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Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy

Appendix A

FIGURE A.1 The axial (in pink) and appendicular (in brown) skeletons.

Metacarpals

Carpals

Phalanges

Clavicle

Scapula

ParietalOccipital

Temporal

Humerus

Pubis

Vertebral Column(backbone)

Vertebrae

Axia S e eton Appen icu ar S e eton

Bones of the Appen(in brown)

Ischium

Front Rear

Sternum

Ribs

Radius

Ulna

Ilium

Femur

Patella

Fibula

Tibia

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Skull

Bones of the Skulland Spinal Column

(in pink)

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Gorilla

Homo

Monkey

Thoracicvertebra

Ribs

Scapula

Lumbarvertebra

Ischium

Sacrum

Pubis

Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals Phalanges

Ulna

Radius

Carpals

MetacarpalsPhalanges

Humerus

Cervicalvertebra

More inferior positionof foramen magnum

S - shapedspinal curvature

Shorteriliac blade

Relativelyshorter arms

Relativelylonger legs

Morecompact feet

Vertebrae

OccipitalParietalFrontal

CervicalThoracicLumbarSacrumIlium

Ischium

Pubis

Femur

Fibula

Tibia

Tarsals

Metacarpals

Maxilla

MandibleScapula

Humerus

Radius

Metatarsa

Phalanges Phalanges

Ilium

Femur

Tibia

Ulna

Carpals

Ribs

{

FIGURE A.2 Comparisons of Gorilla, Homo, and Proconsulskeletons.

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424 APPENDIX A

Externalauditorymeatus

Occipital

Occipital

Foramenmagnum

Parietal

Temporal

Vomer

Zygomatic

Sphenoid

Frontal

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Lacrimal

Nasal

Zygomatic

Maxilla

Frontal

Nasal

Zygomatic

Maxilla

Mandible

Palatine

Maxilla

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

(a)The major bones of the skull and face

Human Skull

(b)Lower surface of skull

(c)Top view of skull (d)Front view of skull showing facial bones

Mandible

Sphenoid

Molars (12)

Upper jaw Lower jaw

Premolars (8)Canines (4)Incisors (8)

(e)Upper and lower jaws

FIGURE A.3 (a, b, c) The major bones of the skull and face, (d) facial bones and, (e) dentition.

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APPENDIX A 42

Cervical #1, the atlas

Cervical #2, the axis

Cervical #5 of 7

Thoracic #9 of 12

Lumbar #3 of 5

The Vertebral Column

Sacrum #1#5, fused

Cocxyx, rst segment

FIGURE A.4 The vertebral column. The human vertebral column consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,

5 fused sacral, and 4 or 5 diminutive coccygeal vertebrae.

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Distal phalanx

Intermediate phalanxProximal phalanx

1st Metatarsal

1st Cuneiform

Navicular

Talus

2nd Cuneiform3rd Cuneiform

5th Metatarsal

Cuboid

Calcaneus

Lateral

Le t Foot and Ankle Bones, Superior ViewLeft Hand and Wrist Bones, Dorsal View

Medial

Distal phalanx

5th Metacarpal

Intermediate phalanx

Proximal phalanx

1st Metacarpal

TrapeziumTrapezoid

Scaphoid

Hamate

PisiformLunate

Capitate

Triquetral

Medial Lateral

(a) (b)

FIGURE A.5 (a) Left hand and wrist bones and (b) left foot and ankle bones.