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RIMT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, MANDI GOBINDGARH

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

On

“TREADMILL BYCYCLE”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement forthe award of

Diploma of Technology

In

AT

RIMT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,

MANDI GOBINDGARH

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Er. Gaurav Bansal Abdullah Shakoor (13011)Er. Dheeraj Dhingra Md.Shahid Reza (13097)

Arfin Hashmi (13149)

Sumit kumar (13154)Apoorv Anand (13180)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly grateful to the authorities of RIMT POLYTECHNIC

COLLEGE, Mandi Gobindgarh for allowing us to make project on “TREADMILL

BYCYCLE”.

We would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thank profusely to “Er.

Gaurav Bansal, Head of the Department (RIMT Polytechnic College, Mandi

Gobindgarh) for his sincere and invaluable guidance, suggestions and attitude, which

inspired us to submit our project in the present form. His dynamism and diligent

enthusiasm have been highly instrumental in keeping our spirits high. We would also

like to thanks our project guide “Er. Dheeraj Dhingra”, Lecturer (ME) for theirintellectual support throughout the course of this work. His flawless and forthright

suggestions blended with an innate intelligent application have crowned our task with

success.

We would also thankful to all faculty members of Mechanical Engineering

Department of RIMT Polytechnic College for their direct/indirect intellectual support

ABDULLAH SHAKOOR (130815317463)

MD. SHAHID REZA (130815317536)

ARFIN HASHMI (130815317461)

SUMIT KUMAR (130815317613)

APOORV ANAND (130815317459)


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ABSTRACT

Exercise is inevitable to keep health in good status. In this project we study the

treadmill exercise outdoor and their effect on health. Also we enlisted the advantages

and disadvantages of treadmill bicycle exercise. One of the most popular types of

home as well as outdoor exercise equipment is the treadmill bicycle, which provides a

straightforward, efficient aerobic workout. For many, treadmills are a good choice to

begin a new exercise routine because walking is well tolerated by most individuals

regardless of fitness level and for most back conditions. As strength and endurance

are developed, the treadmill bicycle can be used for jogging or for interval training.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

1.

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 9 - 11

1.1 What is treadmill bicycle……………………………………………... 10

1.2 The treadmill bicycle for ………………………………………………. 10

1.3 How can you ride without a seat……………………………………..... 10 - 11

2.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION.…………..……………………….. 12 - 13

3. COMPONENT USED ………………………………...………………... 14

4. COMPONENT DETAILS………………………………………………. 15 - 27

4.1 THE TREADMILL’S………………………………………………….. 15

4.2 WALKING BELT……………………………………………………... 15 - 17

4.3

WHEELS………………....……………………………………………. 17 - 18

4.4 TYRES………………………………….....………………………….... 18 - 19

4.5 ROLLERS………………………………………………………….…... 19 - 20

4.6 BEARINGS………………………………………………………….… 20

4.7

HUB…………………………………………..………………………… 21 - 23

4.8 PEDESTIAL BEARINGS……………………………………………... 23 - 24

4.9 FLY WHEEL…………………………………………........................... 24 – 26

4.10

SPROCKETS…………………………………………………………... 26 - 27

5.

WORKING………………………………………………..…………….. 28 - 33

5.1 WALKING SURFACE………………………………………………….. 31

5.2 DISK DESIGN…………………………………………………………… 31 - 33

6.

ADVANTAGES ……………….……........................................................ 34

7. DISADVANTAGES……………………………………………………… 35

8.

FUTURE SCOPE………………………………………….…………….... 36


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9. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………… 37

10. BIBILIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………….. 38


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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Name of figure Page no.

1 TREADMILL BYCYCLE 8

2 TREADMILL’S 15

3 WALKING BELT 17

4 WHEELS 18

5 TYRES 19

6 ROLLERS 20

7 BEARINGS 20

8 HUB 22

9 PEDESTIAL BEARINGS 23

10 FLY WHEELS 25

11 SPROCKETS 26


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12 BIG SPROCKET 27

13 TREADMILL PARTS 29

14 REINSERT THE BOLTS AND

WASHER TIGHTEN THE BOLTS

SECURELY USING THE HEX KEY

PROVIDED

29

15 HAND RAIL AND FRONT LIFT BAR 30

16 TURNING THE ADJUSTMENT BOLT

TO ALIGN THE RUNNING BELT

30

17 INITIAL LOCKED POSITION 32

18 UNLOCKED POSITION 32

19 UNLOCKED, ADJUSTED POSITION 32

20 ADJUSTED LOCKED 32


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FIG NO. 1 TREADMILL BYCYCLE


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1. INTRODUCTION

This project work modifying a treadmill to better fit the needs of users.

