3.1 INTRODUCTION OF DVD PLAYER:A DVD player is very similar to a CD player. It has a laser assembly that shines the laser beam onto the surface of the disc to read the pattern of bumps. The DVD player decodes the MPEG-2 encoded movie, turning it into a standard composite video signal. The player also decodes the audio stream and sends it to a Dolby decoder, where it is amplified and sent to the speakers.

The DVD player has the job of finding and reading the data stored as bumps on the DVD. Considering how small the bumps are, the DVD player has to be an exceptionally precise piece of equipment.

For the player or drive to play the movie, the two codes must match. The code is also printed on the back of a DVD package, superimposed on a small image of the globe. If you have a DVD that was made for release in Asia, you won't be able to play it on a DVD player intended for use in Australia.

3.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

3.21 VARIOUS SECTIONS OF A DVD PLAYER:

1) Power supply section 2) Disc drives & lens unit 3) Logic card 4) Audio amplifier section 5) Front panel & display 6) Back panel All these sections has been described in detail afterwards

1. POWER SUPPLY OF DVD PLAYER: Switch mode power supply (s.m.p.s) has been used in this model of DVD player. Its PCB and circuit diagram has been on front pages220 volts AC supply of mains line through NTC 10D and line filter has been given to bridge rectifier made of 4 diodes, (-) ve of this rectifier is called Floating ground. About 300 volts DC is available from the rectifier which has been filtered by a 47MF (400V) capacitor. A 8 pin IC SLD36SR has been used for switching in this S.M.P.S. 300 volt DC supply has been given to one winding of S.M.P.S. transformer and through the coil L1 ,300 volt DC supply has been given to pin no 1,6,7 and 8 of the IC SLD36SR.through 470k(2 watt) resistance 300

volt DC supply has been connected with pin no3 of the IC acts as the base bias voltage of the switching transistor present within the IC .After switching action has started ,base bias voltage for pin no 3 of the IC is obtained by rectifying the pulses developed in another winding of the S.M.P.S. transformer by a diode 1N4007. After switching has started, pulses develop in 3 other windings of the S.M.P.S. transformer and by connecting diodes and filter capacitors .various dc supplies has been obtained as shown in the circuit diagram. 12v,5v,+12v,-12v,+A5v,+D5v supplies shown in the circuit diagram has been given to the logic card .+5v,-21v,-f1(-10v), +f2(-5v) supplies has been given to the front panel and VFD display and -21v DC supply has been given to the audio amplifier PCB .the ground of these low volt DC supplies is called Chassis Ground. A 0.001MF (400V) capacitor has been between chassis ground and floating ground When difference in output voltage comes the feedback of this information has to be given to the switching circuit .Transistor TL431 and OPTO-COUPLER (922-0212) has been used to give this feedback.5volts DC supply has been given to the collector of the transistor through 100 ohm resistance and to the base through 2K2 ohm resistance .The difference coming in output voltage is amplified by the transistor which increases or decreases the amount of light emitted by the diode present inside the Opto-coupler . The value of current flowing in the transistor present inside the Opto-coupler depends on the amount of light falling on the base of this transistor; less amount of light produces large current. This information reaches pin no. 4 of the IC and according to the feedback change in switching action takes place and DC supply of proper value continue to be available from the S.M.P.S.

Opto-coupler is used to keep the switching circuit and output circuit electronically from one another.

2. DISC DRIVE AND LENS UNIT:

A drive motor to spin the disc - The drive motor is precisely controlled to rotate between 200 and 500 rpm, depending on which track is being read.

A laser and a lens system to focus in on the bumps and read them - The light from this laser has a smaller wavelength (640 nanometers) than the light from the laser in a CD player

(780 nanometers), which allows the DVD laser to focus on the smaller DVD pits.

A tracking mechanism that can move the laser assembly so the laser beam can follow the spiral track - The tracking system has to be able to move the laser at micron resolutions.

