {XImB© XoVr h¡, Bg{bE^maVr` nÌH$[aVm Ho$ Bg Xm¡a _| Hw$N> Eogm hr à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡ & `h à^md ^maVr`nÌH$m[aVm na g_J« ê$n go n‹S>Vm h¡ &

Bgr gÝX © _| _amR>r nÌH$m[aVm na {dMma H$aVo hþE S>m°. dgÝVamd Zo EH$ OJh ñnï>{H$`m h¡, {H$ 1930 H$m {g{db Zm\$a_mZr AmÝXm¡mobZ Am¡a 1942 Ho$ maV N>mo‹S>mo Am§XmobZ Zo^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm, ImgVm¡a go _amR>r nÌH$m[aVm H$mo H$m\$s hX VH$ à^m{dV {H$`m & _amR>rAI~mam| H$s {df`dñVw hr EH$ àH$ma go ~Xb JB©, dh ewÕ amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am_ OZVm H$moñdmYrZVm hm{gb H$aZo Ho$ {bE àoaUm XoZo dmbr hmo JB© & _wpñb_ brJ Ûmam nm{H$ñVmZ H$moAbJ {H$E OmZo go CËnÞ amOZr{VH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo Bg g_` Ho$ AI~mam| Zo CR>m`m & ^maVràmOZr{V Am¡a {~«Qo>Z Ho$ emgH$m| H$s Zr{V`m| Ho$ ÛÝÛ VWm {dH$mg H$mo AI~mam| Zo {XIm`m & BgHo${bE gÝXoe, bmoH$gÎmm, Zde{º$, _hmamï> Q>mBåg, ZdH$mb, _amR>m, Ho$gar, gH$mb O¡go AI~maXoIo Om gH$Vo h¢, {OZHo$ gånmXH$ H«$_e… H$moëhmQ>H$a, EM. Ama. _hmOZr, nr. ~r. JmS>Jrb,S>r. ~r. H$m{V©H$, nr. Ho$. Im{S>bH$a, AmMm`© AÌo, {VbH$ VWm Oo.E_.{VbH$ hþE & amð>r`,AÝVam©ï>r` amOZr{V I~am| g{hV gm{hË`, Iob Am{X O¡go {df` ^r BZ_| CR>mE JE & Am_OZVm _| BZ AI~mam| H$s EH$ {dídgZr`Vm ^r H$m`_ hmo JB© &

ñdmYrZVm nyd© nÌH$m[aVm H$m `h Xm¡a dñVwV… àW_ {díd `wÕ H$s g_m{á Am¡a Xoe H$samOZr{VH$ hbMb go g~go Á`mXm à^m{dV Wm Bg{bE Bg Xm¡a Ho$ nÌH$mam| H$m g~go ~‹S>mg§H$ën Wm Xoe H$mo namYrZVm H$s ~o‹S>r go _wº$ H$amZm & Bg g_` H$mo gmám{hH$m| H$m g_` ^rH$hm OmVm h¡, H$`m|{H$ Bg g_` AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© gmám{hH$ àH$m{eV hþE {OZH$m OZVm naH$m\$s ì`mnH$ Aga Wm & _XZ _mohZ _mbdr` H$m Aä`wX` VWm Io_H$mO lr H¥$îUXmg H$m lrd§H$Qo>ída g_mMma X¡{ZH$ hmoH$a {\$a gmám{hH$ hmo J`m & H$bH$Îmm g_mMma 1925 _| {X„r AmJ`m Am¡a {hÝXy g§gma Ho$ Zm_ go {ZH$bZo bJm & JUoe e§H$a {dÚmWu Zo H$mZnya go àVmn {ZH$mbm& 1921 _| hr g§ wº$ àmÝV Ho$ JdZ©a Zo H$hm Wm {H$ O~ VH$ àVmn H$m AÝV Z H$a {X`m OmE V~VH$ g§ wº$ àmÝV H$s gmd©O{ZH$ gwajm EH$ ñdßZ _mÌ h¡ & 1931 _| AmJaH$a Or Zo I§S>dm gogmám{hH$ ñdamÁ` {ZH$mbm & 1932 _| atdm go gmám{hH$ àH$me H$m àH$meZ Z¥qgh am_ ewŠbZo {H$`m & Bg àH$ma gmám{hH$m| Am¡a {\$a _m{gH$m| H$s EH$ bå~r naånam {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm _| ahr& BZ AI~mam| _| à{V~ÕVm hr BZH$m gdm}nar JwU Wm &

Bgr Vah ½dm{bà _| 1939 _| OJÞmW àgmX {_{bÝÝX Zo OrdZ {ZH$mbm VWm 1946_| í`m_bmb nm§S>br` Am¡a Í`å~H$ gXm{ed JmoIbo Zo àOm nwH$ma H$m àH$meZ {H$`m & monmbgo àH$m{eV n«Om nwH$ma Bg joÌ H$m nhbm {Z`{_V nÌ Wm & BZHo$ Abmdm AmdmO 1933),gw~ho dOZ (1934), {H$gmZ 1939, VWm ^monmb go CXy© H$m nhbm X¡{ZH$ ZXr_ (1938) Wo& Bg `wJ _| AmH$a _hmH$m¡eb joÌ H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s Yma {ZaÝVa n¡Zr hmoVr JB© & 18 \$adar,1930 H$mo ~m~y Jmo{dÝX Xmg Ed§ n§. Ûm[aH$m àgmX {_l Zo X¡{ZH$ bmoH$_V {ZH$mbm & 1929 _|



X¡{ZH$ gË` H$m àH$meZ lr H¥$îU ñdm_r Zo {H$`m VWm 1934 _| I§‹S>dm go A§Hw$e H$m àH$meZlr am_H¥$îU nmbrdmb Zo {H$`m & Ûm[aH$m àgmX {_l Zo 1941 _| gmaWr {ZH$mbm & 1943 _|Or. ~r. AdñWr AQ>b Zo bmoH$godm {ZH$mbm& Bgr Vah BÝXm¡a, C‚m¡Z Am{X ñWmZm| go AZoH$mZoH$nÌ {ZH$bo & N>ÎmrgJT> A§b go, {dH$mg ({~bmgnya), CËWmZ (am`nya 1935), AJ«XyV (am`nya1942), gmdYmZ 1943, _hmH$moeb (O`nya, 1946), _YwH$a Q>rH$_JT> 1930, bmoH$dmVm©(Q>rH$_JT>), bmoHo$ÝÐ (X{V`m, 1940), ~m§Yd (atdm, 1942), {dÝÜ` y{_ (nÞm 1945),Am{X AI~mam| H$s EH$ bå~r e¥§Ibm h¡, {Oggo h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ gXya ñWmZm| _| r MoVZmH$m {dH$mg {H$g Vah hmo ahm Wm VWm OZOmJ¥{V H$m A{^`mZ MbmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s Om ahrWr & N>moQo> ñWmZm| VWm J«m_rU joÌm| _| r nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ àdoe Zo {gÕ H$a {X`m {H$ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$_hÎd H$mo {H$g àH$ma g_Pm Om ahm Wm Am¡a Cgo {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$g àH$ma VËH$mbrZ~w{ÕOrdr, gm{hpË`H$ ê${M Ho$ ì`{º$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ n«{V~ÕVm go ~±Yo bmoJ bJo hþE Wo &

Bg àH$ma Bg g§{já {ddoMZ go h_mao gm_Zo ñnï> hmoVm h¡, {H$ maVr` nÌH$m[aVm {H$gq «H$ma EH$ à{V~Õ nÌH$m[aVm Wr Am¡a CgZo AÝVV… AnZo CÔoí`m| H$mo ny{V© H$s & ^maVr`nÌH$mam| _| MoVZm, amï>^{º$, ñdmYrZVm H$s ^mdZm VWm AnZo Xoe H$mo _wº$ H$amZo H$s bmbgmà~b Wr & do EH$ gmW JÚ, nÚ, gm{hË`, g_mMma amOZr{VH$ [anmoQ©>, {díbofU Am{X g~Hw$N> {bIVo Wo Am¡a EH$ ì`mnH$ OZ Jmob~ÝXr H$m à`mg H$aVo Wo & OZ Jmob~ÝXr Ho$ AnZoà`mg _| maVr` nÌH$mamo| Zo AÝVV… EH$ ~‹S>r g\$bVm hm{gb H$s Am¡a maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$mbú` nyam {H$`m & 15 AJñV, 1947 H$mo {~«{Q>e emgH$m| Zo ^maVr` ZoVmAm| H$mo Xoe H$s gÎmmgm¢n Xr & AJa {hH$H$s JOQ> go h_ ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewaAmV _mZZo h¢ Vmo 167 df© H$sbå~r b‹S>mB© Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` nÌH$mam| Zo Xoe H$mo _wº$ H$amZo _| AnZr Ah_ y{_H$m H$m EH$_hÎdnyU© B{Vhmg H$m`_ {H$`m & ñdmYrZVm H$m gyaO {ZH$bm Am¡a maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$Z`m Am`m_ {_bm & Bg Xm¡a VH$ AmVo AmVo maVr` nÌH$m[aVm go X¡{ZH$ AI~mam|, gmám{hH$m|VWm _m{gH$ nÌm| H$s y{_H$m ñd`§ ñnï> hmoVr JB© & BZH$m \$H©$ r g_Pm OmZo bJm & BgHo$ gmWhr amOZr{VH$ nÌH$m[aVm Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ nÌH$m[aVm H$m {d^mOZ ^r ñnï> hmo J`m VWm XmoZm|Vah H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s {d{eï>Vm ^r gånmXH$ VWm nmR>H$ dJ© Ho$ g_PZo bJo & H$B© MaUm| H$monma H$aVo hþE ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm Zo AÝVV… EH$ ~‹S>m n‹S>md Xoe H$s ñdmYrZVm àm{á Ho$ ~mXS>mbm & h nS>md g\$bVm, ñ\y${V©, D$Om©, AmídpñV Ho$ md go am hþAm Wm, Bg{bE ñdmYrZVmHo$ ~mX H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$m ñdê$n EH$ {^Þ pñW{V _| nhþ±MVm h¡ & A~ h_ BgHo$ ~mao _| OmZZoH$s H$mo{ee H$a|Jo &

ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm H$s pñW{V nhbo go H$m\$s {^Þ hþB© h¡ & nÌH$mam|Am¡a gånmXH$m| H$mo Am_Vm¡a na Hw$N> Eogm _hgyg hþAm {H$ A~ Vmo Xoe AmOmX hmo J`m h¡, A~CZH$s y{_H$m gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ dñVwpñW{V H$mo OZVm Ho$ gm_Zo aIZo go Á`mXm Oê$arh¡ gaH$ma Ûmam àJ{V Ho$ {H$E JE à`mgm| H$m gaH$mar {ddaU bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±MmZm & Bg {MÝVZZo EH$ Vah go maVr` nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Q>moZ d Qo>åna H$mo ~Xb {X`m Am¡a à{V~Õ, g§Kf©erb VWm{_eZ`wº$ nÌH$m[aVm _| EH$ ~Xbmd Am`m &

BgHo$ A{V[aº$ ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| {df`dma nÌH$m[aVm H$m ñnï>{d^mOZ ^r hmo J`m & A~ Eogm H$moB© ^r {df` Zht ~Mm {Ogo boH$a nÌH$m[aVm Z H$s Om gHo$& ñdmYrZVm go nyd© Ohm± nÌH$mam| H$m Xm{`Ëd EH$ gmW H$B© {df` g_oQ>Zo, gm{hË` go boH$a

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amOZr{V H$aZo H$m Xm{`Ëd Wm h ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX Yra oYrao ~XbZm ewê$ hmo J`m & `m{Z A~nÌH$m[aVm _| {deofkV`m H$m ~mob~mbm ~‹T>Zo bJm & AJa H$moB© amOZr{VH$ {df`m| H$mo H$daH$aZodmbm nÌH$ma h¡ Vmo Cggo A~ Oam ^r Anojm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr {H$ dh AÝ` gm_m{OH$`m gm{hpË`H$ {df`m| na ^r nÌH$m[aVm H$a| & AJa dh Eogm H$aVm h¡ Vmo `h CgH$s A{V[aº${deofVm `m ê${M Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡ & H$moB© Iob nÌH$ma h¡ Vmo H$moB© Oê$ar Zht {H$ Cgo dm{UÁ`go gå~Õ nÌH$m[aVm ^r H$aZr Mm{hE & Bg àH$ma ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX nÌH$m[aVm {df` d é{MHo$ AZwgma Yrao Yrao {deofkV`m _| ~XbVr JB© h¡ Am¡a AmO Vmo CgH$m ê$n {~bHw$b ñnï> h¡ &`hm± VH$ {H$ AJa H$moB© AI~ma Ho$ {bE \$moQ>mo CVmaVm h¡, m{Z \$moQ>mo nÌH$m[aVm H$aVm h¡ Vmo Bg~mV Ho$ {bE Cgo j_m {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, {H$ CgZo {MÌ n[aM` AewÕ {bIm h¡ & h maVr`nÌH$m[aVm H$s {~bHw$b AYwZmVZ àd¥{Îm h¡ Omo ñdVÝÌVm hm{gb H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Mmbrg dfm] _|`hm± Ho$ nÌH$mam| Zo hm{gb H$s h¡ & ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX nÌH$m[aVm _| Bg pñW{V H$m H«$_e… {dH$mghþAm h¡, na AmO Ho$ g_` _| dh {~ëHw$b ñnï> h¡ &)

ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX maVr` nÌH$m[aVm _| AmE Bg n[adV©Z Ho$ AZwgma hr A~ A˜~mam|H$m ñdê$n Am¡a éPmZ ^r n[ad{V©V hþAm h¡ & A~ amOZr{V, dm{UÁ` - ì`dgm`, Iob,{\$ë_, gm{hË`, _{hbm, {dkmZ, n`m©daU, AW©Zr{V Am{X {d{^Þ {df`m| H$mo boH$a AI~maAm¡a nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± {ZH$b ahr h¢ & ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm _| H«$_e… {d{dYVm Am¡a {dñVma H$mg_mdoe hþAm h¡ & Bg Ñ{ï> go `hm± h_ AnZr ~mVMrV H$mo AmYw{ZH$, ñdmYrZ ^maV H$snÌH$m[aVm H$mo Cg H$mb VH$ Ho$pÝÐV aI|Jo Omo ^maVr` amOZr{V H$m EH$ _hÎdnyU© _mo‹S> h¡ &`m{Z h_ ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Cg Xm¡a VH$ H$s MMm© H$a|Jo Omo ^maV _| AmnmVH$mb bmJy H$aZoHo$ nhbo VH$ Wm & Hw$b {_bmH$a `h bJ^J VrZ XeH$m| H$s nÌH$m[aVm h¡ &

ñdVÝÌVm àm{á Ho$ ~mX bmoJm| _| VWm aMZmH$mam|, nÌH$mam|, gånmXH$m| _| EH$ ZB© MoVZmd D$Om© H$m {dH$mg hþAm & OmJ¥{V~moY n¡Xm hþAm Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm _| Hw$N> Z`m H$aZo H$s bmbgmn¡Xm hþB© & Bg bmbgm H$mo {dkmZ H$s àJ{V go ~b {_bm & {dkmZ Zo N>mno H$s _erZ Xr AV… àogAm¡a àH$meZ H$s gw{dYmE± ~‹T> JB© & Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW gmW _wÐU H$bm H$m r {dH$mghþAm Am¡a ZE AI~mam| H$mo Z`m ~mµOma ^r {_bm & g_`~ÕVm Am¡a H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {ZpíMV Vm¡a- VarHo$ {dH${gV hþE & nÌH$m[aVm OrdZ Ho$ ~¥hÎma _yë`m| Ho$ {dH$mg, àgma Am¡a ñWmnZ H$mH$maH$ ~ZZo bJr & gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, gm{hpË`H$ OJV H$s à{VN>{d ~Z H$a nÌH$m[aVmgm_Zo ñnï> hmoZo bJr & AI~mam| Ho$ Ûmam n[adoe VWm OrdZ OJV H$s Hw$N> g_ñ`mE±, g§Kf© d_m±Jo ^r gm_Zo AmZo bJt & Bg Vah nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Am`m_ H$m {dñVma hþAm &

ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX nÌH$m[aVm _| do nwamZo _yë` H$m\$s g_` VH$ ~Mo aho Omo CgZoñdmYrZVm H$s b‹S>mB© Ho$ g_` hm{gb {H$E Wo & AV… ñdmYrZVm Ho$ VwaÝV ~mX H$s nÌH$m[aVm _|^maVr` OZVm VWm g_mO Ho$ {bE {Z_m©U d gw{dYmOZH$ OrdZ VWm OZVm H$s ~Xhmbr g_máH$aZo H$s EH$ _m±J r CâH$a AmZo bJr & Bgr{bE Cg g_` Ho$ A˜~mam| H$mo Jm¡a go XoIZo H$sOê$aV h¡ &

ñdmYrZVm Ho$ VwaÝV ~mX 1948 _| bíH$a _| Zd à^mV X¡{ZH$ {ZH$bm {OgH$m gånmXZ{H$`m èd§V qgh Hw$edmhm Zo & Bg AI~ma Ho$ Zm_ go hr ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ ñdmYrZVm {_bZoH$m CN>mh bmoJm| _| {H$VZm Wm VWm do {H$g Vah ZB© {OÝXJr H$s Vbme Am¡a Amem _| AQ>Ho$ hþEWo & Bgr Vah 1950 _| _hmZ ^maV àH$me H$m àH$meZ hþAm Am¡a 1954 _§| ½dm{bà Ho$ Zd



à^mV àog go gm{hpË`H$ n{ÌH$m maVr H$m àH$meZ hþAm, gånmXH$ Wo OJÞmW àgmX {_{bÝX&`h EH$ CËH¥$ï> gm{hpË`H$ n{ÌH$m Wr Am¡a Bgo V_m_ ~w{ÕOr{d`m| d gm{hË`H$mam| H$m gømoJàmá Wm &

{ZîH$f©ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| EH$ {d{eï> àH$ma H$s OZ-MoVZm H$m {dH$mg ^r {XImB©

XoVm h¡ & Bg OZ-MoVZm Ho$ nrNo> Am_ bmoJm|, {H$gmZm|-_OXyam| VWm AÝ` Jar~ V~Ho$ Ho$ bmoJm|Zo AnZo ~ohVa OrdZ Ho$ {bE, ñdVÝÌ Xoe Ho$ ñdVÝÌVm àmá ZmJ[aH$ H$s Vah OrdZ {~VmZo Ho${bE gaH$ma go _m±J ewê$ H$s & Bg{bE Xoe Ho$ {d{^Þ mJm| _| OZ AmÝXmobZm| H$s N>moQ>r - ~‹S>rewéAmV ^r {XImB© n‹S>Zo bJr & Jm¡a H$aZo H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ ñdVÝÌ Xoe Ho$ ñdVÝÌ ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$~ohVa OrdZ H$s _m±J Ho$ AmÝXmobZm| H$mo ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm Zo VaOrh Xr & ^maVr` nÌH$m[aVm_| `h EH$ {~bHw$b ZB© MoVZm Wr & H$B© AI~mam| Zo Eogo OZ-AmÝXmobZm| H$m g_W©Z {H$`m &^monmb go ZB© amh H$m àH$meZ Bgr MoVZm Ho$ gmW àH$m{eV hþAm & OZ - AmÝXmobZm| H$mo ñdaXoZodmbo, CZH$s Oê$aV H$mo OZVm Ho$ gm_Zo bmZo VWm Bg AI~ma H$mo EH$ {d{eï> y{_H$m _|IS>m H$aZo Ho$ nrNo> OZmXr Zm¡OdmZm| H$s Q>mobr Wr & ^mB© aVZ Hw$_ma BgHo$ gånmXH$ Wo & OëXrhr `h AI~ma Am_ ZVm _| g_mÑV hþAm, Bgo OZVm H$s AmdmO H$s g§km Xr JB© Am¡a ~hþVOëXr BgH$s àgma g§»`m _| C„oIZr` d¥{Õ hþB© & OZVm H$s AmdmO Ho$ ê$n _| AnZo T§>J H$m hAHo$bm AI~ma Wm na {dS>å~Zm `h hþB© {H$ AnZr ~obmJ {Q>ßn{U`m| Am¡a I~am| Ho$ H$maUñdVÝÌ Xoe _| AnZr gaH$ma Zo hr BgHo$ gånmXH$ H$mo {JaâVma H$a {b`m Am¡a ~mX _| BgAI~ma H$mo ~ÝX hmo OmZm n‹S>m & ZB© Xw{Z`m Ohm± gaH$ma g_W©H$ AI~ma Wm dht ZB© amhgaH$ma Ho$ H$maZm| H$mo COmJa H$aZodmbm & XmoZm| H$mo AnZo AnZ T§>J go nwañH$ma {_bVo aho &

AZoH$mZoH$ AI~mam| H$s MMm© h_ MwHo$ h¢, {df`dma Hw$N> AI~mam| H$s MMm© `hm± h_AbJ go H$a aho h¢ & {OZH$m _hÎd gyMZm Am¡a R>mog CXmhaU Ho$ ê$n _| hr Am±H$m OmZm Mm{hE&

AnZr àJVr Om±{ME¥§ý wà§u tçÞ £ÙàÊ âvâh¥ ñ1. âÑÞÀã qØà§ýàáÊmà §çý qã²çþ §ýàèÂà yã ZàçÊ½àà nã ?2. âÑÞÀã §çý qÑvç ¡hràÊ §ýà Âààt §uà nà ?3. sàÊmãu qØà§ýàÊàçÞ tçÞ §ýàèÂà yã vàvyà nã ?4. ÐwàmÞØuàçÙàÊ qØà§ýàáÊmà kãwÂà §çý â§ýÂà tåÌuàçÞ §ýL §ýàÊ§ý rÂàã ?5. 'sàÊmã' qâØà§ýà â§ýy Zà§ýàÊ §ýL qâØà§ýà nã ?

2.2.1. g_mMma d gm_m{`H$ gÝX ©X¡{ZH$ {hÝXr {_bmn (Am§Y«), AHo$bm (Ag_), àXrn (nQ>Zm, AmdmO (YZ~mX),

{~hma _ob (_wOâ\$anya), MmUH$` (nQ>Zm), Am`m©dV© (nQ>Zm), h_mam gÝXoe (MånmaU),_ZwXm, Zd {~hma, ~gÝV {~hma (nQ>Zm), nÝÐh AJñV (Ah_Xm~mX), H$aZmb Q>mBåg(H$aZmb), AemoH$ _hmZ (JwS>Jmd), {h_ Ho$gar ({e_bm), {h_àVmn ({e_bm), Zd^maVQ>mBåg (~å~B©, {X„r), {~pëQ>O (~å~B©), Y_© wJ (~å~B©), {hÝXr {_bmn (Omb§Ya), n§Om~

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Ho$gar, dra àVmn (Omb§Ya), amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m (O`nya, CX`nya, OmoYnya), amï>XyV (O`nya,H$moQ>m, ~rH$mZoa), A_a COmbm (AmJam, ~aobr), ZdOrdZ maV (bIZD$) maV (Bbmhm~mX),gÝ_mJ© (dmamUgr), {díd{_Ì (H$bH$Îmm, nQ>Zm, H$mZnya) {hÝXwñWmZ, dra AOy©Z, {XZ_mZ({X„r)2.2.2 Y_© Ed§ Xe©Z

Iwedra (nQ>Zm), {Ze§H$b§H$m (am§Mr), JrVm Á`moVr (Hw$éjoÌ), JrVm CnXoe (Aå~mbm),AmZÝX gÝXoe (JwZm), Y_©gy © (^monmb), H$ë`mU (JmoaInya), nwamoYm (nm±{S>Moar), kmZ A_¥V({X„r)2.2.3. gm{hpË`H$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$

gm§H$ë` (h¡Xam~mX), H$ënZm (h¡Xam~mX), AmYo ({gH$ÝXam~mX), {dßbd, Á`moËg³m,g_rjm, Za Zmar (nQ>Zm), Am{X àMma g_mMma (_Ðmg), gádUm© (^monmb), Ho$ab Á`mo{V({ÌdoÝÐ_), {h_mMb gm¡ÝX`© ({e_bm), _Zmoa_m, _m`m, _Zmoha H$hm{Z`m±, h§gmXoe, AéU(Bbmhm~mX), gmám{hH$ {hÝXwñVmZ, _wº$m, g[aVm, _mYwar, gwf_m, AmOH$b ({X„r) bmoH$g§ñH¥${V (OmoYnwa), gmWr (_wamXm~mX) Am{X - BË`m{X &2.2.4. {dkmZ

{dkmZ àJ{V, {dkmZ bmoH$, {dkmZ OJV, bmoH$ {dkmZ, Am{dîH$ma, {dkmZ S>mBOoñQ>,{dkmZ BZ, {dkmZ ^maVr, d¡km{ZH$ Am{X2.2.5. Iob Hy$X

Iob Iob (OmbÝYa), H«$rS>m OJV (O`nya), ^maVr` Hw$íVr, {H«$Ho$Q> g_«mQ>, Iob{Ibm‹S>r ({X„r), Iob ^maVr, ñnmoQ>a²g {gQ>r &2.2.6. CÚmoJ - ì`dgm`

CÚmoJ ~§Yw, J«m_ lr (nQ>Zm), ImXr J«m_moÚmoJ, OmJ¥{V (~å~B©), Am{W©H$ OJV, Am{W©H$MoVZm, ì`mnma CÚmoJ g_mMma, ñQo>eZar Q>mB©åb, CËnmXH$Vm, `moOZm gånXm ({X„r)2.2.7. {\$ë_

Cd©er, aOZrJ§Ym, {MÌmdbr, {MÌm, _mYwar, ZQ>amO, {\$ë_ \o$Aa (~å~B©), {gZoES>dm§g pñH«$Z (H$bH$Îmm), N>m`mH$ma, {MÌboIm, {\$ë_aoIm, a§J y_r, _m`mnwar, {\$ë_r Xw{Z`m,{\$ë_r H${b`m±, {gZo ES>dmBOa, gw{MÌm, {à`m, _ydr ({X„r), {gZonÌ (AO_oa) Am{X &2.2.8. ~mb gÝX ©

~mbH$, MwÞ-_wÞy, CâVo {gVmao (nQ>Zm), BÝÐOmb H$m°{_H$g (~å~B©), MÝXm_m_m(_Ðmg), bmoQ> nmoQ>, MånH$, amOm ¡ m, ~mb maaVr, ZÝXZ, namJ, _Yw _wñH$mZ, gw_Z gm¡a^({X„r), ~mb h§g (O`nya)2.2.9. H¥${f gå~ÝYr AI~ma

{h_mMb H¥$fr gyMZm ({e_bm), hm{Q©>H$ëMa ~wbo{Q>Z (n{Q>`mbm), `wdm apí_(bw{Y`mZm), H¥$fr {dH$mg (O`nya)

ò d¡gr nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm|, AI~mam| H$s EH$ g§{jáV_ gyMr h¡ Omo ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX{ZH$br & BZ_| go H$B© nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± AmO ~ÝX hmo MwH$s h¡ Am¡a H$B© ZB© ewê$ hmo JB© h¡ & Bg gyMrH$s Cn`mo{JVm _mÌ BVZr h¡ {H$ {df`dma nÌH$m[aVm Am¡a AI~mar àH$meZ H$s EH$ ñnï>



Vñdra h_mao gm_Zo CâaVr h¡, {Oggo h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ maVr` nÌH$m[aVm _| {d{dYVm Ho$H$`m ê$n h¢ & A§J«oOr _| {Ogo H$ånmQ©>_|Q> bmBO OZ©{bÁ_ H$hVo h¢ & CgHo$ CXmhaU ^maVr`nÌH$m[aVm _| CnbãY h¡ &

2.3. ^maVoÝXw `wJrZ nÌH$m[aVm H$s àd¥{Îm_ybH$ {deofVmE±amï>r` MoVZm - 16 dt eVr H$s {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm _| amï>r` MoVZm H$m ñda gdm}n[a h¡ &

Cg g_` H$m àËòH$ boIH$ nÌH$ma hmoVm Wm & dh gm{hË` Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go OrdZH$mo EH$ Z`r Ñ{ï> Am¡a {Xem XoZm MmhVm Wm & BgHo$ {bE nÌH$m[aVm EH$ g~b gmYZ AWdm{hWm`ma {gÕ hþB© & BgH$m Cn`moJ H$a dh ^maVr` OrdZ _| ZdOmJaU bmZm MmhVm Wm &{dXoer emgZ go CgZo `h H$bm grIr Am¡a A~ Cgr na nÌH$ma e{º$ H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo bJo &gaH$ma H$mo g_` g_` na C×moYZ XoH$a Am¡a H$^r H$^r gmdYmZ H$a g_mO Am¡a Xoe H$sgm_mÝ` pñW{V _| gwYma bmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s OmVr Wr & ^maVoÝXw `wJ Ho$ nÌH$ma amï>r`Vm H$sàmapå^H$ pñW{V H$m dmVmdaU V¡ ma H$aVo Wo & 20dt gXr _| nhþ±MH$a AmO go gm¡ df© nyd© H$snÌH$m[aVm na {dMma H$a| Vmo XmoZm| njm| _| EH$ ~‹S>m AÝVa {XIVm h¡, {H$ÝVw `{X Cg `wJ H$snÌH$m[aVm Zo amï>r`Vm Ho$ ~rO Zht ~mo o hmoVo Vmo AmO `h n[adV©Z Zht {XImB© nS>Vm &

gm_m{OH$ é{‹T>`m± Am¡a A{ejm Ho$ à^md go ^maVr` AnZr nwamVZ g§ñH¥${V H$mo ybVoOm aho Wo & CZ g~H$mo nwZà©{V{ð>V H$aZm Cg wJ H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$m _w»` bú` Wm & Bg Xoe H$se{º$, Y_©, Xe©Z Am¡a àJ{Verb MoVZmAm| H$mo Cg `wJ H$s nÌH$m[aVm Zo h_mao g_j aIm &CgZo Ho$db gm_m{OH$ gwYma na hr ~b Zht {X`m A{nVw àe§g{Z` gwYma Ho$ {bE ^r g§Kf©{H$`m Am¡a AÝVV… g\$bVm nmB© & AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s amï>r`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg _| Cg `wJ H$snÌH$m[aVm Ztd Ho$ ê$n _| AmO ^r AjwÊU² h¡ & dñVwV… Zr‹S> Ho$ {Z_m©U _| CgH$s y{_H$mgamhZr` h¡ &

EH${Zð> g§H$ën - ^maVoÝXw wJrZ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ gmW EH$ ~‹S>r BÀN>m e{º$, _hV²g§H$ën Am¡a D±$Mm AmXe© Ow‹S>m Wm & ór {ejm H$m àgma, {dYdm {ddmh Am{X H$m g_W©ZVËH$mbrZ nÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hþAm & dñVwV… Xoe-Xoem H$m {OVZm `WmW© {MÌU Cg g_` Ho$nÌm| _| hþAm h¡ Am¡a {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Ho$ AZm¡{MË` H$m CÓmQ>Z {Og gmhg go Cg H$mb H$snÌH$m[aVm Zo {H$`m h¡, dh ha Ñ{ï> go AgmYmaU h¡ & S>m°. am_{dbmg e_m© ^maVoÝXwH$mb Ho$nÌH$mam| Ho$ _hV² g§H$ën na {dMma H$aVo hþE {bIVo h¢ - amOZr{VH$ dmVmdaU _| Omo ê${‹T>{à`Vm,A§Y naånam {à`Vm, emgH$m| H$s Iwemd_X Am¡a AnZr gä`Vm Ho$ à{V hrZ ^mdZm \¡$br hþB©Wr, Cgo XoIVo hþE {hÝXr nÌH$mam| H$s {ZûH$ boIZ e¡br Am¡a r M_H$ CR>Vr h¡ & CZ_| n`m©ágmhg Wm Am¡a Cg gmhg H$m Cn`moJ do ~ona H$s ~mV| H$aZo _| Z H$aVo Wo daZ² do {XZ-à{V{XZH$s Xoe VWm {dXoe g§~§Yr g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ {ddoMZ _| CgH$m Cn`moJ H$aVo Wo & H$m~wb wÕ, OwbwgAm¡a A§JaoOm| H$s b‹S>mB© Am{X na Omo Hw$N> V~ {bIm J`m Wm, Cggo Am¡a gm\$-gwWam {bIZmAmO Ho$ boIH$m| Ho$ {bE ^r H${R>Z h¡ &

CƒH$mo{Q> H$s AmXe©dm{XVm … Cg g_` nÌH$mam| _| CƒH$mo{Q> H$s AmXe©dm{XVm Wr &CÝh| AW© - qMVm AnZo {bE Zht, ~pëH$ nÌm| Ho$ gHw$eb g§MmbZ Ho$ {bE Wr & BgHo$ MbVoCÝh| àm`… j{V CR>mZr n‹S>Vr Wr & CZHo$ gm_Zo Am{W©H$ bm^ H$m àíZ Zht Wm & nmR>H$m| H$spñV{V BgHo$ {dnarV Wr & CZH$s amOZr{VH$ MoVZm {dH${gV Zht Wr Am¡a Z g_mMma nÌm| _|

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CÝh| H$moB© {deof ê${M Wr & Eogr pñW{V _| nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m àH$meZ Cƒ AmXe© H$m à_mU h¡&gm_m{OH$ _wë`m| Ho$ CÞ`Z H$m n«íZ …

nÌH$mam| Ho$ g_j gm_m{OH$ _yë`m| Ho$ CÞ`Z H$m àíZ Wm & CÝhm| nÌm| _| Cg àíZ H$mo~‹S>r VoOpñdVm Am¡a àJ{VerbVm go CR>m`m Wm & Mmho XodmoÎma g§n{Îm H$m àíZ hmo, Mmho JmodYH$m, Mmho {H$gmZm| Ho$ X¡Ý` H$s ~mV hmo AWdm gmåàXm{`H$Vm H$s, nÌm| _| gm_m{OH$ àíZm| nag_mZ ê$n go Ü`mZ {X`m J`m & CZ_| Xoe, H$mb Am¡a n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwgma Amdí`H$ n[adV©ZAm¡a gwYma H$s _m±J H$s J`r & d¡{XH$ OrdZ Ho$ à{V Cg H$mb Ho$ nÌ nÌ A{YH$ gOJ {XIVo h¢& EH$ Am¡a do Xoe H$mo {~ëHw$b AVrVmoÝ_wIr Zht ~ZmZm MmhVo Wo Am¡a Xygar Am¡a A§J«oOm| goXoe^{º$, g_mOgodr, {ZO ^mfm kmZ Am{X AZoH$ AÀN>r - AÀN>r ~mV| boZo Ho$ nj _| Wo &`{X CÝh| AnZm Hy$n _§Sy>H$ g_mO ng§X Zht Wm Vmo gmW hr A§JaoOr {e{jVm| H$s A^maVr` ~mV|^r ng§X Zht Wr & Bggo `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ nÌm| H$m amñVm g_Ýd` H$m Wm & CÝh| {dídmg Wm {H$g_Ýd` Ho$ Ûmam hr Xoe AYmoJ{V Ho$ JV© go {ZH$bH$a CÞ{V Ho$ nW H$s Am¡a J{V_mZ hmo gH$Vmh¡ &

^mfm H$m àíZ - gm{hË` Am¡a ^mfm H$m g§~§Y AQy>Q> h¡ & ^maVoÝXwH$mb _| gm{hË`g¥OZ Ho$ gmW hr ^mfm H$s g_ñ`m ^r O{Q>b Wr & AV… B, g_ñ`m Ho$ H$maU ^mfm H$m CJ«Am§XmobZ CR> I‹S>m hþAm Wm & Cg Am§XmobZ H$mo Cg g_` nÌm| Zo IwbH$a ^mJ {b`m H$`m|{H$Amaå^ _| hr nÌm| Zo à{Vkm H$s Wr {H$ `WmgmÜ` Xoe à{V{Z{Y ñdê$n hmoH$a H$V©ì` gmYZ _|{ZaV ah|Jo Am¡a CZH$s {ZpíMV àVr{V Wr {H$ {~Zm _mV¥ mfm H$s CÞ{V Ho$ gmYmaUV… XoemoÞVrhmoZr Ag§ d h¡&

{hÝXr ^mfm Ho$ àMma - àgma Ho$ {bE VX² wJrZ nÌm| _| ~am~a {Q>ßn{U`m± àH$m{eVhmoVr ahVr Wr & nÌH$mam| H$s ÑT> YmaUm Wr {H$ XogmoÞ{V Ho$ {bE Xoe _| EH$ gm_mÝ` ^mfm H$sCÞ{V hmoZr Mm{hE Am¡a Cg nX na {hÝXr hr à{V{ð>V hmo gH$Vr h¡, H$`m|{H$ ^maV df© H$s `hràYmZ m,m h¡ & CgH$m g_W©Z Cg wJ Ho$ AZoH$ g_mO gwYmaH$m| Zo r {H$`m Wm & maVoÝXw H$mbH$s ^mfmàd¥{Îm H$s MMm© H$aVo hþE, AmMm`© am_MÝÐ ewH$b {bIVo h¡ - Cg H$mb _| {hÝXr H$mewÕ ì`dhmamon`moJr ê$n hr Zht, ì`dhmamon`moJr ê$n ^r {ZIam &

Ab§H¥$V ^mfm …^maVoÝXw wJrZ {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm `h Wr {H$ CgZo gm{hË` H$mo

ZdrZ _mJ© àX{e©V {H$`m & {hÝXr gm{hË` AnZo nwamZo amñVo na Mb ahm Wm & Cg wJ Ho$ nÌH$mam|Zo gm{hË` H$s dh {Xem _mo‹S> Xr Am¡a CgH$m g§~§Y OrdZ go Omo‹S> {X`m & BgH$m n[aUm_ `hhþAm {H$ `WmW© OrdZ Ho$ AmJ«h go gm{hË` H$m H$bmnj Jm¡U hmo J`m Am¡a ^mfm gd©WmAZb§H¥$V hmo J`r, Cg_| àmUdÎmm H$m g§Mma hþAm &

{ZîH$f© … Cn`w©º$ {ddaU go ^maVoÝXw wJrZ {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ Xmo ñdê$n Ñ{ï>JV hmoVh¢ - EH$ ~mø Am¡a Xygam Am§V[aH$ & nhbo H$m gå~ÝY nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ H$bmnj go h¡ Am¡a XygaoH$m CgHo$ {dMma nj go & ~mø nj Ho$ AÝVJ©V {df` d¡{dÜ` Ho$ H$maU nÌH$mam| H$mo n`m©á l_H$aZm n‹S>m Wm, {\$a ^r CÝhm|Zo BgHo$ {bE Omo Hw$N> {H$`m, Cggo CZH$s g§nmXZ - Hw$ebVm H$mn[aM` {_bVm h¡ &

gånmXH$ nÌm| H$mo AmH$f©H$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ Cnm` H$m_ _| bmVo Wo & do gm_J«r -g§H$bZ nmR>H$m| H$mo ê${M Am¡a CZHo$ {hV H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a H$aVo Wo & nmR>H$m| Ho$ ê${M-d¡{dÜ`



H$mo XoIVo hþE nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ {df` ^r AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo Wo & `{X AJ«boIm| Am¡a {deofboIm| _| _hÎdnyU© {df` N>nVo Wo Vmo Xygar Amoa àíZmoÎma, MwQ>Hw$bo, MmoO Am¡a bQ>Ho$ Am{XnmR>H$m| Ho$ _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ à{V ^r àH$m{eV hmoVo Wo & gånmXH$ nmR>H$m| H$mo gX¡d `wJ Ho$ AZwê$nAmJo ~‹T>Zo H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aVo Wo & CZH$s àËòH$ n§{º$ _| `wJ H$m g§Xoe Am¡a _mZd ^mdZm{Z{hV Wr & _Zmoa§OH$ gm_J«r`m± ^r bmoH${hV ^r ^mdZm go hr Amßbm{dV Wt &

gm_J«r - {dVaU _| ^r nÌH$ma Hw$eb Wo & CÝhm|Zo `h H$m`© ~‹So> _Zmod¡km{ZH$ T§>J go{H$`m Wm & CZH$m `h nj ~‹S>m AmH$f©H$ Am¡a gOrd Wm & aMZmAm| Ho$ erf©H$ Eogo {d{eï> T§>Jgo aIo OmVo Wo {H$ nmR>H$ CÝh| XoIVo hr AmH¥$ï> hmo OmVo Wo & ~hþV go erf©H$ bmoH$mo{º$`m| Ho$AÝVJ©V aIo OmVo Wo, Bgr{bE do A{YH$ AmH$f©H$ ~Z OmVo Wo & BgHo$ A{V[aº$ nÌm| _|g_mMmadmbr, g_mbmoMZm `m àm{á ñdrH$ma, ñWmZr` g_mMma Am{X ñV§ ^r ^maVoÝXw wJrZnÌH$m[aVm Ho$ gm_J«r {dVaU H$m`© Ho$ àVrH$ Wo &

nmR>H$m| H$s Am{W©H$ pñWVr H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE nÌm| Ho$ _yë`m{X Ho$ {ZYm©aU _| gånmXH$m|Zo CXmaVm go H$m_ {b`m & nmR>H$m| Ho$ gdm©JrU {dH$mg Ho$ {bE nÌm| _| nwñVH$ g_rjm, {dkmnZAm{X H$m àH$meZ ^r hmoVm Wm & BZ g^r H$m`m] H$m CÔoí` nmR>H$m| go VmXmåË` ñWm{nV H$aZmWm, H$`m|{H$ gånmXH$m| H$m `h {dídmg Wm {H$ Eogm H$a do Xoe H$m CÕma H$a gH|$Jo &