Treadmill bike is design for that persons who love to run outside. Treadmill fitted on

bicycle frame and construct a big innovation named 'TREADMILL BICYCLE'.

This bicycle has electronic part and runs entirely on human momentum. As the rider

walks on the treadmill, the belt butts up against the rear wheel propelling the bike

forward.

Treadmills were invented in 1818 by an English engineer named Sir William Cubitt,

son of a miller. Noting idle prisoners at Bury St Edmunds gaol, he proposed using

their muscle power to both cure their idleness and produce useful work.

Cubitt's treadmills for punishment usually rotated around a horizontal axis, requiring

the user to step upwards, like walking up an endless staircase. Those punished walked

around the outside of the wheel holding a horizontal handrail for stability.

Earlier tread wheels include either horizontal or inclined-axis devices designed for a

single user as well as a horizontal-axis design with the user inside and using the shaft

as a handrail, in a manner similar to the familiar toys for small pet animals such

as hamsters.

They remained in use until the second half of the 19th century; they were like twenty-

foot long paddle wheels with twenty-four steps around a six-foot cylinder. Several

prisoners stood side-by-side on a wheel, and had to work six or more hours a day,

effectively climbing 5,000 to 14,000 vertical feet. While the purpose was mainly

punitive, the most infamous mill at Brixton Prison was installed in 1821 and used to

grind grain to supplement an existing windmill which Cubitt had previously installed

nearby. It gained notoriety for the cruelty with which it was used, which then became

a popular satirical metaphor.

A treadmill is a device generally for walking or running while staying in the same

place. Treadmills were introduced before the development of powered machines, to

harness the power of animals or humans to do work, often a type of mill that was

operated by a person or animal treading steps of a treadwheel to grind grain. In later

times, treadmills were used as punishment devices for people sentenced to hard

labour in prisons. The terms treadmill and treadwheel were used interchangeably for

the power and punishment mechanisms.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cubitthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadwheelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_(HM_Prison)#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crueltyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_(grinding)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadwheelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labour#Punitive_prison_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labour#Punitive_prison_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labour#Punitive_prison_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labour#Punitive_prison_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadwheelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_(grinding)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crueltyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_(HM_Prison)#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadwheelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cubitt


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More recently, treadmills are not used to harness power, but as exercise machines for

running or walking in one place. Rather than the user powering the mill, the machine

provides a moving platform with a wide conveyor belt driven by an electric motor or

a flywheel. The belt moves to the rear, requiring the user to walk or run at a speed

matching that of the belt. The rate at which the belt moves is the rate of walking or

running. Thus, the speed of running may be controlled and measured. The more

expensive, heavy-duty versions are motor-driven (usually by an electric motor). The

simpler, lighter, and less expensive versions passively resist the motion, moving only

when walkers push the belt with their feet. The latter are known as manual treadmills.

1.1WHAT IS TREADMILL BICYCLE?

Treadmill bicycle is designed for runners as the ideal treadmill device, this device

combines the best exercise running and cycling to deliver a low-impact, high-

performance workout outdoors. We believe it is the ideal device for healthy runners.

It delivers an exercise experience that is closer to running than anything else available

today.

1.2 THE TREADMILL BICYCLE FOR?

Although the Treadmill was designed for those people who want a comfortable, fun,

efficient, low-impact, and weight-bearing exercise that they can enjoy outdoors.

1.3 How can you ride without a seat?

People often ask us how it's possible to ride without a seat. Fortunately, it's easy to

ride treadmill bicycle because it turns out that people are able to balance quite well

when standing. Think about the last time you were riding a bike over some kind of

obstacle - train tracks, potholes, speed bumps - chances are you stood up on the pedals

to improve your balance when crossing the obstacle. Basically, the treadmill bicycle

rider is in that well-balanced position the entire time.

