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www.telkomuniversity.ac.id
Fathur AB
Anin A
Afif A
Hari A
Gary A
Dhika AB
April AB
Mulya AB
Rizka B
Dion AB
Siska AB
Mirel AB
Hani AB
Airita AB
Yusuf AB
Pilsung AB
Taegyun A
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Call Establishment
Two types of signaling:
• CAS (Channel Associated Signaling)
• CCS (Common Channel Signaling)
Seizure(off-hook)
Ringing
tone
Ringing
current
Backward clear (on-hook)
Dial tone
Address digit(B-number)
Answer(off-hook)
Forward clear
(on-hook)
- Identification of calling subscriber
- Allocation of storage
address digits and
- Connection of common
equipment
- Disconnection of
dialtone
- Digit analysis and
search of B sub
- Switch path set
- Disconnection of
equipment
EXCHANGE
C O N V E R S A T I O N
Supervision
111012
BA
12
3
4
6
7a 7b
8
5
9
Cal
l set
up
C
all s
etu
p
Clear down Clear down
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Call Processing
Course Number : TTH2A3
CLO : 3
Week : 10
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Control Element
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Inside the Telephone
Dialler Ringer
RecMic
EXCHANGE
4 wire
to
2 wire
hybrid
Decadic
Pulses1 2 3 A
4 5 6 B
7 8 9 C
* 0 # D
697 Hz
770 Hz
852 Hz
941 Hz
12
09
Hz
14
77
Hz
13
36
Hz
16
33
Hz
Keypad
DTMF
60 ms
40 ms
60 ms
40 ms
60 ms
tOpen
Close
Digit 3 3
3 x open @ 60 ms
with duration 100 ms
On-hookOff- hook
Loop
a-bDigit 3
On-hook
Time (t)100 100
Vab
Off-hook
697 1447
Hook switch
a/b wire
Off-hook
On-hook
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Inside the Telephone
h1
h2
nsi
C
Bell
Speaker
MicR1
L
3 4
1 20
Ra
Rb
0 V
a
b
R2
- 48 V
Comparator
Reff
event
X
R1
C1
R2C2
a
b
TelephoneAccess
Network MDFLocal
Exchange
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Off Hook vs. On Hook
• On Hook
• Off Hook
à - 48 V
Rbell
C= open circuit
Threshold:
Rloop : (Ra + Rb + Rpes) £ 2 KΩ
Rpes : (100Ω £ Rpes£ 300Ω)Rpes
0 V
Ra
Rb
a
b
R2
- 48 V
Compa
rator
Ref
0 = on-hook1 = off-hook
X
R1
loop
SENTRAL (SLTU)
SLTU = Subscriber Line Terminating Unit
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Which Subscriber Line is Off Hook?
1 2
* 09876543
#
1 2
* 09876543
#
1 2
* 09876543
#
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SLTU Addressing
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Originating a Call
1. Class of Service (COS)
• When off-hook detected, Local Exchange first check subscriber’s COS
• Type of COS: – line type (ex. 001/010 domestic / business subscriber’s line)
– barring level (ex. 11/01 international calls / all outgoing calls bared)
– customer facilities
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Originating a Call
2. Transient Data
• Is the temporary subscriber line’s condition
• Transient Data type: – line status (ex. line free, line out of service)
– facilities status (ex. transfer all calls enabled, transfer in busy enabled)
3. Subscriber Record
• Is the subscriber data located at local exchange either semi-permanent or transient
equipment number
transient data
semi-permanent data
directory number
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Originating a Call
4. Call Record
• Is the data related to a call
• Call Record type: – network planning
– network management
– maintenance
– billing & accounting
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Call Processing
Digit Analysis
Digit Translation
Connection Set-up
Charging
Subscriber Features
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Digit Analysis
In originating call, digit analysis is done through firsts digits to define the type of call
• 1 and 9: for emergency or call the operator
• 0: national / international prefix
• 2 - 6: local number
• * and #: for special feature (call diversion, hot-line, call waiting)
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Digit Translation
• To define connection path (route) to other exchange
• To define charging
• All are done by checking the data record and compare them with predefined data structure
• Example:
– 3 digit area code
– 3 digit exchange code
– 4 digit subscriber number
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Charging
• Charging is recorded at originating exchange
• Charging is based on CDR (Call Data Record):
– Caller number (originating)
– Called number (destination)
– Time start and end (date and hour)
• CDR is downloaded and processed by billing system to create invoice
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Subscriber Features
• short-code dialing
• alarm call
• three call-transfer
• transfer on no reply
• transfer on busy
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See you on next class