Inside the DVD player, there is a good bit of computer technology involved in forming the data into understandable data blocks, and sending them either to the DAC, in the case of audio or video data, or directly to another component in digital format, in the case of digital video or data.

The fundamental job of the DVD player is to focus the laser on the track of bumps. The laser can focus either on the semi-transparent reflective material behind the closest layer, or, in the case of a double-layer disc, through this layer and onto the reflective material behind the inner layer. The laser beam passes through the polycarbonate layer, bounces off the reflective layer behind it and hits an opto-electronic device, which detects changes in light. The bumps reflect light differently than the "lands," the flat areas of the disc, and the opto-electronic sensor detects that change in reflectivity. The electronics in the drive interpret the changes in reflectivity in order to read the bits that make up the bytes.

The hardest part of reading a DVD is keeping the laser beam centered on the data track. This centering is the job of the tracking system. As the DVD is played, the tracking system has to move the laser continually outward. As the laser moves outward from the center of the disc the bumps move past the laser at an increasing speed. This happens because the linear, or tangential, speed of the bumps is equal to the radius times the speed at which the disc is revolving. So, as the laser moves outward, the spindle motor must slow the spinning of the DVD so that the bumps travel past the laser at a constant speed, and the data comes off the disc at a constant rate. For the player or drive to play the movie, the two codes must match. The code is also printed on the back of a DVD package, superimposed on a small image of the globe. If you have a DVD that was made for release in Asia, you won't be able to play it on a DVD player intended for use in Australia.

3. LOGIC CARD OF DVD PLAYER: The main IC etc. present on the logic card a common type DVD player have been shown in diagram. Several ICs, transistor, capacitors, microproceesor, etc., are present on this logic card. This card is connected with other section through the connectors described below.

Various DC supplies reach the logic card through a 10 pin

connector.

A 24-pin ribbon wire connects the logic card with the lens unit present in the deck mechanism (A 16-pin flap was used for this purpose in a VCD player).

From the logic card DC supplies reach various motors of deck mechanism through 10-pin connector.

VFD display and front panel have been connected with the logic card through a 6-pin connector. IR signal and other signals for keyboard and VFD pass through this 6-pin connector.

Through a3 pin connector audio signals of L and R channel are reaching the audio amplifier card.

4 AUDIO AMPLIFIER:

PCB and circuit diagram of this section has been shown.

For each channel IC LA4440 has been used in this section. Audio of one channel is amplified by the transistor C549C.Amplified audio passes through Bass and Treble circuit and reaches the second transistor C549c.through volume control audio amplified by the second transistor reaches input pin no.2 of the IC LA4440.Audio of high power is available between pin no.10 and 12 of this audio IC and connected with the sockets present on the back panel of the DVD player. External big speaker are connected with these sockets to get high power sound. Similar arrangement is present for the other channel of audio.

5.FRONT PANEL AND DISPLAY: The outer picture of front panel and display of a common model of DVD player has been shown below.

On front panel ON/OFFswitch is present on the left side.In the middle there is the space for movement of disc tray inside and outside. Remote sensor is present near this space. VFD display is present on the right side where white colour letters or numbers are displayed on violet background. On the front panel NEXT, PREVIOUS, REWIND, FORWARD, OPEN/CLOSE, STOP, PLAY/PAUSE and L/R

buttons are present which are used to play, pause etc. the disc loaded in the DVD player.

Front panel and VFD display of DVD player have been shown in figure. A 44 pin IC has been used in this panel which works as Key Board Matrix drive and Display drive. A remote like circuit used in front panel of VCD player has not been used in this front panel of DVD player. Supplies coming from S.M.P.S reach the front panel through a 5 pin connector. The front has been connected with the logic card through a 6 pin connector. IR signal generated by the remote sensor reach the logic card through this connector.

BACK PANEL: On playing a DVD disc in a DVD player, output like playing a VCD are available, but several other types of video output and audiop output can also be available which depend on the specification of the DVD played in the DVD player. All these outputs are available at the various sockets present on the back panel and have been shown in figure.