In addition, the need to rest on a seat while exercising is something of a myth. People

run marathons without sitting; people hike for hours on end without sitting; and

almost everyone finds themselves walking and standing for long periods of time fairly

frequently. Just think about the last time you were at the mall, or Disneyland, or

sightseeing.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_machine


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Riding a treadmill bicycle is basically like walking, hiking, or running. You can

comfortably do it for hours, and as you'll see on the Epic Rides pages, we've tested

our theory and found that there is no substantive difference in the amount of time we

can ride the treadmill bicycle versus how long we could walk, run, or ride a bike.


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2. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The first consumer treadmill for home use was developed

by William Staub, a mechanical engineer.Staub developed his treadmill after reading

the 1968 book, Aerobics, by Dr .Kenneth H. Cooper.Cooper's book noted that

individuals who ran for eight minutes four-to-five times a week would be in better

physical condition. Staub noticed that there were no affordable household treadmills

at the time and decided to develop a treadmill for his own use during the late

1960s.He called his first treadmill the PaceMaster 600.Once finished, Staub sent his

prototype treadmill to Cooper, who found the machine's first customers, which

included sellers of fitness equipment.

Staub began producing the first home treadmills at his plant in Clifton, New Jersey, before moving production to Little Falls, New Jersey.

The US patent of treadmill "training machine" (1,064,968) was issued on June 17,

1913.

The forerunner of exercise treadmills was designed to diagnose heart and lung

disease, and was invented by Dr. Robert Bruce andWayne Quinton at the University

of Washington in 1952.Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper's research on the benefits of aerobic

exercise, published in 1968, provided a medical argument to support the commercial

development of the home treadmill and exercise bike.

Treadmill test at the medical center of the Olympic village at the 1980 Summer

Olympics

Among the users of treadmills today are medical facilities (hospitals, rehabilitation

centers, medical and physiotherapy clinics, institutes of higher education), sports

clubs, Biomechanics Institute, orthopedic shoe shops, running shops, Olympic

training centers, universities, fire-training centers, NASA, test facilities and training

rooms of police and army, gyms anSd even home users.

Treadmill ergometers are now mainly motor driven. Most treadmills have a running

table with sliding plate. Before and after the race table, there are two shafts. The

running belt is stretched between the shafts and the running deck. Safety standards for

treadmills are the IEC EN 957-1 and IEC EN 957-6.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Staubhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_H._Cooperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_New_Jerseyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Falls,_New_Jerseyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Brucehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Quintonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_H._Cooperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_villagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_villagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_H._Cooperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Quintonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Brucehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Falls,_New_Jerseyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_New_Jerseyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_H._Cooperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Staub


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For medical treadmills applicable norms, standards and guidelines are the Medical

Device Directive (MDD), European Guideline 93/42 EEC, European Guideline

2007/47 EEC, IEC EN 60601-1, EN 62304, EN 14971 and the machinery directive

2006/42/EC.

Medical treadmills are class IIb active therapeutic devices and also active devices for

diagnosis. With their very powerful (e.g. 3.3 kW = 4.5 HP) electric motor powered

drive system treadmills deliver mechanical energy to the human body through the

moving running belt of the treadmill. The subject is not changing his horizontal

position and is passively moved and forced to catch up with the running belt

underneath his feet. The subject can also be fixed in safety harnesses, unweighting

systems, various supports or even fixed in and moved with a robotic orthotic system

utilizing the treadmill.

Oversized treadmills are also used for cycling at speeds up to 80 km/h, for wheelchair

users and in special applications with thick running belt for cross-country skiing and

biathlon, where athletes perform training and testing exercise with roller ski on a

running deck of up to sizes of 450 x 300 cm.


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3. COMPONENTS USED

1.

Rectangular pipe 1”/2”

2. Small round pipe for roller 5 pcs

3. Big round pipe for roller 2 pcs

4. Bearings for pipe 14 pcs

5.

Pedestal bearing 4 pcs

6. Shafts for small roller 5 pcs

7.

Shaft for big roller 2 pcs

8.

Hub

9. Back tyre

10.

Front tyre with cycle

11.

Wheels

12. Fly wheel 4 pcs

13. Shaft for fly wheel 2 pcs

14. Big grari

15. Clamping accessories

16. Tread mill

17.

