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ORIGINAL PAPER
Variations in the radial growth and wood density componentsin relation to cambial age in 30-year-old Pinus brutiaTen. at two test sites
Bilgin Guller Kani Isik Senay Cetinay
Received: 29 October 2011 / Revised: 19 December 2011 / Accepted: 23 December 2011
Springer-Verlag 2012
Abstract Radial growth and wood density are important
traits in assessing wood quality. Our objective was to
investigate patterns of variation of radial growth (ring
width, earlywood width, latewood width, latewood
proportion) and wood density (ring average density, ear-
lywood density, latewood density) components in a
30-year-old Pinus brutia at two test sites in Turkey. Wood
increment cores at a height of 1.30 cm (dbh) from 1,010
trees at age 30 years were evaluated at two test sites. The
radial growth and wood density traits of the individual
rings were measured using X-ray densitometry. The test
sites showed statistically significant differences in the
radial growth traits but not in the wood density traits,
suggesting that the wood density traits are less subject to
environmental changes. The ring average density was rel-
atively low (485 kg/m3) at early cambial ages (near the
pith) and increased to 501 kg/m3 at later cambial ages (near
the bark). The latewood density was 550 kg/m3 near the
pith, increased steadily to 630 kg/m3 at cambial age 12,
and remained stable thereafter. In contrast, the earlywood
density and latewood proportion were highest near the pith.
The twelfth ring from the pith appeared to represent the
transition from juvenile to mature wood. The unique rela-
tionships among early and latewood densities and latewood
proportion in the juvenile and mature wood contribute to
more uniform wood both within a given annual ring and
between the juvenile and mature portions of the stem in
P. brutia. Thinning increased the ring width, latewood
proportion, and ring average density.
Keywords Pinus brutia Ten. Cambial age Radial growth Wood density Juvenile wood Mature wood Thinning
Introduction
Pinus brutia is naturally distributed in the eastern Medi-
terranean region, including Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Syria,
Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq (Boydak 2004). The
species has been given high priority in plantation forestry
in various countries with Mediterranean climates due to its
relatively fast growth rate and wide ecological adaptability
(Palmberg 1975; Fisher et al. 1986; Weinstein 1989).
P. brutia has a wide geographic distribution in area (more
than 5,500,000 ha forest land in eastern Mediterranean
region) and altitudinal range, from sea level up to 1,400 m
(asl), and is an important source of forest products in the
region (Erkan 1998; Guller 2007). Radial and axial varia-
tions in wood density and its relationships with annual ring
components (earlywood density, latewood density, and
latewood percentage) are essential in assessing wood
quality (Zobel and Sprague 1998; Savva et al. 2010). These
traits are important for establishing the quality of pulp,
paper, and sawn timber. They are also used to determine
the transition age from juvenile to mature wood in forest
tree species (Tassisa and Burkhart 1997; Lindstrom 2002).
Communicated by T. Fourcaud.
B. Guller
Department of Forest Products Engineering, Faculty of Forestry,
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
K. Isik (&)Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences,
Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Cetinay
Southwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute,
Antalya, Turkey
123
Trees
DOI 10.1007/s00468-011-0675-2
A1
The portion of wood initiated near the pith at any height
within a tree is called juvenile wood (JW). Mature wood
(MW) is subsequently produced as the tree ages. Several
physical properties (such as annual ring width, ring density,
fiber length, cell wall thickness, and micro-fibril angle) and
mechanical properties may differ between JW and MW
(Zobel and Sprague 1998; Alteyrac et al. 2006). Wood
density, a relatively easy trait to measure, is generally used
to distinguish the JW-MW boundary.
To our knowledge, information on wood density and
annual ring components are limited for P. brutia. Adam-
opoulos et al. (2009) studied the ring width, latewood
proportion, and dry density of 16 dominant P. brutia trees
randomly chosen from two reforestation sites in North-
eastern Greece. Two different methods for measuring the
general wood density properties of P. brutia have been
published (Guller 2010; Guller and Yasar 2010). However,
there are no reports concerning the transition ages from
juvenile wood to mature wood in the species. Moreover,
additional information on radial growth and annual ring
properties based on higher number of trees from the opti-
mum distribution range of the species are needed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the radial
variation of wood density and annual ring components in
P. brutia. The specific objectives were to (i) investigate
patterns of radial growth components (ring width, early-
wood width, latewood width, and latewood proportion), (ii)
determine the radial variation in wood density properties
(ring average density, earlywood density, and latewood
density) from pith to bark within trees, (iii) determine
possible transition ages from juvenile to mature wood,
(iv) examine the effects of test site on wood density and
radial growth traits by comparing trees of the same age
and similar seed sources planted at two test sites, and
(v) examine the effects of thinning on the overall wood
density and radial growth components.