There are three types of output for video, normal video, S video and Y-Ch-Cr component video. Depending on the type of facility provided for video input can be given from the back panel of DVD player. For audio, there are 2 types of analog output and 2 types of digital output.

Video Outputs:

Component-video outputs: These outputs provide the highest quality video signal to your TV. They are quite rare right now; only the newest high-end TVs can support them. But, if you have such a TV, you'll definitely want a DVD player with component video outputs.

There are three separate connectors for component video output. The player pictured below has one component video output.

S-video outputs: TVs with this type of connection are more common. S-video provides a very good picture quality, and every DVD player has at least one of these outputs. The player pictured above has two of them.

These are the most common type of output, and they provide adequate picture quality. Usually, they have a yellow plastic insert. The player pictured above has two of these outputs.

DVD player video outputs from left to right: composite video, s-video, component video

Audio Outputs:

Coaxial digital output and optical digital output:These outputs provide the highest-quality audio. They send the digital sound information to the receiver for decoding. One of these either can be used to have a Dolby Digital receiver.

DVD player audio outputs

5.1 channel outputs: 5.1 channels is a set of six analog outputs, one for each of the Dolby Digital channels (left front, center front, right front, left rear, right rear and subwoofer). The DVD player decodes the Dolby Digital signal and uses its own DAC to output an analog signal. These are the outputs need to use if hooking the DVD player up to a "Dolby Digital ready" receiver.

DVD players with 5.1 channel outputs will always have Dolby Digital decoders, and they may or may not have DTS decoders. If you have a "Dolby

Digital ready" receiver and you want DTS sound, you will need a DVD player with a built-in DTS decoder.

Stereo outputs: These outputs carry only the stereo music signal. It is used were hooking of DVD player up to a TV that has only two speakers.

ANALOG OUTPUT: Stereo output is given to the TV from the ML and MR socket present on the back panel. If sound has to be obtained from the external big loudspeaker then amplified stereo output is taken from other sockets present on back panel.

If during recording audio of Front Left, Front Right, Surround Left, Surround Right, Centre and Sub-woofer microphones were recorded on separate- separate channels of DVD then on playing such a DVD 5.1 channel analog audio output is available on the back panel.

DIGITAL OUTPUT: Dolby digital and DTS digital output are available at the coaxial or optical socket at the back panel and from here these outputs are given to a Decoder Amplifier.

3.3 WORKING:

3.31 Connecting the DVD Player:

Connecting a DVD player to your stereo receiver (or television, if you don't have a receiver) involves making two basic connections: audio and video.

Audio:

The first connection to make is for the audio portion of the signal. There will be several options depending on the receiver you have.

The best choice (if available) is either to use an optical (also called Tos-link) or coaxial (RCA) digital connection. These two choices are equal in quality. In order to use either of these, you will need to have both an output on the DVD player, and an input on the receiver. Only receivers with built-in Dolby Digital decoders will have this type of input.

The audio outputs on a DVD player

 

If your receiver does not have a built-in Dolby Digital or DTS decoder, but is "Dolby Digital ready," look for the 5.1-channel Dolby or 5.1-channel DTS. This connection involves six cables, corresponding to different speaker channels: left front, center front, right front, left rear, right rear and subwoofer.

 

The last option to connect the two components is with analog RCA outputs. This is a two-cable connection, with one cable delivering the left speaker sound, and the other cable delivering the right. This connection will deliver only stereo sound, but it may be your only option if you are hooking up directly to a television, or if you have an old receiver with only two channels.

VIDEO  :

The best quality choice is to use component connection. This connection consists of three cables: color-labeled red, blue and green. The quality is superb. However, these connections only exist on extremely high-end receivers and television sets.

The video outputs on a DVD player

The next option is s-video. One cable connects the DVD player to the receiver in this setup. 

The last option, similar to the audio setup, is to use the analog RCA video output, usually color-labeled yellow on both ends. This will deliver the lowest quality, but will suffice for older, analog televisions.