Walking belt


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4. COMPONENTS DETAIL

4.1. The Treadmill's

There are mainly two different types of frame materials with standard treadmills

having steel frames and newer and premium treadmills having aluminum frames.

Aluminum frames will hold up better if you are planning on keeping your treadmill

for several years or if you are close to the weight capacity of the treadmill.

The treadmill rails (also called bars or grips) should be used for stability when you are

starting or stopping the treadmill or if your treadmill is equipped with a grip heart

monitor, this is where you will take your heart rate measurements.

Rails are not meant to be held the entire time that you are using the treadmill, so be

sure that they are in a convenient, yet out of the way location. You also want the grips

to be comfortable and easy to reach for when you do need them.

FIG NO. 2 TREADMILL

4.2. WALKING BELT

The walking surface of a treadmill consists of the thin moving belt and a rigid plate

held between the two surfaces of that belt in order to provide support when the

transverse load of footfalls are applied.

The treadmill belt size is an important feature in your treadmill if you are planning on

running or jogging on your treadmill. If you are planning on walking, the belt size is


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not as important. Standard belts run 19" wide by 50" long. Although this sounds like a

good width and length, you must remember that the belt goes on to a deck, which

includes part of the frame and your console.

So even though your belt is 19 x 50, your running space may only be 16 by 45.

Again, if you are planning on only walking on your treadmill, this size is fine.

However, if you plan on running you will want a wider and longer belt, since we have

a tendency to sway a bit while we run.

The extra width will allow for this swaying without you hitting into the frame and the

longer length will allow you to run with your normal stride without any fear of falling

off of your treadmill.

Note that some treadmills will not list the belt size, just the belt material, but will list

the deck and running sizes. It's the running size that is the most important.

For example: a 30 X 80 deck size will usually have a running surface that is 20 X 60,

which is a very nice and comfortable running space.

Many decks on newer treadmills are cushioned or allow you to set your own cushion

level. This is an important feature as it will help to make impact less jarring to your

joints. Many treadmills can cushion up to 24% of the impact, with 12-14% being theaverage.

The deck is also the part of the treadmill that offers an incline to help your workout be

more intense. By inclining your deck you'll find yourself buring more calories and

blasting more fat, while working different muscles than if you were on a level surface.

You will also find that having a variable incline your workouts will be more exciting.

Inclines can range from 1% to 16%, with 8% to 10% the average for newer models.

Some treadmills have manual incline adjustments and others are automatic, but we

will discuss this late.


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FIG NO. 3 WALKING BELT

4.3. WHEELS

A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The

wheel is one of the main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six

simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved

easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing

labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel,

steering wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.

Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces

friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for

wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by

way of gravity, or by the application of another external force or torque.

The rim is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire."It makes up the outer circular

design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is mounted on vehicles such

as automobiles. For example, on a bicycle wheel the rim is a large hoop attached to

the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire and tube.


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FIG NO.4 WHEELS

4.4. TYRES

A tire (in American English and Canadian English) or tyre (in some Commonwealth

Nations such as UK, India, South Africa and Australia) is a ring-shaped covering that

fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by

providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close

contact with the ground. The word itself may be derived from the word "tie," which

refers to the outer steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that ties the wood segments

together (see Etymology below).

The fundamental materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric

and wire, along with other compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body.

The tread provides traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was

invented, the first versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around

wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are

pneumatic inflatable structures, comprising a doughnut-shaped body of cords and

wires encased in rubber and generally filled with compressed air to form an inflatable


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cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such as cars, bicycles,

motorcycles, trucks, earthmovers, and aircraft.

FIG NO. 5 TYRES

4.5. ROLLERS

Bicycle rollers are a type of bicycle trainer that make it possible to ride a bicycleindoors without moving forward. However, unlike other types of bicycle trainers,

rollers do not attach to the bicycle frame, and the rider must balance him or herself on

the rollers while training. Bicycle rollers normally consist of three cylinders, drums,

or "rollers" (two for the rear wheel and one for the front), on top of which the bicycle

rides. A belt connects one of the rear rollers to the front roller, causing the front wheel

of the bicycle to spin when the bicycle is pedaled. The spacing of bicycle rollers can

usually be adjusted to match the bicycle's wheelbase. Generally, the front roller is

adjusted to be slightly ahead of the hub of the front wheel.