(`hr {deofVmE± Bg H$mb H$s g^r nÌH$m[aVm _| {XImB© oXVr h¢ - H$_ A{YH$ _mÌm _|)

2.4. ^maVoÝXw `wJ …àñVmdZm

Bg Vah h_ XoIVo h¡ {H$ bmoJm| Zo Bg ~mV H$mo AÀN>r Vah OmZm Wm {H$ g_mMma nÌOZVm H$mo OmJ¥V H$a gH$Vm h¡, naÝVw gaH$ma Ho$ X~md go AI~ma ~§X H$a {Xò OmVo h¢ & Bgg_` h_ XoIVo h¢ {H$ maVoÝXwOr Zo {H$g Vah OZOmJ¥{V H$m H$m`© {H$`m h¡ & g_mMma nÌ n{ÌH$mVWm gm{hË` H$s ~mH$s {dYmAm| Ho$ gmW r do {Za§Va H$m`©aV aho & AnZo CÔoí` na AQ>b aho &

{hÝXr ^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE {Za§Va H$m`©aV ^maVoÝXwOr Zo nÌH$m[aVm H$mo ZB© nhMmZXr & gZ 1868 go 1900 VH$ H$m H$mb ^maVo|Xw `wJ Zm_ go nhMmZm J`m & Bg H$mb _| {hÝXrH$s AZoH$ ñdV§Ì n{ÌH$mE± àH$m{eV hþB© & BZ _| AÝ` {H$gr ^mfm AWdm AZwdmX H$mo _hËdZht {X`m J`m & CÞrgdt eVr _| _Ü`àXoe, CÎma n«Xoe, amOñWmZ, {~hma, n§Om~ VWm~§Jmbgo {hÝXr n{ÌH$mE± àmaå^ hmo JB© &

gZ 1868 _| {d{dY {df`m| na d¥ÎmmÝV Xn©U n§. gXmgwIbmb {Z`mO Ho$ g§nmXZ _|n«H$m{eV hwB© & Bgr g_` gZ 1875 _| ^maVoÝXwOr Ho$ H${ddMZ gwYm (_m{gH$ go nm{jH$H$mbmÝVa _|) h[aíMÝÐ _¡JOrZ, h[aíM§Ð M§{ÐH$m od§ ~mb~moYZr Am{X H$mo gånmXZ Ed§ àH$meZ{H$`m & h nÌ n{ÌH$mE± nÚ Ho$ ñWmZ na JÚ _| àH$m{eV hmoZo bJo & BZ_| amOZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$boImo²§ H$m àH$meZ {H$`m OmVm Wm & ewéAmV Ho$ g_mMma nÌm| H$s Vah amO^{º$ Am¡a Xoe^{º$H$m ñda à_wI Wm & h[aíM§Ð MpÝÐH$m _| CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, ì`§½`, boI, nwamVËd, H${dVm,AmbmoMZm O¡gr gm{hpË`H$ {dYmAm| H$s aMZmE± àH$m{eV hmoVr Wr & {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm _|^maVoÝXw H$m Zm_ loð> h¡ &

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^maVoÝXwOr Zo gm{hË`, amï>r` MoVZm Ed§ gm_{OH$ gwYmam| Ho$ {bE ^maVoÝXw _§S>b H$sñWmnZm H$s & Bg _§S>b Ho$ d[að> gXñ` n§. ~mbH¥$îU ^Å> Zo 1876 _| Aë_moS>m AI~ma H$màH$m{eV {H$`m & gZ 1874 _| {~hma go {~hma ~ÝYw Zm_ go nhbm g_mMma nÌ ewé hþAm & Bgrg_` AZoH$ àXoem| go AbJ nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± AnZo AnZo T§>J go ewê$ hþB© O¡go à`mJ go ZmQ>H$àH$me, _oaR> go ZmJar àH$me AbrJT> go maV ~ÝYw 1875 _| à`mg go Y_© àH$me H$m àH$meZhþAm & O~bnya _| 1823 _| O~bnya g_mMma, n§Om~ go OJV, {X„r go gXmXe©, {_Om©nwa go n§.~XarZmamÙ Mm¡Yar, ào_YZ Ho$ gånmXZ _| ZmJar ^maV|Xw _§S>b Ho$ gXñ` ~mb _wHw$ÝX Jwá Zo{hÝXr àXrn (1877) _| n«H$m{eV {H$`m & gmm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Ym{_©H$, Hy$[a{V`m| naì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br _| àhma {hÝXr àXrn H$s {deofVr Wr … n§. àVmnZmamÙ {_lZo H$mZnya go~«m÷U H$m àH$meZ ewê$ {H$`m & H$bH$Îmm go VrZ n«_wI nÌ ^maV {_Ì gma gwYm {ZYr VWmC{MV dº$m n§. XwJm©àgmX {_l Ho$ g§nmXZ _| àH$m{eV hþE & gZ 1855 _| amOm am_nmb qgh ZoX¡{ZH$ {hÝXwñVmZ H$s ewéAmV H$s &

Bgr ~rM EH$ Am¡a n[adV©Z gm_Zo AmVm h¡ & O~ ~ma ~ma {~«{Q>e gaH$ma CZHo$ {damoY_| AmdmO CR>mZodmbo g_mMma nÌ ~§X H$a ahm Vm, Cg g_` gZ 1886 go {~«{Q>e gaH$ma ZoàmXo{eH$ g_mMma nÌm| H$mo gaH$mar g_mMma XoZo H$s ewéAmV H$s & Eogo g_` g_mO H$mo {e{jVH$aZo H$m H$m`© g_mO gwYmadmXr g§JR>Z ~«÷g_mO, Am`m© g_mO, am_H¥$îU {_eZ VWm{W`mogmo{\$H$b gmogm`Q>r m{X g§ñWmE± {e{jVm| Ho$ ~rM H$a ahr Wr & {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$mo Z`m_moS> XoZo _| BZ {e{jVm| H$m gamhZr` `moJXmZ Wm & Bg `wJ _| bJ^J 350 n{ÌH$mE± àH$m{eVhþB© &

X¡{ZH$ g_mMma nÌ VWm n{ÌH$mE± {ZpíMV ê$n go g_mO Ho$ gmoM {dMma H$mo `mo½` {XemXoZo H$m H$m`© H$aVr h¡ & maVoÝXwOr Zo Bg à`ËZ H$s ewéAmV H$s {\$a CZHo$ gmW {H$VZo bmoJ AmJò & `h EH$ gm_y{hH$ H$m`© ~Z J`m & BVZm hr Zht `h H$m`© I§{S>V Zht hþAm ~pëH$ {ÛdoXr`wJ Ho$ ê$n _| g§nÞ hmoH$a h_mao gm_Zo AmVm h¡ & A{YH$ gOJ ~ZH$a OZVm H$mo {Xem{ZX}e H$mH$m`© ewê$ hmoVm h¡ &

2.5. {ÛdoXr `wJ (gZ 1900 go 1920)gZ 1900 {hÝXr df© {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ B{Vhmg {d{eï> ñWmZ aIVm h¡ &

n§. _mYdàgmX {_l Zo H$mer go AmÜ`mpË_H$ n{ÌH$m gwXe©Z {ZH$mbr & Bgr g_` gañdVr H$màH$meZ ^r ewê$ hþAm Wm & {Og_| gm{hpË`H$ aMZmE± Ed§ AmbmoMZm Ho$ boI ^r hmoVo Wo & `hH$mer ZmJar àMm[aUr g^m go àH$m{eV hþB© Wr & BgHo$ gånmXH$ _ÊS>b _| JU_mÝ` {dÛmZgpå_{bV Wo O¡go ~m~y amYmH¥$îU Xmg, ~m. OJÞmW aËZmH$a, n§. {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r Am¡abmbm í`m_gw§Xa Xmg Am{X Wo & ~mX _| _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo gañdVr H$m gånmXZ H$a CgoEH$ ZB© D±$MmB© Xr & CZHo$ níMmV nXw_bmb nwÞbmb ~»er VWm XodrX`mb MVwd}Xr Zo ^r Bgn{ÌH$m H$m gånmXZ {H$`m &

Bg `wJ _| gm{hpË`H$ n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ gmW gmW ewÜX amOZr{VH$ n{ÌH$mE± ^r àH$m{eVhþB© & H$bH$Îmm Z¥qgh (1904) XodZmJa (1907), H$bH$Îmm g_mMma (1914) {díd{_Ì(1916) ñdV§Ì (1920) Am{X & Bg_| {dXoer emgZ H$s g_m{á namYrZVm H$m {YH$H$maA§J«oOr Ho$ ñWmZ na {hÝXr Ho$ à`moJ H$m AmJ«h Am{X {df`m| na {deof AmboI N>nVo Wo &



19 dt eVr _| Xoe Ho$ {d{^Þ joÌm| go X¡{ZH$, gmám{hH$ Ed§ _m{gH$ nÌ - n{ÌH$mE±n«H$m{eV hþB© & naÝVw BgHo$ {dH$mg _| CXy©, A§J«oOr mfmAm| VWm gaH$mar {_eZar H$s Amoa go ZEZE àemg{ZH$ VWm d¡Ym{ZH$ AdamoY n¡Xm {H$E JE, {\$a r g_mMma nÌ AnZm H$m`© H$aVo hraho & 1920 _| bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$ Omo amOZr{V _|, nÌH$m[aVm _| OZOmJaU _| AJ«Ur Wo, CZH$s_¥Ë`w hB© & naÝVw A~ g_mO OmJ¥V hþAm Wm ñdV§ÌVm nmZo Ho$ {bE AJ«ga hmo ahm Wm & Bgr g_`Jm§YrOr H$s AmdmO H$s mdmO bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±M MwH$s Wr &

2.6. Jm§Yr `wJ (1920 go 1947)_hmË_m Jm§Yr H$s àoaUm go Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ _hÎd H$mo OZ OZ VH$ nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bo

AZoH$ X¡{ZH$, gmám{hH$ _m{gH$ nÌm| H$m àH$meZ {hÝXr _| hþm & Jm§YrOr Zo ñd`§ `§J B§{S>`m,ZdOrdZ VWm h[aOZ BZ VrZ nÌm| H$m g§MmbZ {H$`m & VXZÝVa JwOamVr Ho$ ZdOrdZ H$m{hÝXr AZwdmX ZdOrdZ VWm h[aOZ H$m h[aOZ godH$ (1933) VWm VéU ^maV (1921)àH$m{eV hmoZo bJo & ZdOrdZ (1921) VWm h[aOZ godH$ H$m gånmXZ h[a^mD$ CnmÜ`m`VWm {hÝXr VéU maV H$m gånmXZ _YwamàgmX Xr{jV Zo {H$`m & BZ g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ g~go ~S>r{deofVm `h Wr H$s BZ _| {dkmnZ Zht hmoVo Wo & amï>r` ^mdZm VWm Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$m OVZ BZg_mMma nÌm| Ûmam {H$`m OmVm Wm & Jm§Yr {dMmaYmam go ào[aV Ë`mJ y_r H$m àH$meZ ewê$ hþAm& BZ_| g_mO gwYma, gm_m{OH$ gwYma, gm_m{OH$ Nw>AmNw>V, {eewhË`m, ~mb{ddmh, XhoOàWm, gVr àWm Am{X Ho$ {damoY _| boI N>nVo Wo & Bg Vah amï>r Am¡a g_mO H$s qMVm H$aZodmboAZoH$ g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$mE± Am¡a CZHo$ g§nmXH$ gå_mZ Ho$ nmÌ h¡ & CXmhaUmW© …

JUoe e§H$a {dÚmWu H$m àVmn (1913) _hm_Zm _mbdrÒr H$m Aä`wX` (1907),{edàgmX JwáOr H$m Am¡a namS>H$aOr H$m AmO (1920), n§. H$_bmn{V {ÌnmR>r H$m g§gma(1944), AmMm`© Za|Ð Xod H$m g§Kf© (1937) BË`mXr amOZr{VH$ nÌ Wo &

_mYwar (1922), Mm§X (1922), _Vdmbm, gwYm, {díd^maVr, drUm, {demb maV,{dßbdd, h§g Am¡a énm Am{X n{ÌH$mE± gm{hpË`H$, gm_m{OH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ YamVb H$moboH$a Mbr &

AmO, {hÝXwñWmZ, AOy©Z, àVmn, Zd^maV,. {díd~§Yw VWm Am`m©dV© Am{X X¡{ZH$g_mMma nÌm|Ûmam amï>r` OmJaU H$m H$m`© ~hþV hr VoO J{V go {H$`m & CJ«amï>r` {dMmam| H$mo hdmXoZo _| ~§J §J, àW_ {díd`wÕ VWm {VbH$ Ed§ Jm§YrOr Ho$ Am§XmobZm| Zo ~hþV ~‹S>r ghm`Vm Xr&BZ nÌ n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ g§nmXH$m| H$mo H$B© ~ma Oob H$s gOm hþB© &

^y{_JV àH$meZñdV§ÌVmnyd©H$ {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm Zo amOH$s` godmAm| Ho$ ^maVr`rH$aU bo{Oñbo{Q>d

H$mC§{gb _| ^maVr` à{V{Z{YËd, àm§Vr` bo{Oñbo{Q>d H$s _m±J, {~«{Q>e g§gX _| ^maVr`à{V{Z{YËd H$s _m±J, Am{W©H$ emofU, ñdXoer Am§XmobZ, gm_m{OH$ gwYma Am{X na ñd`§ H$moH|${ÐV {H$`m & Wm & {~«{Q>e emgZ H$mo nÌH$m[aVm H$m `h Voda AÀN>m Zbt bJm & Bg{bE{hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm na àhma H$aZo Ho$ {bE CgZo àog A{YZ`_ 1857), B§{S>`Z nrZb H$moS> _|n[adV©Z, ao½`wboeZ Am°\$ qàqQ>J àog EÊO Ý`yO nong© EH$Q> (1867), JbmKmoQ> àog A{Y{Z`_(1878), Am°\${e`b {gH«o$Q²>g A{YZ`_ (1889), VWm amOÐmoh A{Y{Z`_ (1898) Am{X

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d¡Ym{ZH$ AdamoY n¡Xm {H$E & BgHo$ H$maU AZoH$ nÌ n{ÌH$mE± ~ÝX hmo JB© & Hw$N> àog ~§X `mOãV {H$E JE & g§nmXH$m| H$mo Oob OmZm n‹S>m & naÝVw Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE H${Q>~Õ nÌH$mam|Zo A§J«oOr H$s Bg X_ZZr{V Ho$ {Ibm\$ y{_JV àH$meZ ewé {H$`m Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ H$mogOrd Ed§ gH«$r` ~ZmE aIm &

namS>H$a VWm Am. Za|Ð Xod, aU oar, ~dÊS>a, ~mobXoYmdm, e§IZmX, aUMpÝÐH$m VWmÁdmbm_wIr H$mo gm`H$bmoñQ>mBb e¡br _| N>mnH$a OZgm_mÝ` _| {dV[aV H$aVo Wo &

n§. _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$m H$_©dra (1919), {gÕZmW _mYd AmJaH$a H$m ñdamÁ`,n§. Ûm[aH$màgmX {_l H$m bmoH$_V 1930, Ed§ gmaWr (1941) Am{X nÌ H«$m§{V Ho$ nhéE ~ZoWo &

Bg àH$ma Jm§²Yr `wJ H$s nÌH$m[aVm empÝV Am¡a H«$mpÝV XmoZm| N>moam| na IS>r Wr & na Bg{damoYm^mg Ho$ ~mdOyX amï>r` MoVZm, amï>r` Apñ_Vm VWm Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm `hr BZ XmoZm| H$mbú` Wm &

ñdV§ÌVm nyd© H$s nÌH$m[aVm VoOpñdZr, {Z © , na_ Ý`m`namÙ ahr h¡ & Bg{bE Vmo_h{f© AaqdX, wn|ÐZmW XÎm, S>m°. EZr ~ogoÊQ>, JmonmbH¥$îU JmoIbo, ~mb J§JmYa {VbH$,bmbm bOnVam`, {~{nZM§Ð nmb, {MÎma§OZ Xmg, gwaoÝÐZmW ~°ZOu, _hmË_m Jm§Yr, OdmhabmbZohé, S>m°. amOoÝÐàgmX, Am{X loð> ZoVmAm| Zo amï>godm hoVw g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ gmW AnZm K{Zð>gå~ÝY aIm & gm{hË`mZwamJr ^maVoÝXw h[aíM§Ð, bmb IS>J ~hmXya _„, Apå~H$mXmg ì`mg,JUoeí§H$a {dÚmWu, ~m~yamd {dîUw namS>H$a, _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr, bú_UZmamÙ JX}, ~mbH¥$îUe_m© ZdrZ VWm lrH¥$îU XÎm nmbrdmb Zo nÌH$m[aVm H$mo amï>r` OmJaU H$m EH$ gmYZ ñdrH$ma{H$`m VWm {_eZ Ho$ ê$n _| BgH$mo Ë`mJerb g§Kf©_`r naånam H$m {Z`m_H$ _mZm&

ñdV§ÌVm àmâá Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| bmoH$V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm hwB© & ZE aMZmË_H$ {H«$`m H$bmnm|Am¡a amð>{hV _| H$V©ì` nmbZ H$aVo hþE g_mMma nÌ R>mog y{_H$m {Z^m aho h¢ & ~‹T>Vr hþB©OZg§»`m, Am{W©H$ Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ y{_H$m H$m Am`m_, g§Mma H$s gw{dYm, gmjaVm H$s d¥pÜXHo$ H$maU nÌm| Ho$ nmR>H$m| _| d¥pÜX hþB© h¢ & Zò n[adoe _| mdwH$ Zht nÌH$ma H$mo MVwa hmoZm nSo>Jm& «ï>mMma, njnmV, bmb\$sVmemhr, gÎmm Ho$ Xwén`moJ Am¡a Aì`dñWm Ho$ Iwbo {damoY ÛmambmoH$ê${M Ho$ n[aîH$ma H$m nÌH$m[aVm Ûmam hr g§ d h¡ & ZdrZ A{dîH$mam| Ho$ H$maU g§dmX àoµfU,_wÐU Ed§ nÌ àgmaU _| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z hþE h¡ & A~ J«mhH$ Am¡a nmR>H$ dJ© H$s Amdí`H$VmE±,AmH$m§jmE±, AnojmE± ~T> ahr h¡ do nÌ OJV _| `wJmÝVH$mar n[adV©Z H$s Anojm H$aVo h¡ &

¡qÂàã Zàªàâm kàÝâj¥ ñ1. g_mMma nÌm| H$mo B{Vhmg AnZo eãXm| _| ~VmBE &2. ñdV§ÌVm nyd© g_mMma nÌ H$s pñW{V H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE Hw$N> {deof g_mMmanÌm| H$s OmZH$mar {b{IE &3. {Q>ßnUr …1. ^maVoÝXw `wJ Am¡a {ÛdoXr `wJ2. Jm§Yr`wJ VWm y{_JV àH$meZ



2.8. gyMZm g_mO H$s AdYmaUmgyMZm g_mO CÞV Xoem|, M§X VWmH${WV Zd-Am¡Úmo{JH$ {Xem| VWm {dH$mgerb Xoem|

Ho$ g§nÞ V~H$m| VH$ hr gr{_V h¡ & BZ Xoem| _| g^r AÝ` n«m¡Úmo{J{H$`m| Ho$ H|$Ð _| gyMZmàmoÚmo{JH$s h¡ & gyMZm g_mO H$s H$m`© àUmbr AË`{YH$ gyMZm g§gmYZm| na {Z ©a h¡ & gyMZmg_mO _| gyMZm Ho$ g§X © Qo>br{dOZ, ao{S>`mo, àog VWm AÝ` Vah Ho$ _r{S>`m VH$ hr gr{_V Zhth¡ ~pëH$ BZ_| gyMZm CÚmoJ Am¡a BgHo$ V§Ì Zo à wËd nm`m h¡ & Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ Am¡a {dVaU^r A{YH$m{YH$ gyMZm g§gmYZm| na {Z ©a hmoVm Mbm Om ahm h¡ & OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| gyMZmg§gmYZ H|$Ðr` y{_H$m hm{gb H$a aho h¢ &

gyMZm g_mO Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO H$m {dñVma _mÌ h¢ & Bg g_mO Zo H$m`m©Ë_H$ ê$n go_mZd OrdZ _| Am_ybmJ« n[adV©Z {H$E h¢ & Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V go gyMZm g_mO _| ñdm^m{H$ê$nm§VaU hþAm . Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO H$m emgH$ dJ© gyMZm g_mO _| Am¡a r A{YH$ e{º$embrhþAm & g¡ÕmpÝVH$ ê$n go gyMZm g_mO {dH$mg Ho$ {Z`§ÌU Am¡a emgZ Ho$ gmYZ hr Am¡Úmo{JH$g_mO go H$ht A{YH$ à^mdembr h¢ & na§Vw gyMZm g_mO H$m Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO Ho$ gmWghApñVËd h¡ Omo{H$ {_ÌnyU© gå~ÝY na Q>rH$m h¡ &

gyMZm g_mO Ho$ CX` Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO Ho$ gm_m{OH$ mma na Ho$ {dñVma _| _hËdnyU©y{_H$m {Z^mB© & CÞV Am¡Úmo{JH$ Xoe nhbo go hr _Ü`_dJu` g_mO _| n[ad{V©V hmo JE Wo &

Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE ZE ~mOma g§Hw${MV hmoVo Om aho Wo & gyMZm H«$m§{V Am¡a CgHo$ J ©go OÝ_ gyMZm g_mO Zo l_ Am¡a ny§Or Ho$ CËnmXZ H$mo ~‹T>mH$a {dH$mgerb Xoem| _| _Ü`dJ© Ho${dñVma H$mo ZB© J{V, ZB© COm© àXmZ H$s & gmW hr AnZo {bE Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO Ho$ {bE rVoOr go ~mOma H$m {dñVma {H$`m & gyMZm g§gmYZm| Zo Xw{Z`m Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem| _| _Ü`dJ© Ho${dñVma _| hr _XX Zht àXmZ H$s ~pëH$ Bgo ½bmo~b gyMZmV§Ì H$m A§J ~ZZ Ho$ {bE ^r ào[aV{H$`m & gyMZm g_mO H$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ gyMZm n«m¡Úmo{JH$s hr BgH$s H|$Ðrè{º$ h¡ & gyMZm g_mO H$s VmH$V Ho$ ~b naAZoH$ Xoem| Am¡a g_mOm| _| AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Ho$ Zm_na npíM_rH$aU H$s à{H«$`m VoO hþB© h¡ &

2.8.1. gyMZm {Z_m©Uh_| n«{VjU gyMZm H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ & AmO gyMZm n«m¡Úmo{JH$s amOZr{VH$,

Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ OrdZ H$s ar‹T> ~Z JB© h¡ & _mZd Ho$ gmao H$m`©, KQ>ZmE±, ì`dhma VWm AÝ`{H«$`mE± ò g^r gyMZm go à^m{dV hmoVr h¢ & gyMZm Ho$ {~Zm _mZd OrdZ AYyam h¡ &

~hþamï>r` gÎmmV§Ì Ho$ VhV AmO A§Vam©ï>r` gyMZm V§Ì AË`§V {demb Am¡a à^mdembrhmo MwH$m h¡ & Bg gyMZmV§Ì Ho$ ~b na bmoJm| Ho$ {X_mJ OrVH$a Xoe OrVo Om aho h¢ & gyMZm CÚmoJAmO {díd H$m g~go ~‹S>m CÚmoJ ~Z MwH$m h¡ & {dH${gV npíM_r Xoem| _| Vmo gyMZm CÚmoJ ZoZ§~a EH$ H$s pñW{V hm{gb H$a br h¡ & gyMZm CÚmoJ H$m Ame` gyMZmAm| H$m {Z_m©U H$aZo,CÝh| EH${ÌV H$aHo$ CZH$s àmogoqgJ, §S>maU Am¡a Oê$aV Ho$ AZwgma Img gyMZmAm| H$mo M`{ZVH$aHo$ BZH$m Cn`moJ H$aZo go h¢ &

gyMZm na {OgH$m {Z`§ÌU h¡ gÎmm na ^r dhr H$m{~O h¡ & gyMZm CÚmoJ na {dH${gVXoem| H$m hr amO h¡ & Bg à{H«$`m _| {dH$mgerb Xoe nrNo> Ny>Q> JE h¢ & Bg dº$ npíM_ {Z`§{ÌVgyMZm CÚmoJ Ho$ nmg {dH$mgerb Xoem| Ho$ ~mao _| BVZr gmar gyMZmE§ h¢ {OVZr ñd`§ CgH$s

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CnbãY Zht h¡ & Š`m|{H$ do BgHo$ {bE n`m©á gyMZm V§Ì {dH${gV Zht H$a nmE & gyMZm Ho$ñdm{_Ëd Ho$ Bg T>m§Mo Ho$ H$maU V_m_ Vah H$s gyMZmAm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Om ahm h¡ VWm CZH$mBñVo_mb {dH${gV Xoem| Ho$ {hVm| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {dH$mgerb Xoe ñd`§ AnZrgyMZm Oê$aVm| Ho$ {bE {dH${gV Xoem| na {Z ©a hmo JE h¢ &

dmB© _gwXm Zo AnZr {H$Vm~ {X BZ\$m°_}eZ EO nmoñQ> B§S>ñQ>r`b gmogm`Q>r _| {bIm h¡,gyMZm-`ywJ, Omo H$åß yQ>a wº$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a g§Mma gmYZm| Ho$ gmW gmW Am`m h¡, h g_H$mbrZAm¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO na ~‹S>m gmogm`Q>r Am¡a Am{W©H$ n« md hr Zht S>mboJm, A{nVw Eogo n¡_mZo Ho$gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z bmEJm, {OZHo$ H$maU dV©_mZ àUmbr H$m EH$ ZE àH$ma Ho$ _mZd g_mO`mZr gyMZm g_mO _| nyU© ê$nmÝVaU hmo OmEJm & Bg ZE g_mO H$m bú` h¡ m¡{VH$ Cn^moJ H$s~Om` _Zwî` H$s ~m¡{ÕH$ aMZmË_H$Vm H$mo COmJa H$aZm & h Eogm g_mO h¡ Ohm§ m¡{VH$ _yë`m|H$s ~Om` gyMZm _yë`m| H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡ & `hr g_mO H$s g§Mm{bH$m e{º$ h¡ &

`hm± àíZ CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ {H$ m¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$m CËnmXZ H$`m gyMZm _yë`m| Ho$ CËnmXZ Ho$~mX ~§X hmo OmVm h¡ ? _mZd gä`Vm Ho$ {H$gr wJ H$s H$ënZm H$`m g§ d h¡ Ohm± m¡{VH$ g_mOhmo Am¡a m¡{VH$ _yë` Z hmo? _mZdr` l_ Am¡a _mZdr` Oê$aVm| H$s ny{V© H$s O~ VH$ Amdí`H$Vm~Zr ahoJr V~ VH$ m¡{VH$ _yë`m| Ho$ g¥OZ H$m n[adoe r ~Zm ahoJm Am¡a m¡{VH$ _yë` à wËdembr_yë` Ho$ ê$n _| AnZr y{_H$m ~ZmE aI|Jo & _oao {dMma go {dH${gV ny§OrdmXr AdñWm Ho$ wJ _|gyMZm _yë` ^r EH$ ^m¡{VH$ _yë` hr h¡ & _yë` dñVwV… _Zwî` Ho$ _m¡OwXm gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym| Ho$R>mog àVrH$m| H$m H$m_ H$aVo h¢ & do dñVw _yë`m| Ho$ gmW gmW _mZdhrV b{jV hmoVo h¢ &

_gyXm H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ H$åß`yQ>a Ho$ CX` go gyMZm Ho$ nyU©V… dñVwJV ê$n _| gm_Zo AmZoH$s g§ mdZmE§ h¢ & A~ gyMZm _Zwî` go ñdV§Ì OÝ_ bo gH$Vr h¡ & gmW hr gyMZmAmo H$mo g§a{jV^r H$a gH$Vr h¢ &

XaAgb gyMZm A~ dñVwJ Zht ahr & H$`m|{H$ {dH${gV ny§OrdmXr g_mOm| _| ~hþamï>r`g§Mma H§$n{Z`m| Ûmam gyMZm Ho$ g§M`, _§WZ Am¡a {dVaU H$m Omo CÚmoJ Câm h¢, gmW hr gyMZmHo$ _oZrnwboeZ H$s {Og Vah H$mo{ee| Mb ahr h¡, Cggo hr gyMZm dñVwJV Zht ahr & gyMZm mVmo ny§Orn{V`m| Ho$ m {\$a amÁ` Ho$ H$ãOo _| h¡ & do Cggo Ho$db ì`mnma H$aHo$ _wZm\$m nmZm MmhVoh¡ &

AmO ^mfm H$s gyMZmË_H$ j_Vm ~ohX ~‹T> JB© h¡ & {deof ~mV `h h¡ {H$ {hÝXr Ho$dbAnZo Xoe H$s amï>r` ^mfm Zht h¡, ~pëH$ dh A§Vam©ï>r` ^mfm h¢ & MrZr ^mfm H$m àW_ H«$_m§H$CgH$s OZg§»`m H$s dOh go bJVm h¡ & Xygao ñWmZ na A§J«oOr Am¡a Vrgao ñWmZ na {hÝXr mfmh¡ & Omo mfm g_` H$s ZOmH$V XoIH$a n[ad{V©V Zht hmoVr dh _¥Vàm` hmo OmVr h¡ & na§Vw qh§Xr^mfm Zo AnZo j_Vm _| d¥{Õ H$s h¡ Bg{bE AmO qhXr gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm Ho$ Abmdm {dkmZ H$s^mfm, H$åß`yQ>a H$s ^mfm ~Z JB© h¡ & qhXr ^mfm Zo AnZo eãX ^ÊS>ma _| A§J«oOr ^mfm Ho$VH$ar~Z Xg hOma eãXm| H$mo AnZm {b`m h¡ & qhXr H$s mfm j_Vm H$mo XoIH$a VWm ^maV H$sAmoa EH$ {demb _mH}$Q> Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV amï>m| Zo XoIm & Bg{bE {díd Ho$ {d{dY Xoem| Ho$S¡>‹T>gm¡ {díd{dÚmb`m| _| qhXr {d^mJ Imobo JE h¢ Ohm± {dXoer N>mÌ à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr grI ahoh¢ & nhbo H$åß`yQ>a H$s ^mfm A§J«oOr VWm AÝ` {dXoer mfm Wr & n§aVw {hÝXr Zo AnZr j_Vm _|d¥{Õ H$s h¡ Bg{bE qhXr _| VH$ZrH$s eãXm| H$mo YS>„o go AnZmZm àma§ {H$`m h¡ & CXmhaUmW©Hw$N> VH$ZrH$s eãXm| na g§jon _| {dMma H$a| Omo gyMZm {Z_m©U _| ghm`Vm n«XmZ H$aVo h¢ &



1. ~¢S>{dS²>W … `h eãX {H$gr g§Mma _mÜ`_ H$s gyMZm dhZ H$aZo H$s j_Vm Xem©Vmh¡ & {S>OrQ>b w{º$`m| Ho$ g§X © _| ~¢S>{dS²>W H$m AW© h¡ {H$gr {ZpíMV Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ g§Mm[aVH$s JB© gyMZm AWdm S>mQ>m H$s _mÌm ({~Q²>g) `mZr ~¢S>{dS²>W {OVZr A{YH$ hmoJr CVZr hrA{YH$ gyMZmAm| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ g§ d hmoJm &

2. ~«m°S>~±S> … gyMZmAm| Ho$ g§MmaU H$s AmYw{ZH$ VH$ZrH$, {Og_| _mÌ EH$ Ho$~b `mVma Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$B© M¡Zbm| H$mo EH$ gmW àgm[aV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¢, ~«m°S>~¢S> H$hm OmVm h¡ &BgH$m g~go bmoH${à` CXmhaU Ho$~b Q>r.dr. h¡ VWm ~r.Eg.EZ.Eb. Ûmam ~«mS>~¢S> Ho$ Zm_ goB§Q>aZoQ> godm àXmZ H$s OmVr h¡ & ~«m°S>~¢S> _| S>mQ>m g§MmaU H$s J{V 64 Ho$.~r.nr.Eg. go A{YH$hmoVr h¡ &

3. Am°pßQ>H$b \$mB~a … H$m±M go ~Zm nVbm Vma, {Og_| _mÌ M§X g¢H$Xm| _| gyMZmAm|H$s {demb _mÌm H$m àdmh g§ d h¡, Am°pßQ>H$b \$mB~a H$hm OmVm h¡ & Bg_| S>mQ>m H$m g§MmaUàH$me Ho$ ê$n _| hmoVm h¡ & gyMZm g§MmaU H$s J{V àH$me H$s J{V H$s bJ^J 60 à{VeVAWm©V² 1,79,876 {H$._r. à{V goH§$X hmoVr h¡ &

4. ~¡H$~moZ … EH$ ~‹S>r àgmaU bmBZ, Omo AnZr gmW Ow‹S>r AZoH$ N>moQ>r-N>moQ>ràgmaU bmBZm| go gyMZmE± EH$Ì H$a AmJo g§Mm[aV H$aVr h¡, ~¡H$~moZ H$hbmVr h¡ & AnZo Xoe,B§Q>aZoQ> H$s ~¡H$~moZ H$s ñWmnZm Zht hþB© h¡ & Xyag§Mma {d^mJ Ûmam amï>r` B§Q>aZoQ> ~¡H$~moZ H$sñWmnZm H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© JB© h¡ & Bg_| Xoe Ho$ 549 H|$Ðm| H$mo Omo‹S>m OmEJm &

5. Eogog àmodm`S>a … do H§$n{Z`m±, O B§Q>aZoQ> H$ZoH$eZ CnbãY H$amVr h¢, Eogogàmodm`S>a H$hbmVr h¡ & O¡go - {dXoe g§Mma {ZJ_ {b., _hmZJa Qo>{b\$moZ {ZJ_ {b{_Qo>S>,gË`_, _§Ìm BË`mXr &

6. {S>{OQ>b gãgH«$mB~a bmBZ (S>r.Eg.Eb.) … BgHo$ AÝVJ©V H$åß`yQ>a H$moQo>{b\$moZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` Vm§~o Ho$ Vma Ûmam Qo>{b\$moZ go Omo‹S> {X`m OmVm h¢ & BgHo$ gmW hr S>r.Eg.Eb._m°So>b OmoS>Zo go H$åß`yQ>a na Mm¡~rgm| K§Qo> B§Q>aZoQ> gw{dYm hm{gb H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ & Bg VahQo>br\$moZ bmBZ ~mVMrV Ho$ {bE _wº$ ahVr h¡ & _m°So>_ Am¡a ñWmnZm ewëH$ H$mo em{_b H$aZo nah_mao Xoe _| S>r.Eg.Eb. H$s bmJV bJ^J Vrg hOma ê$nE ~¡R>Vr h¡ &

7. B§Q>rJ«oQo>S> g{d©gog {S>{OQ>b ZoQ>dH©$ (AmB©.Eg.S>r.EZ. … BgHo$ A§VJ©V {S>{OQ>bgyMZm H$mo gm_mÝ` Qo>{b\$moZ ZoQ>dH©$ na 128 Ho$.nr.~r.Eg. H$s aâVma na n«o{fV {H$`m OmgH$Vm h¡ & Bg_| S>mQ>m, dr{S>`mo Am¡a AmdmO H$m EH$ gmW àgmaU g§ d h¡ & h_mao Xoe _|_hmZJa Qo>{b\$moZ {ZJ_ {b{_Qo>S> Am¡a {dXoe g§Mma {ZJ_ {b{_Qo>S> Ûmam AmB©. Eg. S>r. EZ.gw{dYm CnbãY H$amB© Om ahr h¡ &

8. brÁS> bmBZ … {H$Ýhr Xmo ñWmZm| H$s ~rM ñWm`r Qo>br\$moZ H$ZoH$eZ H$mo brÁS>bmBZ H$hm OmVm h¡ & brÁS> bmBZ H$s {deofVm h¡ {H$ `h h_oem g{H«$` ahVr h¡ &

9. gmoZoQ> … `h {gZH«$moZg Am°pßQ>H$b ZoQ>dH©$ H$m g§{já ê$n h¡ & Bgo \$mB~a Am°pßQ>H$g§MmaU àUm{b`m| H$mo Omo‹S>Zo H$m _mZH$ ~Zm`m J`m h¡ & `h A§Vam©ï>r` Eg.S>r.EM. Ho$ g_mZh¡ &

10. Ho$.~r.nr.Eg., E_.~r.nr.Eg. Am¡a Or. ~r. nr. Eg … o BH$mB`m± {S>{OQ>b_mÜ`_ _| g§Mma H$s J{V Xem©Vr h¡ & BZH$m AW© h¡ {H$bmo {~Q²>g à{V goH§$X, _oJm {~Q²>g à{VgoH§$X Am¡a JrJm {~Q²>g à{V goH§$X ({H$bmo - EH$ hOma, _oJm - Xg bmI, JrJm - EH$ Aa~)

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11. _pëQ>_r{S>`m … `h gyMZ {Z_m©U _| gh`moJ àXmZ H$aZodmbm g§gmYZ h¡ & `hEogm ~hþ_mÜ`_ h¡, {Og_| ZdBboH$Q´>m{ZH$ CnH$a_m| H$m g_wƒ` hmoVm h¡ & BgZo gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$sHo$ joÌ _| gmar Xw{Z`m H$mo AnZo gmW Omo‹S> {b`m h¡ . Bg_| gpå_{bV à_wI _mÜ`_ Bg àH$ma h¡- 1) nmR>_mbm (text) 2) lì` (Audio), 3) Ñí` 4) Amao{IH$s (Graphic) 5) gOrdAmao{IH$s {MÌU (Animation) & {deofV… Qo>br{dOZ nÌH$m[aVm VWm Qo>br{dOZ Ho$ AÝ`{ejm Ed§ _Zmoa§OZnaH$ H$m`©H«$_m| _| _ëQ>r{_{S>`m H$m Cn`moJ ì`mnH$ ñVa na hmoVm h¡ & `hrZht, àH$meZ, Xyag§Mma, {ejm, _Zmoa§OZ, Iob, B§Or{Z`[aJ, {Z_m©U BH$mB`m| Ed§ Am¡Úmo{JH$CnH«$_m| _| g§gmYZ n[a{djU (Process monitoring) Am{X joÌm| _| ^r _ëQ>r_r{S>`m H$mà`moJ Iy~ hmo ahm h¡ &

gyMZm {Z_m©U ^m{fH$ g§aMZm h¡ & gyMZm na m¡{VH$ {Z`§ÌU go A{YH$ à^mdr ~m¡{ÕH${Z`§ÌU hmoVm h¡ & ~m¡{ÕH$Vm h_oem AnZo ApñVÎd _| hr d¡km{ZH$Vm H$s Vbme _| ahVr h¡ &Bg{bE gyMZm Eogm CËnmX h¡ {Ogo _m¡OyXm d¡km{ZH$ {dMmam| go m {dî` _| ApñVËd _| AmZodmbod¡km{ZH$ {dMmam| go ~MH$a aIZm Ag§ d h¡ & AmO {hÝXr ^mfm Ho$db gm{hË` H$s ^mfm Zhtahr, ~pëH$ dh {dkmZ H$s ^mfm ^r ~Z JB© h¡ & Bg{bE qhXr ^mfm H$s gyMZm j_Vm _| d¥{ÕhmoZo go dh gyMZm {Z_m©U H$s ^mfm ~Z JB© h¡ &2.8.2. gyMZm e¡br

gyMZm e¡br Ho$ A§VJ©V {d{dY e¡{b`m| H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡ & BgHo$ {bE nhbo e¡br Ho$àH$ma na {dMma H$a| & Omo Bg àH$ma h¢ - ì`mg g¡br ({Og_| ~mV \¡$bmH$a H$ht JB© hmo), g_mgg¡br (Bg e¡br _| H$gmd hmoVm h¡), gyÌmË_H$ e¡br (H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _|, gyÌ~Õ T§>J go {dMmaì`º$ {H$E OmVo h¢.), gab e¡br, {H$bï> e¡br, ì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br, bmj{UH$ e¡br, àVrH$mË_H$e¡br, gnmQ>~`mZr e¡br, gm§Ho${VH$ e¡br, gmjmËH$ma e¡br, g§dmXmË_H$ e¡br, S>màr e¡br,EãgS©> e¡br, {dQ> eobr (dmp½dXÜXVm e¡br), dU©ZmË_H$ e¡br, {dMmamË_ e¡br, A{^Yme¡br, q~~mË_H$ e¡br, gmaJ{ ©V e¡br, {ZdoXZ e¡br AmXr &

g_mO H$mo gyMZm àXmZ H$aZo H$m gmYZ h¡ - nÌH$m[aVm & nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ gmYZ àH$mam| _|CgHo$ {ZåZm§{H$V _ybmYma h¢ - 1) AmH$medmUr 2) XyaXe©Z 3) g_mMma nÌ 4) B§Q>aZoQ> & BZ_|AmH$medmUr, XyaXe©Z VWm g_mMma nÌ gyMZm n«XmZ H$aZo dmbo bmoH${n« gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _|OZVm H$s nhbr ng§X h¡ & gyMZm e¡br Ho$ A§VJ©V g~go gñVm g§gmYZ g_mMma nÌ h¡ & OZVmH$mo _hO VrZ énE _| ñWmZr`, eha, amÁ`, Xoe - {dXoe H$s I~ao gyMZmË_H$ ê$n _| {_bVrh¡ & AI~ma _| gyÌmË_H$ e¡br, g_mg e¡br, gab e¡br, gnmQ>~`mZr e¡br anQ> Ho$ ê$n _|{XImB© XoVr h¡ & g_mMma nÌ _| I~ao H$m°b_m| _| N>nVr h¡ & qgJb H$m°b_, S>~b H$m°b_, \$moaH$m°b_ _| I~ao N>nVr h¡ & AI~mam| _| g~go Á`mXm H$_r OJh H$s H$_r h¡ & Bg{bE H$_ go H$_OJh _| Á`mXm go Á`mXm I~a| N>mnr OmVr h¢ & g_mMmanÌ H$m nmR>H$ Am_ AmX_r hmoVm h¡ OmoÁ`mXm n‹T>m-{bIm Zht hmoVm & Bg{bE g_mMma H$s I~am| H$s ^mfm Am_ AmX_r Ho$ g_P _|AmE, Bg Vah H$s gab Am¡a gyÌmË_H$ mfm hmoVr h¡ & gyÌmË_H$Vm erf©H$m| _| r {XImB© XoVr h¡,O¡go g‹S>H$ XwK©Q>Zm _| Mma _ao, Xmo Km`b &, ~g - Q>H$ H$s {^S>ÝV _| nm§M _¥V & eoAa ~mOmaCN>bm, gmoZo-Mm§Xr Ho$ ^md Ho$ gmW AZmO Ho$ Xm_m| H$s ~‹T>Vgo _h§JmB© {H$VZr ~‹T>r, Bg g§X ©_| gyMZm n«XmZ H$s OmVr h¡ &

ha AI~ma _| g§nmXH$s` boI N>nVm h¡ & {H$gr Img I~a H$mo boH$a g§nmXH$ {dMmamË_H$



e¡br _| {d{dY Am±H$‹S>m| Ûmam g§nmXH$s` {bIVm h¡ & O~{H$ Iob H$s I~ao dU©ZmË_H$ e¡br _|{bIr OmVr h¢ & AnZo Xoe H$s OZVm {H«$Ho$Q> - ~wIma go nr{‹S>V h¡ & A~ Vmo {H«$Ho$Q> _¡M ~mahm|_hrZo H$hr-Zm-H$ht Omar ahVr h¡ & Bg{bE OZVm H$m _Zmoa§OZ {H«$Ho$Q> Ho$ dU©Z n‹T>Zo go hmoVmh¡ & BVZm hr Zht {H«$Ho$Q> H$s hma-OrV H$m \¡$gbm dU©ZmË_H$ T§>J go, {H«$Ho$Q> Ho$ H¡$ßeZ{XImH$a Q>r.dr. H$s I~am| _| ^r ~Vbm`m OmVm h¡ &

XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ A§VJ©V {ZåZm§{H$V e¡{b`m| Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¡ - gyÌmË_H$ e¡br,ì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br, gmjmÎH$ma e¡br, bmj{UH$ e¡br, àVrH$mË_H$ e¡br, g§dmXmË_H$ e¡br,{dMmamË_H$ e¡br, dU©ZmË_H$ e¡br, {ZdoXZ e¡br & XyaXe©Z na bKw {\$ë_ {XImVo h¡, Cgg_` {ZdoXZ e¡br H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Ñí` MbVo ahVo h¢ Am¡a {ZdoXH$ AnZo ImgA§XmO _| {ZdoXZ H$aHo$ gyMZm àXmZ H$aVm ahVm h¡ & Q>r.dr. na àgm[aV hmoZo dmbr S>mH$`y_oÝQ>rA{YH$m§eV… {MÌm|, Üd{Z, g§JrV g§{_{lV hmoVr h¡ & na `h Oê$ar Zht {H$ S>m°H$`y_oÝQ>r h_oemg§dmXmË_H$ hmo `m H$_oÝQ>r Ûmam àñVwV H$s OmE & S>m°H$`y_oÝQ>r Ho$ gmW gmYmaUV… VrZ à{H«$`m{Z{hV h¡ … - (1) S>mH$`yS>m_m e¡br 2) Or{dV Ñí`m| H$m g§H$bZ 3) pñWa {MÌm| _| EH$OwQ>Vm&S>mH$`yS>m_m e¡br _| nmÌ ñd`§ H$hmZr H$hVo h¢, bo{H$Z AÝ` XmoZm| {dYmAm| _| H$Wm ñnï> hmoVo hþo^r CÓmofH$ `m {ZdoXH$ (H$_oÝQo>Q>a) H$s gh`moJ go H$Ï` H$mo gåàofUr` ~Zm`m OmVm h¡ &S>m°H$`y_oÝQ>r H$s mfm gyÌmË_H$ e¡br go {Z{hV hmoVr h¡ & XyaXe©Z na n«ñVwV S>m°H$`y_oÝQ>r _| boIH$H$mo eãX à`moJ _| H§$Oygr H$aZr Mm{hE & H`m|{H$ XyaXe©Z H$mZm| H$m Zht Am±Im| H$m _mÜ`_ h¡ &gwZr hþB© ~mV H$s Anojm XoIr JB© ~mV A{YH$ Xoa VH$ qO§Xm ahr h¡ & XyaXe©Z na Ñí` g~ Hw$N>ñd`§ H$hVo h¢ & Bg{bE boIH$ go h Amem H$s OmVr h¡ dh AZmdí`H$ eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ go ~Mo&bo{H$Z Bg ~mV H$m »`mb r aIZm Mm{hE {H$ Ñí` H$s g§doXZerbVm ~Zr ahZo hoVw Ñí` Am¡aeãX Ho$ ~rM g_Ýd` hmoZm Mm{hE & Bg{bE boIH$ H$mo gyÌmË_H$ e¡br H$m à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hEVm{H$ Omo gyMZm Xr Om ahr h¡ dh H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _| à^mdnyU© T§>J go nhþ±Mo &

ao{S>Amo ZmQ>H$ Am¡a Q>r.dr. na {XImB© OmZodmbo Ymamdm{hH$m| _| g§dmXmË_H$ e¡br {XImB©XoVr h¡ & g§dmX hr ao{S>Amo ZmQ>H$ h¡ & d¡go g§dmX §M na ^r _hËdnyU© h¢ & g§dmX Ûmam hr K{Q>VgyMZm, KQ>Zm dmbr KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mao _| nyd© gyMZm àmá hmoVr h¡ & g§dmX Ho$ ~J¡a ao{S>`mo àmUhrZ hmoOmVm h¡ & na§Vw g§dmX _| àVrH$mË_H$, q~~mË_H$Vm, VoOr, H$gmd, MwñVr, nmÌmZwHw$bVm, VrImnZ,KQ>ZmZwHw$bVm ^r hmoZr Mm{hE & ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$s H$hmZr H$s nV} g§dmX go hr IwbVr h¡ & nmÌm|H$m n[aM` g§dmX go hr {_bVm h¡ & g§dmX go Û§Û CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ & ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$s ^mfm ghO,~mobMmb H$s hmo & Vm{H$ gwZZo dmbm ghOVm go Cgo g_P gHo$ & g§dmX _| à`wº$ eãX Ho$ g_PZoHo$ {bE eãXH$moe H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoZr Mm{hE & eãX H$hmZr o AZwgma hr Mbo, nmÌm| Ho$gwI-XwI H$h| Am¡a K{Q>V KQ>ZmAm| H$m n[aM` ^r Xo & `h g§dmX H$s, ^mfm H$s gmW©H$Vm h¡ &O¡go H$moB© nmÌ Qo>br\$moZ na ~mV H$a ahm h¡ & Cg g_` CgHo$ g§dmX {deof Vah Ho$ hm|Jo & dhH$`m H$h ahm h¡ h gwZmB© XoVm h¡, na§Vw Xwgao ì`{º$ H$s AmdmO h_| Zht gwZmB© XoVr h& dh nmÌCgH$s ~mV, CgHo$ àíZ gwZH$a ñd`§ hr Odm~ XoVm MbVm h¡ & Bg Vah ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ _|g§dmXmË_H$ e¡br Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¡ &

gmjmËH$ma e¡br H$m à`moJ g_mMma nÌ, ao{S>`mo, Q>r.dr. na YS>„o go {H$`m Om ahm h¡ &{H$gr r ì`{º$ H$m gmjmËH$ma {b`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & na§Vw dh ì`{º$ ~‹So> Zm_ dmbm hmoZm Mm{hE{OgH$m gmjmËH$ma n‹T>Zo Am¡a gwZZo Ho$ gmW XoIZo H$s bbH$ lmoVm _| hmoZr Mm{hE & g ì`{º$

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Ho$ AZw d Ho$ ~mob go Am_ OZVm Hw$N> {dMma J«hU H$a gHo$ & Cg ì`{º$ Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ AZw dHo$ ~mob go Am_ OZVm Hw$N> {dMma J«hU H$a gHo$ & Cg ì`{º$ Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _|, CgH$s gmoMHo$ ~mao _| gmW hr g_mO _| CgHo$ Ûmam {Xo JE `moJXmZ Ho$ ~mao _| bmoJm| Ho$ _Z _| OmZZo H$sCËgwH$Vm ahVr h¡ Vm{H$ dh gmjmËH$ma XoI H$a bmoJ àoaUm J«hU H$a gH|$ & gmjmËH$ma boZodmboì`{º$ H$mo {OgH$m gmjmËH$ma {b`m Om ahm h¡ CgHo$ ~mao _| nyU© OmZH$mar hmoZr Mm{hE & CgZoHo$db gdmb nyN>Zo Mm{hE Am¡a Cº$ ì`º$s H$mo Á`mXm ~mobZo H$m Adga àXmZ H$aZm Mm{hE &Q>r.dr. na aOV e_m© Ûmam AmnH$s AXmbV Zm_ Ymamdm{hH$ Mbm`m OmVm h¡ {Og_| ha hâVoH$moB©-Z-H$moB© Zm_r ì`{º$ H$m gmjmËH$ma h±gr-_OmH$ Ho$ Vm¡a na Ama§ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Cº$ì`{º$ ^r AnZo ~mao _| ghO hmoH$a OmZH$mar XoVm ahVm h¡ &2.8.3. gyMZm gåno«µfU

gåno«fU EH$ H$bm h¡ & gån«ofU H$bm H$m n« moJ AI~ma, ao{S>`mo, Q>r.dr, B§Q>aZoQ> Am{Xna ñnï> go {H$`m OmVm h¡ & gyMZm gåàofU _| H$å`w{ZHo$eZ pñH$b ñnï> PbH$Vm h¡ & gyMZmgåàofU H$s {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ BgHo$ Ûmam nmR>H$ `m lmoVm `m Xe©H$ H$mo AmH${f©V {H$`m OmVmh¡ & CXmhaUmW© ao{S>`mo H$mo b| & ao{S>`mo na {d{dY maVr gwZZo dmbo lmoVm H$amo‹S>m| h¢ & CÝh| AnZrAm¡a AmH${f©V H$aZo hoVw {d{dY maVr na amV Ho$ gm‹To> ½`mah ~Oo VH$ Am¡a AÝ` ñQo>eZ na amVâ {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m| H$m àgmaU hmoVm ahVm h¡ & {ZdoXH$ AnZo A§XmO _| H$m`©H«$_ H$m gMmbZH$aVm h¡ & {deofV… bmoJm| H$m _Zmoa§OZ H$m gmYZ {\$ë_r JrV gwZZm h¡ & A~ _mo~mBb na ^rE\$. E_. M¡Zb na H$B© ao{S>`mo àmoJ«m_ CnbãY h¢ & {ZdoXH$ Cg JmZo Ho$ ~mao _| AmH$f©H$ nÕ{Vgo OmZH$mar XoVm h¡ & gmW hr ao{S>`mo, Q>r.dr. go g_mMma ^r àgm[aV hmoVo h¢ Omo gyMZm gåàofUHo$ EH$ A§J h¡ &

gyMZm gåàofU Ho$ {d{dY ê$nm| _| {dkmnZ H$m g_mdoe ^r {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ &{deofV… Q>r.dr. na {XImE OmZo dmbo {dkmnZm| _| gåno«fU H$m¡eb XoIZo hr ~ZVm h¡ & CXmhaUmW©{Za_m {S>Q>OªQ> nmdS>H$a H$m {dkmnZ bo & EH$ _{hbm g\o$X gmS>r nhZo amñVo go Om ahr h¡ & amñVo_| nmZr âm h¡ & EH$ H$ma VoOr go AmVr h¡ Am¡a dh {H$M‹S> âm nmZr Cg _{hbm H$mo {^JmZo hrdmbm Wm {H$ BVZo dh Cg nmZr H$mo S>nQ>Vo hþE ~g BVZm hr H$hVm - {Za_m, XyY-gr g\o$Xr{Za_m go AmE Am¡a {H$Mµ âm nmZr {\«$O hmo OmVm h¡ & CgHo$ OmVo hr dh nmZr AÝ` ì`{º$ na{JaVm h¡ & `h g~ ~VmZo Ho$ {bE Ho$db EH$ {_ZQ> n`m©á h¡ & Bg_| Ñí` Á`mXm H$hVm h¡ Am¡agåàofU Ho$ {bE _mÌ EH$ dmŠ` h¡ & H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _| Á`mXm go Á`mXm H$hZm r gåàofU hrh¡ & AmOH$b {dkmnZm| _| {hÝXr o ~OmE qhp½be mfm H$m YS>„o go à`moJ hmo ahm h¡ & BgHo$ {bE{Oå_odma `{X H$moB© h¡ Vmo dh h¡ qàQ> _r{S>`m Am¡a BboH$Q>m{ZH$ _r{S>`m, Omo Bg àH$ma H$s ^mfmn‹T>Zo, g_PZo, {bIZo Ho$ {bE AmO H$s ZB© nr‹T>r H$mo _O~ya H$a ahm h¡ & d¡go r AmO H$m ehar`wdH$ A§J«oOr {_{lV qhXr ~mobZo _| Jm¡ad _hgyg H$aVm h¡ & Bg{bE qhp½be A~ ~mOma H$s,{dkmnZ H$s ^mfm Z ~ZVr Vmo Á`mXm AmíM`© hmoVm & Hw$N> {dkmnZ CXmhaUmW© XoI| - ò {Xb_m§Jo _moa, A_wb XyY {nVm h¡ B§{S>`m, Qo>ñQ> _| ~oñQ> _å_r Am¡a EdaoñQ>, {~J emqnJ {~J Y_mb,_m°_ Am¡a {H$S²>g EH$ gmW & R§>S> _| pñH$Z Ho$Aa _ñQ>, E{e`Z naâ`y_ h_mao Jm±d H$m _moJam,dr{S>`moH$m°Z S>r.ìhr.S>r. ßbo g©Xo Ka _| hr _Om, dëS©> - H$bmg B§Q>aQo>Z_|Q> H$m &

Cn`w©º$ CXmhaU go gm\$ {XImB© XoVm h¡ {H$ dV©_mZ g_` _| _r{S>`m H$s _mZH$ mfm H$mê$n ~Xb ahm h¡ & bmoJ ^r ^mfm H$s Bg ~XbVr gåàofU e¡br H$m ñdrH$ma H$a aho h¢ & AmO



Xoe _| g~go A{YH$ g§»`m _| àH$m{eV hmoZo dmbo g_mMma nÌ VWm n{ÌH$mAm| na Jm¡a H$aZo nakmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ AZoH$ g_mMmam| Ho$ erf©H$, {dkmnZ Ho$ dmH$` VWm {d{dY d¡Mm[aH$ boIm| _|A§J«oOr eãX àMya _mÌm _| nmE OmVo h¢ &

{dkmnZ Jwê$ àëhmX H$H$H$S> Zo qhp½be ^mfm Ho$ g§X © _| Zd^maV Q>mBåg _| EH$ boI{bIm Wm {Og_| CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡, qhXr Am¡a A§J«oOr H$m â`yOZ {nN>bo Xmo XeH$ _| gm_Zo Am`mh¡ & Bgo qhp½be H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ & bo{H$Z h à{H«$`m Vmo B§p½be Ho$ gmW r Mb ahr h¡ & \«$m§gHo$ ^mfm d¡km{ZH$ S>m°. Á`m§ nmb Zo[aòa Zo 1500 eãXm| H$s B§p½be V¡ ma H$s h¡, {Ogo CÝhm|Zo½bmo{~e Zm_ {X`m h¡ & {Og Vah qhXr AmO qhp½be _o¢ ~Xb ahr h¡, Cgr Vah B§p½be ^r½bmo{~e _| ~Xb ahr h¡ & Xw{Z`m H$s H$moB© ^r Or{dV ^mfm AmO d¡gr Zht, O¡gr 100 gmbnhbo Wr & Bg{bE qhXr H$mo qhp½be hmoZo go S>aZo H$s H$moB© dOh Zht h¡ &

gyMZm gåàofU Ho$ g§~§Y _| _r{S>`m {deofk gwYre nMm¡ar Ho$ AZwgma,ha _r{S>`mgyMZm H$m AnZm ê$n V¡ ma H$aVm h¡ & ha gyMZm à{V gyMZm H$mo OÝ_ XoVr h¡ & BZ {XZm| gyMZmH«$m§{V Omar h¡ & gyMZm g§Omb {dH$amb h¡ & _m_ybr Qo>br\$moZ \¡$H$g go AmJo gyMZm gwna hm`doVH$ h¡ & \$mB~a ñnog _| dMw©Ab ar`{bQ>r h¡ & My±{H$ g¡Qo>bmB©Q> _| AmH$me EH$ H$a {X`m h¡,Bg{bE Bg JbV\$h_r _| ~hþV Xoa ahZm g§ d Zht h¡ {H$ h_ Mmho Vmo gyMZm V§Ì H$mo ZH$magH$Vo h¢&

gyMZm gåàofU _| ^mfm H$m AnZm _hËd {XImB© XoVm h¡ & AnZo Xoe na gm‹To> AmR> gm¡dfm] VH$ _wJbm| Zo amO {H$`m n[aUm_ñdén AXmbVr mfm _| Aa~r-\$magr-CXy© Ho$ eãXm| H$màMbZ {XImB© XoVm h¡ & O¡go Jdmh, _wH$X_m, n¡adr ~`mZ, Xbrb, noeH$e, _wdH${H$b,YmoImY‹S>r, g|Y_mar, Im[aO, {Ibm\$, H$ma©dmB©, VH$br\$, H$ãOm, H$‹S>H$s, \$ama Am{X &XaAgb qhXr ^mfm Zo A±J«oOr go N>h hOma Am¡a Aa~r-\$magr-CXy© go Mma hOma eãX CYmabo aIo h¢ & Eogm H$aZo go hr qhXr g_¥Õ hmo nmB© h¡ &

gyMZm gåàofU Ho$ A§VJ©V O~ h_ Q>r.dr. H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢ V~ gåàofU Ho$ g§gmYZ Ho$ê$n _| H¡$_am Am Y_H$Vm h¡ & H$`m|{H$ Q>r.dr. lì` VWm Ñí` _mÜ`_ h¡ & Q>r. dr. na hmoZo dmboH$m`©H«$_m| H$mo JhamB© go XoIZo na kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Q>r. dr. na Omo {XIm`m Om ahm h¡ dh h_ H¡$_oaoH$s Am±I go XoI aho h¢ & dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$Vm~m| _| eãX gåàofU H$m _mÜ`_~ZVo h¢ & na§Vw Q>r. dr. na H¡o$_am dmVmdaU H$mo àË`j gmH$ma H$a XoVm h¡ & CgH$m gmW Üd{ZAm¡a àH$me moOZm XoVr h¡ & O¡go gmJa {H$Zmao H$m Ñí` h¡ & AJa _w§~B© ~VmZr h¡ Vmo H¡$_oam JoQ>doAm°\$ B§{S>`m na AnZr ZOa J‹S>mVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX bham| nma AmH$a ê$H$Vm h¡ & Hw«$Õ gmJa{XImZo hoVw amV H$m g_` Am¡a Ádma (C\$ZVr bha|) na \$moH$g S>mbm OmVm h¡ &

gyMZm gåàofU Ho$ A§VJ©V g_mMma nÌ ^r Ah_ y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢ & {deof I~a H$moMm¡IQ> _o§ Xem© m OmVm h¡ & AI~ma Ho$ bo AmD$Q> H$m àíZ r gåàofU Ho$ AÝVJ©V g_m{dï> hmoVoh¢ & ha g_mMma nÌ H$s AnZr Zr{V hmoVr h¡, CgHo$ AZwgma hr AI~ma Ho$ n¥ð> gOVo h¢, g±dmaoOmVo h¡ & O¡go A§J«oOr g_mMma nÌ H$m Vrgam nÞm - W«r noO H$hbmVm h¡ Omo {\$ë_m| go Ow‹S>m hmoVmh¡ & h n¥ð> _hmZm`H$ Am¡a _hmZm{`H$mAm| H$s a§JrZ Vg{dam| go gOm`m OmVm h¡ & CZHo$ Jm°{gn^r N>nVo h¢ {OÝh| nmR>H$ Ho$ _Zmoa§OZmW© namogm OmVm h¡ & ZB© {\$ë_m| H$s g_rjm r Cgr H¥$ð> naN>nVr h¡ & gmW hr {H$gr A{^ZoVm H$m gmjmËH$ma ^r amoMH$ T§>J go N>mnm OmVm h¡ &

AI~ma H$m ha nÞm gwMZm gåàofU H$s Jdmhr XoVm h¡ & ha nÞo H$s gmO - g‚mm

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{d{eï> nÕVo go H$s OmVr h¡ & Bg_| {ejm OJV², amOZ{V Ho$ g_rH$aU, ZoVmAm| Ho$ KmoQ>mbmH$m§S>, gm§ñH¥${VH$ - gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$s {d{eï> I~a|, nwñVH$ - {d_moMZ, eo a ~mOma,~mOma md, gam©\$m ~mOma, Iob OJV Ho$ gmW {d{dY {df`m| go Ow‹So> \$moQ>moJ«m\$ gåàofU na hramoeZr S>mbVo h¢ & ha AI~ma _| H$mQy©>Z H$moZm gwa{jV hmoVm h¡ Omo amOZr{VH$ KQ>ZmAm| naO~X©ñV ì`§½` {gÕ hmoVm h¡ & ñWm{Z` anQ> go boH$a {dídñVar` anQ> H$mo Mm¡IQ> _| AYmoao{IV{H$`m OmVm h¡ Vm{H$ Cg na nmR>H$ H$s grYr ZOa n‹So> & g_mMma nÌ _| N>nZodmbo {dkmnZ bmIê$nE H$m hmoVm h¡ & BZ {dkmnZm| H$s dOh go hr g_mMma nÌ Ho$db VrZ énE _| nmR>H$m| H$moC\$bãY H$amZm g§ d hmo nmZm h¡ & VmËn`© h h¡ {H$ gyMZm gåàofU _| qàQ> _r{S>`m, BboH$Q>m{ZH$_r{S>`m H$s Ah_ y{_H$m hmoVr h¡ & gyMZm gåàofU H$m _hÎdnyU© CÔoí` nmR>H$, Xe©H$ H$moAnZr Amoa AmH${f©V H$aZm hmoVm h¡ & Bg{bE gmO-gOm na {deof Ü`mZ aIm OmVm h¡ &g_mMma nÌ Ho$ bo AmD$Q> H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoZo dmbo H$bm nmaIr ì`{º$ H$s {Z`w{º$ H$s OmVr h¡Omo nmR>H$m| H$s ê${M H$m Ü`mZ aIH$a g_mMma nÌ H$mo AmH$f©H$ ê$n _| N>mnZo hoVw AWH$ H$mo{eeH$aVm h¡ &2.8.4. dm{MH$ ^mfm, boIZ ^mfm

^mfm _mZd g_mO H$s Vah àmMrZ h¡ & ^mfm h_mao gåàofU H$m _hÎdnwU© _mÜ`_ h¡ &^mfm Ho$ H$maU hr _Zwî` AnZo {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aVm h¡ & dh Xmo A§OmZo bmoJm| Ho$ ~rMgoVw H$m H$m`© H$aVr h¡ & A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ ñVa na ^mfm Ho$ Xmo ê$n h¡ - dm{MH$ (_m¡{IH$) 2){b{IV & ^mfm H$B© dfm] VH$ dm{MH$ ^mfm ~Zr ahr & AmO ^r J«m_m| _| ~mobr ^mfm H$m à`moJdm§{MH$ ê$n _| hr Á`mXm hmoVm h¡ & AnZo Xoe H$mo AmOmX hþE 62 df© hmo JE & BgHo$ ~mdOyXAmO ^r 35 à{VeV OZmX©Z AZn‹T> h¡ Omo _m¡{IH$ ^mfm H$m hr à`moJ H$aVr h¡ &

_m¡{IH$ m dm{MH$ én _| A{^ì`{º$ H$m gmYZ ÜdZr hmoVm h¡ & dº$m AnZo {dMmam| H$mo^mfm _| ~m§YH$a _w§h go Cƒm[aV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a lmoVm Cgo gwZH$a AW© J«hU H$aVm h¡ & BgHo${dnarV {b{IV ê$n _| boH$H$ AnZo {dMmam| H$mo {bIH$a ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a nmR> n‹T>H$a CgH$mAW© J«hU H$aVm h¡ & ^mfm gåno«fU ì`mnma Ho$ Ûmam hr ì`{º$ AnZo ^mfmB© g_wXm` Ho$ AÝ`gXñ`m| Ho$ gmW g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$a {dMma-{d{Z_` H$aVm h¡ Am¡a EH$ Xygao H$m gømoJ àmáH$aVm h¡ &

{H$gr ^r g_mO H$m CËH$f© Ed§ AnH$f© ^mfm na {Z ©a hmoVm h¡ & ^mfm H$m n[a{Z{ð>Vñdê$n g_mO Ho$ CËH$f© H$mo Xem©Vm h¡ & m{fH$ Ag_W©Vm Ho$ H$maU H$moB© ^r g_mO nVZmoÝ_wIhmoVm h¡, H$`m|{H$ ^mfm ì`{º$ H$s ~w{Õ Ed§ qMVZ j_Vm H$mo {dH${gV H$aVr h¡ & {ddoH$s ì`{º$AnZm {hV-A{hV g_PH$a CgHo$ AZwén AmMaU H$aVm h¡ & mfm H$m à_wI H$m`© hr h¡ ì`{º$Ho$ ì`{º$Îd _| gV² - AgV² {ddoH$ OmJ¥V H$aZm &

^mfm ì`{º$ Ed§ g_mO gmnoj hmoVr h¡ & g_mO Am¡a ì`{º$ naËdo CgH$m én n[ad{V©VhmoVm h¡ & dº$m Ho$ dº$ì` go CgHo$ gm_m{H$, e¡{jH$ ñVa H$m nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ dº$m CƒdJu`h¡ `m {H$ _Ü`dJu` & `{X dº$m CƒdJu` Ed§ {e{jV dJ© H$m ì`{º$ hmo V~ dh AnZr ^mfm_| A§J«oOr Ho$ gmW VËg_ eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aoJm & AJa dº$m {ZåZñVar`, AZn‹T> hmo V~ dh~mobr mfm H$m à`moJ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s mfm _| VX² d Ed§ Xoeg eãX H$s a_ma {XI n‹S>Vrh¡ & ^mfm ^mdm| H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$m gmYZ h¡ & ì`{º$ Am¡a g_mO Ho$ AZw d {^ÞVm Ho$ AZwê$nCgH$m ñdén ~XbVm h¡ &



O~ VH$ ~mobr ^mfm _| {b{IV gm{hË` H$m g¥OZ Zht hmoVm V~ VH$ ^mfm H$sOr{dVmdñWm na ^r àíZ{M• bJ OmVm h¡ & _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo H$hm h¡, g~ àH$ma Ho$^mdm| H$mo àH$Q> H$aZodmbr Am¡a {ZXm}f hmoZo na ^r `{X H$moB© ^mfm {ZO H$m gm{hË` Zht aIVrVmo dh éndVr {ÎmarZ H$s Vah H$Xm{n AmXaUr` Zht hmo gH$Vr &

VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ {b{IV gm{hË` Cg ^mfm H$s _hÎmm H$mo ~‹T>mH$a CgHo$ loîR>Ëd H$mo{gÕ H$aVm h¡ & mfm gm{hË` _| ~±YH$a A_aËd àmá H$a boVr h¡ & AdYr _| am_M[aV_mZg H$mg¥OZ VwbgrXmg Zo {H$`m Cgr Vah ~«O^mfm _| r H$B© àmMrZ H${d`m| Zo g¥OZ {H$`m {Oggo do~mobr ^mfmE± Jm¡admpÝdV hþB© &

gm{hË` _| à`wº$ hmoZo Ho$ nyd© ^mfm dm{MH$ hr hmoVr h¡, Ho$db A{^YmnaH$ & na§Vwgm{hË`H$ma Cg na g§ñH$ma H$a g¥OZmË_H$ gm¢X`© â XoVm h¡, {Oggo ^mfm A{^Ym Ho$ ñVa goD$na CR>H$a bmj{UH$, ì`§OZmË_H$ Ed§ àVrH$mË_H$ hmoH$a g_¥Õ hmoVr h¡ &

{b{IV ({H$Vm~| Am¡a AI~ma) Am¡a _m¡{IH$ (dV©_mZ _| Qo>br{dOZ) Ho$ ~mao _| dmëQ>aAm±J H$m H$hZm h¡,_w{ÐV m {b{IV _mÜ`_ Zo àmMrZ dmH$H$bm H$mo {ejm Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ go {dñWm{nVH$aHo$ {df`-{díbofU, aoIm{MÌm| VWm Vm{bH$mAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go kmZ H$m n[a_mU A{YH$m{YH$~‹T>Zo na ~b {X`mh¡ & _w{ÐV eãX Zo ì`{º$JV nhMmZ Am¡a d¡ {º$H$ {ZOVm H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo_| ghm`Vm H$s & _wÐU go {H$Vm~| ~Zt {Oggo EH$m§V AÜ``Z H$m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ MaU àmá {H$`mOm gH$m .... Am¡a BgH$m n[aUm_ hþAm nwar em§{V Ho$ gmW AÜ``Z ... _wÐU Zo eãXm| na {ZOñdm{_Ëd H$m Z`m Ehgmg n¡Xm {H$`m &

Qo>br{dOZ dm{MH$ mfm Ho$ A§VJ©V g_m{dï> hmoVm h¡ & AmO ~‹So> n¡_mZo na Q>r. dr. XoImOmVm h¡ & Q>r. dr. {ejm H$m gd©ì`mnr _mÜ`_ ~Z J`m h¡ & AmO EH$ Am¡gV A_o[aH$s à{V{XZgmV K§Qo> Q>r.dr. XoIVm h¡ & g¢H$‹S>m| df© nhbo _m¡{IH$ {ejm H$m Omo `wJ ewê$ hþAm Wm, CgZoA§VV… {b{IV na§nam H$m ñWmZ bo {b`m & em`X B{Vhmg ñd`§ H$mo Xmoham ahm h¡ & h_ EH$ ~ma{\$a _m¡{IH$ g§dmX na§nam H$s Amoa bm¡Q> Mbo h¢ &

_r{S>`m Zo AnZo {bE EH$ qhXr (B§p½be) ~Zm hr b¡ & BgHo$ {bE CgZo AnZo Xe©H$m|H$s ~hþ{dYVm, ~hþamï>r`Vm Am¡a {díd§ a Ho$ ñVa na qhXr m{f`m| H$s àdm{gVm Ed§ ñWmZm§VaUH$mo Ü`mZ _| aIm h¡ & {H$gr \$Q>rMa ì`mH$aU _| Z ~§YZodmbr EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ qhXr VoOr go ~Zrh¡ Omo A§J«oOr `m _amR>r `m qgYr `m V{_b `m H$ÞS> eãXm| Ho$ MbZ go nahoO Zht H$aVr &nm°nyba amOZr{V _| dh bmby H$s qhXr h¡ Am¡a nm°nyba {\$ë_m| _| dh JmoqdXm H$s qhXr h¡ Omo haVah go gåno«fUr`Vm H$mo AnZm {Z`m_H$ _mZVr h¡ Am¡a {H$Vm~r ì`mH$aU H$mo Zht _mZVr &

Q>r. dr. H$s ^mfm dm{MH$ ^mfm h¡ & Bg g§X © _| gwYre nMm¡ar Ho$ AZwgma, _r{S>`m H$mH$m_ _ybV… mfm Ho$ n«VrH$m| m {MÝhm| H$mo {d{Z{_V (EH$gM|O) H$aZm hmoVm h¡ & _mÜ`_ Ho$ ê$nHo$ AZwgma `h {d{Z_` AnZr J{V nH$‹S>Vm h¡ & `{X _mÜ`_ A§Vd£ {º$H$ `mZr _w§h Am¡a H$mZAm¡a nañna H$s ~mVMrV h¡ Vmo àVrH$m|, {MÝh§ H$m {d{Z_` g§X © H$mo pñWa ~ZmVm MbVm h¡ &........ nañna g§dmX Ho$ _mÜ`_m| _| eãXmW© pñWa {H$E Om gH$Vo h¢ H$`m|{H$ CZHo$ g§X © pñWa{H$E Om gH$Vo h¢ & qàQ> _r{S>`m _| nañna g§dmX {OVZo Vmo Zht bo{H$Z mfmJV `m ì`mH$aUJVàg§J Am¡a g§X © pñWa {H$E Om gH$Vo h¢ & BZ XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ _mÜ`_m| _| Xoe Am¡a H$mb, {d{Z_`H$mo Bg{bE {ZpíVV H$aVo h¢ H$`m|{H$ do pñWa hmoVo h¢ Am¡a M§Mb Zht hmoVo & h_ CZHo$ {ZH$Q> -g§X © nmR> go EH$ AW© {ZpíMV H$a gH$Vo h¢ O¡go pñWa H$aVo hþE EH$_mÌ AW© H$s Vah Ñ‹T>rH¥$V

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{H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ &BboH$Q>m{ZH$ _r{S>`m _| BñVo_mb hmoVo hþE àVrH$ / ^mfm Ho$ {MÝh AnZo g§X^m] H$mo

ApñWa H$aVo MbVo h¢ & CZH$s VoO J{V CZ_| AW© H$s Eogr VoO VabVm â XoVr h¡ {H$ nmR>H$,Xe©H$, lmoVm CÝh| A{V M§Mb J{V _| Vmo XoI gwZ nmZm h¡ bo{H$Z pñWa Zht H$a nmVm Am¡a dhA{V M§Mb WmW© Ho$ g_j hmoVm h¡ & dh AË`§V J{Verb g§X^m] _| ahVm h¡ {OÝh| h_ Zht nH$‹S>gH$Vo & `h VoO ~mBQ>m| mZr gåMZm H$s Ý`yZV_ BH$mB© Ho$ {_l½à H$m OJV hmoVm h¡ & h EH$ ZE{H$ñ_ H$m nmR> (Q¡>H$g) hmoVm h¡ Omo n¥ð> na N>nr hþB© pñWa Q¡>H$ñQ> go {^Þ hmoVm h¡ & Bgr{bEBgH$m nmR> R>rH$ Cg Vah Zht hmo gH$Vm {Og Vah {H$Vm~ H$m hmoVm h¡ &

gwYre nMm¡ar Bg g§X © _| {bIVo h¢,g§X © H$s hm{Z Am¡a Bg Vah {MÝh (`hm§ {MÝh H$mAW© N>{d `m ñda go b|) H$m Xoe-H$mb go ñdV§Ì ñdÀN§>X gm hmo CR>Zm, {MÝhm| H$s AZ§V{_{H$g§J go n¡Xm hmoZo dmbm A{V M§Mb WmW© Am¡a Cgo nH$‹S> H$a n‹T> Z nmZo go n¡Xm hmoZo dmbrPw§PbmhQ> Am¡a {M‹T>, Q>r.dr. `m H$åß`yQ>a Ho$ ^rVa ~Z aho dMw©Ab `m Am^mgr - `WmW© _|XoeH$mb H$m {g_Q> OmZm Eogo Zò dmVmdaU h¢ Omo BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ _r{S>`m ~ZmVm h¡ & Bgr{bE Cgo{H$Vm~ H$s Vah Zht n‹T>m Om gH$Vm Am¡a Zht CgH$s Cg Vah g_rjm hr H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ O¡go{H$ {H$Vm~ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ &

_r{S>`m Bg Vah Z`m OZ joÌ `mZr ZB© OZVm ~ZmVm h¡ {Ogo Xe©H$ `m Cn^moº$m H$hVoh¢ & dh OJV H$mo gyMZm-`wº$ Am¡a gyMZm a{hV g_mO _| {d^º$ H$aVm h¡ & dh CXmÎmVm H$moV_meo _| ~XbVm h¡ & dh ha jU EH$ Am{W©H$ {H«$`m ^r hmoVm h¡ & dh g_mO Ho$ A~ VH$ Ho$g§~§Ym| H$mo ~Xb XoVm h¡, ha jU ~XbVmh¡ & gyMZm H$s EH$ {deofVm `h hmoVr h¡ {H$ dh{d{Z_` _| AmH$a AÝ` MrOm| H$s Vah Zï> Zht hmoVr ~pëH$ JwUrH¥$V, _ëQ>rßbmB© hmoVr h¡ & BgVah h_mao AZw d gyMZm ~ZH$a A_a hmoVo h¢, Zï> Zht hmoVo & na§Vw `h A_aVm jU §Jwa (15goH§$X) hmoVr h¡ &

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2. 9. d¡ídrH$aU H$s à{H«$`m Am¡a OZg§Mma^maV _| d¡ídrH$aU H$s à{H«$`m H$m Ama§ gZ 1991 go hþAm & d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ {bE

½bmo~bmÒoeZ, y_§S>brH$aU, OJVrH$aU, IJmobrH$aU O¡go eãXm| H$mo ^r CgHo$ {dH$ën Ho$ê$n _| à`wº$ {H$`m Om ahm h¡ & d¡ídrH$aU eãX Zo AnZr _yb g§H$ënZm go hQ>Vo hþE Zò g§X^m]Ho$ gmW Zò AW© J«hU H$a {bE h¢ & h qMVm H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ d¡ídrH$aU H$s h {dH$mg`mÌm ZhtAW©g§H$moM H$s `mÌm h¡ & AmO y_§S>brH$aU y_§S>rH$aU ~ZVm Om ahm h¡ & Bg{bE d¡ídrH$aUH$mo ~mOmarH$aU H$hZm AZw{MV Z hmoJm & maVr` g§ñH¥${V _| d¡ídrH$aU H$s Amoa dgwY¡dHw$Qw>å~H$_



H$s ^mdZm go XoIm J`m h¡ & _ybV… `h _mZd H$m CXma, CXmÎm Ed§ {demb _Zmo md h¡ Ohm±nhþ±MH$a gmao oX^md ybm XoZo Mm{hE & dU©, Om{V, Xoe H$s gr_mAm| go D$na CR>H$a dh _mZd_mÌ H$s Ñ{ï> go Am¡a {díd H$ë`mU H$s H$m_Zm go g§b¾ hmoZm Mm{hE & n[adma BgH$s bKw BH$mB©h¡ Am¡a {díd ræÑÀ BH$mB© h¡ & `h nm[adm[aH$ gm¡hmÐ©Vm H$mo d¡pídH$ gm¡hmÐ©Vm _| {dH${gVH$aZodmbm gyÌ h¡ & d¡ídrH$aU H$s _yb AdYmaU `hr h¡ & Bg{bE AmO _mZd {H$gr EH$ XoeH$m ZmJ[aH$ Zht, ~pëH$ {díd ZmJ[aH$ ~Zm h¡ &

