ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?

• Abnormal behaviour is characterized as not typical, socially unacceptable, and distressing to the person who exhibits it or to the person’s friends and family, maladaptive, and the result of disorganized conditions

• Abnormal behaviour is atypical in the sense that statistically such behaviour is rare

• Abnormal behaviour is socially unacceptable but what is socially unacceptable varies by culture and time period

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR•  The biological criteria. These include a wide range of dimensions

various bodily functioning. Some biological disturbances being experience by the individual are directly related to psychological disorders and have organic basis.

• The psychological criteria. These include the emotional state of an individual, his ability to solve a problem, recall what is learned communicate clearly, adjust to the environment adapt to certain stressful situations and meet his personal needs are among the psychological measure used in evaluating the normality and mental condition of an individual.

• The socio-cultural criteria. These focus on the extent to which the individual has adopted the prevailing social norms and conventions of a particular society. Any overt act or behavior that does not conform the society’s shared expectations regarding appropriate behavior, referred to as social norms, is consider abnormal.

CONCEPTS OF NORMALITY & ABNORMALITY

• Normality

When the individual is able to function adequately and performs his daily living activities efficiently and feel reasonably satisfied with his life style will be called normative individual

• Abnormality

Abnormality is the deviation from the norm or standard or rules and regulations or psychological dysfunctioning or disorders, which are resulting due to psychological factors. The abnormal behavior is suggestive of mental illness, when the person is unable to understand his exaggerated behavior, which causes disability to the individual and to the others.

• CHARACTERISTIC OF NORMAL INDIVIDUAL

1. Sociability

2. Balance and fulfillment of needs

3. Health, security and balance

1. Criminal and juvenile delinquents

2. Mentally diseased

3. Unsocial and anti-social

• CHARACTERISTIC OF ABNORMAL INDIVIDUAL

DIFFERENT CRITERIA OF ABNORMALITY

1. Statistical Approach

2. Pathological approach

3. Adjustive Approach

4. Dichotomous Approach

5. Criterion of homeostasis

6. Eclectic Approach

FORMS OF ABNORMALITY1. Psychoneurotic – This is the more common kind of abnormal 

individual, and is the victim of conflicts, mental tensions and frustrations.

2. Psychotic - A more intense mental disease than psychoneurosis and in it the individual’s balance and equilibrium are completely disturbed and social adjustment rendered void.

3. Mentally deficient of Feeble-minded – A term applied to persons with intelligence less than the average, but even in this classification some people are more brainless than others.

4. Anti-Social Persons - Anti– Anti-social individuals form part of the abnormal class since one sign of normality in an individual is his acquiescence to the laws of society and his conformity to them. Anti-social class is composed of individuals on the one hand, who are criminals and are punished according to law, and on the other, of individuals who are called moral imbeciles.

MENTAL DISORDER

MENTAL DISORDER

• According to DSM-IV-TR....

“A mental disorder is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly creased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.”

CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDER

• Axis I

– Clinical Disorders

– Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention

• Axis II

– Personality Disorders

– Mental retardation

CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS

• Axis III

– General Medical Conditions

• Axis IV

– Psychosocial and Environmental Problems

• Axis V

– Global Assessment of Functioning

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY

- is characterized by marked lack of ethical or moral

development and apparent in ability to follow approved models of

behavior. Typically, these individuals are unsocialized and seemingly

incapable of significant loyalty to other person, groups or social

value. The term psychopathic personality and sociopathic

personality are commonly used in referring to this type of disorder.

The group of antisocial personality includes a mix group of

persons: crooked politicians, impostors, swindlers, shrewd

businessmen, shyster lawyer, quack doctors, deceitful evangelist,

drug pushers, prostitutes and delinquents and other type of

criminals. Some of these individuals are confined in mental hospitals

and penal institutions.

ALCOHOLISM• As defined by Chaplin, it is a personality disorder

characterized by excessive and compulsive drinking. An

alcohol finds reliefs to his problems whenever he is drinking

and eventually increases his intake until it become severe

and accompanied by hallucinations, disorientation, disturbed

intellectual function, and deterioration personality.

• People who are confronted with stress and frustrations

sometimes resorts to drugs if not alcohol. Drugs whenever

natural or synthetic when taken repeatedly may cause

detrimental effect to the psychological and physical well-being

of an individual. It becomes chronic as the person increases

his intake and eventually becomes fatal

FOUR STAGES ON THE WAY TO MALE ALCOHOL ADDICTION

According To Jellinek (1952)

1.Pre-alcoholic stage

2.Prodromal Stage

3.Crucial Stage

4.Chronic Stage

DRUG ADDICTION• Drug addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication

produced by the repeated consumption of a drug (natural or synthetic).