3.32 STORING DATA: DVDs are of the same diameter and thickness as CDs, and they are made using some of the same materials and manufacturing methods. Like a CD, the data on a DVD is encoded in the form of small pits and bumps in the track of the disc.

A DVD is composed of several layers of plastic, totaling about 1.2 millimeters thick. Each layer is created by injection molding polycarbonate plastic. This process forms a disc that has microscopic bumps arranged as a single, continuous and extremely long spiral track of data. More on the bumps later.

Once the clear pieces of polycarbonate are formed, a thin reflective layer is sputtered onto the disc, covering the bumps. Aluminum is used behind the inner layers, but a semi-reflective gold layer is used for the outer layers, allowing the laser to focus through the outer and onto the inner layers. After all of the layers are made, each one is coated with lacquer, squeezed together and cured under infrared light. For single-sided discs, the label is silk-screened onto the nonreadable side. Double-sided discs are printed only on the nonreadable area near the hole in the middle. Cross sections of the various types of completed DVDs (not to scale) look like this:

Each writable layer of a DVD has a spiral track of data. On single-layer DVDs, the track always circles from the inside of the disc to the outside. That the spiral track starts at the center means that a single-layer DVD can be smaller than 12 centimeters if desired.

What the image to the right cannot impress upon you is how incredibly

tiny the data track is -- just 740 nanometers separate one track from the next (a nanometer is a billionth of a meter). And the elongated bumps that make up the track are each 320 nanometers wide, a minimum of 400 nanometers long and 120 nanometers high. The following figure illustrates looking through the polycarbonate layer at the bumps.

You will often read about "pits" on a DVD instead of bumps. They appear as pits on the aluminum side, but on the side that the laser reads from, they are bumps.

The microscopic dimensions of the bumps make the spiral track on a DVD extremely long. If you could lift the data track off a single layer of a DVD, and stretch it out into a straight line, it would be almost 7.5 miles long! That means that a double-sided, double-layer DVD would have 30 miles (48 km) of data!

To read bumps this small you need an incredibly precise disc-reading mechanism.

3.33 The DVD AUDIO FORMAT:

DVD audio and DVD video are different formats. DVD audio discs and players are relatively rare right now, but they will become more common, and the difference in sound quality should be noticeable. In order to take advantage of higher-quality DVD audio discs, you will need a DVD player with a 192kHz/24-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Most DVD players have only a 96kHz/24-bit digital-to-analog converter. So if you want to be able to listen to DVD audio discs, be sure to look for a DVD audio player with a 192kHz/24-bit digital-to-analog converter.

DVD audio recordings can provide far better sound quality than CDs. The chart below lists the sampling rate and accuracy for CD recordings and the maximum sampling rate and accuracy for DVD recordings. CDs can hold

74 minutes of music. DVD audio discs can hold 74 minutes of music at their highest quality level, 192 kHz/24-bit audio. By lowering either the sampling rate or the accuracy, DVDs can be made to hold more music. A DVD audio disc can store up to two hours of 6-channel, better than CD quality, 96kHz/24-bit music. Lower the specifications further and a DVD audio disc can hold almost seven hours of CD-quality audio.

In an audio CD or DVD, each bit represents a digital command telling the DAC what voltage level to output. While an ideal recording would follow the raw waveform exactly, digital recordings sample the sound at different frequencies, and therefore lose some of the data.

Specification :

SPECIFICATION CD AUDIO DVD AUDIO SAMPLING RATE 44.1kHZ

SAMPLING PER SECOND

SAMPLING ACCURACY

NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OUTPUT 16,777,216

To get the full experience of the Dolby Digital sound used on many DVDs, you need a home theater system with five speakers, a subwoofer, and a receiver that is either "Dolby Digital ready" or has a built-in Dolby Digital decoder.