^maV _| ~hþamï>r` H§$n{Z`m± én`m CJmZo Am nhþ±Mr h¡ & H`m|{H$ {díd Ho$ gmao Xoe A~^maV H$s Amoa {demb ~mOma Ho$ ê$n _| XoI aho h¢ & ^maV H$s amï>^mfm, A§J«oOr Ho$ gmW qhXrh¡ & gmW hr maV H$s 95 à{VeV OZVm qhXr OmZVr h¡ & qhXr H$m _hÎd ~‹T>Zo go dh {de² H$sVrgao Z§~a H$s mfm ~Zr h¡ & Bg{bE OZg§Mma H$s mfm qhXr h¡ & {díd Ho$ So>‹T>gm¡ Xoem| _| qhXr{d^mJ Iwb JE h¢ & {dXoer A~ YS>„o go qhXr grIH$a ñd`§ H$mo ~mOmarH$aU Ho$ {bE Cn`moJr~Zm aho h¢ & n[aUm_ñdê$n A~ {díd~ÝYwËd H$s mdZm nrNo> Ny>Q> JB© h¡ & H$`m|{H$ {díd {dÎmV§ÌAm¡a {díd ì`mnma go hr gamoH$ma ah J`m h¡ & d¡ídrH$aU dmñVd _| gm_«mÁ`dmX H$m CƒV_MaU h¡ & d¡ídrH$aU ny§OrdmX Ho$ XrK©H$mbrZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ à{H«$`m H$s CnO h¡ Am¡a ny§OrdmX H$mCX` {díd ~mOma H$s {Z_m©U à{H«$`m Ho$ ~rM hþAm & CXmhaUmW©, ny§OrdmXr Xoem| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$_yb _| Am{W©H$ Kwgn¡R> H$s {àH«$`m, à{VñnYm©, ny§Or Ho$ AZdaV g§M` H$s AmH$m§jm VWm H$ƒo_mb na {Z`§ÌU ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ à{VÛpÝXVm, bm^mO©Z H$s H$m_Zm, ì`mn[aH$ H$m`m] H$mo amï>r`gr_mAm| Ho$ nma \¡$bmZo H$s _§em, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V`m| H$m bm^ CR>mH$aH$_Omoa Xoem| H$mo Cn{Zdoe (~mOma) ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ny±OrdmXr Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` wÕ No>‹S>Zo, _mb T>moZoEd§ g§Mma gmYZm| Am¡a VH$ZrH$s Am{X go à^m{dV ahr h¡ &

_¡ZoOa nmÊSo>` Ho$ AZwgma y§S>brH$aU Ho$ Zmao H$m gå_mohZ Am¡a {MÌ {dO` H$m gd©J«mhrA{^`mZ ZB© nr‹T>r H$mo {OVZm M{H$V H$a ahm h¡ Cggo A{YH$ Am§V{H$V, H$`m|{H$ y_§S>brH$aUH$m bú` h¢ - ny§OrdmX H$mo {Xp½dO`r ~ZmZm, gmar Xw{Z`m H$m npíM_rH$aU H$aZm {OgH$mdmñV{dH$ AW© h¡ - A_o[aH$sH$aU, AWm©V² EH$ gH$b g§nyU© y_§S>br` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ ê$n _|ny±OrdmX H$m {dH$mg &

AmO g§nyU© {díd _| {dÎmr` ~mOma Ho$ {Z_m©U _| OZg§Mma H|$Ðr` y{_H$m {Z^m ahm h¡ &OZg§Mma _| qàQ> _r{S>`m Am¡a BboH$Q>m{ZH$ _r{S>`m H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡ & dV©_mZ n[aÑí` _|BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ _r{S>`m {díd ny±OrdmX Am¡a CgHo$ ~mOmadmX H$m g~go geº$ _mÜ`_ ~Z J`m h¡&

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OZg§Mma mfm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ h_ eãX go Ow‹S>r m{fH$ g§doXZm H$mo nhMmZo,{deof ê$n go mfm _| _yS²>g, dH«$Vm, {dX½YVm, ZOmH$V m §{J_m hmoVr h¡, CgH$mo g_Po & h^r Ano{jV h¡ {H$ h_ àVrH$m|, AmÚq~~mo, {_WH$s`, Hy$Q> ndm] Am¡a Jy‹T>mWm] H$m ghr AWm}ÓmQ>ZH$a|, Vm{H$ g¥OZ Am¡a AW©nZ _| H$moB© A§Vamb Z AmZo nmò & amï>r`, AÝVam©ï>r` àVrH$m|, Hy$Q>nXm|, g§Ho$Vmjam|, g§{jámjam|, AmÚmjam| Am¡a n[a^m{fH$m| H$m ghr kmZ hmoZm Mm{hE & {OgàH$ma S>m°ba H$m {deof {M• h¡, Cgr Vah A~ {dídñVa na ê$nE H$mo ^r Z`m {M• {_b J`m

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h¡ & Bggo AnZo Xoe Ho$ ê$nE H$s gmI {dídñVa na ~‹T> JB© h¡ &^mfm-à`moJ Ho$ EH$ {d{eï> joÌ _| BboH$Q´>m°{ZH$ g§Mma _mÜ`_ AmO r ~hþV à^mdH$mar

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gånmXH$ Ho$ nX na AmgrZ ì`{º$ H$s {Oå_oXmar ht IË_ Zht hmo OmVr & dh g_mMmanÌénr CZ _{eZm| H$m g§MmbH$ h¡ {OgH$m gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| Jham n« md ì`má h¡ & Bg{bEgånmXH$ na Z¡{VH$ {Oå_oXmar hmoVr h¡ & AbJ g_mMmanÌm| H$m CÔoí` {g\©$ YZ A{O©V H$aZmZht h¡, Am¡a {OZH$m AmXe© g^r Ho$ {hVm| H$s ajm H$aZm Ed§ gmYmaU _Zwî` H$m gmWr, {_Ì Ed§ajH$ Am¡a _mJ©Xe©H$ hmoZm h¡ Vmo CgH$m gånmXH$, gånmXH$ hmoZo H$s dOh go Cg {damQ> OZVmHo$ à{V {Oå_oXma h¡ {OgH$s godm H$aZo hoVw CgH$m nÌ N>nVm h¡ & nÌ ñd`§ {ZOud Am¡a O‹S> dñVwh¡ & H$mJO _| àmU Zht hþAm H$aVo & H${R>Z _ohZV go {Z{_©V {H$`m J`m AnZo nmR>H$ Ho$ hmW _|nhþ±MZo Ho$ Xmo K§Qo> níMmV Hy$‹So> H$s Q>moH$ar _| hr OJh nmVm h¡ & {\$a CgH$m à`moJ ^r aÔr H$sàH$ma hr hmoVm h¡ na BVZm ñWm`r Am¡a AënH$mbrZ OrdZ boH$a ^r dh gm_y{hH$ ê$n go bmoJm|Ho$ öX` na Omo ñWm`r Am¡a XrK©H$mbrZ à^md N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ Cgo H$moB© PwR>bm Zht gH$Vm &

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A_o[aH$m Ho$ {d»`mV boIH$ C_g©Z Zo bÝXZ Ho$ Q>mB©åg H$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ {H$,B§½b¢S> _| Q>mBåg Ho$ _hÎd H$mo {OVZm _hgyg {H$`m OmVm h¡ CVZm Am¡a {H$gr H$m Zht & Bg àH$maH$s AÝ` H$moB© VmH$V Zht h¡ & {Oggo bmoJ BVZm ^`^rV hmoVo hm| `m {OgHo$ AmXoe H$m BVZmAZwnmbZ {H$`m OmVm hmo & gw~h Ho$ g_` Q>mB©åg _| Amn Omo nT|>Jo dht MMm© em_ Ho$ g_`g_ñV AÝ` g_mO _| hmoVr {XImB© XoJr & Q>mB©åg Ho$ H$m_ BVZo VoO h¡ {H$, do gd©Ì ~mV gwZ boVoh¢ & g^r KQ>ZmAm| H$s gånyU© OmZH$mar Cgo g~go nhbo hmo OmVr h¡ & nb - nb dh MbVm Omahm h¡ Am¡a Am¡a nJ nJ CgH$s OrV hmoVr MbVr h¡ &

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dh Ho$db g_mMmanÌ Am¡a CZna Q>rH$m {Q>ßnUr hr àH$m{eV Zht H$aVm, ~pëH$ ì`mnm[a`m|Ho$ {dkmnZ Am{X H$mo g_mMmanÌ _| C{MV ñWmZ XoH$a g_mMmanÌ hoVw YZ r A{O©V H$aVm h¡&

gånmXH$ AnZo nÌ Ûmam OZVm Ho$ OrdZ_yë`m| Am¡a M[aÌ{Z_m©U Ho$ {dH$mg _| ghm`H$hmoVm h¡ & AJa dh ~w{Õ_mZ Zht Vmo CZ _wë`m| H$m nVZ Am¡a {dZme ^r H$a XoVm h¡ & dh XoeHo$ ApñWaVm H$m dmVmdaU ~ZmH$a AempÝV H$s Ymam n«dm{hV H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Ûof H$s AmJ^S>H$m gH$Vm h¡ & dh {Za§Hw$e emgH$ Ho$ hmW H$s H$R>nwVbr ~ZmH$a OZ{hV H$m g§hma ^r H$agH$Vm h¡ & naÝVw dh AnZr boIZr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CËnr{S>Vm|, X{bVm| Ho$ {déÕ A§{Ydídmgm| Am¡aé{T>`m| Ho$ {déÕ ñdmW© Am¡a n«{V{H«$`mdm{XVm Ho$ {déÕ, XmgVm Am¡a AÝ`m` Ho$ {déÕ ^rfU`wÕ H$m gyÌnmV r H$amVm h¡ & Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$, Eogo ì`{º$ na {H$VZm _hmZ CÎmaXm{`ËdhmoVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$m amñVm {H$VZm XwJ©_ h¡ & Cg_| ha àH$ma Ho$ gXJwUm| H$m hmoZm na_ Oéar h¡ &

Cg_| Xoe Ho$ g^r _hËdnyU© joÌm| go Ow‹So> ì`{º$`m| O¡go ì`dgm`r, g¡{ZH$, {dX‰mZ,amOZr{Vk, gÝV, boIH$, H$bmH$ma Ed§ {ddoMH$ Am{X Ho$ ^r JwU hmoZo Mm{hE & {dfX kmZ,Vrd« H$ënZme{º$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ {df`m| H$m Cgo nyU© kmZ hmoZmMm{hE & CgHo$ ^rVa BZ g^r {df`joÌm| na àH$me S>mbZo hoVw {ddoMZmË_H$ ~w{Õ, g_ñ`mAm|H$s JhamB© _| nhþ±MZodmbm kmZ, ÑT> g§H$ën, Ý`m`nj, gË`Vm {ZînjVm Ed§ gmhg Am{X JwUhmoZo Oéar h¡ & AJa ò JwU CgHo$ nmg Zht h¡ Vmo dh bmo , ^` Am¡a ñdmW© _| X~H$a EH$gånmXH$ Ho$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd H$mo nyar n«H$ma Zht {Z^m gH$Vm & AbJ {H$gr gË` go OZ{hV Z hmoH$aCgH$m A{hV hmoVm h¡ Vmo Cgo Cg gË` H$mo {N>nmZm Mm{hE & H$`m|{H$ CgH$m _w»` CÔoí` OZ{hVH$aZm hmoVm h¡ & ^bo hr Bg g§~§Y _| H$mZyZm| H$s AdhobZm H$aZr n‹So> & dh OZH$m H$m godH$ h¡{OgHo$ {hV hoVy dh nÌ H$m àH$meZ H$aVm h¡ & naÝVw BgHo$ ~mX ^r CgH$m H$V©ì` h¡ {H$, EH$ñdÀN§>X g§nmXH$ H$s àH$ma gË` H$m àH$meZ H$a| Am¡a AgË` H$s nmob Imob| & H$`m|{H$ OZH$ë`mUAm¡a gË`Vm H$s ajm H$aZm CgH$m H$V©ì` h¡ & AJa dh Eogm Zht H$aVm Vmo CgH$s H$moB©

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Cn`mo{JVm hr Zht & ^maV O¡go Xoe _| g§nmXH$m| hoVw Eogr ^mdZm hmoZm Am¡a ^r A{YH$ Oéar h¡H$^r H$^r Eogm hmoVm h¡ {H$, {eH$m`V H$aZodmbm AnZo nÌ _| {H$gr ì`{º${deof H$mo PyRo> ê$n _|~XZm_ H$aZm MmhVm AWdm ñdmW© Ho$ d{e yV hmoH$a {H$grna à^md O_mZm MmhVm h¡, Vmo Eogog_` gVH©$ Am¡a gMoV ahZm Mm{hE & Eogo nÌm| H$mo g§nmXH$m| H$mo ñd`§ XoIZm Mm{hE & AJaKQ>Zm _| gƒmB© h¡ Vmo Cgo àH$m{eV H$aZo _| Cgo {hMH$Zm Zht Mm{hE & Mmho Cgo X§S> hr H$`m| Z^moJZm n‹So> & dh X§S> H$m ^mJrXma ~ZH$a OZVm Ho$ g_j Z¡{VH$Vm Am¡a gmhg H$m CXmhaUàñVwV H$aoJm Am¡a Bg àH$ma AnZo H$V©ì`m| H$m nyU©énoU {Zdm©h H$a gHo$Jm &

Cgo OZVm Ho$ A{YH$ma Am¡a ^bmB© hoVw gaH$ma H$s JbV {ZVr`m| H$s ^r {ZÝXm H$aZrMm{hE & `Ú{n Bg_| Cgo A{YH$m[a`mo Am¡a emgH$m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nSo>Jm & naÝVw g§nmXH$s`nX Ho$ Jm¡ad Am¡a _`m©Xm H$s ajm Ho$ {bE, Bg Vah H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m gm_Zm H$a gH$Vm h¡ &

Bg Vah go h_ XoIVo h¢ {H$, g§nmXH$ EH$ ì`{º$ hmoVo hþE r EH$ g§ñWm Ho$ g_mZ h¡ & hOZm{YH$ma, OZ-MoVZm, OZmH$m§jm Am¡a OZ{hV H$m g§ajU H$aVm h¡ &3.1.2. nÌH$ma _§S>b VWm g§nmXH$ …

nÌH$ma _§S>b _| g§nmXH$ H$m nX gd©loð> hmoVm h¡ & nÌ Ho$ Zr{V`m| H$m {ZYm©aU, aMZmAm|Ho$ g§emoYZ, g§nmXZ N>nr J`r aMZmAm| H$s gånyU© A{^ì`{º$ H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd Ho$ Abmdm nÌ- n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ à{V{ZYr aMZmAm| Am¡a _w{I`m Ho$ én _| g~go nhbo g§nmXH$ H$m hr Zm_ AmVmh¡ & nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ g§nmXH$ {d^mJ _| EH$ Zm_ Cng§nmXH$ H$m ^r hmoVm h¡ & à_wI g§nmXH$H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ A§VJ©V Cng§nmXH$ nÌH$m`m©b` Ho$ g§nyU© g§nmXH$s` H$m`m©b` Ho$ à{V CÎmaXm`rhmoVm h¡ & dh ñWmZ Am¡a nX H$s ZO[aò go àYmZ g§nmXH$ go N>moQ>m Oéa h¡ bo{H$Z CgH$m H$m_AZoH$ joÌm| _| à_wI g§nmXH$ H$s Anojm Á`mXm l_gmÜ` Oéa h¡ &3.1.3. nÌH$ma d g§nmXH$ H$m Xm{`Ëd …

^mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go kmZ Ed§ {dkmZ EH$ Xygao Ho$ ZOXrH$ AmVo h¢ & g§nmXH$ Cg VH$ZrH$H$m H$m`m©Ýd`Z Am¡a {ZYm©aU H$aZodmbm hmoVm h¡ & ^maV H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s ewéAmV g_mMmag§nmXZ go hþAr Wr Omo AmO EH$ CƒñVa H$m ì`dgm` ~Z J`m h¡ & gm_m{OH$ à{V Û§ÛVm Ho$ g`wJ _| nÌH$m[aVm Xoe H$s g~go Á`mXm gwÑT> e{º$ ~Z J`r h¡ & b§XZ Q>mB©åg Ho$ yVnyd© g§nmXH$EM. {dIo_ ñQ>rS> Zo AnZo dº$ì` _| H$hm Wm, nÌH$m[aVm d¥{Îm H$bm h¡ Am¡a OZgodm ^r &O~VH$ H$moB© `h Zht g_PVm {H$, _oam H$V©ì` AnZo nÌ Ûmam bmoJmo H$m _mJ©Xe©Z, kmZ ~T>mZmH$aVm h¡ V~VH$ Cgo nÌH$m[aVm H$s Mmho {OVZr à{ejm Xr OmE, dh nÌH$ma Zht ~Z gH$Vm &gƒo nÌH$ma hoVw `h ^r Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$, dh `h Z ybo {H$, nÌ H$s ì`dgm{`H$ Am¡aì`mnm[aH$ nwï>Vm Ho$ ~b na hr CgHo$ AnZo H$V©ì` H$s ny{V© H$m g§~b àmá hmo gH$Vm h¡ &

nÌ OJV _| g§nmXH$ H$m ñWmZ AË`§V CÎmaXm{`ËdnyU© Am¡a gd©loð> h¡ & mo½` g§nmXH$ Ho$ZoV¥Îd _| hr H$moB© nÌ OZ_mZg H$mo J{Verb Am¡a OmJ¥V ~ZmE aIZo H$s {Oå_oXmar nyar H$agH$Vm h¡ & nÌ n{ÌH$mAm| H$s Zr{V H$m {ZYm©aU H$aZodmbm g§nmXH$ hr hmoVm h¡ & g§nmXH$nÌH$m[aVm H$s Ý`m{`H$, AZwemg{ZH$ Am¡a ì`mdgm{`H$ YmamAm| H$m g§J_ h¡ & g§nmXH$ H$m{Za§Hw$eVm Am¡a AamOH$Vm VWm AmV§H$ go H$mogm| Xya ahZodmbm VWm g_mO Ho$ à{V {Oå_oXmar H$sà{V y{V _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡ &

n§. H$_bmn{V {ÌnmR>r Zo g§nmXH$ H$s {Oå_oXmar H$mo BZ eãXm| _| dU©Z {H$`m h¡ …g§nmXH$ dh nÌénr g§MmbH$ h¡ {OgH$m g_mO Ho$ OrdZ _| Jham à^md N>m`m hþAm h¡



& \$bV… g§nmXH$ na Z¡{VH$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd r hmoVm h¡ & AJa nÌ H$m CÔoí` {g\©$ YZ H$_mZm Zhth¡, AJa CZH$m AmXe© OZhrV H$s ajm H$aZm gmYmaU _Zwî` H$m {_Ì, gmWr, ajH$ Am¡aCnXoíï>m hmoZm h¡ Vmo _mJ©Xe©H$ g§nmXH$ hmooZo Ho$ ZmVo, Cg ì`mnH$ OZg_yh Ho$ à{V CgH$m _hmZCÎmaXm{`Ëd h¡, {OgH$s godm H$aZo hoVw CgH$m nÌ N>nVm h¡ & nÌ ñd`§ O‹S> Am¡a {Z{O©d nXmW© h¡& BVZr _ohZV go {Z{_©V {H$`m J`m nÌ nmR>H$m| Ho$ hmW _| nhþ±MZo Ho$ K§Qo> - Xmo K§Qo> níMmV aÔrH$s Q>moH$ar _| hr OJh nmVm h¡, {\$a CZH$m Cn`moJ ^r aÔr H$s àH$ma hmoVm h¡, na BVZmAënH$m{bZ Am¡a AñWm`r OrdZ boH$a r dh gm_y{hH$ ê$n go g^r Ho$ öX` na Omo XrK©H$mbrZAm¡a ñWm`r à^md N>mo‹S> OmVm h¡, Cgo H$moB© ApñdH$ma Zht H$a gH$Vm &

`wJ H$m g_gm_m{`H$ B{Vhmg {bIZodmbm OmJéH$ nÌH$ma gË` H$m Amb§~Z boH$a hrAmJo H$s Va\$ AJ«ga hmoVm h¡ & nÌH$mam| H$s d¡Mm[aH$ EH$Vm _O~yV hmoZr Mm{hE, `h V^rg§ d h¡ O~ dh amOr` Jwbm_r go Xya aho & kmZ ñdmV§Í` H$s Am§Vaamï>r`, amï>r`, gm_m{OH$,gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a _mZdVmdmXr à{H«$`mAm| H$mo gwbPmZm ñdmYrZ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hrg§ d h¡ & Z¡{VH$ nÌH$m[aVm H$m AmJ«h h¡ {H$ {eï> Am¡a gä` _Zwî` Xygam| go g_j {OgeãXmdbr H$m à`moJ Zht H$aVm Cgo, g§nmXH$ r AnZo nÌ _| OJh Z X| & gƒr nÌH$m[aVm H$mAW© OZgodm VWm g_mOgodm _| hr gmW©H$ {gÕ hmoVm h¡ & {ZS>a nÌH$ma AÝ`m` H$mo XoIH$a em§VZht ah gH$Vm & ñdV§Ì {ddoH$ Ho$ AmJ«h go é{T>`m| go nao hmoH$a nÌH$m[aVm H$s gƒr godm H$s OmgH$Vr h¡ & Eogm g§nmXH$ _mZd g_mO H$s Z¡{VH$ OmJéH$Vm H$mo gX¡d àoaUm àXmZ H$aVm ahVmh¡ &

3.2. Cng§nmXH$AmYw{ZH$ nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ewéAmVr MaU _| nÌ n{ÌH$mAm| go g§~§{YV g_ñV H$m`m] hoVy

EH$ hr ì`{º$ n`m©á hmoVm h¡ & _wÐH$, àH$meH$, n«~§YH$ Am¡a g§nmXH$ dh IwX hr hmoVm Wm & na§VwAmYw{ZH$ {dñVma Am¡a ñdén Zo Cng§nmXH$, g_mMma g§nmXH$ Am¡a ghm`H$m| H$s OéaV {ZpíMVH$a Xr & AmO Ho$ g_mMmanÌm| H$s OéaV {ZpíMV H$a Xr & AmO Ho$ g_mMmanÌm| H$m àH$meZ{deX én J«hU H$a MwH$m h¡ & Bg{bE nÌ Ho$ àH$meZ _| AZoH$ ì`{º$`m| Ho$ l_ H$s OéaV hmoVrh¡ & g§nmXH$ Ho$ ghm`H$m| _| Cng§nmXH$ ^r hmoVm h¡ {OZH$m H$m`© AnZo {df`g§~§Yr boIm| H$m{bIZm Ed§ ~mha go AmE boIm| H$mo g§nm{XV H$aZm BgHo$ gmW hr AÝ` g_mMma Omo H$m`m©b`_| AmVo h¡, CZH$s ^r XoI^mb H$aZr hmoVr h¡ &

à_wI g§nmXH$ Ho$ níMmV g~go _hÎdnyU© nX Cng§nmXH$ H$m hmoVm h¡ & g_mMmam| Ho$g§H$bZ _| BgH$s hr g~go _hÎdnyU© {Oå_oXmar hmoVr h¡ & g_mMma àmá H$aZo Ho$ gyÌm| H$sXoI^mb H$aZo H$m Xm{`Îd ^r BZH$m h¡ & {d{^Þ {df`m| Ho$ g§dmX H$mo N>m±Q>H$a CZH$s ZH$bV¡ ma H$aHo$ gånmXH$ Ho$ nmg oOZo H$m H$m`© ^r Cgr H$m h¡ &

Hw$N> H$m`m©b`m| _| àYmZ Cng§nmXH$ (Mr\$ g~ ES>rQ>a) Ho$ nX H$s ^r ì`dñWm hmoVr h¡{OgH$m {d^mJ Cng§nmXH$s` H$hbmVm h¡ & na§Vw {OZ nÌm| _| Eogo nX H$s ì`dñWm Zht hmoVr dhm±na Cng§nmXH$ nÌ H$m H$Vm© - YVm© VWm à_wI g§MmbH$ hmoVm h¡ & CgH$m {d^mJ hr nÌ H$saMZm Am¡a {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡ & Bgr Ho$ n[al_, XyaX{e©Vm, H$bm, gmdYmZr Ed§ Hw$ebVm go nÌHo$ ñdén H$m g¥OZ hmoVm h¡ Omo OZVm H$s godm _| nhþ±MVm h¡ &

Cng§nmXH$ Am¡a ghm`H$ r hmoVo h¢ Omo àw\$ g§emoYZ g§nmXZ g§H$bZ, AZwdmX, _oH$An

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Am{X g~ H$m`© gwMmé ê$n go H$aVo h¢ & CngånmXH$, [anmoQ©>a, boIH$, g§dmXXmVm Am¡a AÝ`bmoJmo§ H$s ghm`Vm H$aVo h¡¢ & Cng§nmXH$ g_mMmanÌ H$s gmOg‚mm H$m ^r I`mb aIVm h¡,Vm{H$ g_mMma nÌ AmH$f©H$ Am¡a gw§Xa hmo gHo$ & Cng§nmXH$ h r Ü`mZ _| aIVm h¡ {H$, CgH$mnÌ OZVm Ho$ OrdZ _| Z¡{VH$ _wë`m| H$mo àñVwV H$aHo$ AmH$f©U H$m H|$Ðq~Xy ~Zo & dh ì`mnm[aH$\$m`Xm hoVw {dkmnZm| H$mo ghr VarHo$ go gOmH$a àH$m{eV H$aVm h¡ Vm{H$ A{YH$ go A{YH${dkmnZ nÌ _| àH$meZ hoVw AmE {Oggo nÌ H$s Am_XZr _| d¥Õr hmo gH|$ &

g§nmXH$ nmR>H$m| Ho$ kmZd¥{Õ Am¡a _Zmoa§OZ, é{M hoVw g§dmX, gw§Xa H$hmZr Ed§ J§ ra boIAm{X H$mo àH$m{eV H$aHo$ AnZo g_mMma nÌ Ho$ _hÎd H$mo ~T>mVm h¡ & Cng§nmXH$ g_mMmanÌ Ho$g§nyU© T>m±Mo H$m g¥OZ H$aVm h¡ O¡go boI Am¡a {MÌm{X H$mo ghr ñWmZ XoZm, _°Q>a H$m H$ånmoqOJH$aZm, àw\$ g§emoYZ H$aZm Am¡a _oH$An Am{X H$s XoI^mb H$aZm &

CngånmXH$ gX¡d ZdrZ Am¡a VmOo g_mMma H$mo EH$Ì H$aVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ níMmV H$mJOH$mo ñV§ m| _| ~m±Q> XoVm h¡ & Cgo Bg ~mV H$m ^r Ü`mZ aIZm hmoVm h¡ {H$, H$ht H$moB© {df` Xw~mamZ gpå_{bV hmo OmE & Bg àH$ma H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$, Eogm H$moB© H$m`© Zht {Ogo Cng§nmXH$Zht H$aVm & na§Vw dh Zr{V H$m {ZYm©aU Zht H$aVm & dh Ho$db ~Xbmd H$a gH$Vm h¡ & `h ^rH$hm OmVm h¡ {H$, Cng§nmXH$ H$mo Mma Am±I| hmoZr Mm{hE, EH$ K‹S>r na hmo, Xygar g_mMma H$sgË`Vm na hmo, Vrgar _mZhmZr Ed§ AmnÎmrOZH$ ~mVm| H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE Am¡a Mm¡Wr nÌ H$sÁ`mXm nyU©Vm Ed§ gm_m{`H$Vm H$s Amoa hmoZr Mm{hE &

Cng§nmXH$ H$mo g^r H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ H$m`m] H$m ^r Ü`mZ aIZm hmoVm h¡, Ed§ CÝh| CZHo$ghr ñWmZ na {Z`wº$ H$aZm ^r hmoVm h¡ {¡go [anmoQ©>a, g§dmXXmVm, {deof g§dmXXmVm H$hm± h¡ Ed§H$hm± hmoZm Mm{hE & Bg gmar ì`dñWm H$s {Oå_oXmar Cgr H$s h¡ & dh MwñV Ed§ VoO hmoZm Mm{hEVm{H$, AnZo {d^mJ Ho$ g^r ghm`H$m| Ho$ H$m`m] H$s XoI^mb R>rH$ Vah go H$a gHo$ & CgHo$ hmW_| Zrbr Ed§ bmb nopÝgb ha jU ahZr Mm{hE &

`Ú{n CgH$m boIZ H$m H$m`© H$_ h¡ na§Vw dh {bIZo _| {ZnwU hmoZm Mm{hE & CgonÌH$m[aVm Ho$ g^r {gÕm§Vm| _| nma§JV hmoZm Mm{hE & AJa Cg_| mo½`Vm Zht h¡ Vmo {d{^Þ {df`m|Ho$ gmW Ý`m` Zht H$a gH$Vm & Cg_| ì`dñWmnH$ Ho$ JwU ^r hmoZo Mm{hE & My±{H$ Cgo AnZogømo{J`m| H$mo H$m_ XoZm h¡ Am¡a boZm h¡ & Cg_| g§dmXXmVmAm| Am¡a [anmoQ©>am| Ho$ JwU hmoZo Mm{hE &

Cng§nmXH$ H$mo g_mMma go g§~§{YV g^r {df`m| hoVw erf©H$ bJmZo H$s H$bm _| Hw$ebhmoZm Oéar h¡ & erf©H$ bJmZm Cgr Vah H$s Hw$ebVm h¡ {Og Vah H$hmZr {bIZm AWdm {MÌ~ZmZm & erf©H$ bJmH$ma Cng§nmXH$ nmR>H$m| H$mo g_mMma H$s Amoa AmgmZr AmH${f©V H$a bom h¡& AV… `h g_mMma H$m àmU hmoVm h¡ & Cng§nmXH$ H$s H$bm Am¡a VoOpñdVm, g\$bVm Ed§gOrdVm XoIZr hmo Vmo Cg nÌ Ho$ g_mMmam| Ho$ erf©H$m| H$mo Xo{IE & {ef©H$ Ho$ Hw$N> Ajam| go gmaog_mMma gOrd hmo OmVo h¢ & erf©H$ Cng§nmXH$ {d^mJ H$m AmB©Zm h¡ & nÌ H$s {~H«$r ~T>mZo hoVyerf©H$ amoMH$ hmoZm Mm{hE & erf©H$ ~ZmVo g_` `h Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE {H$ erf©H$ H$ht {deXZ hmo OmE Cgo EH$ hr bmB©Z _| g_má hmoZm Mm{hE, erf©H$ bJmVo g_` H$mZyZr nhby H$mo Ñ{ï>_| aIZm Mm{hE & Cng§nmXH$ H$mo boI Am{X {bIZo hoVw {XZ n«{V{XZ H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$m kmZ hmoZmOéar h¡ &

CgHo$ {bE AÜ``Z H$aZm ~hþV Amdí`H$ h¡ & Cgo nwamZo g_mMmanÌm| H$s \$mBb ~ZmH$aaIZr hmoVr h¡ Vm{H$ Amdí`H$Vm hmoZo na CgH$mo XoI gHo$&



Cgo _ohZVr hmoZm Mm{hE & Omo Cng§nmXH$ _ohZV Zht H$a gH$Vm, go Bg joÌ _| ZhtAmZm Mm{hE Am¡a CgH$m bú` _mÌ n¡gm H$_mZm Zht daZ {_eZ hmoZm Mm{hE & Cng§nmXH$ _|ì`mnH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU, H$ënZmerbVm, g_mMma ~moY, {ddoMZmË_H$ ~w{Õ, ghmZw y{VnyU© ^md,gË`Vm Am{X Z¡g{J©H$ JwUm| Ho$ gmW Cg_| {ZåZm§{H$V `mo½`VmE± ^r hmoZr Mm{hE &

1) nÌH$m[aVm Ed§ gm{hË` H$m kmZ2) H$mZyZ H$m kmZ3) ^mfm na A{YH$ma Am¡a AnZo YÝYo Ho$ à{V {ð>mdmZ4) gÝVw{bV _pñVîH$5) Y¡ ©6) erK« {ZU© H$aZodmbm7) {e{jV8) KQ>Zm Ho$ VÏ` H$mo Vwa§V OmZZodmbm9) g_` H$s nhMmZ10) ÑT> {ZíM` hmoZm Mm{hE &

Bg àH$ma go h_ XoIVo h¡ {H$, Cng§nmXH$ H$m _mJ© AË`§V hr H§$Q>H$ Ed§ AnZo OrdZ H$sAmhþ{V XoZodmbm hmoVm h¡ & Bg{bE g\$b Cng§dmXH$ Ho$ ^rVa ò g^r JwU {Z{hV hmoZo Mm{hE&3.2.1. Cng§nmXH$ H$m _hÎd …

ghm`H$ g§nmXH$ g_mMmanÌ ê$n Ob`mZ Ho$ `§Ì H$m à_wI g§MmbH$ hmoVm h¡ & OmodmñVd _| CgHo$ H$m_`m~ g§nmXZ hoVy CÎmaXm`r hmoVm h¡ & {dXoer g_mMmanÌm| Ho$ H$m`m©b`g§nmXH$ Ho$ A{V[aº$ AÝ` ~hþV ghm`H$m| H$s {Z`wº$s na MbVo h¡ Omo AZoH$ Zm_m| go ~wbmò OmVoh¡ & g_mMma g§nmXH$, ghm`H$ g§nmXH$, Cng§nmXH$ Am{X Bgr àH$ma Ho$ g§nmXH$m| H$s aMZmg_mMmanÌm| Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ Am¡a CgHo$ n«gma Zo Amdí`H$ H$a Xr h¡ & nhbo n¥ð>m| go nmR>H$m| `hEhgmg nyar àH$ma {_b J`m hmoJm {H$ AmO g_mMmanÌm| H$m àH$meZ {d{eï> àma§ Ho$ AmYmanahmoVm h¡ H$`m|{H$, CÝhm|Zo g§gma Ho$ {df`H$m| H$m AnZo joÌ Ho$ A§Xa H$a {b`m h¡ & Eogr pñW{V _|{H$gr g_mMmanÌ Ho$ EH$ ^r à{V H$m N>nZm {H$gr Xmo-Mma bmoJm| hoVy Zht hmo gH$Vm & dhà{V\$b hmoVm h¡ Eogo g¢H$‹S>m| ì`{º$`m| Ho$ AÜ`mdgm` Am¡a n[al_ H$m Omo CgHo$ V_m_ joÌm| _|AnZm AnZm H$m`© AnZo AnZo ñWmZ go g§nm{XV H$aVo ahVo h¡ & {g\©$ g§nmXH$s` {d^mJ Ho$H$m`m©b` H$mo hr bo {b{OE Vmo Amn nm`|Jo {H$, CgHo$ A§VJ©V AZoH$ N>moQo> N>moQo> {d^mJ AbJAbJ H$m`© H$aVo h¡ &

g§nmXH$ `Ú{n H§$Jyao Ho$ g_mZ Bg ^ì` ^dZ Ho$ Cna gm¡ m`_mZ ahVm h¡ Ed§ CgHo$AmYma _| dh AZoH$ CnmXmZ Am¡a VËd hmoVo h¢ {OZH$s Ztd na `h B_maV I‹S>r hmoVr h¡ &g§nmXH$ Ho$ gh`mo{J`m| _| AJ«boI boIH$ Ho$ A{V[aº$ AZoH$ {df`m| Ho$ AbJ AbJ g§nmXH$hmoVo h¢ & amOZr{V, {dkmZ, {dXoe, IobHy$X, gm{hË` AmbmoMZm Am{X AZoH$ {df`m| H$mCÎmaXm{`Ëd AZoH$ ~ma CZ {df`m| Ho$ OmZH$mam| na N>mo‹S> Xr OmVr h¡ Omo BgHo$ OJV Ho$ g§nmXH$Ho$ Zm_ go ~wbmò OmVo h¢ & AZoH$ ~ma Ý`y m°H©$ Q>mBåg Ho$ {dkmZ g§nmXH$ `m b§XZ Q>mBåg Ho$amOZr{VH$ gånmXH$ Am{X H$s OmZH$mar nÌm| _| n‹T>Zo H$mo {_b Om`m H$aVr h¡ A_o[aH$Z Am¡a{~«{Q>e nÌm| _| AZ{JZV YZ ì`` hþAm h¡ Ed§ gw{dYmAm| go nyar àH$ma g§nÞ h¢ & CZH$s nÌH$ma

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H$bm ^r AË`{YH$ pñW{V _| nhþ±M JB© h¡ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$, do BVZo boIH$m| Am¡a {dX‰mZm| H$sgodm àmá H$aZo _| gj_ hmoVo h¡ & o hr do ghm`H$ gånmXH$ m A{gñQ|>Q> E{S>Q>a h¡ {OZH$m H$m`©AnZo AnZo {df` go Ow‹So> boIm| H$mo {bIZm, ~mha go AmE boIm| H$m gånmXZ H$aZm Ed§g_mMmam| Am¡a VËg§~§Yr ZB© ~mVm| H$mo Omo H$m`m©b` _| AmVo ahVo h¢, AdbmoH$Z Ed§ {ZarjUH$aZm hmoVm h¡ &

ghm`H$ g§nmXH$ Ho$ A{V[aº$ g_mMma gånmXH$ hmoVm h¡ Omo dmñVd _| à_wI g§nmXH$ Ho$níMmV g~go Á`mXm _hËdnyU© h¡ & g_mMmam| Ho$ g§H$bZ hoVw `hr g~go Á`mXm CÎmaXm`r h¡ &g_mMma àmá H$aZo H$m O[a`m AÀN>r àH$ma go H$m`© H$aVo h¡ `m Zht Am¡a {H$Z-{H$Z O[aò gog_mMma {_b gH$Vm h¡ Ed§ H$hm±, H$~ {H$g g_mMma H$s Cn`mo{JVm h¡ {Ogo A{O©V H$aZm Mm{hEAm{X ~mVm| H$s nyar ì`dñWm H$aZm Bgr H$mo {Oå_oXmar hmoVr h¡ & AmZodmbo g§dmX Ho$ {df` Ho$AZwén AbJ H$a g§nmXH$m| Ho$ AbJ AbJ ^mJm| _| H$m°nr V¡ ma H$aZo hoVw oOZm ^r Bgr H$mH$m`© hmoVm h¡ & Bgo hr Ý`yO E{S>Q>a m g_mMma g§nmXH$ Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡ & na BgHo$ ~mXH$ht - H$ht n«YmZ Cng§nmXH$ ({M\$ g~ E{S>Q>a) n¥WH$ hmoVo h¢ & {OZH$m {d^mJ Cng§nmXH$s`{d^mJ H$hbmVm h¡ & AZoH$ ~ma g_mMma g§nmXH$ H$m à_wI Cng§nmXH$ r H$hbmVm h¡ na Hw$N>nÌm| _| Omo YZr hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Á`mXm ì`{º$`m| H$s {Z`w{º$ H$aZo H$s `mo½`Vm aIVo h¡ Cn`w©º$ XmoZm|nXm| H$mo ~m±Q> ^r XoVo h¢ & na n¥WH$ hmo `m EH$ hmo Cng§nmXH$ dmñVd _| nÌ H$m H$Vm©YVm© Am¡aàYmZ g§MmbH$ hmoVm h¡ & hr {d^mJ h¡ Omo _yb ê$n go nÌ H$s {Z_m©U Am¡a aMZm H$aVm h¡ BgrH$s H$bm, gmdYmZr, XyaX{e©Vm,g AÜ`dgm` Am¡a Hw$ebVm H$m _yV© ê$n dh nÌ hmoVm h¡ &AZoH$ Vah Ho$ g§nmXH$ H$mo BVZr ì`m»`m h_Zo H$a Xr na h_mao Xoe _| ~hþV H$_ nÌm| Ho$A{V[aº$ CZH$m BVZm {d^mJ A~VH$ Zht hþAm h¡ & ^maV Ho$ nÌ A{YH$Va {ZY©Z h¢ Am¡a YZH$s H$_r H$m {dnjr gX¡d CZHo$ _pñVîH$ na N>m`m ahVm h¡ &

Xmo-Mma gh`moJr Oéa hmoVo h¢ Omo ày\$ g§emoYZ, g§dmX g§H$bZ, _oH$An, AZwdmX Am{Xg^r H$m`© H$aVo h¢ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$, qhXr nÌm| _| A~VH$ ghm`H$ Am¡a g§nmXH$ hmoVo h¢ Omo{_bH$a CZ V_m_ H$m_m| H$m g§nmXZ H$aVo h¡¢ & {OZHo$ {bE ~‹So> ~‹So> r g§nÞ nÌm| _| AbJ AbJ{d^mJ Am¡a bmoJ hmoVo h¡ & CZH$mo h_ Cng§nmXH$ Am¡a ghm`H$ g§nmXH$ bmoJ H$hVo h¢ & h_mao`hm± XmoZm| eãX n`m© dmMr hmo JE h¢ & `h _mZZm nSo>Jm {H$, ghm`H$ g§nmXH$ `m Cng§nmXH$AmO Ho$ g§nmXH$s` {d^mJ Am¡a g_mMmanÌ H$m _oéX§S> h¡ Omo gmao ma H$m dhZ H$aVm h¡ & CgHo$JwU, H$V©ì` Am¡a {d{eï>VmAm| H$s ì`m»`m Amdí`H$ h¡ H$`m|{H$ nÌH$ma H$bm H$m dh OéarAm¡a à_wI A§J h¡ & AÀNo> go AÀNo> [anmoQ©>a, g§dmXXmVm, {deofkm| Am¡a boIH$ H$s ~{‹T>`m go~{‹T>`m H¥${V AbJ Cgo mo½` ghm`H$ g§nmXH$ gh`moJr H$s àH$ma Z {_bo Vmo ~oH$ma Am¡a ì`W© hmoOm gH$Vr h¡ & ghm`H$ g§nmXH$m| H$m {d^mJ Vmo Cg N>bZr H$s àH$ma h¡ Ohm± ha Vah H$m gå_mZnhþ±MVm h¡ &

