Abdominal

Muscles: down and

out

Diaphragm: down

External Intercostals: ribs up and

out

InspirationInspiration

Boyle’s Law:

PV = constant

• P = pressure• V = volume

Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

http://sciencesquad.questacon.edu.au/activities/model_lung.html

http://www.easyrent.tj/001_lib/002_anatomy_3d/3d_models/human_anatomy/male_systems/Male_Respiratory_3.php

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/Respiratory%20System.htm

http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/bronchi_trachea.html

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 31.

• Phonation threshold pressure (PTP): smallest subglottal pressure needed to start self-sustained oscillation

• For low frequency phonation, PTP is around 3-4 cm H20

• Upper and lower parts of the vocal folds do not move as one

• The lower part of the vocal folds moves first, followed by the upper part

• Convergent: lower further apart than upper

• Divergent: upper further apart than lower

Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

• Vagus (CN X)• Superior laryngeal nerve:

• Cricothyroid (CT)

• Recurrent laryngeal nerve: • Thyroarytenoid (TA)• Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)

• Lateral Cricoarytenoids (LCA)• Interarytenoids (IA)

Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.

• PCA: • Rocks arytenoids away from midline

• ABducts the vocal folds

• LCA:• Rocks arytenoids toward midline

• ADducts the vocal folds

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 107.

• Transverse: • Pulls arytenoids toward each other

• ADducts the vocal folds

• Oblique:• Tips one arytenoid (apex) toward the other (body)

• ADducts the vocal folds Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 101.

• CT active and TA passive = increase pitch• Increase length• Increase stiffness

• TA active and CT passive = decrease pitch• Decrease length• Decrease stiffness

• TA and CT contract simultaneously = increase pitch• Increase stiffness

GlottisMouth

Reflected IncidentTransmitted

Pharynx

Impedance

• Vocal tracts have more than one resonance (formant)

• The following equation is used to find the frequency of a specific formant:

Fn = (2n-1)(c/4L)

F = formant n = formant number L = vocal tract length

Source-Filter Theory of Voice ProductionSource = vocal folds (glottis)Filter = vocal tract (pharynx/oral cavity)

“Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth.”

Note: This theory states that the vocal folds produce the fundamental frequency (pitch)- the vocal tract does not change the pitch

Quote from: Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

• As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant frequencies decrease• Shortening leads to an increase in formant frequencies

• Some ways you can influence vocal tract length:• Lengthening: lowering larynx and/or lip rounding• Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting

• Your book states that the larynx can be raised or lowered by as much as 2 cm

• Titze 163

Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

• MOTOR ONLY• Tongue

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/CN+XII

Zemlin, pg 264.

• When the soft palate is lowered (Tensor veli palatini, Palatoglossus), air enters the nose

• Resonance between 300-500 Hz

• Pharyngeal• Pharynx• Soft palate• Gag

• Superior laryngeal• Pharyngeal constrictor

• Larynx

• Recurrent laryngeal• Larynx

Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.

• Digastricus• Mylohyoid• Geniohyoid

• Connect jaw and hyoid

• Contraction: raise hyoid, depress jaw

Zemlin, pg 240.

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

• Facial Expression• Forehead: Temporal

• Blink: Zygomatic• Nose: Buccal• Lips: Buccal• Jaw: Mandibular & Cervical

http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Nervous-System/AN00084.cfm?RenderForPrint=1

TemporalZygomatic

BuccalMandibular

Cervical