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FIG NO. 6 ROLLERS

4.6. BEARINGS

A bearing is machine element which supports another moving machine element. The

moving machine element is known as journal. Bearing permits a relative motion

between the contact surfaces of the members, while carrying the load. A certain

amount of power is wasted in overcoming frictional resistance. In order to reduce

frictional resistance and wear and to carry away the heat generated, lubricant may be

provided. The lubricant used is usually a mineral oil refined from petroleum. The

bearing block is used to hold the bearings. It is made up of cast iron. All the bearings

are fitted on the machine frame. A bearing is machine element which supports another

moving machine element.

FIG NO. 7 BEARINGS


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4.7. HUB

A hub is the center part of a bicycle wheel. It consists of an axle, bearings and a hub

shell. The hub shell typically has two machined metal flanges to which spokes can be

attached. Hub shells can be one-piece with press-in cartridge or free bearings or, in

the case of older designs, the flanges may be affixed to a separate hub shell.

Axle

The axle is attached to dropouts on the fork or the frame. The axle can attach using a:

Quick release - a lever and skewer that pass through a hollow axle designed to allow

for installation and removal of the wheel without any tools (found on most modern

road bikes and some mountain bikes).

Nut - the axle is threaded and protrudes past the sides of the fork/frame. (often found

on track, fixed gear, single speed, BMX and inexpensive bikes)

bolt - the axle has a hole with threads cut into it and a bolt can be screwed into those

threads. (found on some single speed hubs, Cannondale Lefty hubs)

Thru axle - a removable axle with a threaded end that is inserted through a hole in one

fork leg, through the hub, and then screwed into the other fork leg. Some axles have

integrated cam levers that compress axle elements against the fork leg to lock it in

place, while others rely on pinch bolts on the fork leg to secure it. Diameters for front

thru axles include 20 mm, 15 mm (most common), and 9 mm. Rear axles typicallyhave diameters of 10 or 12 mm. Most thru axles are found on mountain bikes,

although some cyclocross and road bikes are using them. Thru axles repeatable locate

the wheel in the fork or frame, which is important to prevent misalignment of brake

rotors when using disc brakes. Unlike other axle systems (except Lefty), the thru axle

is specific to the fork or frame, not the hub. Hubs/wheels do not include axles, and the

axle is generally supplied with the fork or frame.

Female axle - hollow center axle, typically 14, 15, 17, or 20 mm in diameter made of

chromoly and aluminum, with two bolts thread into on either side.[1] This design can

be much stronger than traditional axles, which are commonly only 8 mm, 9 mm, 9.5

mm, or 10 mm in diameter.[2] (found on higher end BMX hubs and some mountain

bike hubs)

Modern bicycles have adopted standard axle spacing: the hubs of front wheels are

generally 100 mm wide fork spacing, road wheels with freehubs generally have a 130

mm wide rear wheel hub. Mountain bikes have adopted a 135 mm rear hub width,

which allows clearance to mount a brake disc on the hub or to decrease the wheel dish


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for a more durable wheel.[3] Freeride and downhill are available with 150 mm

spacing.

Bearings

The bearings allow the hub shell (and the rest of the wheel parts) to rotate freely about

the axle. Most bicycle hubs use steel or ceramic ball bearings. Some hubs use

serviceable "cup and cone" bearings, whereas some use pre-assembled replaceable

"cartridge" bearings.

FIG NO. 8 HUB

A "cup and cone" hub contains loose balls that contact an adjustable 'cone' that is

screwed onto the axle and a 'race' that is pressed permanently into the hub shell. Both

surfaces are smooth to allow the bearings to roll with little friction. This type of hub

can be easily disassembled for lubrication, but it must be adjusted correctly; incorrect

adjustment can lead to premature wear or failure.

In a "cartridge bearing" hub, the bearings are contained in a cartridge that is shaped

like a hollow cylinder where the inner surface rotates with respect to the outer surface

by the use of ball bearings. The manufacturing tolerances, as well as seal quality, can

be significantly superior to loose ball bearings. The cartridge is pressed into the hub

shell and the axle rests against the inner race of the cartridge. The cartridge bearing

itself is generally not serviceable or adjustable; instead the entire cartridge bearing is

replaced in case of wear or failure.