EH$ Vah go dh ^m¡{VH$ ì`dgm` Ho$ gmW gmW Z¡{VH$ ì`dgm` ^r H$aVm h¡ & Bgì`dgm` H$s Hw$ebVm ^r AÝ` AZoH$ CÚmoJm| Ho$ ^m±{V Bgr _| ¡ {H$, CgHo$ H«o$Vm Cgo H«$` H$a|o &nmR>H$m| _| {~H«$r _| d¥{Õ hmo OmE g~ nÌm| H$s EH$m§H$ H$mo{ee hmoVr h¡ &3.2.2. Cng§nmXH$ H$m H$m © …

Cng§nmXH$s` {d^mJ Ho$ H$m_m| H$m AbJ AdbmoH$Z {H$`m OmE Vmo h_ XoIVo h¢ {H$,CgH$m Z {g\©$ {deX H$m`©joÌ h¡ daZ Cng§nmXH$ EH$ àH$ma H$s H$S>r Ho$ g_mZ h¡ Omo nÌ Ho$ g^r



joÌm| H$mo EH$ Xygao go Omo‹S>Vm h¡ & gmYmaU H§$nmo{OQ>a ~hþV ZrMo h¡ Am¡a g§nmXH$ AbJ ~hþV h¡Ed§ _erZ H$m H$marJa Cggo H$ht Xya h¡ Vmo CZ g~H$mo Omo‹S>Zodmbm Cng§nmXH$ hr hmoVm h¡ &g§dmXXmVm, [anmoQ©>a, {deof g§dmXXmVm, {deof boIH$, {_ñVar, ì`dñWm {d^mJ, g§nmXH$,nmR>H$ Am¡a {dkmnZXmVm BZ g~H$mo EH$ Xygao go {_bmZodmbr H$‹S>r Am{Ia Cng§nmXH$s`{d^mJ Ho$ A{V[aº$ Xygar H$m¡Z h¡ & g~H$m g§ñH$aU {ZH$mbZo Ho$ níMmV hr Vwa§V CgH$m H$m`©Ama§ hmo OmVm h¡ & g_mMmanÌ Ho$ H$m`m©b` _| AmH$a Bg Q>mobr H$m H$m`© H$aVo Xo{IE & g_mMmag§nmXH$ `m àYmZ Cng§nmXH$ Ho$ _oO na ZOa S>mbVo hr Amn H$mJOm| H$m ^mar nwqbXm XoI|Jo &g_mMma ~m±Q>Zodmbr EOpÝg`m| Ho$ oOo hþE Vma {OÝh| àog Qo>{bJ«m_ H$hVo h¢ EH$ Ho$ níMmV Xygaoàmá hmoVo ahVo h¡¢ & {Og Vah naXo na hmoZodmbo {gZo_m Ho$ OrZ EH$ Ho$ níMmV EH$ VoOr gon[ad{V©V hmoVo hVo h¡ d¡go hr g_mMmam| H$m VmZm {gb{gbm ahVm h¡, XoIVo XoIVo CZH$m ‹To>a bOmVm h¡ & Qo>{bqàQ>a BZ Vmam| H$mo b§~r H$mJO H$s amob na N>mn N>mnH$a ~mha \|$H$Vm MbVm h¡& CgH$m {gb{gbm g_má hmoVm {XImB© Zht XoVm & _mZm| Ðm¡nXr H$m Zht g_má hmoZodmbm Mra hmo& Ho$db g_mMma EOpÝg`m± hr Vma Zht oOVr, nÌm| Ho$ AnZo [anmoQ©>a {deof g§dmXXmVm Am¡ag§dmXXmVm Amngr Am¡a ~w{Õ Am¡a gwP~yP go àmá {H$E g§dmXH$m| H$mo OëXr go oOZo hoVy CVmdboahVo h¢ & CZHo$ Vma AZoH$ KQ>ZmAm|, CZH$s ì`m»`m `m CÓm{Q>V ahñ` H$mo {bE hþE H«$_e…CgHo$ g_j nhþ±MVo ahVo h¡ & Qo>{b\$moZ H$s K§Q>r ~am~a ~OVr ahoJr Am¡a H$ht Xya go ~mobZodmboH$s a~a bhar AZoH$ g_mMmam| H$s gdmar ~ZH$a nhþ±MVr ahoJr & {M{Å>`m| H$m W¡bm ^r CgHo$gm_Zo aI {X`m OmEJm & ñWmZr` [anmoQ©>am| H$s [anmoQ©> r Am nhþ±MoJr àYmZ Cng§nmXH$ g_mMmam|Ho$ ‹To>a go X~ OmEJm na Cgo Vwa§V gmdYmZ hmoH$a Zra-ZOra ~w{Õ go H$m`© H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & Vwa§VAmE hþE {M{Å>`m|, Vmam|, [anmoQ>m] H$s N>m±Q>mB© Ama§ hmo OmVr h¡ & {Og {d^mJ go g§~§Y aIZodmbog§Xoe hmoVr h¡ & do Cg {d^mJm| _| nhÿ±MmZo hoVy AbJ {H$E OmVo h¢ &

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g§dmXXmVm H$hm± H$hm± h¡ Am¡a H$hm± H$hm± hmoZo Mm{hE, Omo h¡ do {R>H$ g_` go g§dmX oOVo h¢ `mZht, H$m¡Z gr KQ>ZmE± {deof én go H$s Amdí`H$Vm _hgyg H$a ar h¡, H$ht {deof KQ>ZmAm|_hËdnyU© g§dmX àmá hmoZo H$s g§ mdZm h¡, AnZo nÌ _| AÝ` à{VÜd{Z`m| H$s Anojm g_mMmañV§ Á`mXm ZdrZ _m¡{bH$ Am¡a VmOo ahVo h¡ `m Zht Am{X g^r ~mVm| H$s ì`dñWm H$aZm CgrH$m H$m`© h¡ & Cgr H$m H$m`© h¡ {H$, dh AnZo gømo{J`m| _| H$m`© {dV[aV H$a| Am¡a XoI| {H$, do ghràH$ma go AnZo H$V©ì` H$s ny{V© H$a aho h¡ `m Zht & nÌ H$m g_mMma ñV§ mo _| H$`m N>no H$`m ZhtH$m¡Z g§dmX {d{eï>Vm àmá H$a|, n¥ð> H$m erf©H$ H$`m hmo, {H$g g_mMma H$m {deX Am¡a {d{eï>ê$n hmo Am{X g^r ~mVm| H$mo dhr {ZpíMV H$a| &

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H$B© ~ma Cgo {H$gr KQ>Zm H$s H$hmZr H$m g§{já én Am¡a {~ëHw$b Zò VarHo$ go {\$a go{bI XoZm r n‹S>Vm h¡ & {H$gr r g_` Ed§ ñWmZ Ho$ ~møVm H$m CVZm _hgyg Zht H$aZm nS>Vm{OVZm Cng§nmXH$ H$mo & àmá hþE g_mMmam| H$mo {deofH$a AZoH$ ZE Am¡a _hËdnyU© Am¡a _Zmoa§OZH$g_mMmam| H$mo N>mnZm CgH$m CÔoe hmoVm h¡ & boI, {MÌm{X {OVZr {deofVmE± hmoVr h¡ CÝh| àXmZH$aZm Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡ & gr{_V nÌ Ho$ ñV§ hmoVo h¡ . CVZo _| hr g~H$m g_mdoe H$aZm AZoH$~ma hmoVm h¡ & Bg{bE Cgo Amdí`H$ g§{járH$aU H$m gømoJ boZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & {H$gr H$mo H$m±Q>H$m±Q> H$a Xr, {H$gr H$m ^md _mÌ boH$a Wmo‹So> _| ZE Zò VarHo$ go énm§VarV H$a {X`m, {H$grboIH$ H$m H$moB© A§e {X`m Bg Vah H$m{n`m± V¡ ma hmoZo bJr m¡a H$ånmoqOJ H$s {bE Vwab Va§J H$s^m±{V EH$ Ho$ níMmV Xygar àñVwV hmoZo bJVr h¡ & _¡Q>a H§$nmoO hmoH$a AmZo Ho$ ~mX ày\$ n[ad{V©Vày\$ Ho$ nyam hmoVo hr {H$`m OmVm h¡ & h H$m`© r Cng§nmXH$s` {d^mJ hr H$aVm h¡ & _oH$An H$mH$m_ Ama§ hmo OmVm h¡ & _oH$An XyH$mZ gOmZo H$s H$bm h¡ &

3.3. g§dmXXmVmg§dmXXmVm H$s y{_H$m

g_mMmanÌm|, g_mMman{ÌH$mAm| `m Ý`yO M¡Zbm| Ho$ {bE g_mMmam| Ho$ g§H$bZ H$m H$m`©H$aZodmbm g§dmXXmVm H$hm OmVm h¡ & BÝh| A§J«oOr _| [anmoQ©>a `m naoñnm§S|>Q> ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ &g§dmXXmVm H$B© Vah Ho$ hmoVo h¢ …



1) H$m`m©b` g§dmXXmVm … H$m`m©b` g§dmXXmVm g_mMma nÌ H$m`m©b` Ho$ {Z`{_V doVZ^moJr hmoVo h¢ VWm ZJa _| CnbãYg_mMmam| H$m g§H$bZ H$aVm h¡ &2. âwÎàçx yÞwàÀÀàmà{deof g§dmXXmVm g_mMmam| Ho$ g§H$bZ Ho$ gmW CZH$m {díbofU Ed§ {ddoMZ ^r H$aVm h¡ &3) _w\$pñgb `m ZJaoVa g§dmXXmVm …do g§dmXXmVm Omo ZJa Ho$ ~mha Ho$ ñWmZm| Ho$ g_mMma oOVo h¡ _w\$pñgb `m ZJaoVa g§dmXXmVmH$ho OmVo h¢ &4) {dXoe g§dmXXmVm …do g§dmXXmVm Omo {dXoem| _| ahH$a dhm± Ho$ g_mMma oOVo h¡, {dXoe g§dmXXmVm H$ho OmVo h¡ &Xygao doVZ Am`moJ Zo g§dmXXmVmAm| H$mo Mma loUr _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡ &

A) {deof g§dmXXmVm … {deof g§dmXXmVm g_mMma nÌ Ho$ ghm`H$ g§nmXH$,g§nmXH$s` boIH$ Ed§ g_mMma g§nmXH$ Ho$ g_H$j hmoVo h¡ &

~) _w»` H$m`m©b` g§dmXXmVm … A§J«oOr _| BÝh| Mr\$ [anmoQ©>a H$hVo h¡§ Omo {deofg§dmXXmVmAm| Ho$ ~mX Xygar loUr _| AmVo h¢ &

H$) Cn_w»` H$m`m©b` g§dmXXmVm `m d[að> H$m`m©b` g§dmXXmVm … ò VrgaodJ© _| AmVo h¡ &

S>) H$m`m©b` g_mMmaXmVm / g§dmXXmVm … ò Mm¡Wo dJ© _| AmVo h¢ &

AmOH$b ñWm{Z` g_mMmam| Ho$ {bE {Z`wº$ g§dmXXmVmAm| VWm Cng§nmXH$m| _| àm`…H$m`© H$s AXbm-~Xbr hmoVr ahVr h¡ & mZr Omo Cng§nmXH$ h¡, CÝh| g_mMma g§H$bZ H$m H$m`©^r gm¢nm OmVm h¡ Am¡a g§dmXXmVmAm| H$mo Cn g§mXH$ H$m H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ &~pëH$ AmOH$b Vmo [a{º$`m± r Eogo hr {ZH$br OmVr h¡ {H$, A_wH$ g_mMma nÌ H$mo g§dmXXmVm- Cng§nmXH$ H$m Zm_ AmZm Mm{hE Am¡a g§dmXXmVm H$mo g§nmXZ H$bm H$s nyar OmZH$mar hmoZrMm{hE & `m{Z Qy> BZ dZ & g§dmXXmVm Ho$ ê$n _| Cng§nmXH$ H$mo ha Vah Ho$ g_mMmam| Ho$ g§H$bZH$m kmZ hZm Mm{hE & Co ^r nVm hmoZm Mm{hE {H$, g_mMmam| Ho$ ómoV H$`m h¡ Am¡a g_mMma `mKQ>ZmAm| H$m {gb{gbm `m g§ mdZm H$hm± Am¡a H¡$gm h¡ &

ñWmZr` g_mMmam| Ho$ g§H$bZ Ho$ {bE àm`… g§dmXXmVmAm| Ho$ H$m_ ~m±Qo> hmoVo h¡ {OÝhoA§J«oOr _| ~rQ> `m H$m`©joÌ ^r H$hVo h¢ & _gbZ AnamY, {Obm àemgZ, Iob, dm{UÁ`,H$bm, g§ñH¥${V, AñnVmb m ñdmñÏ` godmE± Am{X & Am¡a ha g§dmXXmVm go h Cå_rX H$s OmVrh¡ {H$, dh AnZo H$m`©joÌ Ho$ {bE {Oå_oXma hmoJm bo{H$Z BgH$m `h _Vb~ Zht {H$, dh AÝ`joÌm| H$mo H$da Zht H$a gH$Vm & H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a H$aVm ^r h¡ &

{deof g§dmXXmVm Ho$ ê$n _| CÝht g§dmXXmVmAm| H$s {Z`w{º$ H$s OmVr h¡ Omo AZw drhmoVo h¢ & àXoem| H$s amOYm{Z`m| VWm AÝ` _hÎdnyU© ñWmZm| _| àm`… {deof g§dmXXmVmAm| H$s{Z`w{º$`m± hmoVr h¢ & {deof g§dmXXmVm O~ ñWmZr` g§dmXXmVmAm| H$s Q>r_ H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aVm h¡ VmoCgo _w»` g§dmXXmVm ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ & Eogr pñW{V _| g_mMma g§H$bZ Ho$ nyao H$m`© H$m dhg_Ýd` Am¡a Am`moOZ H$aVm h¡ dht, g§dmXXmVmm| H$mo EAmBZ_oÊQ> r XoVm h¡ & H$daoO Ho$ g§~§Y_| {d{^Þ g§ñWmAm|, nm{Q©> m| H$m g_mamohm| Ho$ Omo BÝdrQo>eZ àmá hmoVo h¢, AbJ AbJ g§dmXXmVmAm|

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H$mo CgH$s {Oå_oXmar dht gm¢nVm h¡ & Bg Xm¡amZ g^r g§dmXXmVmAm| Ho$ H$m`m} na ZOa aIVm h¡VWm \$mbmoAn Ho$ {bE g§dmXXmVmAm| H$mo AmJmh H$aVm ahVm h¡ &

d¡go Vmo AI~mam| _| OZg§nH©$ A{YH$mar AbJ go hmoVm h¡ bo{H$Z H$^r H$^r `h H$m_{deof g§dmXXmVm H$mo hr H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & BgHo$ VhV dh g_mMmanÌ Ho$ à~§YZ VWm {ObmàemgZ Ed§ AÝ` {d^mJm| Ho$ A{YH$m[a`m|, {d{^Þ nm{Q©>`m| Ho$ amOZoVmAm| AmXr Ho$ ~rM g§~§Y,g§nH©$ Am¡a gm¡OÝ` g§dmX ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡ & Bg{bE Cgo H$^r AmYm Omgyg Vmo H$^r AmYmamOXyV ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ &

g_mMmanÌm| _| g§nmXH$s` / g_mMma g§H$bZ Am¡a à~§YZ go OwSo> Xmo nXm{YH$mar`m| H$s~mV Ho$ {~Zm `h AÜ`m` nyam Zht hmo gH$Vm & BZ_| EH$ h¡ A§eH$m{bH$ g§dmXXmVm - \w$Q>H$ag§dmXXmVm Xygam h¡ ã`yamo à_wI &

AnZr àJ{V Om±{ME¡) £âjm kàç»þ vªàà¢¥ ñ1) yÞqàÀ§ý 1) áÊqàç¹êþÊ2) £qyÞqàÀ§ý - âwsàªà 2) ¡YÎu óàçmæwªàê3) yÞwàÀÀàmà 3) yÊv Îàèvã4) Êçâ»þ¡àç wàmàê 4) £q yÞqàÀ§ýLu5) wàmàê §ýã sàxà 5) ytàjàÊ qØà §ýà §ý½àêoàÊr) áÊQý ÐnàÂààçÞ §ýL qåâmê §ýLâk¥ ñ1) qØà§ýàáÊmà §çý ÕàçØà tçÞ yÞqàÀ§ý §ýà qÀ ............ tàÂàà kàmà Ñè ñ2) qØà §ýL mà§ýÀ ....... ¡àèÊ ........... »þÊmç ÑèA ñ3) yÞqàÀ§ý £y ............. §ýà............ ¡àèÊ §ýÊÂàçwàvà Ñàçmà Ñè ñ4) ytàjàÊ ràÝ¹þÂàçwàvã ........... §çý sçkç ÑB¥ .......... âkÂÑçÞ §ýÑmç ÑèA ñ

3.4. A§eH$m{bH$ g§dmXXmVmBg nXZm_ go Eogm bJVm h¡ O¡go dh Hw$N> {ZpíMV Ad{Y Ho$ {bE {Z`wº$ {H$`m OmVm h¡

& bo{H$Z AmOH$b {OVZo ^r ~‹So> g_mMmanÌ h¡, CZ_| A§eH$m{bH$ g§dmXXmVmAm| H$s â_mah¡ & H$ht H$ht {H$gr {H$gr g_mMmanÌ H$m Vmo nyam Xmam_Xma CÝht na {Z ©a h¡ & bo{H$Z {OZgo{OVZm H$m_ {b`m OmVm h¡ CgH$s VwbZm _| CÝh| n[al{_H$ Zht Ho$ ~am~a {X`m OmVm h¡ & 4 go6 gmb VH$ bJmVma H$m_ H$aZodmbo pñQ>Ja H$mo em`X hr Mma hOma énE {_bVo hmo & O~ go Ro>Ho$na nÌH$mamAm| H$s {Z`w{º$`m± hmoZo bJr h¢, V~ go ~‹So> - ~‹So> nXm| na {Z`wº$ nÌH$mam| H$s H$moB©~aH$V Zht h¡ {\$a ~oMmao A§eH$m{bH$ g§dmXXmVm H$mo H$m¡Z gwZVm h¡ ? hm±, {OVZo ^r g§nmXH$AmVo h¢, {OVZo r ã`yamo à_wI AmVo h¢, do g^r ~hbm \w$gbmH$a ~oMmam| go H$m_ Vmo H$am boVo h¡,bo{H$Z O~ doVZ ~T>moVar `m CÝh| ñWm`r nX XoZo Ho$ ~mV AmVr h¡ Vmo g^r _wH$a OmVo h¡ & `hrH$maU h¡ {H$ Omo A§eH$m{bH$ g§dmXXmVm EH$ gmb Ho$ {bE AmVm h¡, dh Bgr Cå_rX _| H$s,em`X A~ Cgo nyU©H$m{bH$ hmoZo H$m Adga {_boJm, ~oMmam H$B© H$B© gmb H$mQ> XoVm h¡ bo{H$ZCgo {_bVr h¡ {g\©$ {Zamem - {g\©$ \«$ñQo>eZ & bo{H$Z dh H$ho {H$ggo? CgHo$ {bE Ý`m` H$sCå_rX Ho$ gmao XadmOo ~§X ahVo h¡ &



3. 5. ã`yamo à_wI (Bureau Chief)O~ EH$ AI~ma Ho$ H$B© OJhm| go H$B© g§ñH$aU {ZbH$Zo bJo h¢ O~ go ã`yamo à_wI H$m

éV~m ~‹T> J`m h¡ & Om{ha h¡ ha g§ñH$aU g§nmXH$ H$s XoIaoI _| Zht {ZH$b gH$Vm Bg{bECgHo$ {bE à~§YZ Zo ã`yamo à_wI nX H$m BñVo_mb ewê$ {H$`m & g¢Õm§{VH$ ê$n go ã`yamo à_wI _|g§nmXH$ Ho$ ~am~a H$s mo½`Vm hmoZr Mm{hE mZr g§nmXH$s` Ñï>r Am¡a g_mMma g§H$bZ _| _hmaVhm{gb hmoZr Mm{hE H$`m|{H$, Cgo dh g~Hw$N> d¡go hr H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ O¡go g§nmXH$ H$mo & bo{H$Zã`yamo à_wI ahVm h¡ CgrHo$ AYrZ & CgH$m A§Va `m| g_Pm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$, `{X ~Zmag _o§pñWV g§nmXH$ `{X EH$ bmI ê$nò doVZ nmVm h¡ Vmo Abmhm~mX _| ~¡R>Zodmbo ã`yamo à_wI H$mo{g\©$ 27-28 hOma énò {_bVo h¢ & Om{ha h¡, ã`yamo à_wI H$s XoIaoI _| 5 noO ~ZVo h¢ Am¡ag§nmXH$ Ho$ D$na g^r 16 `m 18 n¥ð>m| H$s nyar {Oå_oXmar ahVr h¡ & bo{H$Z ã`yamo à_wI O^rOJhm| na ~hwV bm^ H$m hr nX hmo Oéar Zht, Zhr CgH$s H$moB© nyd©{ZYm©[aV `mo½`Vm h¡ H$`m|{H$à~§YZ {H$gr pñQ§>Ja H$mo ^r H$h gH$Vm h¡ {H$, H$b go Vw_ AmO_J‹T> (C.à.) _| OmH$a ã`yamoà_wI Ho$ ê$n _| ÁdmBZ H$a bmo & Vwåhmao doVZ _| EH$_wíV VrZ hOma H$s ~‹T>moÎmar H$a Xr OmEJr& mZr Omo nyU©H$m{bH$ g§dmXXmVm Zht ~Z gH$m, dh ã`yamo à_wI ~Z gH$Vm h¡ & {X à~§YZ VoVmb_ob ghr hmo Vmo N>moQo> eham| go ~So> eham| _| nXmoÞV hmoH$a Am ^r gH$Vm h¡ & bo{H$Z `{XVmb_ob {\$a Zht hþAm Vmo ~m°g {H$gr g_` `h ^r H$h gH$Vm h¡, Ohm± {R>H$ OJh {_bo dhm±,ÁdmB©Z H$a {b{OE & hm±, g_mMma n{ÌH$mAm| _| ã`yamo à_wI H$m ~S>m éV~m hmoVm h¡, H$`m|{H$ hnX àm`… àXoem| H$s amOYm{Z`m| _| hmoVm h¡ & _gbZ bIZD$, nQ>Zm, {X„r, H$bH$Îmm Am¡a _w§~B©O¡go amOYm{Z`m| _| hmoVm h¡ & dhm± ~H$m`Xm AbJ go BñQo>pãbe_|Q> hr hmoVm h¡ {OgHo$ gd}gdm©ã`yamo à_wI hmoVm h¡ & CgHo$ AYrZ H$B© g§dmXXmVm Am¡a \$moQ>moJ«m\$a hr H$`m nyam ñQ>m\$ hr hmoVmh¡ & àXoeâ H$s gaJ{_©`m| na CgH$s ZOa ahVr h¡ & g§nmXH$ Ho$ {ZX}e na ã yamo à_wI g§dmXXmVmAm|H$mo EgmBZ_oÊQ> XoVm h¡, CZgo ñQ>moar H$admVm h¡ & CÝh| ~«r\$ H$aVm h¡ & {H$gr g_mMman{ÌH$m H$mã`yamo à_wI Bg _m`Zo _| H$m\$s VmH$Vda _mZm OmVm h¡ H$`m|{H$, gÎmm, nj Am¡a {dnj Ho$ g^rZoVmAm| {deofH$a _¡{Ì`m| Am¡a CZHo$ g{Mdm| go CgHo$ AÀNo> Vm„þH$mV hmoVo h¡ & EH$ Vah go dhn{ÌH$m H$m à{V{Z{Y hmoVm h¡ & {bhmOm A{YH$mar ^r hmoVm h¡ & _¡ZoO_|Q> Ho$ N>moQo> ~So> H$m_{ZnQ>mZo H$s CgH$s ^r {Oå_oXmar hmoVr h¡ & d¡go Vmo AmohXo H$s Ñ{ï> go g§nmXH$ ~‹S>m hmoVm h¡ &bo{H$Z AnZo agyI, H$m_ Ym_ H$amZo H$s H$bm Ed§ nhw±M Ho$ H$maU H$^r H$^r ã`yamo à_wI ^marn‹S> OmVm h¡ &

3. 6. dmVm© boIZao{S>Am| go àgm[aV hmoZodmbr dmVm©E± _moQo> Vm¡a na Xmo Vah H$s hmoVr h¡§ …

1) {b{IV 2) A{b{IVao{S>Amo H$s ^mfm _| H$ho Vmo A{b{IV dmVm©Am| _| gmjmËH$ma, B§Q>aì`y `m |Q> dmVm©E§

em{_b h¡ & {OZ_| AmboI H$s Oê$aV Zht nS>Vr, {g\©$ qhQ> Am¡a nm°BªQ> go hr H$m_ Mb OmVmh¡ & bo{H$Z {b{IV dmVm©Am| _| AmboI Amdí`H$ h¡ H$`m|{H$, AmH$medmUr H$s Amoa go OmoAZw~§Y nÌ dmVm©H$ma H$mo Omar hmoVm h¡, Cgna `h {ZdoXZ Omar ahVm h¡ {H$, àgmaU H$s {V{Wgo 10 {XZ nhbo {b{IV dmVm©E± H|$Ð {ZXoeH$ Ho$ nmg nhþ±M OmZr Mm{hE Vm{H$ dh XoI gHo${H$, dmVm© _| H$moB© AmnÎmrOZH$ {hñgm Vmo Zht & dmVm© R>rH$ ~Z n‹S>r h¡ m Zht ? {df` H$s Ñ{ï>

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go àñVw[VH$aU H$s Ñ{ï> go Am¡a ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go `{X dmVm© R>rH$ Zht h¡ Vmo Cgo R>rH$ H$a {b`mOmE H`m|{H$, ao{S>`mo g§Mma H$m g~go à~b _mÜ`_ hmoZo Ho$ gmW gmW EH$ {Oå_oXma _mÜ`_ ^rh¡ & CgHo$ O[aE H$moB© Eogr MrO Z àgm[aV hmo OmE {Oggo g_mO _| JbV g§Xoe OmE & Bg{bEdmVm© àgm[aV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {df` Ho$ OmZH$ma Am¡a A{YH$mar {dX‰mZm| H$mo hr ~wbm`m OmVm h¡ &

{b{IV dmVm©E± H$B© àH$ma H$s hmo gH$Vs h¡ & _gbZ, gm_mÝ` dmVm©, {dH$mg dmVm©,gmoXmhaU dmVm©, {dZmoX dmVm©, g§ñ_aUmË_H$ dmVm©, àmg§{JH$ m gm_m{`H$ dmVm©, OrdZ n[aMm`H$dmVm© Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ dmVm© Am{X & BVZr dmVm©Am| _| Om{ha h¡ EH$ g_` _| {H$gr EH$ H$s VahH$s dmVm©, {H$gr EH$ hr {df` na XoZr hmoVr h¡ {OgH$s Ad{Y nyd© {ZYm©arV hmoVr h¡ & Xw{Z`m aH$s àgmaU g§ñWmAm| na ZOa Xm¡S>mE± Vmo AmXe© dmVm© H$s Ad{Y 5-6 {_ZQ> H$s hmoVr h¡,AmOH$b àm`… 12 {_ZQ> H$s dmVm©E± hmoVr h¡ & Hw$N> h¡ àgmaU H$s {V{W go bJ^J EH$ _{hZonhbo dmVm©H$ma H$mo nVm Mb OmVm h¡ Vm{H$, dh V¡ mar H$a gH|$ Am¡a V¡ mar H$aHo$ [aH$mS>vJ H$amgH|$ & h AZw~§Y `m| Vmo maV Ho$ amï>n{V Ho$ {bE Am¡a CZH$s Amoa go H|$Ð {ZXoeH$ Omar H$aVmh¡ bo{H$Z Am_ Vm¡ana Bg na H$m`©H«$_ A{YH$mar Ho$ hr XñVIV hmoVo h¡¢ &

dmVm© Ho$ AZw~§Y {_bZo Ho$ ~mX Xmo ~mVm| na g~go nhbo Ü`mZ OmVm h¡ & EH$ {df` H`mh¡, Xygam àgmaU H$s Ad{Y {H$VZr h¡ & {OVZr Xoa H$m àgmaU hmoVm h¡, CVZo Ho$ hr {hgm~ gonm§Sw>{b{n V¡ ma H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡ & nm§Sw>{b{n V¡ ma H$aZo H$s ewéAmV gm_J«r g§H$bZ go hmoVr h¡{\$a Cg EH${ÌV gm_J«r H$mo ~mVMrV Ho$ bhOo _| {b{n~Õ H$aZm nµS>Vm h¡ & AÀN>m dmVm©H$manm§Sw>{b{n V¡ ma H$aZ Ho$ ~mX Ka_| KS>r Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ Xmo ~ma ~mobH$a nydm©ä`mg ^r H$a boVm h¡Vm{H$ {Z`V g_` Ho$ {hgm~ go dmVm© N>moQ>r - ~‹S>r Z hmo OmE & gm_J«r OwQ>mZo _| H$B© ~ma ~‹S>r{XH$H$Vm| H$m gm_Zm ^r H$aZm nµS> gH$Vm h¡ H$`m|{H$, Oéar Zht {H$, EH$ ñWmZ na g~ gm_J«rBH$Æo> {_b OmE§ & Bg g§~§Y _| AmH$medmUr Ho$ AdH$me àmá {ZXoeH$ lr _wabr _Zmoha _§OwiZo ~hþV hr Cn`moJr gwPmd {X`m h¡ & CZH$m _mZZm h¡ {H$, {X ao{S>Amo go AmZodmbo AZw~§Y - nÌHo$ gmW dmVm© H$m g§{já {df` {dñVma r g§b¾ H$a {X`m OmE Vmo dmVm©H$ma H$mo {df` H$mo R>rH$go g_PZo Am¡a VXZwgma gm_J«r OwQ>mZo _| ghm`Vm {_boJr & hmbm±{H$, BVZm {gaXX© H$moB© H$m`©H«$_A{YH$mar Zht CR>mZm MmhVm Bg{bE gmar {Oå_oXmar dmVm©H$ma Ho$ _ËWo hr _‹T> Xr OmVr h¡ &gm_J«r g§H$bZ Ho$ ~mX {b{n~Õ H$aVo g_` h Ü`mZ aIZm Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡ {H$, boIZH$m`©{df` Ho$ BX© - {JX© hr hmo, Cg_| Q>H$md Z Amò & Cg {df` go g§~§{YV {OVZo gdmb lmoVmAm|Ho$ _Z _| ~¡R> gH$Vo hm|, g^r H$m g_w{MV Vm{H©$H$ CÎma AmboI _| Am OmZm Mm{hE & {df` H$mAno{jV {dñVma Vmo hmoZm hr Mm{hE AmboIZ _| Jm§ r`© ^r hmoZm Mm{hE & dmVm© boIZ _| `h~mV gX¡d Ü`mZ _| aIZr Mm{hE {H$, {H$gr Y_©, {H$gr Om{V Am¡a {H$gr g§àXm` Ho$ ~mao _| H$moB©à{VHy$b {Q>ßnUr Z hmo Am¡a Z hr {H$gr amOZr{VH$ Xb na H$moB© {Q>ßnUr hmo, Mmho dh gÎmmnj_| hmo `m {dnj _|, Z hr H$moB© ^S>H$mD$ H$_|Q> hmo &

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CgH$m lmoVm AÑí` hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX CgHo$ gm_Zo h¢, Bg{bE AmboI Eogm hmo {H$, CgH$sgmW©H$ A{^ì`º$s hmo gHo$ & {X AmnH$s dmVm©Am| H$mo gwZZo Ho$ ~mX lmoVm g§Vwï> hmo OmVo h¢ dmhdmh H$h CR>Vo h¢ V^r Amn g\$b dmVm©H$ma _mZo Om`|Jo &

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ày\$ g§emoYH$ Zo H$ht na ày\$ Ho$ Cna àíZdmMH$ {MÝh bJmH$a oOm hmo, Vmo boIH$ mg§nmXH$ H$mo Mm{hE {H$, dh Cgo Adí` XoI| & `{X H$hm§ Aew{Õ ah JB© hmo `m Hw$N>gm_J«r Ny>Q> JB© hmo, Vmo Cgo R>rH$ H$a {X`m OmE Am¡a `{X g~ {R>H$ hmo Vmo àíZdmMH${MÝh H$mo H$mQ> {X`m OmE &



Omo r gm_J«r ày\$ Ho$ ê$n _| ày\$ g§emoYH$ Ho$ nmg emoYZmW© AmB© h¡ dh n«og A{Y{Z`_(EH$Q>) Ho$ AZwgma h¡ `m Zht `h XoIZm ày\$ g§emoYH$ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡ &

`{X H$moB© ày\$ {H$gr H$s _mZhmZr m {H$gr Ho$ à{V An_mZOZH$ hmo m H$mZyZ H$s Ñ{ï>go Hw$N> ^r `{X Amn{ÎmOZH$ {bIm J`m h¡, Vmo Eogr n[apñW{V _| ày\$ g§emoYH$ H$mH$V©ì` h¡ {H$, dh _wÐUmb` Ho$ ì`dñWmnH$ `m ñdm_r H$m Ü`mZ Bg Amoa AdíÀmH${f©V H$a|, {Oggo Bg àH$ma H$s _hmZ Jb{V`m| H$m g_` na C{MV g_mYmZ hmogH|$ &

_yb H$m°nr _|o `{X {H$gr àH$ma H$s ÌwQ>r H$m Am^mg hmo Vmo àËòH$ ñWb na hm{eE _|àíZdmMH$ {MÝh bJmH$a ày\$ \$mBZb H$aZo Ho$ {bE boIH$ `m _yb à{V no«fH$ `mg§nmXH$ Ho$ nmg oOZm ^r ày\$ g§emoYH$ H$m H$V©ì` h¡ & ày\$ Ho$ dmng AmZo na ày\$g§emoYH$ H$mo Bg ~mV Ho$ {bE AmídñV hmo OmZm Mm{hE {H$, CgHo$ Ûmam bJmB© JB©H$doar H$m g_mYmZ hmo MwH$m h¡ &

ày\$ g§emoYZ H$aZo _| ày\$ g§emoYH$ H$mo AnZr ñdV§ÌVm H$m à`moJ Zht H$aZm Mm{hE &g_ñV g§emoYZ Cgo _yb à{V Ho$ AZwgma hmo H$aZo Mm{hE &

EH$ `mo½` Am¡a Hw$eb ày\$ g§emoYH$ H$s Ñ{ï> gX¡d H§$nmoO H$s JB© gm_J«r _| ah JB©Aew{Õ`m| na hr H|${X«V hmoVr h¡ &

ày\$ nR>Z Ho$ {bE _yb à{V nR>Z _| Vrd«Vm hmoZm Am¡a CgHo$ gmW gmW ày\$ g§emoYZ H$sÑ{ï> H$s gwpñWaVm Am¡a Aew{Õ na H|${Ð`Vm hmoZm ^r Amdí`H$ h¡ &

ày\$ g§emoYH$ H$s ZOa AË`§V n¡Zr hmoZm AË`m{YH$ _hÎdnyU© h¡ {Oggo Jb{V`m± Ny>Q>OmZo H$s g§ mdZm± H$_ ahVr h¡ &

{MÌm|, Vm{bH$mAm| g§X^m] Am{X H$m g§ moOZ _yb à{V Ho$ AZwgma hþAm h¡ AWdm ZhtBgH$s N>mZ~rZ ^r ày\$ g§emoYH$m| H$mo {Oå_oXmarnyd©H$ H$aZm A{V Amdí`H$ h¡ &

àËòH$ {MÌg§»`m, AZwÀNo>X g§»`m, AÜ`m`H«$_, Vm{bH$m g§»`m Am{X H$mo H«$_~Õén _| XoIZm ^r ày\$ g§emoYH$ H$m EH$ _hËdny_© H$V©ì` h¡ & BgHo$ {bE Cgo N>nr hþB©{nN>br gm_J«r Adí` XoI boZr Mm{hE {Ogo S>_r `m \$mB©b H$m°nr H$hVo h¡ &

gm_mÝ` kmZ Ho$ joÌ _| r ày\$ g§emoYH$ H$mo mo½` hmoZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ dh ày\$ g§emoYZHo$ gmW - gmW boIH$ VWm g§nmXH$ H$s Ìw{Q>`m| H$s Amoa r g§Ho$V H$a nmE AÝ`Wm dh_yb à{V go hr ày\$ H$m {_bZ H$a nmEJm &

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3.7.3. àw\$ g§emoYZ {MÝh VWm AZoH$ AW©ày\$ Ho$ Cna {ZX}e {MÝh AW©



âjÑîÂà âÂàÀFÎà ¡nê

/ 101g_mMma nÌm| H$s H$m`©n«Umbr


3.7.4. {dkmnZ{dkmnZ EH$ `m¡{JH$ eãX h¡ Omo kmnZ _| {d CngJ© bJmH$a ~Zm`m J`m h¡ & Bg_| {d

H$m _Vb~ h¡ {deof Am¡a kmnZ H$m _Vb~ h¡ gyMZm XoZm AWm©V² {H$gr dñVw m VÏ` H$s {deofOmZH$mar XoZm & A§J«oOr _| ñŒbó~_K^KWõ H$hVo h¢ & ñŒbó~_K^KWõ b¡{Q>Z Ho$ ñŒbó_ó~óeãX go ~Zm h¡ {OgH$m AW© hmoVm h¡ Qy> Q>Z© Qy> `mZr {H$gr Amoa _w‹S>Zm & _w‹S>Zo go _Vb~ {H$grdñVw Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V hmoZm & bo{H$Z {dkmnZ A _hO AmH$f©U H$s MrµO Zht ahr, wgHo$_mÜ`_ go Xe©H$m| H$mo ào[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ {dkm{nV dñVw H$m do H«$` ^r H$a| & `mZr BgAmH$f©U Ho$ Iob _| ~mOma ^r em{_b h¡ & A~ `h Oê$ar Zht {H$ {dkmnZ Ho$ O[aE Omo ~mV|{H$gr MrO Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmB© Om`| do ghr hr hm| & {dkmnZ Hw$N> hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a hH$sH$V Hw$N>Am¡a H$`m|{H$ {Za_m H$m EoS> `h ^bo H$hVm hmo {H$ XyY H$s g\o$Xr {Za_m go Amò a§JrZ H$n‹S>m{Ib{Ib Omò& bo{H$Z Z Vmo XyY gr g\o$Xr AmVr h¡ Am¡a Z ht a§JrZ H$n‹S>m {Ib hr OmVm h¡& H$mobJoQ> Qy>WnoñQ> bo AmnHo$ _gy‹S>m| H$s VH$br\$ Xya H$a CÝh| ñdñW ~ZmZo H$m Xmdm H$aVm hmobo{H$Z hH$sH$V CgHo$ CbQ> h¡ & bH$g Vmo Eogm Xmdm H$aVm h¡ {H$ bJmZo dmbo H$s Iy~gyaVrBVZr ~‹T> OmVr h¡ {H$ CgH$m a§J Jham Am¡a gwZham XmoZm| hmo OmVm h¡ bo{H$Z {dkmnZ _| EogmHo$db Eoe Ho$ gmW hmoVm hmoJm & ho a H$ba H$m Vmo Xmdm {H$ dh Eogm ZmZpñQ>H$ Vob h¡ {H$ CgHo$bJmZo go ~mb gwÝXa Vmo ~ZVo hr h¢ Q>mdob na Qy>Qo> ~mb ^r Zht {XIVo & Cggo ~mbm| H$mo ñQ>mBb^r {_bVr h¡ Am¡a nmofU ^r bo{H$Z gM Eogm h¡ Zht & Bgr Vah H$br{ZH$ ßbg e¡åny S¢>S>\$Jm`~ H$aZo H$m Xmdm H$aVm h¡ bo{H$Z S¢>S>\$ Jm`~ hmoVo hr Zht & H$hZo H$m VmËn`© h h¡ {H$ Hw$N>CËnmXm| Ho$ {dkmnZ nN>Îma \$sgXm PyR> na AmYm[aV EH$ Eogr H$bm h¡ {Oggo EoS> ~ZmZodmbrEO|{g`m± Vmo em{_b h¢ hr, CZH$mo àgm[aV H$aZo dmbr r & Bg{bE A_o[aH$Z _mH}$Q>tJ Egmo{gEeZVmo em{_b h¢ hr, CZH$mo àgm[aV H$aZodmbr r & Bg{bE A_o[aH$Z _mH}$Q>tJ Agmo{gEeZ Ûmam~VmB© J`r CgH$s n[a^mfm Á`mXm R>rH$ bJVr h¡ & {Og_| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ {dkmnZ EH$gwn[a{MV `m {ZpíMV {dkmnH$ Ûmam AZ¡{VH$ ê$n go {dMmam|, dñVwAm| `m godmAm| H$s àñVw{VVWm g§dÕ©Z hoVw EH$ àmê$n h¡ {OgHo$ {bE {dkmnH$ Ûmam wJVmZ {`m OmVm h¡ & O¡åg gr {_ba(V¥Vr`) H$m r {dMma Hw$N> Eogm hr h¡ {Og_| CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ {dkmnZ H$m AW© CgH$s àH¥${VAm¡a gm_Ï`© Cn^moº$m H$mo àoaUm XoZo AWdm dmñVd _| YmoIm XoZo go h¡ & {dkmnZ H$s ~hþV grEogr n[a^mfmE± ^r Xr Om gH$Vr h¢ Omo CgHo$ nj _| ^r h¡ O¡go - BZgmBH$bmonr{S>`m ~«oQ¡>{ZH$m_| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ {H$gr dñVw Ho$ {dH«$` AWdm {H$gr godm Ho$ àgma hoVw _yë` MwH$mH$a H$s J`rKmofUm hr {dkmnZ h¡ & Om{ha h¡ {Og {dkmnZ EO§gr Ûmam _yë` boH$a {dkmnZ V¡ ma {H$`mOmVm h¡, dh Cg CËnmX H$m n[aM` Vmo H$amVr hr h¡, CgH$s {deofVmE± Am¡a bm^ ~VmH$aCn^moº$mAm| H$mo [aPmZo H$m H$m_ r H$aVr hr h¡, CgH$s {deofVmE± Am¡a bm^ ~VmH$a Cn^moº$mAm|H$mo [aPmZo H$m H$m_ ^r H$aVr h¡ & `h ~mV ^r ghr h¡ O~ {H$gr CËnmX H$m {dkmnZ ~ma ~ma{XIm`m OmVm h¡ Vmo Cn^moº$mAm| Ho$ {Xbm|-{X_mJ na CgH$m Aga ^r n‹S>Vm h¡ Am¡a _mH}$qQ>JH$aVo g_` dh `mX ^r aIVm h¡ Am¡a wgo IarXVm ^r h¡ & ~H$m¡b AOw©Z {Vdmar 1932 _|A_arH$s n{ÌH$m ES>daQ>mBqOJ EO Zo EH$ à{V`mo{JVm Ho$ µO[aE {dkmnZ H$s Omo gdm}Îm_n[a^mfm {ZYm©[aV H$s, dh Bg àH$ma h¡ - {H$gr ì`{º$, dñVw, godm `m Am§XmobZ H$mo àñVwV