Materials and methods
Plant material and experimental sites
The wood samples evaluated in this study were collected
from 30-year-old trees planted in 1979 at two provenance
test sites, Duzlercami (Dg) and Kepez (Kp) near Antalya
City in southwestern Turkey (Table 1). The trees sampled at
each test site represent six natural populations originating
from different elevations ranging from 60 to 1,050 m asl in
the Taurus Mountains along the Mediterranean Coast (Isik
1986; Isik et al. 2002). The experimental design at the test
sites was single-tree plots in a randomized complete block
with three interlocked replications, which allowed thinning
as the trees aged (Libby and Cockerham 1980; Isik 1988).
Initially, except for the border trees, 1,800 trees were planted
at each test site in 2.00 m 9 2.00 m distance in hexagonal
arrangement. The understory vegetation was cleared manu-
ally at the test sites every 25 years (more often in early
years) until crown closure. Two thinnings were applied at
each test site prior to wood sampling [first and second thin-
nings were performed at ages 13 (in Jan., 1991) and 17 (in
Feb., 1995) at Dg, and at ages 17 (in Feb., 1995) and 28 (in
May, 2007) at Kp, respectively]. After the second thinning,
distances between trees were 3.46 m 9 3.46 m in hexagonal
surroundings. The Duzlercami (Dg) site had a higher site
index and growth rate than the Kepez (Kp) site (Table 1).
Collection, care, and preparation of wood samples
In August 2007, one increment core (12 mm thick) per tree
was collected at breast height (1.3 m) in the northsouth
direction from bark to bark, intersecting the pith. The trees
were 30 years in age from seed (29 growing seasons in the
field) at the time of sampling. The diameter at breast height
(dbh) for each tree was also measured. In total, 1,080 wood
cores were collected from the two test sites with a minimum
of six cores collected per family at each site. Immediately
after removal, the increment core was stored in a cooler bag,
subsequently vacuum-sealed in plastic bags, and stored at
?2C. For evaluation, the cores were divided into two radiiand dried at room temperature. The radii of each core were
glued to core holders (poplar strips) and 2-mm thick radial
strips were cut. At the end of sample preparation process, a
total of 1,024 clear samples were obtained.
Variables (traits) studied
The primary wood properties used in this study were
components of annual ring width (radial growth) and
annual ring density. These traits were abbreviated and
defined as follows:
WRW: whole annual ring width (width of an entireannual ring, mm);
EWW: earlywood width (width of earlywood portion ofan annual ring, mm);
LWW: latewood width (width of latewood portion ofan annual ring, mm);
LWP: latewood proportion (proportion of an annualring that is latewood, %);
RAD: ring average density (mean density of a wholeannual ring, kg/m3);
RWD: ring area weighted density (calculated by weight-ing average ring density with ring area which was
computed assuming a circular shape of a stem, kg/m3);
EWD: earlywood density (density of earlywood portionof an annual ring, kg/m3);
Trees
123
A1
LWD: latewood density (density of latewood portion ofan annual ring, kg/m3).
Measurement of radial growth and wood density
components
Annual ring widths and densities were determined using
X-ray densitometry. A fixed threshold density of 450 kg/m3
was used to set the boundary between earlywood and late-
wood within a ring (Guller 2010). The radial strips were
conditioned to 8% equilibrium moisture content and scanned
using an X-ray densitometer (Quintek Measurement Sys-
tems, Model QTRS-01X) integrated with a computer digital
analysis system. The first annual rings next to the bark of
each sample were not evaluated because they were usually
incomplete or damaged during bark removal.
The X-ray attenuation, measured by the densitometer,
was related to the density by ll = lm 9 q, where ll is themeasured attenuation of the X-ray beam passed through the
sample, lm is the sample mass attenuation coefficient, andq is the density.
Therefore, the density calculation required knowledge
of the mass attenuation coefficient (cm2/g) of the wood.