If your receiver is Dolby Digital ready, then it does not have a Dolby Digital decoder, so need of a DVD player with its own Dolby Digital decoder and 5.1 channel outputs. The need of system to be compatible with DTS sound, then your DVD player will need a DTS decoder, too.

3.34 The DVD Video Format:

Even though its storage capacity is huge, the uncompressed video data of a full-length movie would never fit on a DVD. In order to fit a movie on a DVD, you need video compression. A group called the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) establishes the standards for compressing moving pictures.

When movies are put onto DVDs, they are encoded in MPEG-2 format and then stored on the disc. This compression format is a widely accepted international standard. Your DVD player contains an MPEG-2 decoder, which can uncompress this data as quickly as you can watch it.

TheMPEG-2 Format and Data Size Reduction

A movie is usually filmed at a rate of 24 frames per second. This means that every second, there are 24 complete images displayed on the movie screen. American and Japanese television use a format called NTSC, which displays a total of 30 frames per second; but it does this in a sequence of 60 fields, each of which contains alternating lines of the picture. Other countries use PAL format, which displays at 50 fields per second, but at a higher resolution . Because of the differences in frame rate and resolution, an MPEG movie needs to be formatted for either the NTSC or the PAL system.

The MPEG encoder that creates the compressed movie file analyzes each frame and decides how to encode it. The compression uses some of the same technology as still image compression does to eliminate redundant or irrelevant data. It also uses information from other frames to reduce the overall size of the file. Each frame can be encoded in one of three ways:

As an intraframe : An intraframe contains the complete image data for that frame. This method of encoding provides the least compression.

As a predicted frame : A predicted frame contains just enough information to tell the DVD player how to display the frame based on the most recently displayed intraframe or predicted frame. This means that the frame contains only the data that relates to how the picture has changed from the previous frame.

As a bidirectional frame : In order to display this type of frame, the player must have the information from the surrounding intraframe or predicted frames. Using data from the closest surrounding frames, it uses interpolation (something like averaging) to calculate the position and color of each pixel.

Depending on the type of scene being converted, the encoder will decide which types of frames to use. If a newscast were being converted, a lot more predicted frames could be used, because most of the scene is

unaltered from one frame to the next. On the other hand, if a very fast action scene were being converted, in which things changed very quickly from one frame to the next, more intraframes would have to be encoded. The newscast would compress to a much smaller size than the action sequence.

If all of this sounds complicated, then you are starting to get a feeling for how much work your DVD player does to decode an MPEG-2 movie. A lot of processing power is required; even some computers with DVD players can't keep up with the processing required to play a DVD movie.

3.4 DVD vs. CD:DVDs can store more data than CDs for a few reasons:

Higher-density data storage Less overhead, more area Multi-layer storage

Higher Density Data Storage

Single-sided, single-layer DVDs can store about seven times more data than CDs. A large part of this increase comes from the pits and tracks being smaller on DVDs.

Specification

Track Pitch 1600 nanometers 740 nanometers

Minimum Pit Length(single-layer DVD)

830 nanometers 400 nanometers

Minimum Pit Length(double-layer DVD)

830 nanometers 440 nanometers

Let's try to get an idea of how much more data can be stored due to the physically tighter spacing of pits on a DVD. The track pitch on a DVD is 2.16 times smaller, and the minimum pit length for a single-layer DVD is 2.08 times smaller than on a CD. By multiplying these two numbers, we find that there is room for about 4.5 times as many pits on a DVD. So where does the rest of the increase come from?

Less Overhead, More Area

On a CD, there is a lot of extra information encoded on the disc to allow for error correction -- this information is really just a repetition of information

that is already on the disc. The error correction scheme that a CD uses is quite old and inefficient compared to the method used on DVDs. The DVD format doesn't waste as much space on error correction, enabling it to store much more real information. Another way that DVDs achieve higher capacity is by encoding data onto a slightly larger area of the disc than is done on a CD.