Hub shell and flanges

The hub shell is the part of the hub to which the spokes (or disc structure) attach. The

hub shell of a spoked wheel generally has two flanges extending radially outward

from the axle. Each flange has holes or slots to which spokes are affixed. Some

wheels (like the Full Speed Ahead RD-800) have an additional flange in the center of


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the hub. Others (like the some from Bontrager and Zipp) do not have a noticeable

flange. The spokes still attach to the edge of the hub but not through visible holes.

Other wheels (like those from Velomax/Easton) have a threaded hub shell that the

spokes thread into.

On traditionally-spoked wheels, flange spacing affects the lateral stiffness of the

wheel, with wider being stiffer, and flange diameter effects the torsional stiffness of

the wheel and the number of spoke holes that the hub can accept, with larger diameter

being stiffer and accepting more holes.[5] Asymmetrical flange diameters, tried to

mitigate the adverse effects of asymmetrical spacing and dish necessary on rear

wheels with many sprockets, have also been with modest benefits.

4.8

PEDESTAL BEARING

This type of bearing consists of i) a cast iron pedestal, ii) gun metal, or brass bush

split into two halves called “brasses”, and iii) a cast iron cap and two mild steel bolts.

The detailed drawing of a pedestal bearing is shown in image below. The rotation of

the bush inside the bearing housing is arrested by a snug at the bottom of the lower

brass. The cap is tightened on the pedestal block by means of bolts and nuts.

FIG NO. 9 PEDESTIAL BEARING

Pedestial bearing is also known as a Pillow Block. Pillow blocks are usually referred

to the housings which have a bearing fitted into them and thus the user need not

purchase the bearings separately. Pillow blocks are usually mounted in cleaner


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environments and generally are meant for lesser loads of general industry. These

differ from "plummer blocks" which are bearing housings supplied without any

bearings and are usually meant for higher load ratings and corrosive industrial

environments. However the terms pillow block and plummer block are used

interchangeably in certain parts of the world.

The fundamental application of both types is the same which is to mount bearings

safely enabling their outer ring to be stationary while allowing rotation of the inner

ring. The housing is bolted to a foundation through the holes in the base. Bearing

housings are either split type or unsplit type. Split type housings are usually two piece

housings where the cap and base can be detached, while certain series are one single

piece housings. Various seals are provided to prevent dust and other contaminants

from entering the housing. Thus the housing provides a clean environment for the

expensive bearings to freely rotate, hence increasing their performance and duty

cycle.

Bearing housings are usually made of grey cast iron. However various grades of

metals can be used to manufacture the same.

ISO 113 specifies internationally accepted dimensions for plummer blocks.

4.9. FLY WHEEL

A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to store rotational energy.

Flywheels have an inertia called the moment of inertiaand thus resist changes in

rotational speed. The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the

square of its rotational speed. Energy is transferred to a flywheel by the application of

a torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational speed, and hence its stored energy.Conversely, a flywheel releases stored energy by applying torque to a mechanical

load, thereby decreasing the flywheel's rotational speed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_speedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_speedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_energy


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FIG NO.10 FLYWHEEL

Common uses of a flywheel include:

Providing continuous energy when the energy source is discontinuous. For example,

flywheels are used in reciprocating engines because the energy source, torque from the

engine, is intermittent.

Delivering energy at rates beyond the ability of a continuous energy source. This is

achieved by collecting energy in the flywheel over time and then releasing the energy

quickly, at rates that exceed the abilities of the energy source.

Controlling the orientation of a mechanical system. In such applications, the angular

momentum of a flywheel is purposely transferred as a torque to the attaching

mechanical system when energy is transferred to or from the flywheel, thereby

causing the attaching system to rotate into some desired position.

Flywheels are typically made of steel and rotate on conventional bearings; these are

generally limited to a revolution rate of a few thousand RPM.Some modern flywheels

are made of carbon fiber materials and employ magnetic bearings, enabling them to

revolve at speeds up to 60,000 RPM.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_bearinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_bearinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_engine


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Carbon-composite flywheel batteries have recently been manufactured and are

proving to be viable in real-world tests on mainstream cars. Additionally, their

disposal is more eco-friendly.

4.10. SPROCKET

A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even sprockets

that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name

'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain

passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed

together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are

smooth.