The calibration to the appropriate mass attenuation coef-
ficient was conducted using a set of 35 radial strips from
cores with densities previously determined using the
maximum moisture content method (Smith 1954). The 35
mass attenuation coefficients were averaged to provide the
final value used to calculate the wood density.
Statistical analyses
After excluding the cores with extreme readings, a total
of 1,010 trees (1 core per tree) were used for the final
statistical evaluation from the two test sites (Table 2). The
number of rings for each core (each tree) ranged from 10 to
26 depending on the growth rate and age attained at breast
height. Cambial age 1 (i.e., ring number 1) at the pith was
not included in the analysis because of irregularities in the
X-ray readings. Similarly, ring numbers 23, 24, 25, and 26
were not included in the final evaluation due to relatively
low sample sizes (B140) or uneven representation at the
two test sites. Thus, the data used in the final analysis
included cambial age 2 (i.e., ring number 2, the closest ring
to the pith, with sample size n2 = 948) through cambial
age 22 (ring number 22, the closest ring to the bark, with
sample size n22 = 289).
The means and coefficient of variation (CV) for each
trait were calculated for each test site and cambial age. The
CV was a measure of variability for a given character. A
character with a low CV value was less variable (more
stable and uniform) across ring numbers and sites. The
mean values and CVs of the traits were plotted against the
ring numbers from pith to bark (referred to as cambial age
profiles). The ages of the transition from juvenile to mature
wood were determined by visual interpretation of cambial
age profiles of ring density traits.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to statistically
compare test sites for all traits studied. For the ANOVA
test of dbh, we used the following model:
Yij l Si eij; 1where Yij is the dbh of the jth tree at the ith site; l is theoverall mean; Si is the effect of ith site (i = 1, 2) with
variance r2Si ; eij is the residuals with variance r2eij
.
For the ANOVA test of ring traits (whole ring width,
earlywood width, latewood width, latewood propor-
tion, ring average density, earlywood density, latewood
Table 1 Description of the two test sites and sampled trees for wood study in Pinus brutia
Attribute Test sites
Kepez, Kpa Duzlercami, Dga
Elevation (m, asl) 90 350
Latitude 365500000N 365802700NLongitude 303605400E 303205600ESize of the test site 0.78 ha 0.78 ha
Site indexb 13.7 19.8
Mean rainfall (mm)
(May; Aug.; Dec.; annual)c 30.7; 2.0; 261.3; 1,052.3 30.7; 2.0; 261.3; 1,052.3
Total trees evaluated 506 504
Number of rings evaluated per site per trait At least 9,248 At least 9,168
a The subscripts g and p were adopted in the article to easily distinguish the relatively good (g) site Dg from the relatively poor (p) site, Kpb Based on top height at age 25 (Usta 1991)c Climatic data from the nearest meteorological station [Antalya airport, 53 m asl; approximately 17 km (to Kp) and 25 km (to Dg), birds-eye
view]
Trees
123
A1
density), we compared test sites and cambial ages with
similar ring numbers [for example, a given trait of cam-
bial age 2 (ring no 2) at site Kp was compared with the
corresponding cambial age trait at site Dg]. The model
was as follows:
Yijk l Si Rji eijk; 2where Yijk is the kth observation in the jth ring (jth cambial
age) at the ith site; l is the overall mean; Si is the effect ofith site (i = 1, 2); Rj(i) is the effect of jth cambial age
within the ith site (j = 121, i.e., ring numbers 2 through22); and eijk is the residuals.
We assumed that the site effects were fixed and the
cambial ages (ring numbers) were nested within sites. The
variance components [r2Si , variances due to sites; r2Rji due
to cambial ages within sites, r2eijk due to residuals] for each
ring trait were estimated using the restricted maximum
likelihood (REML) method of PROC VARCOMP (SAS
Institute 1990).
We also performed ANOVA tests to compare the overall
(sites pooled) and individual juvenile and mature wood
within each test site. In addition, we compared the juvenile
wood (JW) in Kp with JW in Dg and mature wood (MW)
in Kp with MW at Dg. In all the three comparisons, the
model was as follows:
Yij l Mi eij; 3where Yij is the value of the jth ring at the ith maturity
level; l is the overall mean (or, l is the site mean in thecase of within-site comparisons); Mi is the effect of ith
maturity level (i.e., juvenile or mature, i = 1, 2) (or, for the
third comparison JW at Kp vs. JW at Dg, and MW at Kp
vs. MW at Dg).