Its characteristics include:

(i) an overpowering desire or need (compulsion) to continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any means;

(ii) a tendency to increase the dose;

(iii) a psychic (psychological) and generally a physical dependence on the effects of the drug; and

(iv) detrimental effects on the individual and on society.

TYPES OF DRUGS

• Stimulant drugs

• Sedative drugs

• Deliriant or mind – blowing drugs

ANXIETY DISORDER

– State of mind in which the individual feels increased tension, apprehension, a painfully increased sense of helplessness, a feeling of uncertainty, fear, jitteriness, and worry

– Includes:

Generalized anxiety disorder

Panic disorder

Phobic disorder or Phobia

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

• – Disorder characterized by chronic, unrealistic, and excessive anxiety and worry

PANIC DISORDER - Characterized by recurrent panic attacks that come on unexpectedly, followed by at least one month of persistent concern about having another panic attack

• CHARACTERISTICS OF PANIC DISORDER

– Intense apprehension, fear, or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom

– Person may experience:DyspneaDizzinessSweatingTremblingChest pain or palpitations of the heart

PHOBIC DISORDER or PHOBIA

• - this is a disorders characterized by persistent fear

of an object or situation that presents no actual

danger to the person or in which the fear becomes

exaggerated. Individual who is phobic experiences

feelings of uneasiness, tension or anxiety attached

whenever he approaches the feared object/situation.

• CLASSIFICATION OF PHOBIA Acrophobia - Fear of high places that results in

extreme anxiety

Aerophobia - Morbid fear of fresh air or drafts

Agoraphobia - Fear of being in an open, crowded, or public place, such as a field, congested street, or busy department store, where escape may be difficult

Agoraphobia - Fear of spiders

Claustrophobia - Fear of closed spaces

Nyctophobia - Obsessive, irrational fear of darkness

Zoophobia - Persistent, irrational fear of animals, particularly dogs, snakes, insects, and mice

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDERS - are a disorder in which the individual has

intrusive thoughts and is urged to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors. Examples are behaviors such as hand washing, counting, checking if all the doors are closed, and putting things in order in a repetitive manner or say doing things ten times repeatedly . 

POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS - Disorder in which the individual experiences

characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extremely traumatic event

• Individual reacts with horror, extreme fright, or

helplessness to the event

PSYCHOSES

• Schizophrenia

• Affective Disorders

Psychosis means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality".

Includes:

SCHIZOPHRENIA

•  The term schizophrenia refers to a collection of seriously debilitating conditions characterized chiefly by hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder.

• Schizophrenic disorders involve a lack of reality testing, and deterioration of social and cognitive functioning

• People with schizophrenia match the definition of psychotic with gross impairment of reality testing and inability to meet the demands of life

• POSITIVE SYMPTOMS

• Hallucinations - Involve experiencing a sensation in the absence of an external stimulus.

• Delusions - Are unfounded and culturally alien beliefs

• NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS

• Avolition - is the inability to initiate and persist in activities. People

with this symptom show little interest in performing even the most

basic day to day functions, including those associated with

personal hygiene.

• Alogia - A person with alogia may respond to questions with brief

replies that have little content and may appear uninterested in the

conversation

• Anhedonia - is the presumed lack of pleasure experienced by

some people with schizophrenia. Like some mood disorder,

anhedonia signals an indifference to activities that would typically

be considered pleasurable, including eating, social interactions,

and sexual relations

• Affective flattening - You could communicate with them verbally,

but you wouldn’t be able to see their emotional reactions.

• DISORGANIZED SYMPTOMS

• Disorganized speech or thought disorder

People with schizophrenia often lack insight, an awareness that they have a problem. Sometimes they jump from topic to topic, at other times they talk illogically and speaking in unintelligible words and sentences

TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

•  

CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

• Most theorists adopt a diathesis-stress model to explain the cause of schizophrenia

• This asserts that a genetic or biological vulnerability underlies schizophrenia

• Life stress interacts with vulnerability to produce schizophrenia

AFFECTIVE / MOOD DISORDER

• These are moods disorders in which the individual experiences extremes and inappropriate levels of mood with presence of delusions. Mood disorders are characterized by significant shift in mood, primarily in emotions.