FIG NO. 11 SPROCKET

Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other

machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are

unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common

form of sprocket may be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large

sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in turn, drives a small sprocket on the

axle of the rear wheel . Early automobiles were also largely driven by sprocket and

chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycles.

Sprockets are of various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for each by

its originator. Sprockets typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used with

timing belts have flanges to keep the timing belt centered. Sprockets and chains are

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_chainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_trackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_trackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed_belthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed_belthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_trackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_trackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_chainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel


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also used for power transmission from one shaft to another where slippage is not

admissible, sprocket chains being used instead of belts or ropes and sprocket-wheels

instead of pulleys. They can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so

constructed as to be noiseless even at high speed.

FIG NO. 12 BIG SPROCKET


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5. WORKING

When we walk or run on walking surface it give rotation to rear wheel of

bicycle and treadmill bicycle is move forward.

The walking surface of a treadmill consists of the thin moving belt and a rigid plate

held between the two surfaces of that belt in order to provide support when the

transverse load of footfalls are applied. The original and unmodified treadmill used a

sheet of 0.75 inch pressed particle board as a support plate. This was attached to the

frame of the treadmill at four points with wood screws placed near the four corners of

the sheet. While resting on the rails in a lowered position, the plate received vertical

support from small metal risers at the mounting points and from two rubber pads

placed under the longest edge of the surface midway between the hard mounting

points. According the manual provided with the treadmill, the design intent behind

this flexible multi-point mounting system was to decrease the overall stiffness of the

plate by providing less support than that provided by direct attachment to two solid

rails. In actual practice, the thickness and stiffness of the particle board surface were

more than adequate to eliminate all discernable deflection from the system. Users

were unable to distinguish the difference in stiffness when additional aluminum

supports were inserted between the sheet and the rails, in order to eliminate the

compliant effect of the rubber supports. We concluded that modifications would be

necessary to achieve a noticeably compliant walking surface capable of decreasing the

impact forces associated with walking and running. Additionally, the bottom face of

the particle board sheet held two outwardly angled metal brackets. These were

oriented such that the belt would slide over them continuously when the system was

active.

This had the effect of automatically maintaining alignment of belt by creating a re-

storing force in the event that the belt traveled away from a centered position on itsrollers.


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FIG NO. 13 TREADMILLS PARTS

FIG NO. 14 RE-INSERT THE BOLTS AND WASHERS TIGHTEN THE BOLTS

SECURELY USING THE HEX KEY PROVIDED


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FIG NO. 15 HANDRAIL AND FRONT LIFT BAR

FIG NO. 16 TURNING THE ADJUSTMENT BOLT TO ALIGN THE RUNNING

BELT


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5.1. Walking Surface

The walking surface of a treadmill consists of the thin moving belt and

a rigid plate held between the two surfaces of that belt in order to provide support

when the transverse load of footfalls are applied. The original and unmodified

treadmill used a sheet of 0.75 inch pressed particle board as a support plate. This was

attached to the frame of the treadmill at four points with wood screws placed near the

four corners of the sheet. While resting on the rails in a lowered position, the plate

received vertical support from small metal risers at the mounting points and from two

rubber pads placed under the

longest edge of the surface midway between the hard mounting points. According the

manual provided with the treadmill, the design intent behind this flexible multi-point

mounting system was to decrease the overall stiffness of the plate by providing less

support than that provided by direct attachment to two solid rails. In actual practice,

the thickness and stiffness of the particle board surface were more than adequate to

eliminate all discernable deflection from the system. Users were unable to distinguish

the difference in stiffness when additional aluminum supports were inserted between

the sheet and the rails, in order to eliminate the compliant effect of the rubbersupports. We concluded that modifications would be necessary to achieve a

noticeably compliant

walking surface capable of decreasing the impact forces associated with walking and

running. Additionally, the bottom face of the particle board sheet held two outwardly

angled metal brackets. These were oriented such that the belt would slide over them

continuously when the system was active.

This had the effect of automatically maintaining alignment of belt by creating a re

storing force in the event that the belt traveled away from a centered position on

its rollers.