Results
Overall characterization in Pinus brutia
Overall, the mean diameter at breast height (dbh) of
30-year-old P. brutia trees from the two test sites was
161.1 mm (Table 2). The overall mean for the whole ring
width (WRW) was 2.93 mm, with relatively high vari-
ability (CV = 55%). The overall mean for early wood
width (EWW) was 1.58 mm and for latewood width
(LWW) was 1.38 mm. Latewood proportion (LWP) aver-
aged 46.9% and was less variable (CV = 31%) than dbh
and ring width characters.
The overall mean for the ring average density (RAD)
of breast height samples from the two test sites was
495.45 kg/m3. The mean latewood density (LWD) of
619.78 kg/m3 was approximately 60% larger than the mean
earlywood density (EWD) of 388.14 kg/m3. The ring
density components (EWD, LWD, and RAD) had mark-
edly lower variability than the ring width components
(EWW, LWW, and WRW) (Fig. 1). The variability of
LWP was in between these two groups.
Because of the strong relationship observed between the
RAD and the ring area weighted density (RWD) on an
individual core basis (r = 0.92, p \ 0.0001, n = 1,010),we only used the ring average density (RAD) trait in our
subsequent analyses.
Relation of ring width (radial growth)
and its components to cambial age
The WRW was highest at cambial ages 2 and 3 (3.8 mm at
Kp, and 5.3 mm at Dg) (Fig. 2a). The ring width (radial
growth) subsequently declined gradually until cambial age 8
Table 2 The dbh, ring width and wood density statistics of Pinus brutia
Traitsa Overall species Kepez site, Kp Duzlercami site, Dg
Nb Mean SDc Nb Mean SDc Nb Mean SDc
dbh (mm) 1,010 161.1 60.70 506 124.70 29.63 504 197.64 61.89
WRW (mm) 18,833 2.93 1.63 9,523 2.18 1.16 9,310 3.70 1.68
EWW (mm) 18,423 1.58 0.95 9,248 1.18 0.74 9,175 1.99 0.97
LWW (mm) 18,832 1.38 0.93 9,530 1.02 0.60 9,302 1.74 1.06
LWP (%) 18,590 46.93 14.57 9,422 47.73 15.19 9,168 46.10 13.86
RAD (kg/m3) 18,959 495.45 44.99 9,632 496.20 46.32 9,327 494.69 43.55
EWD (kg/m3) 18,633 388.14 24.15 9,439 389.42 23.18 9,194 386.82 25.05
LWD (kg/m3) 18,924 619.78 55.40 9,611 614.74 53.23 9,313 624.99 57.10
a dbh Diameter at breast height, WRW whole ring width, EWW earlywood width, LWW latewood width, LWP latewood proportion, RAD ringaverage density, EWD earlywood density, LWD latewood densityb Number of observationsc SD standard deviation
Trees
123
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and remained approximately at 2.0 mm at Kp and at 3.5 mm
at Dg. At cambial age 14, the radial growth began to grad-
ually decline again to a mean value of 1.4 mm at Kp and
2.7 mm at Dg until cambial age 22. Although the magnitudes
were different between the poor (Kp) and good (Dg) sites, the
trends within the cambial ages were similar at both sites.
The EWW and LWW showed parallel trends to that for
the WRW. Except for the first two rings at Dg site, the
EWW for all cambial ages were consistently larger than (or
rarely equal to) the LWW at both test sites (Fig. 2a). The
general trends in ring width components were similar at the
two test sites, and the good site (Dg) consistently had larger
values at each ring than the poor site.
The variability (i.e., CV) for WRW was initially low
(30% at Kp, 35% at Dg), but starting at cambial age 4,
gradually increased to 47% at cambial age 20 (Fig. 2b) with
regular oscillations. The WRW had lower variability than its
components (EWW and LWW) at both test sites. The var-
iability of EWW at any given cambial age at the poor site
(Kp) was higher than that at the good site. The rate of change
in the variability from early to later cambial ages was greater
in the WRW than in each of its components (Fig. 2b).