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H$aZodmbr _w{ÐV gm_J«r, {b{IV eãX, ~mobo Jò eãX `m {MÌ {dkmnZ h¢ {OÝh| {dkmnZXmVmAnZo IM} na {~H«$r, à`moJ, dmoQ> `m AÝ` àH$ma H$s gh_{V àm{á Ho$ {bE Iw„_Iw„m àñVwVH$a| &

3.7.5. {dkmnZ Ho$ àH$ma_r{S>`m Mmho qàQ> hmo `m Am{S>`mo `m Am{S>` {dOwAb {dkmnZ Ho$ {~Zm BZH$s H$ënZm

hr Zht H$s Om gH$Vr H$`m|{H$ {dkmnZ hr BZH$s BZH$s Am` H$m _yb ómoV h¡ & {dkmnZ Ho$ H$B©àH$ma h¢ & H¥$îU Hw$_ma _mbdr` Zo Vmo 29 àH$ma Ho$ {dkmnZ ~Vmò h¢, O~{H$ AOw©Z {Vdmar Zog_mMma nÌm| _| àH$m{eV hmoZodmbo Hw$b 4 hr àH$ma Ho$ {dkmnZ ~Vmò h¢ & à_wI {dkmnZ BgàH$ma h¢ …

1. ñWmZr` {dkmnZ - Ohm± Ohm± go g_mMma nÌ àH$m{eV hmoVo h¢, Cg OJh Ho${Zdm{g`m| H$mo ñWmZr` {dkmnZm| Ûmam gyMZmE± _wh¡ m H$am`r OmVr h¢ & Bg Vah {dkmnZm| _|{gZo_m, ZmQ>H$, _Zmoa§OZ, hmoQ>a aoóm± Am{X go g§~§{YV gyMZmE± \$amh_ OmVr h¡&

2. amï>r` {dkmnZ - do {dkmnZ Omo nyao amï> Ho$ ~mOmam| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a ~Zmò OmVoh¢ & Mm`, gm~wZ, ~¢H$m| H$s godm, {gJaoQ> Am¡a gmB{H$b go g§~§{YV {dkmnZ Bgr H$mo{Q> _| AmVoh¢ & Eogo {dkmnZm| Ho$ AmboI Ho$ {bE _mZH$ ^mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Bg àH$ma Ho${dkmnZ àm`… amï>r` ñVa na àgm[aV hmoZodmbo g_mMma nÌm| _| hr {Xò OmVo h¢ & BZ {dkmnZm| Ho$_mÜ`_ go BZHo$ CËnmXH$ `h ^r ~VmZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ BZHo$ CËnmXm| H$m CÔoí` Ho$db Am{W©H$bm^ hr Zht amï>-{Z_m©U _| `moJXmZ ^r h¡ .3. dJuH¥$V {dkmnZ -

àm`… g^r X¡{ZH$ g_mMma nÌm| _| dJuH¥$V {dkmnZ àH$m{eV H$amò OmVo h¢ & dJuH¥$V{dkmnZm| H$s Xa| g_mMma nÌm| H$s à{Vð>m Am¡a gaHw$boeZ Ho$ AmYma na V` H$s OmVr h¡ mr EH$g_mMma nÌ go Xygao g_mMma nÌ Ho$ dJuH¥$V {dkmnZm| H$s Xa| AbhXm hmoVr h¡ & BgHo$ A§VJ©Vd¡dm{hH$ Amdí`H$Vm h¡. dm§Qo>S>, [aH$dm`S©>, {~H$mD$ h¡, {H$amò hoVw, {ejm gw{dYm, àdoegwMZm, `m¡Z g§~§Yr, F$U g§~§Yr, {M{H$Ëgm g§~§Yr {H$VZo hr {dkmnZ n«H$m{eV hmoVo h¢ &4. gOmdQ>r {dkmnZ : {MÌm| Am¡a erf©H$m| go gwgp‚mV do {dkmnZ {OZHo$ O[aE {H$gr g§ñWm`m g§JR>Z Ho$ {gÕm§V, Zr{V, H$m`©H«$_ `m g§Xogm| H$m àMma-àgma {H$`m OmVm h¡, gOmdQ>r{dkmnZ H$s loUr _| AmVo h¢ & amï> H$s ^mdmË_H$ EH$Vm, Aën ~MV, n[adma {Z`moOZ,ñdÀN>Vm, A{^`mZ Am¡a d¥jmamon_ H$mo g\$b ~ZmZo Ho$ CÔoí` go gOmdQ>r {dkmnZ hr g~goH$maJa _mZo OmVo h¢ & g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ {bE BZ {dkmnZm| H$s Ah{_`V Bg{bE ^r Á`mXm hmoVrh¡ H$`m|{H$ Hw$b {dkmnZ Am` H$m ~‹S>m {hñgm BÝht {dkmnZ go hm{gb hmoVm h¡ & h ~mV r ghrh¡ {H$ Am_ {dkmnZ Xam| Ho$ _wH$m~bo BZH$s Xa| Hw$N> A{YH$ hmoVr h¡ &{dkmnZ Ho$ _mÜ`_

{dkmnZ Ho$ _mÜ`_m| go VmËn`© g§Mma d g§àofU Ho$ CZ gmYZm| go h¡ Omo {dkmnZXmVmAm|Ûmam {b{IV, X¥í`JV d lì`JV àMma gm_J«r H$mo Cn^moº$mAm| VH$ nhþ±MmZo _| _hËdnyU©

y{_H$m H$m {Zdm©h H$aVo h¢ & Ho$ZZ Ed§ {dMQ©> Ho$ AZwgma, {dkmnZ H$m CÔoí` Cn^moº$mAm| Ho$H«$` {dMma d _m±J-AmMaU H$mo à^m{dV H$aZm h¡ & {b{IV, Ñí` Ed§ _m¡{IH$ g§Xoem| H$mo


{d{^Þ {dkmnZ _mÜ`_m| - g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$m, {\$ë_, ao{S>`mo, Qo>br{dOZ, dmhZ, hmo{Sª>JAm{X Ûmam wJVmZ Ho$ AmYma na {Zînm{XV {H$`m OmVm h¡ &

3.7.6. _mÜ`_m| Ho$ M`Z H$m gdmb`h ~mV {~ëHw$b gM h¡ {H$ AbJ AbJ {dkmnZ _mÜ`_m| H$s à^mdmoËnmXH$Vm AbJ-

AbJ hmoVr h¡ & `mZr Q>rdr H$s AbJ h¡ Vmo nÌH$-n{ÌH$mAm| H$s AbJ & {\$ë_m| H$m AbJ_hËd h¡ Vmo ao{S>`mo H$m Hw$N> Am¡a & dmhZm| Ho$ O[aE {H$ò Jò {dkmnZm| H$m _hËd Hw$N> Am¡a h¡ VmohmoqS>½O H$m Hw$N> Am¡a& bo{H$Z _mÜ`_m| Ho$ M`Z _| {dkmnZ EO|{g`m| H$s _XX br Om gH$Vr h¡& BZH$s _XX go {dkmnZXmVm ghr _mÜ`_ H$m M`Z H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Ka ~¡Ro> ~¡Ro> XyaXamO Ho$joÌm| VH$ AmgmZr go nhþ±Mm gH$Vm h¡ & bo{H$Z `h {Z{d©dmX h¡ {H$ {dkmnZ H$m g~go geº$_mÜ`_ AmOH$b Q>r.dr. h¡ & BgH$s nhþ±M Z Ho$db _hmZJam| VH$ h¡ ~pëH$ Xoe Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZoVH$ h¡ & Bg{bE H$moB© ^r {dkmnZXmVm Q>rdr H$mo àmW{_H$Vm XoZm MmhoJm bo{H$Z h¡ `h g~go_h±Jm _mÜ`_ & {OZ H§$n{Z`m| H$m H$mamo~ma bmIm|-H$amo‹S>m| én`m| H$m hmoJm, do hr BgH$mo A\$moS©>H$a gH$Vo h¢, Om{ha h¡ _h±Jm ^r hmoVm hmoJm, bo{H$Z \$m`Xo_§½X ^r & Q>rdr Ho$ ~mX Xygam geº$_mÜ`_ ao{S>`mo h¡, bo{H$Z `h Ho$db lì` h¡ Bg{bE àgm[aV g§Xoem| Ho$ O[aE hr {dkmnZ {H$`mOm gH$Vm h¡ & Ohm± VH$ ZoQ>d{Hª$J H$m gdmb h¡ Vmo ao{S>Amo H$s ZoQ>d{Hª$J ^r Xoe Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZoVH$ \¡$br h¡ & ao{S>`mo Ho$ ~mX nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± {dkmnZ Ho$ g~go gñVo gmYZ h¢ & `h ~mV Am¡a h¡{H$ {dkmnZ Xam| H$m {ZYm©aU CZH$s àgma g§»`m Ho$ AmYma na hmoVm h¡ & {OZH$s àgma g§»`mÁ`mXm hmoVr h¡, CZH$s {dkmnZ H$s Xa| Hw$N> _h±Jr Adí` hmoVr h¡ bo{H$Z ~mdOyX BgHo$ Eogo nÌm|H$s nyN> Á`mXm hmoVr h¡ & Amb_ `h h¡ {H$ H$_ àgma g§»`m dmbo nÌm| Ho$ _m{bH$ Ohm±{dkmnZXmVmAm| H$m nrN>m H$aVo XoIo OmVo h¢ dht bmIm| _| N>nZodmbo nÌm| _| {dkmnZ N>ndmZo Ho${bE {dkmnZXmVm CZH$s n[aH«$_m {H$`m H$aVo h¢ & nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ ~mX Z§~a AmVm h¡ nmoñQ>am|Am¡a hmo{Sª>Jm| H$m H$`m|{H$ H$_ n‹T>-{bIo Cn^moº$mAm| Ho$ {bE ò Cn`wº$ _mÜ`_ _mZo OmVo h¢ &µOm{ha h¡ {H$ nmoñQ>am| Am¡a hmo{Sª>Jm| _| {MÌm| na Á`mXm Omoa hmoVm h¡, B~maVm| na H$_ Vm{H$ bmoJAmVo-OmVo XoI| Vmo CÝh| do {MÌ ~am~a AmH${f©V H$aVo ah| Am¡a do CÝh| `mX aI gH|$ & hmbm±{H$nmñQ>am| H$s C_« Á`mXm Zht hmoVr bo{H$Z hmo{Sª>½O Vmo b§~o g_` VH$ H$m_ XoVr h¢ Am¡a bmoJm| H$mÜ`mZ AH$ga CZ na OmVm r h¡ & {\$ë_| r {dkmnZ H$m EH$ geº$ _mÜ`_ h¢, H$`m|{H$ {gZo_mhmbm| _| {\$ë_ H$s ewéAmV _| ~rM _| Am¡a A§V _| AH$ga H$B© CËnmXm| Ho$ {dkmnZ {XImò OmVoh¢ & BZ {dkmnZm| H$m n«Xe©Z ñbmBS>m| Ho$ µO[aE {H$`m OmVm h¡ & XaAgb {gZo_m {XImZodmbr_erZ Ho$ gmW BZ ñbmBS>m| H$mo Omo‹S> {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo {ZYm©[aV g_` na {gZo_m Ho$Xe©H$m| H$mo H$B© ~ma amoµOmZm BÝh| {XIm`m OmVm h¡ & Am_Vm¡a na Bg_| IM© ^r H$_ AmVm h¡ &àXe©{Z`m± ^r {dkmnZ H$m EH$ àM{bV _mÜ`_ h¢ & BZ àXe©{Z`m| _| XwH$mZ| bJmZodmbo bmoJAnZm CËnmX Vmo ~oMVo hr h¡, CZH$m àMma r H$aVo h¢ & H$B© ~ma Vmo àXe©{Z`m± XoIH$a bm¡Q>ZodmboCn^moº$m IwX hr àMma H$aVo XoIo OmVo h¢ & ~hþV gr H§$n{Z`m± AnZo CËnmXm| Ho$ {MÌ, pñQ>H$a mg§Xoe AmZo-OmZodmbo dmhZm| na Mñnm H$a XoVo h¢ & Om{ha h¡ Omo gdm[a`m± BZgo AmVr OmVr h¢,do Vmo XoIVo hr h¢, Ohm± Ohm± go ò JwOaVr h¢, n«m`… g^r H$s ZOa EH$ Z EH$ ~ma BZ na Adí`n‹S>Vr h¡ & H$B© ~ma N>moQ>r - _moQ>r MrOm| H$m {dkmnZ bmD$S>ñnrH$a Ho$ O[aE ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡,

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bo{H$Z h EH$ gr{_V joÌ _| hr {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, ~hþV Xya VH$ Zht & {dkmnZ H$m EH$ VarH$mh¢S>{~ëg ^r _mZo OmVo h¢ & BÝh| ~m±Q>Zo Ho$ {bE `m Vmo XadmOo XadmOo OmZm n‹S>Vm h¡ `m g_mMmanÌm| Ho$ O[aE ò nM} ~m±Qo> OmVo h¢ & bo{H$Z BZH$s ^r EH$ gr_m h¡ & AmOH$b {Z`moZ gmBZ Ho$O[aE ^r AnZr MrOm| H$m àMma {H$`m OmVm h¡ & XaAgb ~‹So>-~‹So> eham| _| XwH$mZm| Am¡aB_maVm| Ho$ D$na {~Obr go MbZodmbo Eogo gmBZ ~moS©> Am¡a {MÌ AH$ga {XImB© XoVo h¢ {OZ_| mVmo {H$gr {deof CËnmX H$m {MÌ hmoVm h¡ `m g§Xoe `m XmoZm| & {~Obr H$s MH$mMm¢Y Ho$ H$maUAH$ga AmZo-OmZo dmbm| H$m Ü`mZ Cg Amoa qIM OmVm h¡ & {XZ _| Vmo Zht, bo{H$Z amV _| BZH$mAmH$f©U XoIZo bm`H$ hmoVm h¡ & H$B© ~ma AmnZo XoIm hmoJm {H$ J{b`m|, _H$mZm| Am¡a Xrdmam| naTo>a gmao {dkmnZ {bIo hmoVo h¢ & àm`… haoH$ {dkmnZ g{MÌ Vmo hmoVo hr h¡, Hw$No>H$ na CËnmXm| H$s{deofVmE± r {bIr hmoVr h¡ & BÝht H$mo Xrdma {dkmnZ `m _yab EoS>dQ>m©BO_|Q> H$hVo h¢ & ~r‹S>r,{gJaoQ>, gm~wZ, AJa~{Îm`m| Am¡a n§Im| Am{X Ho$ To>a gmao {dkmnZ Xrdmam| na XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢ &ò gñVo r n‹S>Vo h¢, H$`m|{H$ BZ_| {g\©$ {bImB© H$m hr IM© XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡, dh r {g\©$ EH$ ~ma&

3.7.7. {dkmnZ H$s AmMma g§{hVmE±ES>daQ>mBqOJ ñQ¢>S>S²>g© H$m¢{gb Am°\$ B§{S>`m, B§{S>`m Ý`yO nona gmogmBQ>r, ES>daQ>mBqOJ,

EOÝgrO Egmo{gEgZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m O¡gr {dkmnZ H$s g_ñWmAm| Zo {dkmnZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| Hw$N>AmMma -g§{hVmE± ~Zm`r h¢ Vm{H$ amï>r`, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï> go H$moB© hm{ZZ hmo gHo$ & à_wI AmMma g§{hVmE± {ZåZdV h¢ -

1. {dkmnZ Ho$ A§VJ©V CgH$s {S>OmBZ Am¡a `moOZm Bg n«H$ma ~Zm`r Om` {H$ dh XoeHo$ H$mZyZr àmdYmZm| Ho$ AZwHy$b hmo &

2. {dkmnZ go {H$gr H$s Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ VWm Z¡{VH$ ^mdZmAm| H$mo Ro>g Z nhþ±Mo Zhr {H$gr H$s g§doXZmAm| H$mo &

3. Eogo {dkmnZ H$mo àH$meZ AWdm àgmaU H$s AZw_{V Zht Xr OmZr Mm{hE {Oggo{H$gr H$mo Ad_mZZm `m {H$gr H$m AZmXa hmoVm mo &

4. {dkmnZ Ûmam Z Vmo H$moB© A§Y{dídmg \¡$bm`m Omò Z hr Am_ OZVm H$s AkmZVm H$m\$m`Xm CR>m`m Om` &

5. {V{bñ_, OmXy-Q>moZo `m {H$gr \$moQ>mo Ho$ Ho$ AmYma na AnZo H$mo gwna_¡Z ~VmZo `mEogm hr H$moB© VÏ` m {dkmnZ {OZgo OZVm _| A§Y{dídmg H$mo ~‹T>mdm {_bo, «_ H$s pñW{V n¡Xmhmo, àñVwV Zht {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE &

6. {dkmnZ gË` na AmYm[aV hmoZm Mm{hE VWm Bg_| VÏ`m| H$mo Vmo‹S>-_amo‹S>H$a JbVT§>J go àñVwV Zht {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE & OmZ~yPH$a AWdm AZOmZo _| ^r OZVm H$mo JbV doAgË` dº$ì`m| Ûmam N>bm Zht OmZm Mm{hE &Q>rdr, ao{S>Amo VWm {\$ë_m| _| {dkmnZ hoVw AmMma g§{hVmQ>rdr, ao{S>`mo VWm {\$ë_m| _| {dkmnZm| Ho$ {bE Omo AmMma g§{hVm ~Zm`r J`r h¡, BgHo$ Hw$N>àmdYmZ {ZåZ{b{IV h¢ -1. {dkmnZ Bg àH$ma {Z{_©V {H$ò Omò {H$ do Xoe H$s Ym{_©H$ _mÝ`VmAm|, H$mZyZm| Ed§ Z¡{VH$Vm

Ho$ {déÕ Z hmo &



2. Om{V, ì`{º$,a§J oX, amï> qZXm, g§{dYmZ Ho$ à{VHy$b AmMaU d {Q>ßnUr dmbo {dkmnZñdrH$m`© d àgm[aV Zht hm|Jo & AnamY, qhgm m X§Jm| H$s n¡a~r H$aVo & Xygao Xoem| go _¡Ìrg§~§Y H$mo à^m{dV H$aVo hm|, amï>r` {MÝh, amï>r` ZoVm `m amï>r` àVrH$ H$s Ad_mZZmH$aVo hmo & {OZ {dkmnZm| H$m g§~§Y Zerbo nXmWm] Ho$ godZ d Yw_«nmZ Am{X go hmo, CÝh|nyar Vah ZH$mam OmZm Mm{hE &

3. Zmar H$s J[a_m d nwéf - Zmar Ho$ ~rM oX^md Xem©Zodmbo {dkmnZ ñdrH$ma Zht {H$ò OmZoMm{hE &

4. Y_© d amOZr{V go g§~§{YV {dkmnZ ^r ñdrH$ma Zht {H$ò OmZo Mm{hE &5. OwAm d bm°Q>ar Ho$ {dkmnZ J«mø Zht h¡ &6. OmXwB© BbmO, ^{dî`dmUr, gå_mohZ, Kw‹S>Xm¡S> go g§~§{YV {dkmnZ ^r ñdrH$m`© Zht _mZo

OmVo &7. {ÛAWu d Aíbrb {dkmnZ {H$gr H$s_V na àgm[aV Zht {H$ò OmZo Mm{hE &8. Eogm {dkmnZ {Og_| Xygao {Z_m©VmAm| Ho$ CËnmXm| m godmAm| H$s Ad_mZZm hmo, ñdrH$ma Zht

{H$ò OmZo Mm{hE &9. {dkmnZm| _| àm_m{UH$ d VÏ`mË_H$ OmZH$mar XoZm Amdí`H$ h¡ &10. qhgm, ~~©aVm d AnamY Xem©Zodmbo {dkmnZ ñdrH$m`© Zht h¡ &11. ~ƒm| H$s _mZ{gH$Vm na ~wam à^md S>mbZodmbo `m hrZ ^mdZm n¡Xm H$aZodmbo {dkmnZ

à{V~§{YV _mZo OmZo Mm{hE12. Eogo {dkmnZ {OZ_| ZH$b hmo `m VÏ`m| H$mo Vmo‹S>-_amo‹S> H$a noe {H$`m J`m hmo, do ^r

ñdrH$m`© Zht _mZo OmE§Jo &

3.7.8. I~a ~Zm_ {dkmnZBg_| Xmo am` Zht {H$ I~am| H$m {dkmnZm| go Zm{^-Zmb g§~§Y h¡ Bg{bE Cgo {~ëHw$b

H$mQ>m Vmo Om Zht gH$Vm, H$`m|{H$ g_mMma nÌm| H$s Y‹S>H$Z {dkmnZm| go hr h¡ & mZr {dkmnZ H$m_Vb~ h¡ n¡gm & AWm©V² H$moB© g_mMma nÌ {~Zm Am{W©H$ _O~yVr Ho$ Mb hr Zht gH$Vm Am¡a{dkmnZ hr CgHo$ _yb _| h¡ & qàQ> _r{S>`m _| {dkmnZ H$m Iob h¡ Vmo BboH$Q>m{ZH$ _r{S>`m _|Q>rAmanr H$m Am¡a BZ XmoZm| Ho$ {~Zm BZ _mÜ`_m| H$s H$ënZm hr Zht H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ & hm±,gdmb {g\©$ BVZm CR>m`m Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ g_mMma nÌm| _| `m Bb¡H$Q>m{ZH$ _r{S>`m _| I~am|Am¡a {dkmnZm| H$m AZwnmV H$`m hmo? Am_Vm¡a na g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ {dH«$` go àmá YZ Am¡a{dkmnZ H$s Am` _| 1…2 H$m AwnmV hmo Vmo nÌ H$m Am{W©H$ pñW{V AÀN>r _mZr OmVr h¡ & àogH$_reZ H$s g§ñVw{V H$s ~mV H$a| Vmo nmR>ç gm_J«r Am¡a {dkmnZ _| 60 … 40 H$m AZwnmV hmoZmMm{hE & àog Am`moJ Zo AnZo oH$ dº$ì` _|H$hm h¡ - Bggo `h gw{ZpñMV hmo OmEJm {H$ nmR>H$H$mo g_w{MV _mÌm _| g_mMma Ed§ {dMma àmá hmo aho h¢ Am¡a {dkmnZm| H$m n« md ~hþV A{YH${dkmnZ Ry±>go OmZo Ho$ H$maU H$_Zht hmo ahm h¡ & {dkmnZm| H$s A{YH$V_ gr_m 40 à{VeV{ZYm©[aV H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_Zo Ho$db VmËH$m{bH$ àWm H$mo hr Ñ{ï> _| Zht aIm h¡ daZ² Bg ^mdr_Zmod¥{Îm H$mo r Ü`mZ _| aIm h¡ {OgH$s h_| à{V n¥ð> _yë` {ZYm©aU hmoZo na CâZo H$s Amem h¡&h_| Bg ~mV H$s Amem h¡ {H$ O~ g_mMma nÌm| H$s n¥ð> g§»`m H$_ H$aZo m à{V H$m _yë` ~‹T>mZo

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na ~mÜ` hmoZm n‹So>Jm V~ g_mMmam| d g§nmXH$s`m| H$m g§jon _| àñVwV H$aZo H$m AmH$f©U J§ raê$n go ~‹T> OmEJm Vm{H$ g^r Ama{jV {dkmnZ - g_mMma nÌ _| g_m gH|$ & BgHo$ \$bñdê$n{dkmnZ Am¡a nmR>ç-gm_J«r Ho$ ñWmZ H$m AZwnmV ~‹T> OmEJm & Bgr{bE h_mar am` h¡ {H$ BgH$sh_mao Ûmam à{Vnm{XV gr_m VH$ hr aIm Om`&

{ZíM` hr g_mMma nÌm| H$s Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaZo, ì`mnma m Zm¡H$ar H$s gyMZm AnZonmR>H$m| VH$ nhþ±MmZo VWm g_mMma nÌ H$mo AmH$f©H$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {dkmnZm| H$m àH$meZAn[ahm`© h¡ bo{H$Z I~am| H$s H$s_V na {dkmnZ XoZm, CZHo$ ñdê$n H$mo hr Zï> H$a XoZm {H$VZmVH©$g§JV h¡ & bo{H$Z AmH$b Eogm hr hmo ahm h¡ & gM ~mV Vmo h h¡ {H$ g_mMma nÌm| _| {dkmnZ{d^mJ H$mo H$_mD$ nyV _mZm OmVm h¡, O~{H$ g§nmXH$s` {d^mJ H$mo Xmo _ Z§~a na aIm OmVm ¡&H$moB© {H$VZr hr _hËdnyU© Ý`yO hmo, H$Wm hmo, {H$gr noO na hmo, `{X {dkmnZ Am J`m Vmo Cgo{H$b hmoZm hr h¡ & S>_r `m bo AmD$Q> ~ZmZo go nhbo {dkmnZ {d^mJ go {dkmnZm| H$s nmo{µOeZnhbo _m±Jr OmVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$m àm`moOH$ Ohm± H$hVm h¡, Cgo dht bJm`m OmVm h¡ & Xr hþB© OJhm|_| hr I~a| Am¡a H$WmE± {~R>m`r OmVr h¡ m{Z nÌH$m[aVm H$s Xem Am¡a {Xem AmOH$b {dkmnZm|na {Z ©a h¡ & _r{S>`m {deofk am_eaU Omoer Ho$ _wVm{~H$ AmO 60 go 70 à{VeV Ho$ ~rM{dkmnZm| H$mo AI~ma _| ñWmZ {_bm h¡ & {dkmnZ _hm_mar Ho$ H$maU g_mMma H$m ApñVËdbw§O-nw§O {XImB© XoVm h¡ & {dkmnZm| Ho$ X~md Ho$ H$maU g_mMmam| H$m g§dmXZ Ad¡km{ZH$ T§>J go{H$`m OmVm h¡ & ñWmZ H$s V§Jr Ho$ H$maU g§nmXH$ H$s nhbr H¢$Mr I~a na MbVr h¡ & I~a Ho$A§J H$mo H$ht go H$mQ>H$a aÔr H$s Q>moH$ar _| \|$H$ {X`m OmVm h¡ & H$^r H$^r g_mMma H$m Amoa-N>moa {XImB© Zht nS>Vm d g§nmXZ H$s Ñ{ï> go {~Iam-{~Iam {XImB© XoVm h¡ & H$B© g_mMmam| _|BÝQ>mo VH$ Jm`~ ahVm h¡ & Bg_| I~a H$s gm¢X`©Vm Zï> hmo OmVr h¡ &

{dkmnZm| H$s _mam-_mar Ho$ H$maU I~am| Ho$ ~rM _| {dkmnZm| H$mo Rw§>gZo H$s àd¥Îmr ^rCâr h¡ & I~a Ho$ {H$gr {hñgo na {dkmnZ Mñnm H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ & XoIZo _| `h ^r Am`m h¡{H$ {dkmnZm| H$mo I~ao Ho$ T§>J go àH$m{eV H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ & nmR>H$ H$mo `h nVm hr Zht MbnmVm {H$ H$m¡Z gr I~a àm`mo{OV h¡ Am¡a H$m¡Z gr OoZwBZ ?

Eogm Zht {H$ h g~ Ho$db qàQ> _r{S>`m _| hr Mb ahm h¡, BboH$Q>m{ZH$ _r{S>`m r nrNo>Zht & dhm± ^r {dkmnZm| H$m hr amO h¡ & 60…40 H$s ~mV dhm± ~o_mZr h¡ & {H$gr ^r M¡Zb naMbZodmbo {H$gr AmYo K§Qo> Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ H$mo Ü`mZ go XoIZo na nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ Cg_| 15 {_ZQ>{dkmnZ Adí` ahVm h¡ mZr dhm± _m_bm {\$âQ>r - {\$âQ>r H$m h¡ & Ý`yO, ì`yO, n¡Zb {S>ñH$eZ,{\$ë_, AZ{b{gg, gr[a`b, JrV g§JrV na AmmYm[aV H$moB© H$m`©H«$_, AÝË`mjar, B§{S>`ZAm`S>b, gmaoJ_n JrV g§JrV na AmYmarV haoH$ _| ~«oH$ Ho$ Zm_ na {dkmnZ namogm OmVm h¡ &{d~Zm {dkmnZ Ho$ hm± r H$moB© H$m`©H«$_ g§ d hr Zht & A~ Vmo {dkmnZXmVm hr H$m`©H«$_m| H$moàm`mo{OV H$aVm h¡ & Xmo df© nhbo {dkmnZ na à{Vdf© 15 Ia~ S>m°ba IM© {H$ò OmVo µWo & maVHo$ g§X © _| 1953 _| 7 H$amoS> énE, 1980 _| 176 H$amo‹S> énE, 1983 _| 233 H$amo‹S> énE,1984 _| 403 H$amo‹S> énE, 1985 _| 500 H$amo‹S> énE {dkmnZ na IM© hþE & y_§S>brH$aU Ho$~mX 2001 _| {dkmnZ na 8500 H$amo‹S> énE IM© {H$ò Jò & mZr {dkmnZ H$m _hËd gmb Xagmb ~‹T>Vm J`m h¡ &



¡qÂàã Zàªàâm kàÝâj¥ ñ¡) áÊQý ÐnàÂààçÞ §ýL qåâmê §ýLâk¥ ñ1) âwÖààqÂà ¥§ý ........... ÎàÆÀ Ñè ñ2) âwÖààqÂà ràÊ - ràÊ âÀhàÂàç yç .............. §çý qÊ ¢y§ýà ¡yÊ q»þmà Ñè ñ3) qPàuß ysã ÀèâÂà§ý ytàjàÊ qØààçÞ tçÞ âwÖààqÂà Zà§ýàâÎàm §ýÊàuç kàmç Ñè ñ4) âwÖààqÂà §ýà £öçÎu ......... §ýç .............. ¥wÞ ........... §ýàç Zàsàâwm §ýÊmà Ñè ñ5) qØà - qâØà§ýà¡àçÞ §çý ràÀ ÂàÞrÊ ¡àÑà Ñè ........... ¡àèÊ ............ §ýà ñr) ¥§ý wà§u tçÞ £ÙàÊ âvâh¥ ñ1) âwÖààqÂààçÞ §ýà â»þkà¢Âà ¡àèÊ uàçkÂàà §èýyã ÑàçÂàã jàâÑ¥ ?2) â§ýy Zà§ýàÊ §çý âwÖààqÂààçÞ §ýàç ¡Âàätâm ÂàÑãA ÀçÂàã jàâÑ¥ ?3) âwÖààqÂà â§ýÂà§çý âwÚ÷ ÂàÑãA ÑàçÂàç jàâÑ¥ ?4) §ýàèÂà yç âwÖààqÂà Ðwã§ýàuê ÂàÑãA Ñàçmç ?5) âwÖààqÂààçÞ tçÞ â§ýy Zà§ýàÊ §ýL kàÂà§ýàÊã §ýL ¡àwÎu§ýmà Ñàçmã Ñè ï?

3.8.1. {deof g§dmXXmVm Ed§ g§dmX boIZn¥ð> y{_

nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| gdm}Îm_ Am¡a gdm©{YH$ é{MH$a H$m`© {deof g§dmXXmVm H$m h¡H$`m|{H$ dh Xygam| Ho$ ì`` na OrdZ Ho$ {d{^Þ ê$nm| H$mo XoIVm h¡ Omo ~hþV H$m_ H$m hmoVm h¡,H$`m|{H$ h EH$ {deof joÌ _| H$m`© H$aVm h¡ & dh X¡{ZH$ H$m`m] Am¡a gwÑT> hmoVr h¡, H$`m|{H$ dhEH$ {deof joÌ _| H$m`© H$aVm h¡ & dh X¡{ZH$ H$m`m] go ñdV§Ì hmoVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$m n[al{_H$gm_Ý`V… AmH$f©H$ hmoVm h¡ & dh AnZo H$m`© joÌ _| {~Zm {H$gr ~§YZ Ho$ H$m`© H$aVm h¡, CgHo$D$na g_mMma g§nmXH$ VWm g§nmXH$ H$s Amoa go H$moB© A§Hw$e Zht hmoVm & o AZoH$ ~mV| go {deofñWmZ Am¡a _hËdnyU© pñW{V H$m dmVmdaU àXmZ H$amVr h¡ &{deof g§dmXXmVm … _hËd Ed§ {deofVmE± …

bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ emgZ àUmbr dmbo Xoem| _| {deof g§dmXXmVm H$m hmoZm An[ahm`© h¡, BgHo$Xmo à_wI H$maU h¡ …

nhbm, {H$gr r bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo Z Ho$db g^r VÏ` OmZZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡ ~pëH$CZ g^r Ñ{ï>H$moUm| H$mo OmZZo H$m ^r A{YH$ma hmoVm h¡ {OZgo {d{^Þ VÏ`m| H$mo XoIm OmVm h¡Am¡a gmW hr gmW Z VÏ`m| Ho$ Omo {d{^Þ {Zd©MZ {H$E OmVo h¢ CZH$mo ^r OmZZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡& _mÌ H$moao Am¡a {ZûH$ VÏ`m| go H$m_ Zht MbVm & _mÌ VÏ`m| Ho$ gmW CZH$s dmñV{dH$n¥ð> y{_ Am¡a {Zd©MZ Z {XE OmZo H$s pñW{V nmR>H$m| H$mo «_ _| S>mb gH$Vr h¡ & bmoJm| H$mo BZ~mVm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm Bg{bE hmoVr h¡ {H$ bmoH$V§Ì {Z_m©Vm hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo do BZ VÏ`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_go gwÑT> {ZîH$f© {ZH$mb gH|$ Am¡a Cgr AmYma na AnZr J{V{d{Y`m| H$s {deof ê$naoIm V¡ maH$a gH|$&

Xygam, AmOH$b gd©Ì g_ñ`mE± O{Q>b Am¡a Xwê$h hmo JB© h¡ & AZoH$ {df` Eogo hmoVo h¢Omo Am_Vmoa na Vmo gab {XImB© XoVo h¢ bo{H$Z CZ_| Jham oX AÝV{Z©{hV hmoVm h¡ CZHo$ {bE{deof g§dmXXmVm H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Omo VÏ`m| Ho$ oX H$m Iwbmgm H$a gHo$ & {deofg§dmXXmVm EH$ ImZ _OXya H$s ^m±{V hmoVm h¡ & {Og àH$ma ImZ _| H$m`© H$aZo dmbm dì`{º$

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ImZ Ho$ A§Xa Nw>nr hþB© YmVw H$mo ImoX-ImoXH$a {ZH$mbVm h¡ R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma {deof g§dmXXmVm{df`JV VÏ` _| Nw>no hþE ahñ` H$mo AnZo {dMmam| Am¡a ~w{Õ_Îmm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Am_ OZVm Ho$gm_Zo aIVm h¡ Am¡a bmoJm| H$mo ~VmVm h¡ {H$ H$`m hþAm VWm H$`m hmoZo H$s g§ mdZm h¡ & dh AmZodmbo H$b Ho$ g_mMmam| H$s ^{dî`dmUr AmO hr H$a gH$Vm h¡ & _hmZ nÌH$ma S>m°. H¥$îUnmblrYamZr Zo {deof g§dmXXmVm H$s {deofVmAm| H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ {H$,dh EH$ g§Ho$V ^rhmoVm h¡ Am¡a gVH©$ H$aZo dmbm ^r hmoVm h¡ & {deof g§dmXXmVm g_mMma g{_{V`m| H$s hr ^m±{VKQ>ZmAm| H$s gyMZm XoVm h¡ {H$ÝVw CgH$s AnZr {deof àd¥{Îm AbJ go hmoVr h¡ & dh g_mMmam|H$m nyd}jU ^r H$a gH$Vm h¡ &

{d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ VÏ`m| VWm Am±H$‹S>m| H$mo EH$Ì H$aZo Ho$ níMmV {deof g§dmXXmVm H$mH$m`© àmaå^ hmoVm h¡ & dh g_` Am¡a n[apñW{V`m| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a Cg g_` H$s Am{W©H$,amOZ¡{VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ pñW{V`m| VWm KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| nmR>H$m| H$mo AdJV H$amVm h¡ &{díd Ho$ {H$gr ^r ^mJ _| Omo Hw$N> ^r KQ> ahm hmo CgH$s à{V{H«$`m {díd Ho$ AÝ` ^mJm| _| ^rhmoVr h¡ Am¡a Cggo àË`j VWm AàË`j ê$n go g_ñV {díd Ho$ bmoJm| H$m OrdZ à^m{dV hmoVmh¡ & AV… Bg pñW{V Ho$ g§X © _| g_mMma H$m {Zdm©MZ Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡ & EH$ A_o[aH$s g§nmXH$Zo R>rH$ hr H$hm h¡ {H$,O~ {díd g_mMma ñWmZr` g_mMma ~Z ahm hmo Vmo Eogm H$aZm {deof ê$ngo _hËdnyU© hmoVm h¡ & O~ VH$ h_ Bg VÏ` H$mo Z g_P b| V~ VH$ `h g_Pm OmEJm {H$ h_

yVH$mb Ho$ ñdßZ bmoH$ _| ahVo h¢ &dV©_mZ `wJ H$s n[apñW{V`m| _| H$moB© {deof g§dmXXmVm {Zdm©MZ Am¡a {díbofU Ho$

_mÜ`_ go hr AnZm {deof ñWmZ ~Zm gH$Vm h¡ & dV©_mZ _| EH$m§{VH$ g_mMmam| H$m H$moB© _hËdZht h¡ & AmO nyar Xw{Z`m _| gyMZm Am¡a OZgånH©$ A{YH$m[a`m| H$s a_ma h¡ & {deof g§dmXXmVmAm|H$mo ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$n go AbJ AbJ Am¡a g§~Õ _Xm| Ho$ AW© Am¡a _hËd H$m nVm bJmZm hmoVmh¡ VWm CÝh| amï>r` _Z…pñWVr Ho$ eãX {MÌ Ho$ A{^Þ a§J Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV H$aZm hmoVm h¡ &

{deof g§dmXXmVmAm| H$mo {Zdm©MZ Am¡a {díbofU H$s {deof ñdV§ÌVm hmoVr h¡ & g§nmXH$m|H$s Amoa go CÝh| gm_mÝ` g§dmXXmVmAm| Am¡a g_mMma g§J«mhH$m| go A{YH$ ñdV§ÌVm àXmZ H$sOmVr h¡ & {deof g§dmXXmVm KQ>ZmAm| H$s N>mZ~rZ H$aHo$ Am¡a {d{^Þ {df`m| na àboI V¡ maH$aHo$ g§nmXH$ VWm AJ«boI boIH$m| H$mo ghm`Vm nhþ±MmVm h¡ & g§nmXH$ AnZm g§nmXH$s` boI{bIZo Ho$ {bE {deof g§dmXXmVm H$mo CgH$s n¥ð> y{_ VWm àboI H$s gm_J«r V¡ ma H$aZo H$mg§Ho$V XoVm h¡ &

