Aaditya Pandey B6001 ECE TP B38

8/7/2019 Aaditya Pandey B6001 ECE TP B38

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LOVELY PROFESSIONALUNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA , JALANDHAR

PUNJAAB

TERM PAPER

ECE-131

M ICRO PRO CESSOR SSUBMITTED TO : DATE : COMPILED AND EDITED BY :

Miss Gurpreet Kaur 10-11-2010 Aaditya Pandey

Wednesday RB6001B38

ECE (B6001)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gratitude cannot be seen or expressed. It can only be felt in heartand is beyond description. Often words are inadequate to serve as a model of

expression of ones feeling, specially the sense of indebtedness and gratitude to

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all those who help us in our duty. It is of immense pleasure and profound

privilege to express my gratitude and indebtedness along with sincere thanks

to Miss GURPREET KAUR lecturer of ECE Deptt. Of Lovely Professional

University for providing me the opportunity to work for a project on

Microprocessor .I am beholden to my family and friends for their blessingsand encouragement.

AADITYA PANDEY

B.Tech. ECE (1205)

CONTENTS

Introduction .3

About microprocessor .3

History about it ..3

How it work ..5

Uses of it ..6

Types of it ..6

About Intel 8085, 8086 .7

Its application .10

References. .10

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INTR

ODUCTION

Here I have tried to discuss

about the

MICROPROCESSORS.

A microprocessorincorporates most or all of

the functions of a

computer's central

processing unit on a single

integrated circuit (IC, or

microchip). The first

microprocessors emerged

in the

early 1970s and were used

for electronic calculators,

using binary-coded decimalarithmetic on 4-bit words.

Other embedded uses of 4-

and 8-bit microprocessors,

such as terminals, printers,

various kinds of

automation etc, followed

rather

quickly. Affordable 8-bit

microprocessors with 16-bit

addressing also led to the

first general purpose

microcomputers in the mid-

1970s.

WHAT IS

MICROPROCESSORS

A microprocessor

incorporates

most or all of

the functions of

a computer's

centralprocessing unit

(CPU) on a single

integrated circuit (IC, or

microchip). Computer

processors were for a long

period constructed out of

small and medium-scale

ICs containing theequivalent of a few to a few

hundred transistors. The

integration of the whole

CPU onto a single chip

therefore greatly reduced

3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer


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the cost of processing

capacity. From their

humble beginnings,

continued increases in

microprocessor capacityhave rendered other forms

of computers almost

completely obsolete with

one or more

microprocessor as

processing element in

everything from the

smallest embedded systemsand handheld devices to the

largest mainframes and

supercomputers.

History of microprocessor

In November, 1971, a

company called Intel

publicly introduced the

world's first single chip

microprocessor, the Intel

4004 (U.S. Patent

#3,821,715), invented by

Intel engineers Federico

Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stan

Mazor. After the invention

of integrated circuits

revolutionized computer

design, the only place to go

was down in size that is.

The Intel 4004 chip took

the integrated circuit down

one step further by placing

all the parts that made a

computer think on onesmall chip. Programming

intelligence into inanimate

objects had now become

possible.

# History about Intel

In 1968, Bob Noyce and

Gordon Moore were twounhappy engineers working

for the Fairchild

Semiconductor Company

who decided to quit and

create their own company

at a time when many

Fairchild employees were

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leaving to create start- ups.

People like Noyce and

Moore were nicknamed the

"Fairchildren".

Bob Noyce typed himself a

one page idea of what he

wanted to do with his new

company, and that was

enough to convince San

Francisco venture

capitalist Art Rock to

back Noyce's andMoore's new venture. Rock

raised $2.5 million dollars

in less than 2 days.

THE INTEL 4004

MICROPROCESSOR

The 4004 was the world's

first universal

microprocessor. In the late

1960s, many scientists had

discussed the possibility of

a computer on a chip, but

nearly everyone felt that

integrated circuit

technology was not yetready to support such a

chip. Intel's Ted Hoff felt

differently; he was the first

person to recognize that the

new silicon-gated MOS

technology might make a

single-chip CPU (central

processing unit) possible.

Hoff and the Intel team

developed such an

architecture with just over

2,300 transistors in an area

of only 3 by 4 millimeters.

With its 4-bit CPU,

command register, decoder,

decoding control, control

monitoring of machine

commands and interim

register, the 4004 was one

heck of a little invention.

Today's 64-bitmicroprocessors are still

based on similar designs,

and the microprocessor is

still the most complex

mass-produced product

ever with more than 5.5

million transistors

performing

hundreds

of millions

of

calculations each second -numbers that are sure to be

outdated fast.