Multi-Layer-Storage

To increase the storage capacity even more, a DVD can have up to four layers, two on each side. The laser that reads the disc can actually focus on the second layer through the first layer. Here is a list of the capacities of different forms of DVDs:

CapacityApprox. Movie Time

Single-sided/single-layer 4.38 GB2 hours

Single-sided/double-layer 7.95 GB4 hours

Double-sided/single-layer 8.75 GB4.5 hours

Double-sided/double-layer 15.9 GBOver 8 hours

You may be wondering why the capacity of a DVD doesn't double when you add a whole second layer to the disc. This is because when a disc is made with two layers, the pits have to be a little longer, on both layers, than when a single layer is used. This helps to avoid interference between the layers, which would cause errors when the disc is played.

The BasicsA DVD is very similar to a CD, but it has a much larger data capacity. A standard DVD holds about seven times more data than a CD does. This huge capacity means that a DVD has enough room to store a full-length, MPEG-2-encoded movie, as well as a lot of other information.

Here are the typical contents of a DVD movie:

Up to 133 minutes of high-resolution video, in letterbox or pan-and-scan format, with 720 dots of horizontal resolution (The video compression ratio is typically 40:1 using MPEG-2 compression.)

Soundtrack presented in up to eight languages using 5.1 channel Dolby digital surround sound

Subtitles in up to 32 languages

DVD can also be used to store almost eight hours of CD-quality music per side.

The format offers many advantages over VHS tapes:

DVD picture quality is better, and many DVDs have Dolby Digital or DTS sound, which is much closer to the sound you experience in a movie theater.

Many DVD movies have an on-screen index, where the creator of the DVD has labeled many of the significant parts of the movie, sometimes with a picture. With your remote, if you select the part of the movie you want to view, the DVD player will take you right to that part, with no need to rewind or fast-forward.

DVD players are compatible with audio CDs. Some DVD movies have both the letterbox format, which fits wide-screen

TVs, and the standard TV size format, so you can choose which way you want to watch the movie.

DVD movies may have several soundtracks on them, and they may provide subtitles in different languages. Foreign movies may give you the choice between the version dubbed into your language, or the original soundtrack with subtitles in your language.

DVDs and Laser Discs:

Laser disc is an older technology. It offered a better picture and better sound than videotapes, and it is comparable to DVD. But the laser disc format is analog; DVDs are digital Laser discs are only used for prerecorded movies, and they are larger, about 12 inches in diameter, instead the 5-inch diameter of DVDs. The two formats usually can't be played on the same machine.

Laser discs, like DVDs, allow viewers to go to the exact scene they wish to see, and to freeze a frame or slow the picture. Laser discs can only hold an hour on each side, so you have to flip the disc to watch the second half of the movie.

Because of DVD compression techniques, DVDs can hold more data. You rarely have to flip a DVD to watch a whole movie. Laser disc players are noisier than DVD players, and they can sometimes suffer "laser rot" -- the aluminum side of the disc oxidizes, and the quality of the disc deteriorates. DVDs are less likely to have this problem, because manufacturing techniques have improved. As the popularity of DVD grows, laser discs are becoming harder to find

3.5 FEATURES:Supported Formats:

DVD movies: Just about all players play DVD movies. Music CDs: Most players also play music CDs.

Video CDs: Some players can handle this format, which is used mostly for music videos and some movies from foreign countries.

CD-Rs: Some players can play content that you create on your own computer.

Audio DVDs A few players can handle this format for high-quality audio.

Other Features:

Dolby Digital decoder: This feature allows the DVD player to decode the Dolby Digital information from a DVD and convert it to six separate analog channels. This feature is not necessary if you have a Dolby Digital receiver, which has a digital input that carries all of the audio information.

DTS decoder: This feature allows the DVD player to decode the DTS information from a DVD and convert it to six separate analog channels. Again, this feature is not necessary if you have a receiver with a DTS decoder.

DTS compatible: All DVD players are DTS compatible. They pass the digital audio information on to the receiver, which then decodes it.