{deof g§dmXXmVm AnZo g_mMma nÌ Am¡a CgHo$ g§nmXH$ Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd go à^m{dV hmoVmh¡, bo{H$Z dh AnZo ì`{º$Ëd go g_mMma nÌ H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡ & Bg {df` _| {deofg§dmXXmVm Am¡a ñV§ boIH$ H$s pñW{V bJ^J EH$ g_mZ hmoVr h¡ & Hw$N> _m_bm| _| {deofg§dmXXmVm Am¡a ñV§ boIH$ _| AË`{YH$ A§Va nm`m OmVm h¡, {OgH$m g§{já {ddoMZ {ZåZàH$ma h¡ …

1. {deof g§dmXXmVm H$mo {Zdm©MZ VWm {díbofU Ho$ joÌ _| ~hþV ñdV§ÌVm Vmo hmoVr h¡bo{H$Z CgH$mo AnZo g_mMma nÌm| H$s Zr{V Ho$ AZwgma H$m`© H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & dh AnZr gr_mAm|H$m C„§KZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì Zht h¡ & BgHo$ {dnarV ñV§ boIH$ H$s pñW{V EH$ AmµOmX njrH$s ^m±{V hmoVr h¡ & dh AnZm Ñ{ï>H$moU A{^ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì hmoVm h¡ & Cgo g_mMmanÌ H$s Zr{V Ho$ {dnarV ^r AnZm boI àH$m{eV H$aZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm hmoVr h¡ &



2. ñV§ boIH$ Ho$ boI {d{^Þ Zr{V`m| dmbo AZoH$ g_mMma-nÌ _| àH$m{eV hmoVo h¢ &Cgo {dMmam| H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aZo H$s nyU© ñdV§ÌVm hmoVr h¡ & BgHo$ {dnarV {deof g§dmXXmVm H$moAnZo g_mMma nÌ Ûmam {ZYm©[aV gr_mAm| Ho$ A§VJ©V H$m`© H$aZo H$s AZw_{V àmá hmoVr h¡ & dhAnZo Ñ{ï>H$moU A{^ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {ZYm©[aV gr_mAm| H$m C„§KZ Zht H$a gH$Vm &

3.8.2. {deof g§dmXXmVm H$s H${R>ZmB`m± …_w»` ê$n go {deof g§dmXXmVm H$mo AnZo H$V©ì` H$m {Zdm©h H$aVo g_` Xmo AË`ÝV

_hËdnyU© H${R>ZmB`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & CgH$s àW_ H${R>ZmB© Vmo JmonZr`Vm H$sOmZH$mar Ho$ g§~§Y _| hmoVr h¡ {OÝh| àm{YH$mar dJ© XoZm Zht MmhVo, VWm Xygar H${R>ZmB© h {H$,Omo OmZH$mar àm{YH$mar XoVo h¢ CgHo$ {bE àm`… dh H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ dh àH$meZ Ho$ {bE Zhth¡ >&

Xoe H$s gwajm Am¡a à{Vajm Ho$ g§~§Y _| Hw$N> joÌ Eogo h¢ {OZHo$ g§~§Y _| gmd©O{ZH$OmZH$mar gd©Wm {Z{fÕ hmoVr h¡ & JmonZr`Vm Ho$ joÌm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| `h ~mV gX¡d ñdrH$ma H$sOmZr Amdí`H$ h¡. àH$meZ H$s ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a Xoe H$s gwajm Ho$ ~rM Am§V[aH$ Û§Û H$m joÌnÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| H«$m§{VH$ hmoVm h¡ & {H$gr ^r nÌH$ma H$mo Eogm g_mMma àH$m{eV Zht H$aZmMm{hE {Oggo eÌw nj H$mo ghm`Vm {_bVr hmo & nÌH$ma H$mo Eogm g§dmX {Z`§ÌU r ngÝX ZhtH$aZm Mm{hE {Oggo g_mMma nÌ H$s ñdV§ÌVm na AmKmV nhþ±MVm hmo & Ú{n A{YH$m§e ì`{º$Bg {gÕm§V H$mo ñdoÀN>mnyd©H$ ñdrH$ma H$a|Jo A{nVw {Og ar{V go Cgo H$m`m©pÝdV {H$`m OmVm h¡Cggo g§Kf© H$s pñW{V CËnÞ hmo gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a H$moB© ^r nÌH$ma g§Kf© go _w±h Zht _moS>Vm &_w»`V`m gwajm H$m A{YH$m§e joÌ OZ gmYmaU H$s OmZH$mar go nao hmoVm h¡ {H$ÝVw H$^r H$^rH$moB© KQ>Zm à{Vajm {d^mJ Ho$ OZg§nH©$ A{YH$mar Ûmam ~Vm Xr OmVr h¡ & {H$gr r amï> m Xoe_| H$B© Eogo g§doXZerb joÌ hmoVo h¢ {OZH$s gmd©O{ZH$ Om±M - n‹S>Vmb Zht H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ &g§nmXH$ dJ© Bgo ng§X H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Cgo gm_mÝ`ê$n go ñdrH$ma H$a boVo h¢, {H$ÝVw g§nmXH$ Bg~mV H$mo ^r XmohamVo h¢ {H$ ahñ`_` JwáVm Zht aIr Om gH$Vr h¡ & AZoH$ {díd {d»`mVg§nmXH$m| Zo H$hm h¡ {H$,emgZ {OVZr JmonZr`Vm aIVm h¡ CgH$s ñdV§ÌVm CVZr hr H$_ hmoVrOmVr h¡ & emgZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| OZVm H$s OmZH$mar H$_ H$aZm emgZ _| OZVm Ho$ gh`moJ H$mo H$_H$aZm h¡ & JmonZr`Vm Ho$ n[aUm_ H$_ Zht hmoVo H$`m|{H$ JwáVm Ho$ H$maU A{YH$ hmoVo h¢ &JmonZr`Vm Ho$ H$maU AÀNo> hmo `m ~wao bo{H$Z Xwîn[aUm_ EH$ O¡go hmoVo h¢ &

amï> H$s gwajm VWm à{Vajm go g§~§{YV H${Vn` joÌm| H$s JmonZr`Vm ~ZmE aIZm EH$AbJ {df` h¡, {H$ÝVw {Og ~mV H$s OmZH$mar gmYmaU OZVm H$mo hmoZr Mm{hE, Cg na r nXm©S>mbH$a bmoJm| H$mo Jw_amh H$aZm ñdV§ÌVm H$m hZZ Am¡a AnhaU H$aZo Ho$ g_mZ h¡ & g§dmXXmVmAm|Ho$ AZw d Am¡a VOw~} Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Bg ~mV H$m nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ Hw$N> àm{YH$ma`wº$ ì`{º$ hg_PVo h¢ {H$ Omo g_mMma do Xo gH$Vo h¢ dh CZH$s {ZOr g§n{Îm h¡ VWm do `h Zht MmhVo {H$AÝ` bmoJ ^r Cgo OmZ gH|$ & BgH$m à_wI H$maU `h hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ `m Vmo do ñdmWu hmoVo h¢`m bmoH$V§ÌmË_H$ ì`dñWm _| nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _hËd H$m _wë`m§H$Z Zht H$a nmVo h¢ & CZH$s BgH$_r H$mo Xya H$aZo H$m à^mdembr Cnm` `h h¡ {H$ g_ñV àm{YH$ma`wº$ A{YH$m[a`m| H$moOZg§nH©$ H$m à{ejU {X`m OmZm Mm{hE & Bg _mÜ`_ go OZVm H$mo Cg dñVw H$s àm{á hmogH$Vr h¡ Omo CZH$s AnZr hmoVr h¡ &

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{deof g§dmXXmVmAm| Ho$ gm_Zo Xygar H${R>ZmB© h hmoVr h¡ {H$ àm{YH$ma`wº$ A{YH$mar goCÝh| g_mMma Vmo àmá hmo OmVm h¡ bo{H$Z CgHo$ gmW hr gmW h r gwZZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ {H$ Cº$g_mMma H$mo àH$m{eV Z {H$`m OmE & g§dmXXmVm H$mo g_mMma àmá H$aZo H$s mo½`Vm AZoH$ ~mVm|na {Z ©a H$aVr h¡, CZ `mo½`VmAm| _| go {deof `mo½`Vm `h h¡ {H$ Cg_| AnZo à{V Xygam| _|{dídmg OmJ¥V H$aZo H$s mo½`Vm hmoZr Mm{hE & {dídmg OmJ¥V H$aZo Ho$ níMmV dh g_mMma àmáH$aZo _| g\$b Vmo hmo OmVm h¡, bo{H$Z Cg g_mMma H$m àH$m{eV H$aZo Ho$ {bE `m Vmo {deofgmdYmZr ~aVZr n‹S>Vr h¡ m dh Cgo àH$m{eV Zht H$a gH$Vm & dh Cgo V~ ^r àH$m{eV ZhtH$a gH$Vm {X dh g_mMma Cgo {H$gr AÝ` ómoVm| go ñdV§Ì Ûýq go àmá hþAm hmo, H$`m|{H$ EogrpñW{V _| g§dmXXmVm na g§Xoh {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Cg na {dídmg §J H$aZo H$m Amamon ^rbJm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ &

A{YH$m§eV… h nm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ {OZ g_mMmam| H$mo Jwá H$hm OmVm h¡ CÝh| AZoH$ bmoJOmZ MwHo$ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a {deof g§dmXXmVm H$mo Bg IVao Ho$ à{V gMoV ahZm Amdí`H$ h¡ & CƒnXm| na AmgrZ hpñV`m| VWm A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ gmW CgH$m Omo g§nH©$ hmoVm h¡ CgH$m Cn`moJ CgoAË`{YH$ gmdYmZrnyd©H$ H$aZm Mm{hE VWm ybH$a ^r CgH$m àMma Zht H$aZm Mm{hE & dhOmo ^r gyMZm VWm gm_J«r EH${ÌV H$aVm h¡ CgH$m Cgo AÜ``Z Am¡a AZwg§YmZ H$aZo Ho$ ~mXEH$ gwg§JV g_mMma H$m ê$n XoH$a g_mMma nÌm| _| àH$m{eV H$aZm Mm{hE Am¡a g^r àH$ma Ho$IVam| go ~MVo hþE AnZr {Zð>m ~ZmE aIZr Mm{hE &

{deof g§dmXXmVm H$m H$m`© AË`{YH$ H${R>Z h¡ & Cgo AnZo g_mMmam| H$mo EH$ g§hV {MÌHo$ g§~Õ A§em| Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & gmW hr gmW Bg ~mV na ^r Ü`mZ XoZm hmoVmh¡ {H$ CgH$m g_mMma {~ëHw$b gmYmaU gm OmZ n‹So> Am¡a Xygam| Ûmam CgHo$ {bE ImoXo JE J–m|_| Z Om {Jao & `{X dh Bg H$m`© _| g\$bVm àmá H$a boVm h¡, Vmo dh Z Ho$db g_H$mbrZB{Vhmg H$m hr {ZU© H$aoJm ~pëH$ Omo Hw$N> ^r {bIoJm dh EH$X_ gm{hË` Ho$ g_mZ bJoJm &

3.8.3. {deof g§dmX boIZCÞV Am¡a {dH$mgerb Xoem| _| {deofrH¥$V g§dmX boIZ H$m H$m`© AnZr Ma_ gr_m na

h¡ & ^maV _| ^r {deofrH¥$V g§dmX boIZ H$m {dH$mg hmo MwH$m h¡ & AmYw{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s `wJ H$s~‹T>Vr hþB© O{Q>bVmAm| Ho$ gmW hr gmW {deofrH¥$V g§dmX boIZ H$m _hËd ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡ &nÌH$m[aVm AmO AZoH$ boIH$m| VWm {deofkm| H$mo OÝ_ Xo MwH$s h¡ {Oggo Bg joÌ _| bJmVma{dH$mg hmo ahm h¡ & _w»` ê$n go g_mMma nÌm| _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ gm_m{OH$ J{V{d{Y`m|, amOZ¡{VH$J{V{d{Y`m|, dm{UpÁ`H$-ì`mn[aH$ J{V{d{Y`m|, IobHy$X, _Zmoa§OZ, _{hbm OJV, {dkmZ,{ejm, _Zmo{dZmoX, g_mO H$ë`mU, {M{H$Ëgm VWm ñdmñÏ` g§~§Yr {df`m| H$mo gpå_{bV {H$`mOmVm h¡ & BZHo$ A{V[aº$ Am¡a ^r AZoH$ joÌ h¢ {OZHo$ à{V bmoJm| H$s ê${M ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡ &Bg{bE Am_ OZVm H$s Amdí`H$Vm Am¡a é{M`m| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE g_mMma nÌ AZoH$ {df`m| Ho$~mao _| {bIVo h¢ &

àËòH$ g_mMma nÌ Ho$ {bE `h g§ d Zht h¡ {H$ do g^r àH$ma Ho$ {deofrH¥$V g§dmXboIZ H$s ì`dñWm EH$ gmW H$a gH|$ & Bg H$m`© Ho$ {bE do {df`H$m| H$m M`Z H$aVo h¢ Am¡aàmW{_H$Vm Ho$ AmYma na {deofrH¥$V g§dmXXmVmAm| H$s ghm`Vm go AnZo à{V{XZ VWm Omo ^rg_mMma nÌ H$s àH$m{eV hmoZo H$s Ad{Y hmo, Ho$ g§ñH$aUm| _| {deofrH¥$V g§dmX àH$m{eV H$aVo



h¢ & ImgVm¡a na g_mMma nÌ Ho$ e{Zdma Am¡a a{ddma Ho$ g§ñH$aU AË`{YH$ _hËdnyU© hmoVo h¢H$`m|{H$ BZ g§ñH$aUm| _| nmR>H$m| Ho$ {bE AZoH$ àH$ma H$s nR>Zr` VWm OmZH$mar`wº$ gm_J«ràH$m{eV H$s OmVr h¡ &

Iob-Hy$X g§dmXXmVm {H«$Ho$Q>, hm°H$s, \w$Q>~m°b, dmbr~m°b, Q¡>{Zg, ~¡S>q_Q>Z, Jmoë\$~mñHo$Q> ~m°b, V¡amH$s Am{X Iobm| go g§~§{YV g§dmX boIZ H$aVm h¡ & Hw$N> g_mmMma nÌm| _| VmoIob g§dmXXmVmAm| H$m {deof Xb hmoVm h¡ & AmOH$b IobHy$X Ho$ à{V bmoJm| H$mo ê${M Am¡a{Okmgm {XZ à{V{XZ ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡ & Bg{bE A§J«oOr VWm maVr` ^mfmAm| _| àH$m{eV hmoZodmbo A{YH$m§e g_mMma nÌ IobHy$X Ho$ g_mMmam| H$mo à_wIVm XoVo h¢ & AZoH$ g_mMma nÌm| _|EH$ nyam n¥ð> `m Bggo ^r A{YH$ ^mJ H$m Cn`moJ Iob g_mMmam| H$mo àH$m{eV H$aZo Ho$ {bE{H$`m OmVm h¡ & ò g§dmX g_mMma g{_{V`m| Ho$ A{V[aº$ CZHo$ AnZo {deofrH¥$V g§dmXXmVmAm|H$s ghm`Vm go àH$m{eV {H$E OmVo h¢ & Bg joÌ _| {deof OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE g§dmXXmVmAm| Am¡ag_mMma g{_{V`m| Ho$ A{V[aº$ ñdV§Ì ê$n go {bIZodmbo ì`{º$`m| H$s godmAm| H$s ^r ghm`Vmbr OmVr h¡ Omo Bg joÌ Ho$ g§~§Y _| {deof ê${M aIVo h¢ Am¡a AZoH$ Am±H$‹S>m| VWm VÏ`m| H$sOmZH$mar AnZo nmR>H$m| VH$ nhw±MmVo h¢ &

dm{UÁ` ^r EH$ Eogm hr joÌ h¢ {Og_| nmR>H$m| H$s {deof ê${M ahVr h¡ & g_mMma nÌm|_| ì`mnma VWm dm{UÁ` Ho$ g_mMma, ~mOma md VWm dñVwAm| H$s AmdH$ Am{X g§~§Yr g_mMmaàH$m{eV hmoVo h¢ & ^maV _| _w»` ê$n go BH$moZmo{_H$ Q>mBåg VWm \$mBZopÝe`b EH$gàog Eogog_mMma nÌ h¢ Omo nyU© ê$n go {dÎmr`, Am¡Úmo{JH$ VWm Am{W©H$ nÌH$m[aVm go g§~§{YV h¢ &{dÎmr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ VWm dm{UpÁ`H$ nÌH$mam| H$m H$m`© joÌ VoOr go ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡ &

g_mMma nÌm| _| Mb{MÌ g_rjH$ VWm g_mbmoMH$ ^r hmoVo h¢ & nmR>H$ Mb{MÌ g§~§Yrg_mMmam| _| ^r {deof ê${M aIVo h¢, {deofH$a AmO H$m `wdm nwéf VWm _{hbm dJ© & g_`-g_` na g_mMma-nÌm| _| eha _| àX{e©V hmoZo dmbr {\$ë_m| H$s OmZH$mar VWm g_rjm àH$m{eVH$s OmVr h¡ & `Ú{n ^maV _| Mb{MÌm| go g§~§{YV AbJ go H$moB© X¡{ZH$ g_mMma nÌ Zht h¡,bo{H$Z gm_mÝ` X¡{ZH$ g_mMma-nÌm| _| {\$ë_m| Ho$ g_mMma Adí` àH$m{eV hmoVo h¡ & O~ h_{\$ë_-n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢, Vmo h_mao Xoe _| CZH$m A^md Zht h¡ & h_mao Xoe _| AZoH${\$ë_r n{ÌH$mE± n«H$m{eV hmoVr h¢ {OZ_| Bg joÌ _| é{M aIZodmbo nmR>H$m| Ho$ {bE anya gm_J«rCnbãY hmoVr h¡ & Bg àH$ma H$s n{ÌH$mAm| H$s {~H«$r ^r ^mar g§»`m _| hmoVr h¡ &

{d{Y g§~§Yr g§dmX boIZ AnZo Amn _| EH$ AZmoIm H$m`© h¡ & BgHo$ {bE g§dmXXmVmAm|H$mo Ý`m`mb`m| H$s H$m`© àUmbr, à{H«$`mAm| VWm {d{Y Ed§ {dYmZ H$m ì`mdhm[aH$ kmZ hmoZmAmdí`H$ h¡ & ^maV _| {d{Y g§~§Yr g§dmX boIZ Ho$ joÌ _| amOmAm| H$m {àdrng©, ~¢H$m| H$mamï>r`H$aU, yVnwd© amï>n{V lr. dr. dr. {Jar Am¡a _w»`_§Ìr lr í`m_mMaU ewH$b Ho$ {déÕ{Zdm©MZ `m{MH$mE± Am{X {df` amï>r` é{M Ho$ {df` ah MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a CZH$m g§dmX boIZ ^rEH$ {deofrH¥$V H$m © Ho$ ê$n _| OmZm OmVm h¡ & h g§nyU© H$m © Hw$eb Am¡a ~w{ÕOrdr g§dmXXmVmAm|H$s H$m`©Hw$ebVm H$m n[aUm_ h¡ & BZ amï>r` àíZm| Ho$ A{V[aº$ gZgZrIoO hË`m, AmV§H$dmX,Am§V[aH$ {dÐmoh Am¡a AnhaU O¡go AZoH$ ñWmZr` _m_bm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar aIZo _| r bmoJm|H$s ~hþV é{M hmoVr h¡ & bmoJm| H$s A{^é{M Ho$ AZwê$n h_mao Xoe _| àH$m{eV hmoZo dmbo AZoH$à_wI X¡{ZH$ g_mMmanÌ ânya gm_J«B© nmR>H$m| Ho$ gå_wI àñVwV H$aVo h¢ &

{deofrH¥$V g§dmXXmVm grYo H$m°boOm| VWm {díd{dÚmb`m| go AmE hþE ì`{º$ Zht hmoVo,

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CÝh| g_mMma nÌ Ho$ H$m`m©b`m| Am¡a ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWmZm| _| AmYma yV à{ejU àmá H$aZmn‹S>Vm h¡ & dV©_mZ nÌH$m[aVm H$m {deofrH$aU hmo MwH$m h¡ & Bg{bE h H$hZm H$moB© A{Ve`moº$sZht h¡ {H$ ^{dî` nyU© ê$n go {deofkm| H$m Z hmo {H$ÝVw H$moB© ^r ~w{Õ_mZ g§nmXH$ CZH$s CnojmZht H$aoJm &

{ZîH$f©A§V _| `hr {ZîH$f© {ZH$bVm h¡ {H$ {deof g§dmXXmVmAm| H$s ~hþV Amdí`H$Vm h¡ &

{deof ê$n go Bg A{^àm` go O¡gm {H$ EH$ g§nmXH$ Ûmam H$hm J`m h¡ {H$, h_mar g_mMma H$sì`m»`m AmYw{ZH$V_ Zht h¡, h_ KQ>ZmAm| H$m dU©Z H$aZo _| gj_ Am¡a AÀNo> h¢, h_ g§dmX H$monhMmZVo h¢, h_ àg§Jm| go AmH${f©V hmoVo h¢, na§Vw CZ ~mVm| go Zht {OZgo KQ>ZmE± m àg§J CËnÞhmoVo h¢ & H$hm± H$`m {IM‹S>r nH$ ahr h¡, BgH$mo Tw±>T>Zm EH$ {deof g§dmXXmVm H$m H$V©ì` Am¡a{deofVm h¡ &

£ÙàÊtàvà3.3 ¡) 1-5, 2) 2 - 4,3) 3 - 1 4) 4 - 3 5) 5 - 3

r) 1) ywàFqáÊ 2) tÞØàãtÞ»þv - Îàày§ý3) m§ýÂàã§ý, §ýàuàêÂwuÂà , âÂàoàêÊ½à 4) ¥kçOÂyuàçÞ, jàÊ, Zàçy¹çþâvªàíàt

3.8. ¡) áÊQý ÐnàÂààçÞ §ýL qåâmê §ýLâk¥ ñ1) uàçâªà§ý 2) £qsàçQýà, âÀvàç-âÀtàªà3) wªàJ§æým 4) £qsàçQýà, §íýuâwjàÊ, sàçªà5) qàçÐ¹þÊàçÞ ¡àèÊ Ñàçâ»ëþªààçr) ¥§ý wà§u tçÞ £ÙàÊ âvâh¥ ñ1) ÀçÎà §çý §ýàÂàåÂàã ZààwoàÂà §çý ¡Âàä§åýv2) âky âwÖààqÂà yç â§ýyã§ýL ¡wtàÂàÂàà uà ¡ÂààÀÊ Ñàç3) ÀçÎà §ýL oàâtê§ý tàÂumà¥Ý, §ýàÂàåÂà ¡àèÊ Âàèâm§ýmà §çý âwÊàço tçÞ Âà Ñàç ñ4) otê ¡àèÊ ÊàkÂàãâm yç yÞrÞâom5) Zààtàâ½à§ý ¡àèÊ m¿uà¾t§ý kàÂà§ýàÊã




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AÜ`m` 4

qØà§ýàáÊmà §çý ¡Âu ÕàçØà

4.1.CÔoí`4.2. \$sMa (ê$nH$) boIZ4.3 gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ4.4 |Q> dmVm© boIZ4.5.{dkmnZ4.6 g_mamon

4.1. CÔoí` …Bg nmR> H$mo n‹T>H$a N>mÌ,nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ AÝ` joÌm| H$m n[aM` ~Vm gH|$Jo &\$sMa (ê$nH$) boIZ Ho$ g§X © _| {deX ê$n go OmZH$mar Xo gH|$Jo &gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ Ed§ |Q> dmVm© Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnï> H$a gH|$Jo &{dkmnZ joÌ H$s OmZH$mar ñnï> H$a gH|$Jo &

^y{_H$mg_mMma nÌm| Ho$ à{Vê$n {XZ - à{V{XZ ~XbVo Om aho h¢ & h n[adV©Z ~rgdt eVmãXr

H$s àJ{V Ho$ gmW gmW hþAm & nhbo nhbo g§nmXH$m| Ûmam g_mMma gm_J«r H$mo àm`… {ZåZ VrZlo{U`m| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm Wm &

1. grYo g_mMma2. ê$nH$ (\$sMa), VWm3. Zr{V g§~§Yr gm_J«rdV©_mZ g_` _| BZ VrZm| lo{U`m| H$m {db` Ho$db EH$ loUr Ho$ ê$n _| hmo MwH$m h¡ & H$moB©

^r {deof d àYmZ boI Omo {H$gr g_mMma nÌ n{ÌH$m _| {H$gr ^r àH$aU g§~§Yr {df` naàH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ Cgo \$sMa (ê$nH$) `m àYmZ boI H$hVo h¢ & \$sMa V¡ ma H$aZo H$s {deofVm^maVr` g_mMma nÌm| _| ~hþV H$_ nmB© OmVr h¡ & AZoH$ {deofVmE± Eogr hmoVr h¢ Omo \$sMa VWmboI XmoZm| Ho$ {Z_m©U _| g_mZ ê$n go nmB© OmVr h¢ & XmoZm| Ho$ {bIZo Ho$ T§>J Eogo hmoVo h¢ {OZ_|g_mMmam| H$m g_mdoe Zht hmoVm & XmoZm| hr Eogo JwUm| go n[anyU© hmoVo h¢ Omo EH$ AÀNo> JÚ gm{hË`Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡ & àm`… EH$ boI \$sMa H$m ê$n J«hU H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a EH$ \$sMa _| boIHo$ bjU {dÚ_mZ hmoVo h¢ & \$sMa VWm boI Ho$ ~rM A§Va ñnï> H$aZm g§ d Zht hmoVm h¡ & XmoZm|



hr H$bmE± EH$-Xygao Ho$ joÌ _| A{VH«$_U H$aVr h¢ & g§jon _| \$sMa _| {H$gr KQ>Zm, ì`{º$,dñVw m ñWmZ Ho$ ~mao _| {bIm OmZo dmbm {d{eï> AmboI h¡ Omo H$ënZmerbVm Am¡a g¥OZmË_H$H$m¡eb Ho$ gmW _Zmoa§OH$ Am¡a AmH$f©H$ e¡br _| nmR>H$m| Ho$ gå_wI àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡&

\$sMa {bIZo Ho$ {bE boIH$ H$mo àm`… AnZr Am±Im| Am¡a H$mZm| na amogm H$aZm n‹S>Vmh¡ VWm à{V{H«$`mAm|, AZw y{V`m| Ed§ mdm| H$m ghmam boZm hmoVm h¡ & BgHo$ {dnarV boI {Z_m©UHo$ {bE boIH$ H$mo àm`… nwñVH$m| H$m AÜ``Z Ed§ nyd© nr{R>H$m _| Xr OmZo dmbr gm_J«r H$sAmdí`H$Vm hmVr h¡&

grYm g_mMma VËH$m{bH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$m `WmVÏ` A{^boI hmoVm h¡, Omo {Zd£ {º$H$e¡br _| {bIm OmVm h¡ & \$sMa AH$ñ_mV AmZo dmbo g_mMma Ho$ ~mha {H$gr ^r IÊS>,{MÌmdbr m g_mMma-d¥Îm m loUrJV Zm_ h¡ & Cgo h_oem AnZr BÀN>mZwgma {bIm OmVm h¡ &boI {bIVo g_` Am±H$‹S>mo, VÏ`m| Am¡a A{^{ZX}em| H$s ghm`Vm br OmVr h¡ & \$sMa {bIZmboI {bIZo go O{Q>b H$m`© h¡ & \$sMa V¡ ma H$aZo _| EH$ {deof T§>J H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡,{H$ÝVw boI {bIZm VÏ`m|, Am±H$‹S>mo Am¡a A{^{ZX}em| H$mo gm_Zo aI XoZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ gab H$m`©hmoVm h¡ &

boI J§ ra Am¡a Zrag ^mfm e¡br _| {bIo OmZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r AnZo _hËd H$mo ~ZmEaIVm h¡ bo{H$Z \$sMa boIZ _| h T§>J AË`{YH$ KmVH$ hmoVm h¡ & \$sMa _Zmoa§OH$, AZm¡nMm[aH$Ed§ Kwb-{_bH$a H$s OmZodmbr ~mVMrV H$s e¡br _| {bIm OmVm h¡ {Oggo dh nmR>H$m| H$moAmH${f©V H$a gHo$ VWm AnZo _hËd H$mo ~ZmE aIo &

dV©_mZ nÌH$m[aVm _| _mZdr` A{^é{M`m| H$m B§ÐYZwf g§nyU© {dMmaH$me na N>m`m hþAmh¡ & \$sMa H$m {dH$mg a§JrZ d¥ÎmmË_H$ aMZmAm| Ho$ ê$n _| hþAm h¡ & grYm g_mMma _mZdrÀ{^ê${M Ho$ VËd H$m g_mdoe Eogr pñW{V`m| _| A{YH$m{YH$ hmoVm Om ahm h¡ {OZ_| nhbo gabKmofUmË_H$ dmH$`m| m grYo g_mMma H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm Wm & Bg_| g§dmX H$mo ì`mnH$ ~ZmZoAm¡a _mÌ KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ A{^boIZ go Hw$N> A{YH$ H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ &

CÞV d {dH$mgerb Xoem| _| \$sMa boIZ nÌH$m[aVm H$s A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ ê$n _| AË`{YH$bmoH${à` hþAm h¡ & h_mao Xoe _| ^r Bg {Xem _| AË`{YH$ {dH$mg hmoZo bJm h¡ & ^maVr`nÌH$m[aVm H$mo amOZr{V Zo OÝ_ {X`m h¡ & g_mMma nÌ h_mao Xoe Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ à_wIgmYZ ^r Wo, Bg{bE g_mMma nÌm| _| amOZr{V à_wI ê$n go N>mB© ahr & J¡a-amOZr{VH$ {df`m|na H$_ Ü`mZ {X`m J`m & maV _| nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ CX² d Am¡a {dH$mg H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo go àVrVhmoVm h¡ {H$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| boIZr H$m Cn`moJ gm{hpË`H$ A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| ZH$aHo$ Vbdma H$s ^m±{V {H$`m J`m &

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX Bg joÌ _| AË`{YH$ n[adV©Z Am`m & Ú{n amOZr{V Am¡a amOZr{VH$ZoVmAm| H$m gå_mohZ Omar h¡, {\$a ^r g_mMma nÌm| Zo d¥hÎma Am`m_m| H$m AÝdofU H$aZo Am¡aOrdZ _| CgH$s g_J«Vm H$mo XoIZo Am¡a g_PZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡ & _mZdr` A{^ê${M H$sgm_J«r H$mo A~ g{MÌ ê$n _| àH$m{eV H$aHo$ Am_ OZVm VH$ àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡ & AZoH$àH$ma Ho$ J¡a-amOZ¡{VH$ {df`m| H$m à{VnmXZ H$bmH$mam| H$s {ZnwUVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$aHo$ nmR>H$m|H$mo {d{^Þ ñVam| na {H«$`merb OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| AdJV H$am`m OmVm h¡ & ñdV§ÌVm Am¡aAmYw{ZH$ KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ \$bñdê$n nÌH$m[aVm _| A{^ì`{º$ H$m ê$n g§~§Yr Omo r n[adV©Z hþAmh¡ Cgr Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n {deofH$a \$sMa H$m àmXw m©d hþAm h¡ &

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4.2. ÄýLjÊ (Úq§ý) vçhÂàý vçhÂà\$sMa VWm boI _| A§Va

\$sMa VWm boI _| Hw$N> {deofVmE± Eogr hmoVr h¢ Omo XmoZm| _| hr {dÚ_mZ hmoVr h¡, bo{H$ZXmoZm| H$m AnZm AbJ AbJ ApñVËd hmoVm h¡ & XmoZm| hr g_mMma boIZ go {^Þ e¡{b`m| _|{bIo OmVo h¢ & n¥ð> y{_ Ho$ g§X © Am¡a AÜ``Z go EH$ boI H$s aMZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡, na \$sMaH$s Zht & \$sMa boIZ Ho$ {bE {deof Vm¡a na AZw y{V`m|, ^mdZmAm|, AdbmoH$Z VWm H$ënZmH$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ & VÏ`m| Am¡a Am±H$‹S>mo Ho$ AmYma na boI H$m {Z_m©U Vmo gab h¡ na\$sMa boIZ H$m H$m`© AË`{YH$ H$bmË_H$ Am¡a H${R>Z h¡ & àËòH$ H$s AnZr {^Þ e¡br hmoVrh¡ & boI Ho$ {bE nm§{S>Ë`nyU© e¡br R>rH$ hmo gH$Vr h¡, bo{H$Z \$sMa Ho$ {bE Eogr e¡br go H$m_Zht MbVm & \$sMa Ho$ {bE nm§{S>Ë`nyU© e¡br Z hmoH$a N>moQ>r ZXr Ho$ àdmh O¡gr VWm gab e¡brH$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ &

XmoZm| H$s {df` dñVw EH$ Vmo hmo gH$Vr h¡ bo{H$Z CgH$m à{VnmXZ {^Þ hmoVm h¡ & boIgm_mÝ`V… {H$gr {deof g_ñ`m `m CgHo$ {H$gr {deof nhby H$m gyú_ Am¡a {dñV¥V AÜ``ZhmoVm h¡, BgHo$ {dnarV \$sMa _| BVZr JhamB© Am¡a {dñV¥VVm Zht hmoVr & \$sMa Ho$ A§VJ©V {JZo-MwZo dmH$`m| go hr Ano{jV à^md CËnÞ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & ñnï> h¡ {H$ boI H$s Anojm \$sMaH$m AmH$ma AË`{YH$ N>moQ>m hmoVm h¡ bo{H$Z CgH$m à^md boI go A{YH$ _hËd H$m hmoVm h¡ &

\$sMa boIZ gm_mÝ`V… AJ§ ra boIZ hmoVm h¡ & Bg_| `Ì VÌ n[ahmg H$m nwQ> hmoVm h¡& boI _| boIH$ H$s aMZm OrdZ Am¡a OrdZ H$s g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ à{V Ñ{ï>H$moU Ho$ AmYma na H$sOmVr h¡ & \$sMa {bIZo dmbm ì`{º$ EH$ AmOmX n§N>r H$s Vah hmoVm h¡ Omo ñdÀN§>X {dMaUH$aVm h¡ & àe§gm Am¡a qZXm H$aZo Ho$ joÌ _| Cgo boI {bIZo dmbo ì`{º$ go A{YH$ ñdV§ÌVm àmáhmoVr h¡ & BZ g_ñV ~mVm| H$m AW© `h {~ëHw$b ^r Zht h¡ {H$ \$sMa H$s aMZm Ho$db H$ënZmHo$ AmYma na H$s OmVr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE AÜ``Z H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr & {X boIH$ H$sH$ënZm AÜ``Z Am¡a R>mog VÏ`m| na AmYm[aV Zht hmoJr Vmo \$sMa {ZaW©H$ hmo OmEJm &\$sMa H$s bmoH${à`Vm

^maVr` g_mMma nÌm| _| \$sMa boIZ AË`{YH$ bmoH${à` hþAm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ à{VnmR>H$m| H$s {Okmgm ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡ & h_mao ñdXoe _| AZoH$ \$sMa boIH$ CËH¥$ï> eãX {eënrh¢ {OZH$s VwbZm {díd ñVa Ho$ CÎm_ \$sMa - boIH$m| go H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ & maVr` nÌH$m[aVm_| AZoH$ {df`m| go g§~§{YV énH$m| (\$sMa) H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡, O¡go - Ë`m¡hma g§~§Yr \$sMa,ì`{º$Ëd g§~§Yr \$sMa, {MÌmË_H$ \$sMa, Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| g§~§Yr \$sMa, d¡km{ZH$ Am{dîH$mag§~§Yr \$sMa, Am{X & BgHo$ A{V[aº$ \$sMa boIZ _mZdr` A{^é{M H$s gm_J«r àmá H$aZo Ho${bE ZE ZE {df`m| VWm joÌm| Ho$ {bE à`ËZerb Am¡a àJ{Verb h¡ &

`{X ì`{º$Ëd go g§~§{YV énH$m| Ho$ {df` {H$gr amï>r` _hmnwéf na AmYm[aV hmoVo h¢, Vmodo {deof ê$n go ê${MH$a Am¡a bmoH${à` hmoVo h¢ & nhbo nhbo énH$m| H$m g§~§Y _w»` ê$n goamOZr{Vkm| go hmoVm Wm & bo{H$Z dV©_mZ g_` _| OrdZ Ho$ AÝ` joÌm|, O¡go - gm{hË` Am¡a H$bmHo$ {d»`mV ì`{º$`m| na \$sMa {bIo OmZo bJo h¢ &

`h àd¥{Îm {XZ-à{V{XZ ~‹T>Vr Om ahm h¡ {H$ H${d Ed§ gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ OÝ_ {Xdg,{H$gr {MÌH$ma H$s ñdU© O`§Vr, {H$gr _hmZ g§JrVH$ma H$s O`§Vr, `m {H$gr à»`mV d¡km{ZH$



H$s hraH$ O`§Vr, Am{X Adgam| na ì`{º$Ëd g§~§Yr énH$m| H$s à»`mV d¡km{ZH$ H$s hraH$O`§Vr, Am{X Adgam| na ì`{º$Ëd d{U©V ì`{º$`m| H$s CnbpãY`m| Am¡a amï>r` OrdZ H$sg_¥Õr _| CZHo$ `moJXmZ Am¡a H$V©ì`{Zð>m H$s àe§gm H$s OmVr h¡ &

VrO-Ë`m¡hma g§~§Yr \$sMa r AË`{YH$ ng§X {H$E OmVo h¡ & h_mao Xoe _| g_` - g_`na AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ Ë`m¡hma {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ g§àXm`m| Am¡a Y_m] Ho$ AmYma na _ZmE OmVo h¢, O¡go- hmobr, Xrnmdbr, Xeham, {H«$g_g, B©X, _wha©_, nm|Jb, Amo‹S>_, Am{X & BZ Adgam| naàËòH$ g_mMma nÌ VWm n{ÌH$mE± CZHo$ AW©, _hÎd VWm CZH$s g_H$mbrZ àmg§{JH$Vm na\$sMa àH$m{eV H$aVo h¢ &

{MÌmË_H$ énH$m| H$m àMbZ {XZ-à{V{XZ ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡ & BZH$m {dH$mg {Z`{_Vê$n go hmo ahm h¡, {Oggo CZHo$ C‚db ^{dî` H$s H$m_Zm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ & g_` g_` na{MÌmË_H$ énH$m| H$mo àH$m{eV H$aZo Ho$ Vm¡a - VarH$m| _| n[adV©Z hmoVm ahVm h¡ & ò n[adV©ZCZHo$ _hËd Am¡a àMma H$moo ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE {H$E OmVo h¢ & nhbo nhb boI H$mo AmH$f©H$ ~ZmZoHo$ {bE Cg na AmYm[aV EH$ m Xmo {MÌ àH$m{eV H$aHo$ CZHo$ ZrMo {MÌm| Ho$ ~mao _| EH$ m XmoZn§{º$`m± {bIr OmVr Wt `m Cn`wº$ erf©H$ Xo {X`m OmVm Wm, bo{H$Z A~ `h àMbZ EH$X_~Xb J`m h¡ & AmOH$b {MÌm| H$m M`Z Bg àH$ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ {MÌ ñd`§ AnZr H$hmZrH$mo ~VmZo mo½` hmoVo h¢ & CZH$mo XoIVo hr Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ do AnZo ~mao _| ñd`§ ~Vm aho h¢ & {MÌm|Ho$ erf©H$ Ho$db EH$ {MÌ H$mo Xwgao {MÌ go g§~Õ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {XE OmVo h¡ & boI H$s Hw$N>n§{º$`m| H$m Cn`moJ g§nyU© gm_J«r H$m {gb{gbm VWm H«$_~ÕVm H$mo ~ZmE§ aIZo Ho$ {bE {H$`mOmVm h¡ & {H$gr boI Ho$ gmW EH$ - Xmo {MÌ àH$m{eV H$aZo go boI H$s emo m H$mo Mma Mm±X bJOmVo h¢ Am¡a do nmR>H$m| H$mo Vwa§V AnZr Am¡a AmH${f©V H$aVo h¢ & O~ {MÌ ñd`§ ~mobH$a AnZrH$hmZr gwZmVo h¢, Vmo CZH$m à^md dU©ZmVrV hmoVm h¡ & eãXm| Ho$ ñWmZ na {MÌm|Ûmam Câo q~~nmR>H$m| Ho$ {bE A{YH$ ñWm`r hmoVo h¢ & H$_ n‹To> - {bIo ì`{º$`m| VWm gm{hpË`H$ mfm Ho$ gyú_AW© H$mo Z g_PZo dmbo ì`{º$`m| H$mo ^r {MÌ AnZm AW© ñd`§ g_Pm XoVo h¢ &

dV©_mZ g_` _| àËòH$ à{V{ð>V g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ H$m`m©b`m| _| AZoH$ à{V^mdmZ {MÌnÌH$ma H$m`©aV h¢ Omo AnZr n«{V^m H$mo H$bm Ho$ {bE Am_ OZVm Ho$ ~rM à{gÕ h¢ & do AnZrH$bm Am¡a H$bmH$m¡eb Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Bg joÌ Ho$ {dH$mg _| ha jU OwQo> hþE h¡ &

¡qÂàã Zàªàâm kàÝâj¥ ñZà. 1. ¡) ¥§ý wà§u tçÞ £ÙàÊ âvâh¥ ñ1. yÞqàÀ§ý õàÊà ytàjàÊ yàtªàíã §çý §ýàèÂà-yç mãÂà âwsàªààçÞ tçÞ âwsàâkm â§ýuà kàmà Ñè ïñ2. ÄýLjÊ vçhÂà §çý Zàtäh Ààç ªàä½à §ýàèÂà-yç ?3. ÄýLjÊ vçhÂà §çý Ààç ârÞÀå Ðq˜þ Ðq˜þ §ýLâk¥ ñ4. kãwÂà §ýà ¡Âàtàçv Êy §uà Ñè ?5. ÄýLjÊ vçhÂà §ýL sàxà §èýyã ÑàçÂàã jàâÑ¥ ?