5.2. Disk Design

The first handrail design developed allows the user to adjust the horizontal

distance between the rails by rotating the top section of each rail. Attached to each of

the supports for the rail is a disk with holes cut in it. A disk with matching protrusions


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that will fit into these holes is attached to either end of the rail. These two disks are

held together with a spring positioned inside of the support (Figure 17). When a user

wants to adjust the rail, he or she pulls against the spring, separating the two disks

(Figure 18), rotates the rail to the desired angle (Figure 19), and pushes it back into its

locked position at the new angle (Figure 20).

FIG NO. 17 INITIAL LOCKED POSITION FIG NO. 18 UNLOCKED POSITION

FIG NO. 19 UNLOCKED, ADJUSTED POSITION FIG NO. 20 ADJUSTED LOCKED

One of the advantages of this design is that it is a very simple mechanism. There

are no complex moving parts that could break if it is used improperly. It also requires

very little fine motor skill. Some accuracy is required in aligning the protrusions with

the holes, but this can be minimized through the shape of the protrusions.


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One of the disadvantages of this design is that, depending on how much force is

required of the spring to keep the disks together, it may be too hard for some users to

adjust without assistance. Another disadvantage is that the disks take up a

considerable amount of space, and may interfere with the user. Further testing may

prove that full disks are not necessary to provide adequate

support, but this is currently unknown. In addition, a user cannot adjust the distance

between the handrails without also changing the height of the rails. Finally, the two

handrails adjust independently. A user may have difficulty adjusting them both to the

same position.


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6. ADVANTAGES

Outdoor walking

Treadmill runner

One of the most popular types of home as well as outdoor exercise equipment is the

treadmill bicycle, which provides a straightforward, efficient aerobic workout. For

many, treadmills are a good choice to begin a new exercise routine because walking is

well tolerated by most individuals regardless of fitness level and for most back

conditions. As strength and endurance are developed, the treadmill bicycle can be

used for jogging or for interval training.

The treadmill bicycle is a relatively easy piece of exercise equipment to use.

The treadmill bicycle has a predictable surface that is much easier to negotiate than

sidewalks, curbs or trails and the risk of tripping is reduced.

Multiple users can use the same equipment without adjusting the structure.

Running on a treadmill generally burns calories faster than most other forms of

exercise.


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7. DISADVANTAGES

The crowed in India might not like to adapt to the new alternative due to their habit of

not adapting to new methods quickly.

The product would most probably be more expensive in the beginning of its

production. Hence, limiting its sales.

The only major dis-advantage is that it is not aesthetically loveable.


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8. FUTURE SCOPE

It can be used as an indoor locomotive device instructures with large roof span i.e.

malls, warehouse, open markets, large office spaces, etc.

By using such product pedestrian cops can save themselves from getting exhausted.

Pedestrians in large campuses can benefits from this product the sameway.

Can replace cycle as an energy efficient vehicle for those who can not drive a cycle


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9. CONCLUSION

After completing the project, conclude that our project is simple in construction and

compact in size for use. Manufacturing of machine is easy and cost of the machine is

less.

As strength and endurance are developed, the treadmill bicycle can be used for

jogging or for interval training.


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10. BIBILIOGRAPHY

Brown, Steven (2012-06-23). "William Staub of Clifton, developer of first

home treadmill, dies at 96"

Vogel, Steven (March 2002). "A short history of muscle-powered machines:

what goes around comes around—

and does useful work". Natural History

(magazine). Retrieved June 22, 2012.

Martin WH, 3rd, Berman WI, Buckey JC, Snell PG, Blomqvist CG. Effects of

active muscle mass size on cardiopulmonary responses to exercise in

congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Sep;14(3):683 – 694.

Atterhög JH, Jonsson B, Samuelsson R. Exercise testing in Sweden: a survey

of procedures. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1979 Feb;39(1):87 – 92.
http://www.treadmillconsumers.com/william-staub-clifton-developer-first-home-treadmill-dies-96/http://www.treadmillconsumers.com/william-staub-clifton-developer-first-home-treadmill-dies-96/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_2_111/ai_83553543/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_2_111/ai_83553543/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_2_111/ai_83553543/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_2_111/ai_83553543/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_2_111/ai_83553543/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_2_111/ai_83553543/http://www.treadmillconsumers.com/william-staub-clifton-developer-first-home-treadmill-dies-96/http://www.treadmillconsumers.com/william-staub-clifton-developer-first-home-treadmill-dies-96/

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