How Microprocessors

Work

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The computer you are

using to read this page uses

a microprocessor to do its

work. The microprocessor

is the heart of any normal

computer, whether it is a

desktop machine, a server

or a laptop. The

microprocessor you are

using might be a Pentium, a

K6, a PowerPC, a Sparc or

any of the many other

brands and types of

microprocessors, but they

all do approximately thesame thing in

approximately the same

way.

A microprocessor -- also

known as a CPU or central

processing unit -- is a

complete computation

engine that is fabricated on

a single chip. The first

microprocessor was the

Intel 4004, introduced in

1971. The 4004 was not

very powerful -- all it could

do was add and subtract,

and it could only do that 4

bits at a time. But it was

amazing that everything

was on one chip. Prior tothe 4004, engineers built

computers either from

collections of chips or from

discrete components

(transistors wired one at a

time). The 4004 powered

one of the first portable

electronic calculator.

Microprocessor

performance

The number of transistors

available has a huge effect

on the performance of a

processor. As seen earlier, a

typical instruction in a

processor like an 8088 took

15 clock cycles to execute.

Because of the design of the

multiplier, it took

approximately 80 cycles

just to do one 16-bit

multiplication on the 8088.

With more transistors,

much more powerful

multipliers capable of

single-cycle speeds become

possible.More transistors

also allow for a technology

called pipelining. In apipelined architecture,

instruction execution

overlaps. So even though it

might

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take

five

clock

cycles to

execute

each

instruction, there can be

five instructions in various

stages of execution

simultaneously. That way itlooks like one instruction

completes every clock cycle.

64-bit Microprocessors

Sixty-four with us since

1992, and in the 21st

century they have started

to become mainstream. -bit

processors have been Both

Intel and AMD have

introduced 64-bit chips,

and the Mac G5 sports a

64-bit processor. Sixty-

four-bit processors have 64-

bit ALUs, 64-bit registers,

64-bit buses and so on.

One reason why the world

needs 64-bit processors is

because of their enlarged

address spaces. Thirty-two-

bit chips are often

constrained to a maximum

of 2 GB or 4 GB of RAM

access. That sounds like alot, given that most home

computers currently use

only 256 MB to 512 MB of

RAM. However, a 4-GB

limit can be a severe

problem for server

machines and machines

running large databases.

And even home machines

will start bumping up

against the 2 GB or 4 GB

limit pretty soon if current

trends continue. A 64-bit

chip has none of these

constraints because a 64-bit

RAM address space is

essentially infinite for the

foreseeable future -- 2^64

bytes of RAM is somethingon the order of a billion

gigabytes of RAM.

With a 64-bit address bus

and wide, high-speed data

buses on the motherboard,

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64-bit machines also offer

faster I/O (input/output)

speeds to things like hard

disk drives and video cards.

These features can greatly

increase system

performance.

Use of microprocessor

The use of microprocessors

was limited to task-based

operations specifically

required for company

projects such as the

automobile sector. Theconcept of a 'personal

computer' was still a

distant dream for the world

and microprocessors were

yet to come into personal

use. The 16 bit

microprocessors started

becoming a commercial

sell-out in the 1980s with

the first popular one

beingTMS9900 the of

Texas Instruments.

Intel developed the 8086

which still serves as the

base model for all latest

advancements in the

microprocessor family. Itwas largely a complete

processor

integrating all the required

features in it. 68000 by

Motorola was one of the

first microprocessors to

develop the concept of

microcoding in itsinstruction set. They were

further developed to 32 bit

architectures. Similarly,

many players like Zilog,

IBM and Apple were

successful in getting their

own products in the

market. However, Intel had

a commanding position in

the market right throughthe microprocessor era.

The 1990s saw a large scale

application of

microprocessors in the

personal computer

applications developed by

the newly formed Apple,

IBM and Microsoftcorporation. It witnessed a

revolution in the use of

computers, which by then

was a household entity.

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This growth was

complemented by a

highly sophisticated

development in the

commercial use ofmicroprocessors. In

1993, Intel brought out

its 'Pentium Processor'

which is one of the most

popular processors in use

till date. It was followed by

a series of excellent

processors of the Pentiumfamily, leading into the 21st

century. The latest one in

commercial use is the

Pentium Dual Core

technology and the Xeon

processor. They have

opened up a whole new

world of diverse

Intel 8085

Produce:

From 1977 to 1990s

Common manufacturer(s)

Intel and several others

Max. CPU clock rate

3,5 and 6 MHz

Instruction set

pre x86

Package(s)

40 pin DIP

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit

microprocessor introduced

by Intel in 1977. It was

binary-compatible with the

more-famous Intel 8080 but

required less supporting

hardware, thus allowing

simpler and less expensive

microcomputer systems to

be built.

The "5" in the modelnumber came from the fact

that the 8085 required only

a +5-volt (V) power supply

rather than the +5V, -5V

and +12V supplies the 8080

needed. Both processors

were sometimes used in

computers running the

CP/M operating system,

and the 8085 later saw use

as a microcontroller.