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r) £âjm kàç»þ vªàà¢uç ñ1) ÄýLjÊ vçhÂà âÂàwGuâQý§ý Îàèvã2) yãoà ytàjàÊ ¡ÂàäsåâmuàçÞ ¥wÞ sàwàçÞ §ýà yÑàÊà3) âw§ýàyÎàãv yÞÐnà¥Ý qàÞâ»þ¾uqå½àê Îàèvã4) ÄýLjÊ §çý âv¥ ràoà ÄýLjÊ âyÞ»þã§çý¹þ

4.2.1. ì`§½` {MÌ Am¡a hmñ` {MÌ …ì`§½` {MÌ Am¡a hmñ` {MÌ EH$ AÝ` àH$ma Ho$ \$sMa h¢ Omo AË`{YH$ bmoH${à` hmoVo h¢&

ì`§½` Am¡a hmñ` {MÌm| Ho$ joÌ _| maV _| Hw$N> Eogo {ZnwU {MÌH$ma h¢, Omo {díd Ho$ CÎm_ d à{gÕ{MÌH$mam| Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$aZo Ho$ à_wI XmdoXma h¢ & e§H$a drH$br Ho$ e§H$a H$mo ^maV Ho${d»`mV {MÌH$mam| _| {JZm OmVm h¡ & ñdV§ÌVm go nyd© do {~«{Q>e emgH$m| H$s AmbmoMZm VWmCZH$m Cnhmg H$aZo Ho$ {bE AnZr H$bm H$m à`moJ H$aVo Wo & ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX gm_m{OH$ì`§½`H$ma ^r hþE & ì`§½` {MÌ _mÌ nopÝgb Am¡a H$b_ Ûmam ItMr JB© aoImE± hmoVr h¢ bo{H$ZCZH$mo XoIVo hr h±gr Ho$ R>hmHo$ bJmZo _| H$moB© Xoa Zht bJVr & n[ahmg H$s ^m±{V ì`§½` {MÌm| _|`h EH$ g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm hmoVr h¡ {Og na ì`§½` {MÌ ~Zm`m J`m hmo & ì`§½` {MÌ `{X {H$grH$mo nr‹S>m nhþ±MmZo dmbm `m MmoQ> H$aZo dmbm hmo Vmo dh AnZo CÔoí` _| Ag\$b ahVm h¡, Cg_|{dÛof H$s ^mdZm Zht hmoZr Mm{hE & ì`§½` {MÌm| H$s Amoa XoIZo H$m EH$ {dh§J_ Ñ{ï>H$moU hmoVmh¡. Omo {H$ ì`§½` {MÌH$ma H$m AnZm ñd`§ H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU hmoVm h¡ & _w{ÐV gm_J«r _| AZoH$ ñV§ m|go A{^àoV à^md gmdYmZrnyd©H$ MwZo JE Am¡a g§nm{XV {H$E JE Hw$N> {MÌm| go CËnÞ {H$`m OmgH$Vm h¡ & Bg{bE EH$ ì`§½` {MÌH$ma AnZr H$b_ H$s Hw$N> aoImAm| go Cg nyao à^md H$mo CËnÞH$a gH$Vm h¡ &

^maVr` g_mMma - nÌm| VWm n{ÌH$mAm| _| ì`§½` {MÌm| H$m à`moJ {XZ - à{V{XZA{YH$m{YH$ _mÌm _| hmo ahm h¡ & AmOH$b Xoe Ho$ à_wI g_mMma nÌm| _| AZoH$ {d»`mV ì`§½`{MÌH$ma h¢ & BZ ì`§½` {MÌH$mam| Ho$ ì`§½` {MÌ Am¡a bKw ì`§½` {MÌ {Z`{_V ê$n go g_mMma nÌm|_| àH$m{eV hmoVo h¢ Omo Am_Vm¡a na nmR>H$m| Ûmam gamh| OmVo h¢ {Oggo BZH$s Cn`mo{JVm {XZ -n«{V{XZ ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡ &

4.2.2. \$sMa boIZ Ho$ ghm`H$ VÎd …amoMH$Vm VWm AmH$f©U \$sMa H$m g~go n«_wI JwU hmoVm h¡ & \$sMa H$mo AmH$f©H$ Am¡a

amoMH$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {OZ ghm`H$ VËdm| H$s ghm`Vm br OmVr h¡, CZH$m g§{já dU©Z {ZåZàH$ma h¡ …1. \$sMa boIH$ H$mo {ZpíMVVm Am¡a Cn`wº$Vm H$m {deof Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE & EH$ hr

~mV H$mo ~ma - ~ma XmohamZm \$sMa H$s Cn`mo{JVm H$mo Zï> H$aZo Ho$ ~am~a hmoVm h¡ &{H$gr ^r VÏ` H$mo Kw_m-{\$am H$a Zht {bIZm Mm{hE & {bIZo H$s e¡br gab Am¡aghO hmoZr AË`ÝV Amdí`H$ h¡ & \$sMa {bIVo g_` boIH$ H$mo àma§ go A§V VH$AnZo {df` H$s gr_m Ho$ A§Xa ahZm Mm{hE & {df` go AÝ`Ì H$ht ^Q>H$Zm ZhtMm{hE, Eogm H$aZo na \$sMa H$m Ymam àdmh g_má hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s H«$_~ÕVmZï> hmo OmVr h¡ &



2. {H$gr ^r boIH$ `m ì`{º$ Ûmam H$hr JB© ~mV H$mo Cgr Ho$ eãXm| _| àñVwV H$aZmMm{hE&

3. \$sMa boIH$ H$mo AnZo nmR>H$m| H$mo gVH©$ aIZo H$m à`mg H$aZm Mm{hE & {OggonmR>H$ AmJo AmZodmbr ~mVm| H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE CËgwH$Vm {XImE± &

4. aMZm H$mo amoMH$ Am¡a AmH$f©H$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE à{V{H«$`mAm| Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| H$m C{MVà`moJ hmoZm Mm{hE & Bg ~mV H$m {deof Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE {H$ nmR>H$ H$mo H$moB© ~mVAIao Zht&

5. hmg - n[ahmg OrdZ H$m AZ_mob ag h¡ Omo OrdZ H$mo ag_` ~ZmVm h¡ & Bg{bEboIH$ H$mo AnZo Ûmam {b{IV \$sMa _| Cn`wº$ ñWmZ na hmñ` ag H$m à`moJ H$aHo$AnZr aMZmAm| H$mo gw§Xa ~ZmZo H$m à`ËZ H$aZm Mm{hE & boIH$ Ho$ {dMma gQ>rH$Am¡a gyP~wP `wº$ hmoZm Mm{hE &

6. \$sMa {bIVo g_` boIµaH$ H$mo y{_H$m Bg Vah go {bIZr Mm{hE H$s nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z_| CgHo$ g§~§Y _| {Okmgm VWm A{^é{M CËnÞ hmo OmE &

7. \$sMa {bIZo H$s g\$bVm H$m _hÎdnyU© VËd AÀN>m àma§ Am¡a AmZ§X_` A§V hmoVmh¡ &

8. \$sM JÚ H$m JrV hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo b§~m, Zrag VWm J§ ra Zht hmoZm Mm{hE & Cgo amoMH$VWm Y_mHo$Xma hmoZm Mm{hE {Oggo bmoJm| Ho$ {MÎm àgÞ hmo OmE§ VWm CZH$ {Xbm| _|AmH$f©U CËnÞ hmo &

9. \$sMa à_wI ê$n go {dZmoX Am¡a AmZ§X Ho$ {bE hr {bIm OmZm Mm{hE &10. \$sMa _| boIH$ H$mo AnZo _Zmod¥{Îm Am¡a AnZr g_P Ho$ AZwgma {H$gr {df` `m

ì`{º$ H$m {MÌU H$aZm nS>Vm h¡ & \$sMa {bIVo g_` hmñ` Am¡a H$ënZm H$m {deof`moJXmZ hmoVm h¡ &

11. boIH$ AZw d Am¡a AZw_mZ r _hËdnyU© VËd h¡ {Oggo {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ \$sMg© H$mOÝ_ hmoVm h¡ &

12. nwamZo nÌm| VWm n{ÌH$mAm| H$m AÜ``Z _hËdnyU© hmoVm h¡, H$`m|{H$ H$^r H$^r CZ_|~hþV AÀN>r gm_J«r àmá hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a Cgr {df` go g§~§{YV AZoH$ {dMma r _Z_| Am OmVo h¢ & {Oggo EH$ gw§Xa Am¡a Cn`moJr \$sMa H$s aMZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ &

4.2.3. boI Ho$ Amdí`H$ VËd{Og àH$ma ê$nH$m| H$mo AmH$f©H$ Am¡a _Zmoa§OH$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ VËd ghm`H$ hmoVo

h¢ R>rH$ Cgr Vah boI {bIVo g_` AZoH$ ~mVm| H$m Ü`mZ aIZm AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡ & boI{bIVo g_` {deofH$a {OZ VËdm| H$s ghm`Vm H$s OmVr h¡ d¡ Bg àH$ma h¡ …

1. boI {bIVo g_` A{YH$ go A{YH$ gm_J«r H$m g§ moOZ H$aZm nS>Vm h¡ & BgHo$ {bEAÜ``Z Am¡a {df` Ho$ {deofkm| Ho$ gwPmd _w»` ê$n go Cn`moJr {gÕ hmoVo h¢ &

2. boI {bIZo Ho$ {bE gab Am¡a gw~moY ^mfm - e¡br H$m à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE & EH$~ma {bIo JE boI H$mo ~ma ~ma n‹T>H$a Cg_| Amdí`H$ n[adV©Z H$aZo Mm{hE {Oggodh g_mMma nÌm| VWm n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV H$aZo `mo½` ~Z gHo$ &

3. EH$ ~ma {bIo JE boI H$mo Xmo~mam n‹T>Zo na AJa H$moB© AÝ` {dMma {X_mJ _| Am

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OmE, Vmo Cg {df` go g§~§{YV hmo, Vmo CgH$m ^r g_mdoe boI _| Adí` H$a XoZmMm{hE &

4. àma§ go hr boI _| Eogr mfm H$m à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE Omo nmR>H$m| H$mo bJmVma bbMmZodmbr hmo &

5. boI Ho$ {df` _| g§~§{YV Cn`moJr {MÌm| H$mo r gpå_{bV H$aZm Mm{hE {OZgo CZH$sCn`mo{JVm ~‹T> OmVr h¡ &

6. Eogo àíZm| Ho$ CÎma r boI _| H«$_~Õ ê$n _| em{_b H$aZo Mm{hE Omo AMmZH$ nmR>H$m|Ho$ _Z _| Am OmVo h¢ &

7. boI H$mo é{MH$a ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Cg_| Am±H$‹S>m| Am¡a VÏ`m| H$m C{MV nwQ> hmoZm Mm{hE.Omo {ZpíMV Am¡a Cn`wº$ hm| &

8. boI H$m àËòH$ AZwÀNo>X EH$ g§nyU© {dMma go n[anyU© hmoZm Mm{hE & AZm`mg Ho$AZwÀNo>X ~Zm XoZo go boI H$m ñdê$n {~J‹S> gH$Vm h¡ &

9. Ohm± H$ht ^r {H$gr ZB© ~mV H$m dU©Z H$aZm hmo Cgo ZE AZwÀNo>X go àma§ H$aZmMm{hE &

10. boI H$mo Eogr {dYm go {bIm OmZm Mm{hE Omo nmR>H$m| H$mo CgH$m A§V OmZZo Ho$ {bE_O~ya H$a Xo & h ~mV V^r g§ d hmoVr h¡ O~ boI H$m àma§ AmH$f©H$ Am¡a gw§Xa hmo&

4.2.4.\$sMa qgS>rHo$Q> …g_mMma nÌm| VWm {Z`VH$m{bH$ n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ {bE ê$nH$m|, \$moQ>moJ«m\$s, hmñ` {MÌm|,

ì`§½` {MÌm| AmXr H$s ny{V© H$amZo hoVw \$sMa qgS>rHo$Q> H$m {deof `moJXmZ hmoVm h¡ & h_mao Xoe _|BpÊS>`m àog g{d©g, BpÊS>`Z Ý`yO EÊS> \$sMa EbmBÝg VWm \$m°[aZ Ý`yO \$sMg© Am{X qgS>rHo$Q>Bg joÌ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE H$m`© H$a aho h¢ & BZHo$ A{V[aº$ qH$½O {\$Mg© qgS>rHo$Q> VWmBÝQ>aZoeZb Ý`yO \$moQ>moO VWm Eogr hr Hw$N> AÝ` {dXoer qgS>rHo$Q> r h¢ Omo ^maV _| nÌH$m[aVmHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE H$m`© H$a ahr h¢ &

^maV _| \$sMa qgS>rHo$Q> H$s ñWmnZm EH$ Z`m à`mg h¡ & o g§ñWmE± AË`{YH$ {dH$mgerbh¢ Omo Am_Vm¡a na EH$ ì`{º$ Ûmam g§Mm{bV H$s OmVr ¢ & ^maVr` g_mMma nÌm| _| qgS>rHo$Q²>gÛmam {XE JE {\$Mg© H$m àMma ~‹S>r Vrd« J{V go ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡ & BgHo$ gmW hr gmW AZoH$ñdXoer \$sMa {deofH$a hmñ` {MÌ Am¡a ì`§½` {MÌ h_mao Xoe Ho$ à_wI g_mMma - nÌm| _|{Z`{_V ê$n go àH$m{eV hmoVo ahVo h¢ & g_mMma nÌ Am`moJ Zo Bg nhby na Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aVohþE H$hm h¡ {H$, `Ú{n qgS>rHo$Q²>g Ûmam Xr JB© gm_J«r gm_mÝ`V… hm{ZH$maH$ {gÕ Zht hþB© h¡VWm{n Bg ~mV H$s g§ mdZm h¡ {H$ Hw$N> {dXoer hmñ` {MÌmd{b`m± ~ƒm| Ho$ _Z na ~wam à^mdS>mbVr h¢ & {H$gr H$hmZr H$mo ì`§½` {MÌm| Ho$ H«$_ _| àH$m{eV H$aZm Amn{ÎmOZH$ àVrV ZhthmoVm Am¡a dh h_| Cn`moJr VH$ZrH$ OmZ n‹S>Vr h¡, {H$ÝVw h_mam `h {dMma h¡ {OZ H$WmAm| H$moYmamdm{hH$ ê$n _| {XIm`m OmVm h¡ ò Adm§N>Zr` hmoVr h¢ & CZ_| go Hw$N> Vmo AnamY H$m Jm¡ad~‹T>mVr h¢ Am¡a dh ^r Hw$N> Eogr n¥ð> y{_ Ho$ gmW Omo ^maV Ho$ {bE naH$s` hmoVr h¢ Am¡a Z¡{VH$_yë`m| Ho$ n«{V «{_V hmoZo H$s pñW{V CËnÞ H$a XoVr h¢ &

Bg MoVmdZr Ho$ níMmV g_mMma - nÌ Am`moJ Zo {\$a H$hm h¡ {H$,h_Zo `h XoIm h¡ {H$g_mMma nÌm| Zo hmñ` {MÌmd{b`m| Am¡a ì`§½` {MÌm| _| maVr` hmgë` H$bm H$mo Z Vmo àmoËgm{hV



{H$`m h¡ Am¡a Z hr CgHo$ Cn`moJ H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡ h_mam {dMma h¡ {H$ Bg {Xem _| g_mMmanÌm| H$mo à`ËZ H$aZm Mm{hE & A~ g_mMma nÌm| VWm {Z`VH$m{bH$ n{ÌH$mAm| _| Eogo à`mgm|H$mo A{YH$ go A{YH$ àmoËgmhZ {X`m Om ahm h¡ &

\$sMa qgS>rHo$Q> H$m _hÎd \$sMa boIZ Ho$ _w»` {~ÝXwEH$ AmH$f©H$ Am¡a CËH¥$ï> \$sMa H$mo {bIZo Ho$ {bE {ZåZ{b{IV {~ÝXwAm| na Ü`mZ

XoZm A{V Amdí`H$ h¡ …1. {df`dñVw H$m M`Z2. gm_J«r g§H$bZ3. àñVmdZm AWdm n¥ð> y{_4. {ddoMZ VWm {díbofU5. {ZîH$f© AWdm Cng§hma6. à^mdnyaU erf©H$7. `{X Amdí`H$ hmo Vmo C{MV N>m`m§H$Z8. gab Am¡a ~moYJå` ^mfme¡br9. gm_m{`H$Vm, AmH$f©U, gyMZm Am¡a {ejU Ho$ gmW - gmW _Zmoa§OZ na AmYm[aV10. {Okmgm Am¡a gË`Vm

4.3. gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZh_mam Xoe ~hþ m{fH$ Xoe h¡ & AZoH$ àm§Vm| H$s AZoH$ mfmE± AZoH$ _© Ed§ AZoH$ ar{V-

[admOm| H$m Xoe h¡ & O¡go {H$gr Xoe H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ n¥ð> y{_ `m na§namE± hmoVr h¢ d¡gohr ha Y_©, ha Om{V Ho$ AnZo g§ñH$ma hmoVo h¢, do nr‹T>r Xa nr‹T>r Mbo AmVo h¢ & BZ g~H$m _obhmoH$a Xoe H$s ^r EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ n¥ð> y{_ hmoVr h¡ &

g_mMma nÌm| _| BÝht gm§ñH¥${VH$ J{V{d{Y`m± Ed§ {deofm| H$m à{Vq~~ XoIZo H$mo {_bVmh¡ & Omo ^r g_mMma, gyMZm `m OmZH$mar gm§ñH¥${VH$ nj go Ow‹S> H$a AmVr h¡ dh gm§ñH¥${VH$H$hbmVr h¡ & g_mMma nÌm| _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ {d{dY A§Jm| go {XImB© XoVm h¡ & g§ñH¥${VJV~mV|, _wÔo, VrµO-Ë`m¡hma-nd©, CËgd, Ym{_©H$ `mÌmE±, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï> go _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ{deofm| _| bJZodmbo _obo, CZHo$ ñWmZ, {deofm| H$s _hÎmm, Cggo Ow‹S>r na§namJV ~mV|, Hw$N>àmMrZ H$mb go Mbr AmB© hþB© AX² wV Ed§ \§$Q>mgr wº$ H$hm{Z`m± BZHo$ g§X © _| g_mMma nÌm| Ho${bE {H$E JE boIZ H$mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ H$hVo h¢ &

gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ Ho$ gmW EH$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ Ed§ Xme©{ZH$ nj ^r Ow‹S>m hmoVm h¡ AV…gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ AnZo Amn _| {d{eï> hmoVm h¡ & Bg_| Zr{V_yë`, OrdZ Ho$ Ym{_©H$ nj Ed§g§ñH$manyU© A§Jm| H$m ^r {ddoMZ hmoVm h¡ & àmMrZ na§namE± Ed§ J«§Wm| go Mbo AmE g§ñH$mam| H$m{ddoMZ hmoVm h¡ & {H$gr Y_m}nXoeH$ Ed§ g§V _hmË_mAm|H$m OrdZ Ed§ _mZd Ho$ à{V A{^ì`º$Ñ{ï>H$moU ^r hmoVm h¡ &

^maV O¡go {dembV_ Xoe _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ nj na {bIZo O¡gm ~hþV Hw$N> h¡ & ha àm§V Ho$gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_mamohm|, VrµO, Ë`m¡hmam|, _obm| Am{X H$s OmZH$mar Ed§ n[aM`mË_H$ boIZ Vmo Bg_|hmoVm h¡ h¡, na§Vw amï>r` Ë`mohma Ed§ nd© H$m ^r A§V^m©d H$^r H$^r Bg_| {XImB© XoVm h¡ & BZ

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g~Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>m hþAm boIZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ H$hbmVm h¡ & {Xdmbr, hmobr, AmoU_, nm|JbAm{X Ë`mohmam| Ed§ nd© na AmYmarV boIZ, {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ {MÌ Ed§ \$moQ>mo g_mMma nÌm| Ho$g_` g_` na h_ XoI gH$Vo h¢ & gmW hr {~hÿ, ~¡gmIr, B©X, a_OmZ, {ed O`§{V, ZdamÌmoËgdBZ Ë`mohmam| H$mo _ZmZo H$s nÕ{V`m| na r {bIm OmVm h¡ & BZ àg§Jm| _| ImZ-nmZ, nhZmZm, d«V- Cndmg Am{X Ho$ g§X © _| ^r OmZH$mar g_mMma nÌm| _| àH$m{eV hmoVr ahVr h¡ &

_hmamï> _| JUoemoËgd H¡$go _Zm`m OmVm h¡ & Z¡doÚ _| H$m¡Z-go nXmW© hmoVo h¢ - Jm¡ar H$sH$hmZr H$`m h¡, haVm{bH$m H$m d«V H$`m h¡, `h d«V H$`m| {H$`m OmVm h¡, Bg_| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gràmMrZ na§namE± H$m`©aV h¢ ? Am{X H$s OmZH$mar gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ _| AmVr h¡ & J§Jm H$s AmaVr,à`mJ VrWm] H$m g³mZ, Hw§$^ _obo Am{X Ho$ g§X © _| ^r g_` g_` na {dnwb OmZH$mar àgm[aVhmoVr h¡ & Bg àH$ma Ho$ boIZ _| \$moQ>moO, pìh{S>Amo Am{X H$m r à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Z Ho$dbg_mMma nÌm| Ho$ {bE ~pëH$ ao{S>Amo Am¡a XyaXe©Z H$s nÌH$m[aVm _| r gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ H$mo ~‹S>m_hÎd h¡ & XyaXe©Z, ao{S>`mo, g_mMma nÌm| _| Bggo g§~§{YV gmjmËH$ma, àË`j ñWmZ na go grYmàgmaU ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡ & AmO Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ `wJ _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ nj H$m dU©Z, boIZ, Xe©ZghO gmÜ` hmo J`m h¡ & Bggo {Okmgm, H$m¡VwbhVm Vmo ~‹T>Vr hr h¡, gmW _| amï>r` EH$mË_Vm H$m^md ^r ~‹T>Vm h¡ & Bg àH$ma Ho$ boIZ Ho$ àgma go n`©Q>Z d¥{Îm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {_bVm h¡ Am¡a XoeH$m ^md{ZH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ^r hmoVm h¡ &

4.4. ñV§ boIZnÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| ñV§ boIZ H$m AnZm _hËd h¡ & ñV§ AWm©V² I§~m A§J«oOr _|

g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ A§VJ©V Bgo H$m°b_ H$hVo h¢ & {H$gr ^r g_mMma nÌ _| g~go A{YH$ ñV§g_mMmam| Ho$ hmoVo h¢ & g_mMma nÌ Ho$ nhbo n¥ð> go boH$a A§{V_ n¥ð> VH$ {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ g_mMmaN>no hmoVo h¢ & BZ g~Ho$ Abmdm {d{dY {df` hmoVo h¢, CZHo$ {bE {d{dY ñV§ m| (H$m°b_) H$m{Z_m©U {H$`m OmVm h¡ & g_mMma nÌ _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go ñV§ m| H$s moOZm hmoZr Mm{hE Bgo g_mMmanÌm| Ho$ _m{bH$, g§nmXH$, Cng§nmXH$ `m g§nmXH$ _§S>b ^r V` H$aVm h¡ & do Ho$db ñV§ m| H$s`moOZm Zht H$aVo, CgHo$ gmWhr n¥ð> g‚mm Ho$ A§VJ©V ñV§ m| H$m {d^mOZ ^r H$aVo h¢ & qhXrg_mMma nÌm| H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZo Ho$ Cnam§V h_ h XoIVo h¡ {H$ g_mMmam| Ho$ Abmdm CZ_| ~hþVHw$N> hmoVm h¡ Omo ñV§ m| _| g_m{dï> hmoVm h¡ & {deof ê$n go _{hbmAm| Ho$ g§X © _| m A{^ZoÌr mA{^ZoVm Ho$ g§X © _| boI Ed§ ñV§ hmoVo h¢, {\$ë_r OJV² H$s I~ao ^r Bggo Ow‹S>r hmoVr h¢ &{d{dY àH$ma Ho$ ñV§ m| _| H$B© {df`m| na boIZ hmoVm h¡ & O¡go - n`©Q>Z, yJmob, ñdmñÏ`,Amhma, ^{dî` `m am{e\$b, Ë`mohma VWm nd©, ì`§½`{MÌ, hmñ`, {dZmoX, MwQ>Hw$bo, H$mQy©>Z,{\$ë_o, ZmQ>H$, ZB© nwñVH$m| H$s g_rjm Bg_| hmoVr h¡ & g§JrV Ed§ Iobm| H$s OmZH$mar ^r ñV§ m|_| hmoVr h¡ & gm§ñH¥${VH$ nú`m| na n[aMMm©, {d{dY njm| na _V Bg_| {XE OmVo h¢ & {d{dY àH$maHo$ g_mMma hmoVo h¢, CZHo$ àH$mam| Ho$ AZwgma {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ ñV§ m| H$s `moOZm hmoVr h¡ &_hËdnyU© g_mMma, {d{eï> g_mMma - g_mMma nÌ Ho$ nhbo n¥ð> na N>mno OmVo h¢ & ñWmZr`g_mMma r _hËdnyU© hmoVo h¢, CZHo$ {bE r N>moQo>-N>moQo> ñV§ m| H$s moOZm H$s OmVr h¡ & eha _|{d{dY àH$ma Ho$ hmXgo `m AnamY hmoVo h¢ CÝh| _ÔoZOa aIH$a ñV§ ~Zmò OmVo h¢ - XwK©Q>Zm,JwZmhJram m Mmoar-S>H¡$Vr ñV§ Ho$ A§VJ©V CZHo$ g_mMma m KQ>ZmAm|H$m ã`m¡am hmoVm h¡ & eha_| {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ amîQ>r` - gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$m Am`moOZ hmoVm h¡ &



àmg§{JH$ KQ>ZmAm| na g^mE± Ed§ ì`m»`mZ ^r hmoVo h¢ & ao{S>Amo Am¡a XyaXe©Z na ^ramoO_am© Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| go hQ>H$a Hw$N> {deof H$m`©H«$_ hmoVo h¢ - CZH$m ^r {deof ñV§ m| _| C„oIhmoVm h¡ AmO em_ ao{S>Amona, XyaXe©Z na AmO `m eha H$s Img I~a `m eha _| AmO BZerf©H$m| Ho$ A§VJ©V o ñV§ ~Zmò OmVo h¢ & BZHo$ O¡go ñV§ m| Ho$ n«{V nmR>H$m| H$s h_oem ê${M ahVrh¡ & Eogo ñV§ nmR>H$m| Ho$ AmH$f©U H$m H|$Ð ~ZVo h¢ & Hw$N> ñV§ Ho$db \$moQ>mo - {deof Ho$ {bEgwa{jV hmoVo h¢ & dhm± Ho$db \$moQ>mo H°$ßeZ Ho$ {bE hr ñWmZ hmoVm h¡ & CXm. OmnmZ _| Am`rËgwZm_r, nyb {JaZo Ho$ Ñí`, yI âr `m AH$mb Ho$ g§H$Q> H$mo Xem©Zo \$moQ>mo - Bg àH$ma Ho$\$moQ>moO Ho$ {bE Hw$N> eãXm| _| {bIZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr & BZ ñV§ m| Ho$ H$maU àg§J Ed§Ñí` H$s n[aUm_H$m[aVm Vmo ì`º$ hmoVr hr h¡ na§Vw g_mMma nÌ H$s {dídgZr` ^r ~Zr ahVr h¡&

g§nyU© nÌH$m[aVm erf©H$ H$s hoa§~ {_l H$s nwñVH$ _| ñWmZr`, àm§Vr`, amï>r` Ed§ A§Vam©ï>rÈogo Mma dJm] _| {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ g_mMmam| H$mo {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a g_mMma nÌm| _|CgrHo$ AZwgma ñV§ m| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m OmVm h¡ & H$B© àH$ma Ho$ g_mMma, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©,gw e, {d{eï> ~¡R>H$m|, g_mamoh, àXe©{Z`m±, Owbyg, _moM}, Am§XmobZ Am{X Ho$ g§X © _| g_mMma~Zo hþE {d{eï> ñV§ m| _| N>mno OmVo h¢ &

{d{dY àH$ma Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ed§ Ym{_©H$ g_mMmam| Ho$ r ñV§ hmoVo h¢, CZ_| {d{dY d«V,AmÜ`mpË_H$ H$m`©, Ë`m¡hma, nd©, CËgd, Ym{_©H$ mÌmE± Am{X H$m {ddaU g{MÌ r N>nm OmVmh¡ & g_mMma nÌm| _| _hËdnyU© EH$ ñV§ hmoVm h¡ g§nmXH$s` ñV§ `m AJ«boI - CgH$m nmR>H$m|H$s Ñ{ï> go ~‹S>m _hËd hmoVm h¡ &

Bg àH$ma {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ ñV§ m| Ho$ {bE {d{dY ñWmZ, n¥ð> Am{X Ho$ g§X © _| ñV§`moOZm H$m {ZU© g§nmXH$ _§S>b boVm h¡ & AmO H$b {dkmnZm| H$m ~‹S>m ~mob~mbm h¡, H$^r-H$^r {dkmnZ nyao n¥ð>na N>mE hþE {XImB© XoVo h¢ & ì`mdgm{`H$, H¥${f, Iob Ho$ {dkmnZ Vmo hmoVohr h¢ na§Vw gaH$mar gyMZmE±, {dk{á`m± g§ñWmAm|H$s Amoa go AmE {ddaU ^r ñV§ m| H$s A§VJ©VN>mno OmVo h¢ &

Cng§hma …¢y ¡Þâmt ¡Áuàu tçÞ qØà§ýàáÊmà §çý ¡Âu ÕàçØààçÞ qÊ unà yÞsw Zà§ýàÎà »þàvÂàç §ýà Zàuày

â§ýuà Ñèñ kèyç - kèyç tàÂàw Zàªàâm ¡àèÊ âw§ýày §ýÊmà kà¥ªàà wèyç - wèyç qØà§ýàáÊmà §çý ÕàçØà §ýLÍuàâÃm rð¼þ kà¥ªàã, ¢y§çý yàn §ý¢ê ¡àuàt ¡à§ýÊ käð»þ kà¥Þªàç ñ

ytàqÂà ßBg N>moQo> go nwñVH$ _| d¥Îm{dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$m n[aM` XoZo H$m XoZo H$m Wmg§ d à`mg

{H$`m h¡ & `h {df` OmZH$mar Ho$ Ed§ AÝ` J«§Wm| Ho$ AmYmana hr àñVwV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡,AV… H$B© J«§Wm| H$s ghm`Vm Bg_| br JB© h¡ & A§V_| nwñVH$ gyMr Xr JB© h¢ & ñd`§ boIH$ hmoZo H$mXmdm ^r `hm± AZ{YH$ma hmoJm & `h gm_J«r g§H$bZ h¢ & Bgo àñVw{V H$h gH$Vo h¢ & Amn g^rN>mÌm| Ho$ {bE `h AÜ``ZmW© h¡ & A§V _| bmoH$_mÝ` ~mb J§JmYa {Q>iH$ Or §çý ì`{º$Îd Ed§H¥${VËd Ho$ à{V h_ ZV_ñVH$ h¢ & _hmamï> H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$mo EH$ Z`m ê$I Ed§ ZB© {Xem XoZo H$m

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H$m`© CÝhm|Zo {H$`m h¡ & Ho$gar nÌ BgHo$ gmú` ê$n _| AmO ^r h¡ & Bg {df` Ho$ g_mnZ jU _|bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$Or Ho$ à{V {dZ_« A{^dmXZ !

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XrKm}Îmar àíZ VWm {Q>ßn{U`m±

XrKm}Îmar àíZ …1. d¥Îm{dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$s n[a^mfm H$mo CX²Y¥V H$aVo hþE nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _hËd Ed§

AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &2. nÌH$m[aVm H$m ñdê$n Ed§ gH$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &3. AmYw{ZH$ `wJrZ d¥Îm{dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$s pñW{V Ed§ g_mOna n[ab{jV CgHo$

à^md H$m {díbofU H$s{OE &4. nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &5. nÌH$m[aVm (d¥Îm{dÚm) Ho$ {d{dY Am`m_m| na àH$me S>m{bE &6. _r{S>`m Ho$ {d{dY àH$mam| na àH$me S>m{bE &7. d¥Îm{dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) Ho$ nma§n[aH$ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &8. nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ CÔoí`m| H$m gmoXmhaU {ddoMZ H$s{OE &9. ñdV§ÌVm nyd© Ed§ ñdmV§Í`moÎma nÌH$m[aVm H$s pñW{V H$s {ddoMZm H$s{OE &10. qàQ> _r{S>`m Ed§ BboH$Q>m°{ZH$ _r{S>`m H$s VwbZm H$s{OE &11. ao{S>Amo Ed§ XyaXe©Z nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &12. d¥Îm{dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) Ho$ {dH$mg H«$_ H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &13. nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _mZd, _m¡{IH$ Ed§ {b{IV g§Mmam| H$mo {díbo{fV H$s{OE &14. _wÐU `wJ («~KW_ õó) Ho$ H$maU nÌH$m[aVm _| AmE hþE n[adV©Zm| H$mo gmoXmhaU

ñnï> H$s{OE &15. nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| BboH$Q>m{ZH$ gw{dYm Ho$ H$maU AmE ~Xbmdm| H$m gmoXmhaU

{ddoMZ H$s{OE &16. ^maVoÝXw `wJ go Jm§Yr `wJ VH$ H$s nÌH$m[aVm H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE &17. g_mMma nÌm| H$s H$m`©àUmbr H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &18. g§nmXH$ Ho$ _hÎd Ed§ H$m`© na àH$me S>m{bE &19. Cng§nmXH$ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Ed§ g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| CgHo$ H$m`© H$mo {deX

H$s{OE

/ 129

20. g§dmXXmVm H$m`© Ed§ _hËd Ed§ ñdê$n aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE &21 o§Q>dmVm© H$m _hËd Ed§ ñdê$n ñnï> H$s{OE &22. ñV§ boIZ Ho$ g§X © _| OmZH$mar Xr{OE &23. {\$Ma boIZ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &24. {dkmnZ H$m boIZ Ed§ g_mMma nÌ _| CgHo$ _hËd H$mo {deX H$s{OE &25. Jm§Yr-`wJ Am¡a y{_JV àH$meZ H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE &26. ñdV§ÌVm nyd© Ed§ ñdmV§Í`moÎma nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ CÔoí`m|na n«H$me S>m{bE &27. {dkmnZ Ed§ XyaXe©Z (Q>r.dr.) Ho$ nañnag§~§Y H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &28. qhXr {gZo_m H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &29. qhXr {gZo_m Ho$ Ûmam hþE g_mO gwYma Ho$ H$m`© na àH$me S>m{bE &30. g§nmXH$ Ho$ JwU Ed§ CgHo$ Xm{`Ëd H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &31. ao{S>Amo Ho$ _hËd Ed§ CgH$s Cn`mo{JVm na àH$me S>m{bE &

{Q>ßn{U`m± …1. nÌH$m[aVm H$s n[a^mfm Am¡a g_rjm2. AmYw{ZH$ nÌH$m[aVm H$s {deofVmE±3. nÌH$m[aVm H$m g_mOna à^md &4. nÌH$m[aVm Am¡a g_mO gwYma5. qàQ> _r{‹S>`m6. _wÐU-`wJ H$m à^md7. nmañn[aH$ {H«$`mË_H$ g§Mma àUmbr8. BboH$Q>m°{ZV _r{S>`m9. y{_JV àH$meZ10 nÌH$m{Vm H$s ^mfm11 ao{S>Amo12. Jm§Yr`wJrZ nÌH$m[aVm13. ^maVoÝXw `wJrZ nÌH$m[aVm &14. {ÛdoXr `wJrZ nÌH$m[aVm15. g§nmXH$ H$m H$m`©16. ñV§ boIZ17. àw\$ emooYZ18. |Q> dmVm©19. gm§ñH¥${VH$ boIZ20. g_mMma nÌ Am¡a {dkmnZ21. {dkmnZ H$s ^mfm22. \$sMa boIZ23. g§dmXXmVm H$m H$m`©

àíZ_§Owfm


24. g§nmXH$ Ho$ JwU25. _r{S>`m Ho$ àH$ma26. nma§nm[aH$ nÌH$m[aVm27. d¡pídH$aU H$s à{H«$`m Am¡a OZg§Mma28. g§dmX boIZ29. g_mMma nÌm| H$s H$m`©àUmbr30. g_mMma nÌm| H$s ^mfm31. g_mMma nÌm| H$s {deofVmE±

/ 131

g§Xsê J«§W gyMr …

1. g_mMma nÌm| H$s ^mfm - S>m°. _m{UH$ _¥Joe

2. {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm _| A{^ì`§OZ {eën - S>m°. am_ AdVma e_m©

3. nÌH$m[aVm _| AZwdmX H$s g_ñ`mE± - S>m°. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar, {OV|Ð Jwá

4. g_mMma nÌm| H$m B{Vhmg - n§. A§{~H$m àgmX dmOno r

5. {hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm - S>m°. H¥$îU{~hmar {_l

6. {X amBO A°ÊS> J«moW Am°\$ {hÝXr OZ©{bÁ_ - am_aVZ ^Q>ZmJa

7. qhXr nÌH$m[aVm {dH$mg Am¡a {d{dY Am`m_ - S>m°. gwerbm Omoer

8. qhXr nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ gm¡ df© - nX²_mH$a nmÊSo>`

9. qhXr nÌH$m[aVm … {d{dY Am`m_ (^mJ 1 d ^mJ 2) g§nmXH$ - S>m°. doX àVmn d¡{XH$

10. ^maVoÝXw `wJ Am¡a qhXr ^mfm / ^maV|Xw H$s {dH$mg na§nam - S>m°. am_{dbmg e_m©

11. ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ Am¡a qhXr nÌH$m[aVm - S>m°. AOw©Z {Vdmar

12. qhXr JÚ H$m {Z_m©U - n§. M§X~obr nmÊSo>`

13. ~rgdt eVmãXr … Xmo XeH$ (nÌ - n{ÌH$mAm| H$m gm{hpË`H$ AdXmZ) - S>m°. Hw$gw_AJ«dmb

14. AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg - AmYw{ZH$ qhXr _| gañdVr H$m `moJXmZ - S>m°.g§V~H$e qgh

15. nÌH$ma ào_M§X Am¡a h§g - S>m°. aËZmH$a nmÊSo>`

16. nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ N>h XeH$ - OJXre àgmX MVwd}Xr

17. nÌH$m[aVmH$m B{Vhmg - EZ. gr. n§V

18. nÌH$m[aVm H$s MwZm¡{V`m± - JUoe _§Ìr

19. nÌH$m[aVm {gÕm§V Am¡a ì`dhma - B§ÐM§Ð aOdam

20. OZg§Mma Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm - {d{dY Am`m_ … S>m°. Amo_àH$me e_m©

21. Xyag§Mma Ed§ gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s - S>r. S>r. AmoPm

22. nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ {gÜXm§V - S>m°. amOoeM§Ð {ÌnmR>r

23. Eg. EZ. S>r. Q>r. _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`, àH$m{eV - OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ … S>m°. dgwYmghó~wÕo

wæÙàâwùà ¥wÞ qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýà ÐnàÂà ÐwmÞØàmàqåwê §ýàv yç vç§ýÊ ¡àk m§ý tÑ¾wqå½àê

rÂàà Ñè ñ Êà˜ìþãu ÐmÊ yç vç§ýÊ ¡ÞmÊàê ìþãu ÐmÊ m§ý qØà§ýàáÊmà §ýL ¡qÂàã ¡Ñâtum

Ñè ñ qPàjãÂà §ýàv §ýL qÊÞqÊàªàm qØà§ýàáÊmà yç vç§ýÊ ¡àk §çý ¢vç§¹ìþàéâÂà§ý tãâ»þuà m§ý

qØà§ýàáÊmà §çý ÕàçØà tçÞ rÀvàw ¡à¥ ÑèA ¡àèÊ ¡àªàç sã ¡àmç ÊÑçÞªàç ñ ÑÊ §ýàvhÞ»þ §çý âv¥

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â¹þÓ§ý tÑàÊà˜ìþ âwùàqãºþ, q½àç dÎm {dÚm (nÌH$m[aVm) H$m …Hindi)/HAS302 Patrikarita.pdf · â¹þÓ§ý tÑàÊà˜ìþ âwùàqãºþ, qä½àç §ývqmã