Simulated surround: If you are going to hook the DVD player up to a TV or a stereo system with only two speakers, a DVD player with simulated surround processing will give you some sense of surround sound without the extra speakers.

Disc capacity: Some DVD players can hold three, five or even several hundred discs. Since most DVD players can also play audio CDs, if you buy a player with a high disc capacity you could store your whole CD collection in the machine.

96 kHz/24-bit DAC: This is the speed and accuracy of the digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which converts the audio information into an analog signal. Most movie soundtracks

are encoded in this format, so this is really a required feature, and most DVD players will have at least a 96 kHz/24-bit DAC.

192 kHz/24-bit DAC: This is an upcoming format for audio-only DVDs that are recorded at speeds of up to 192 kHz and 24-bits. Only the newest DVD audio players have the 192 kHz/24-bit DAC required to play these audio discs.

Play mode NTSC/PAL/AUTODisc mode DVD,VCD,CD,MP3,CD-RW,DVD-R

Resolution 500 linesVideo S/N 56 dBFrequency response fs 192kHz:4Hz-44kHz:+/-1dBAudio S/N ratio 90 dBDynamic range 90 dB Distortion 0.01%D/A converter 192kHz/24 bitVideo output 1Vp-p(75 ohm)S-video output Y:1 Vp-p(75 ohm) C:0.3 Vp-p(75 ohm) Audio output 2.0V Digital audio output CoaxialAC-3 5.1 channel outputPower voltage ~230V/50HzPower consumption 25W

3.6 REMOTE CONTROL: Remote handsets have been shown in diagram. This remote control works on 3V DC supply. 3V supply has been connected direct with the supply pin of the IC. The 3V supply has been connected with the collector of the transistor through infrared LED. The emitter of the transistor has been connected with the ground. 2 pins of the IC have been connected with the crystal of the oscillator. Whenever a push button is pressed pulses reach the base of the transistor, current flow in the transistor, infrared rays are emitted by the LED which reach the remote

sensor present on the front panel.

Remote-control-type: DVD players may come with three types of remotes:

A dedicated remote, which only runs the DVD player .

A multibrand remote, which can control other components, like VCRs and TVs made by other manufacturers (Usually, they only support the more common brands.)

A learning remote, which can learn the signals from other remotes and assign them to a button (This feature is useful if you have uncommon brands of components to control.)

When a button of remote set is pressed the conductor material present below the button short two lines of key Matrix Circuit and LED emits infrared rays. In DVD player any menu is selected by using the four arrow button and after selection ENTER button is pushed to use theselection.OnDVDremoteTITLE,SUBTITLE,ANGLE,3D,LANGUAGE,MODE,RECORD,SETUP and CLEAR/EQ BUTTONS are present which are not present on the VCD remote. The use of these buttons depends on the specification of DVD disc and DVD player.

When any disc is being played in a DVD player, EQUALIZER starts to come on the TV screen on pressing CLEAR/EQ button on DVD remote.

Maximum speed in a DVD player is 8X (2X,4X,6X,8X) hence FF and FR can be done more quickly in DVD player than VCD player (2X,4X).

If a DVD disc has been loaded in DVD player then on pressing MENU/VIEW button, a menu starts to come on the TV screen which is different for different DVD disc.

3.7 CONCLUSION:In conclusion I would like to say that when it comes to electronics I am a big fan of full sized, state of the art equipment, and rarely get satisfied with portables, but this player has completely won me over with its incredible features, thoughtful design, compatibility, and so far reliability. I think that it is the perfect unit to keep in your bedroom. It also plays standard DVDs, DVD-R, SVCD, VCD, Audio CD, CD-R, MP3 songs. DVD players are completely compatible with audio compact discs. And music will become increasingly available in DVD format.

The DVD player does have some odd quirks and is not without fault. Its unique features and design make it stand out from the rest. It has very good price to performance ratio. I am very enthuastic about the feature of 5.1 music and really easy to use. This player has a high enjoyment factor rating.