The 8085 had a very long

life as a controller. Once

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designed into such products

as the DECtape controller

and the VT100 video

terminal in the late 1970s, it

continued to serve for newproduction throughout the

life span of those products

(generally many times

longer than the new

manufacture lifespan of

desktop computers).

The 8085 was a binary

compatible follow up on the

8080, the successor to the

original Intel 8008. The

8080 and 8085 used the

same basic instruction set

as the 8008 (developed by

Computer Terminal

Corporation) and they were

source code compatiblewith their predecessor.

However, the 8080 added

several useful and handy

16-bit operations above the

8008 instruction set: The

16-bit stack pointer in the

8080 enabled the stack to

hold parameters and localdata as well as return

addresses, just like in

larger CPUs, and the single

8008 addressing mode via

the HL register pair was

complemented by direct

addressing for 8/16-bit

loads and stores. The

ability to employ BC and

DE as two additional 16-bitpointers was also new in the

8080. The 8085 added only

a few relatively minor

instructions above the 8080

set.

Intel 8086

The 8086 (also called

iAPX86) is a 16-bit

microprocessor chip

designed by Intel, which

gave rise to the x86

architecture; development

work on the 8086 design

started in the spring of

1976 and the chip was

introduced to the market in

the summer of 1978. The

Intel 8088, released in 1979,

was a slightly modified chip

with an external 8-bit data

bus (allowing the use of

cheaper and fewer

supporting logic chips and

is notable as the processorused in the original IBM

PC.

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Background

In 1972, Intel launched the

8008, the first 8-bit

microprocessor. It

implemented an instruction

set designed by Datapoint

corporation with

programmable CRT

terminals in mind, that also

proved to be fairly general

purpose.

Two years later, in 1974,

Intel launched the 8080,

employing the new 40-pin

DIL packages originally

developed for calculator

ICs to enable a separate

address bus. It had an

extended instruction set

that was source- (not

binary-) compatible with

the 8008 and also included

some 16-bit

instructions to

make

programming

easier. The 8080

device.

The 8086 project started in

may 1976 and was

originally intended as a

temporary substitute for

the ambitious and delayediAPX 432 project. It was an

attempt to draw attention

from the less-delayed 16

and 32-bit processors of

other manufacturers (such

as Motorola, Zilog, and

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National Semiconductor)

and at the same time to

counter the threat from the

Zilog Z80 (designed by

former Intel employees),

which became very

successful. Both the

architecture and the

physical chip were

therefore developed rather

quickly by a small group of

people, and using the same

basic microarchitecture

elements and physical

implementation techniquesas employed for the slightly

older 8085 (and for which

the 8086 also would

function as a continuation).

The first revision of the

instruction set and high

level architecture was

ready after about three

months, and as almost noCAD-tools were used, four

engineers and 12 layout

people were simultaneously

working on the chip.[8] The

8086 took a little more than

two years from idea to

working product, which

was considered rather fast

for a complex design in1976-78.

The 8086 was sequenced

using a mix of random logic

and microcode and was

implemented using

depletion load nMOS

circuitry with

approximately 20,000

active transistors (29,000

counting all ROM and PLA

sites). It was soon moved to

a new refined nMOS

manufacturing process

called HMOS (for High

performance MOS) that

Intel originally developed

for manufacturing of fast

static RAM products. This

was followed by HMOS-II,

HMOS-III versions, and,eventually, a fully static

CMOS version for battery-

powered devices,

manufactured using Intel's

CHMOS processes. The

original chip measured 33

mm and minimum feature

size was 3.2 ?m.

Application

The microprocessor isprovided with an

instruction set which

consists of various

instructions such as MOV,

ADD, SUB, JMP etc. These

instructions are written inthe form of a program

which is used to perform

various operations such as

branching, addition,

subtraction, bitwise logical

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and bit shift operations.

More complex operations

and other arithmetic

operations must be

implemented in software.

For example, multiplication

is implemented using a

multiplication algorithm.

The 8085 processor has

found marginal use in small

scale computers up to the

21st century. The TRS-80

Model 100 line uses a

80C85. The CMOS version80C85 of the

NMOS/HMOS 8085

processor has/had several

manufacturers, and some

versions (eg. Tundra

Semiconductor

Corporation's CA80C85B)

have additionalfunctionality, eg. extra

machine code instructions.

One niche application for

the rad-hard version of the

8085 has been in on-board

instrument data processors

for several NASA and ESA

space physics missions.

REFERENCE

cum

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Reichel-

Orbital museum

- CPU Collection

"Microprocessor

Hall of Fame".Intel. Retrieved

2007-08-11.

Wikipedia

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A textbook on

microprocessors

by J B GUPTA.

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Aaditya Pandey B6001 ECE TP B38