- includes:

a) Major Depressive Disorder

b) Bipolar affective Disorder

A) MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER•  The individual experiences a long-lasting and

continuously depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life. People who are suffering from this type of depression have problems in eating, sleep, concentration, manifest persistent deep feelings of sadness and worthlessness, to the point of considering suicide.

B) BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER

•  This is also originally termed as manic depressive. This is a disorder where the individual experiences alternate periods of depression and relatively normal moods.

PSYCHOTHERAPY

PSYCHOTHERAPY

•  Involves a series of interview with a psychiatrist who can listen and question and who create a healthy atmosphere conductive to dealing effectively with behavioral and emotional problems.

PSYCHOANALYSIS•   Psychoanalysis is a system of understanding human

behavior based on Freud’s writings. Emphasis is placed upon unconsciousness determinants of behavior.

 DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN

PSYCHOTHERAPY

1. Client-centered therapy- this is a verbal remedial procedure characterized by relatively little suggestions or direction from the therapist.

2. Rational therapy- this are procedures based on the premise that lack of information or illogical thought patterns are basic cause of patient’s difficulties and these can be counter acted by a direct, prescriptive, advice-giving approach by the therapist.

3. Eclecticism- literally, choosing this therapy, for example, occurs when the therapist exposes no single approach for all cases but chooses among the alternative viewpoints available.

4. Behavior therapy- characterized by the use of conditioning procedures in treatment of

psychological problems.

5. Systematic Desensitization- this method is based partly upon procedures in classical conditioning.

6. Operant techniques- used to change overt behavior and eliminate so called habits.

 DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN

PSYCHOTHERAPY

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC METHODS  Psychoanalytic Therapy

This method was developed by Sigmund Freud with the purpose of uncovering unconscious conflicts, which usually are traced back to childhood experiences and brought into the conscious awareness.

The major techniques of psychoanalysis that are:

• Free-association

• Interpretation

• Dream Analysis

• Resistance

• Transference

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC METHODS•  Cognitive Therapy

This emphasize on the importance of thought processes and beliefs changing individual’s behavior. Two therapies, those of therapy and Aaron Beck’s Albert Ellis’ rational emotive cognitive-behaviour therapy were found effective in handling clients’ problems.

• Humanistic Therapy

The therapy was found effective in employing experiential technique that helps in solving the individual problems.

•  Behavior Therapy

These types of group therapy are: family therapy, encounter groups, and support groups. Being less expensive and it’s availability, it provides group support, feedback and information and opportunities for behavior rehearsal.

• Biochemical Therapy

This therapy uses biological techniques to relieve psychological disorders. The three major forms of biochemical therapy are: drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery.

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC METHODS

SPECIAL TECHNIQUE IN THERAPY1. Play therapy- play may be used or release of

tensions and as a medium of expression in therapy with children.

2. Group therapy- patients meeting with others and with a therapist or counselor discuss their problems.

3. Family therapy- this is a form of group therapy in which it is assumed that a basic issue is the patient’s relations with other members of his family.

4. Recreation therapy- this is a mode of treatment in which the client engages in various activities, such as sports, dancing, singing, drawing and painting to help buried self-confidence, release tension and learn to work with others.

5. Marathon therapy- this is a group of therapy based on the premise that it takes longer that fifty minutes for the patient to discard his defenses. It may continue for several days.

6. Occupational therapy- this is a method of treatment where the client works around the hospital or is trained for a job before he leaves the treatment place.

7. Hypnotherapy- the use of hypnosis in individual therapy is relatively recent, but because the phenomena are not well understood, clinicians have been concerned about its misuse. Occasionally this is used in group therapy, where a single person is place in hypnotic trance. It may be used for symptom removal, diagnostic or desensitization. 

SPECIAL TECHNIQUE IN THERAPY

HUMAN ADJUSTMENT

DEFINITION OF MENTAL HEALTH•  According to WHO…

“The capacity of an individual to form harmonious relationships with others and to participate in or contribute constructively to changes in social environment”

• According to American Psychiatric Association,1950..

“Simultaneous success at working, living and creating the capacity for mature and flexible resolution of conflicts between instincts, conscience and reality.”

• Mental health is a state of the individual’s mind, where he can adjust and adapt to the situations in a harmonious manner, body and mind work together in same direction in order to lead a happy and productive life.

• Mental hygiene is a branch of science specially designed to suggest measures for ensuring mental health. It is the practical art, based on experimental evidence and psychology of adjustment, which restores the normal living of persons. It helps the persons to achieve fuller, happier, harmonious and effective lives. It promotes the individual’s capacity and forms harmonious relationship in groups 

DEFINITION OF MENTAL HYGIENE