Relation of ring density and its components
to cambial age
The RAD was comparatively low (approximately 485 kg/m3)
at early cambial ages, reaching a mean value of 501 kg/m3
at cambial age 22 (Fig. 3a). The RAD values gradually
increased from pith to bark and were more or less similar at
both test sites at any given cambial age.
The EWD was greatest (approximately 410 kg/m3) at
the early cambial ages, declining steadily during the next
decade to a low of 380 kg/m3 (Fig. 3a). Thereafter, the
EWD became more or less stable, reaching 383 kg/m3 at
cambium age 22. The general trend of EWD variation from
pith to bark was parallel, and the values were similar at
both test sites at any given cambial age.
The LWD was lowest (approximately 550 kg/m3) at early
cambial ages, increasing sharply during the next decade at
both test sites (Fig. 3a). By cambial age 12, both sites had
nearly similar values and trends. However, after cambial age
12, the LWD became nearly stable with a mean of 628 kg/
m3 at the poor site (Kp) and a mean of 660 kg/m3 at the good
site (Dg). At early cambial ages, the LWD was greater at the
poor site than at the good site. However, starting at cambial
age 11, the LWD at the good site was consistently higher
than at the poor site. The differences between the poor and
good sites increased with increasing age.
The RAD variability (CV) gradually increased from
younger to older cambial ages at both test sites (Fig. 3b).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
EWD
LWD
RAD
LWP
WRW
LWW
EWW
CV (%
)Dg Kp
Fig. 1 Variability profile to compare variability levels for ring widthand density traits in Pinus brutia at two different test sites (Kp Kepez,Dg Duzlercami)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Ring no (pith to bark)
Wid
th m
m
Dg-WRW Kp-WRW
Dg-EWW Kp-EWWDg-LWW Kp-LWW
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Ring no (pith to bark)
CV (%
)
Dg-WRW Kp-WRW
Dg-EWW Kp-EWW
a
b
Fig. 2 a Cambial age profile for mean values of ring width traits inPinus brutia at two different test sites (Kp Kepez, Dg Duzlercami).b Cambial age profile for the coefficient of variation (CV, %) valuesof ring width traits in Pinus brutia at two different test sites
Trees
123
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After cambial age 12, the RAD variability was less at the
good site than at the poor site.
The EWD had the lowest variability among all the wood
traits studied. As with other density traits, the CV was
lower at early cambial ages and increased, but with a less
steep trend, from 4.5% (at ring number 2) to 6.3% (at ring
number 22) (Fig. 3b).
The wood density variation for LWD increased at both
test sites from younger to older cambial ages (Fig. 3b). The
LWD was consistently less variable (more uniform) at the
good site than at the poor site.
The late wood proportion (LWP) was highest (approx-
imately 54%) at early cambial ages, declining gradually to
a mean of 46% at cambial age 22 (Fig. 4a). Thus, the LWP
showed a declining trend from pith to bark as the trees
aged. At earlier cambial ages (until the 6th ring from the
pith), the LWP in a given annual ring was consistently
higher at the good site than the poor site. However, starting
at cambial age 7, the LWP at the poor site was consistently
higher than at the good site. Thus, the proportion of wood
formed early in a growing season within an annual ring was
higher at the good site than at the poor site. After cambial
age 7, the general trend of LWP variation from younger
cambial ages to older cambial ages was nearly parallel at
both test sites.
The variability of the LWP proportion was high at early
cambial ages (3237%) and gradually declined after ring
number 10 (Fig. 4b). The LWP was consistently less var-
iable at the good site than at the poor site, which was the
case also for LWD trait.
Comparisons of test sites in terms of radial growth
and wood density traits
The test sites differed significantly in radial growth traits
(dbh, WRW, EWW, LWW) (Table 3). The values of radial
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23Ring no (pith to bark)
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Dg-RAD Kp-RADDg-EWD Kp-EWDDg-LWD Kp-LWD
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Ring no (Pith to bark)
CV (%
)
Dg-RAD Kp-RAD
Dg-EWD Kp-EWD
Dg-LWD Kp-LWD
a
b
Fig. 3 a Cambial age profile for mean values of ring density traits inPinus brutia at two different test sites (vertical dashed line indicatesthe transition age from juvenile wood to mature wood). b Cambialage profile for the coefficient of variation (CV, %) values of ring
density traits in Pinus brutia at two different test sites
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Ring no (pith to bark)
LWP
(%)
Dg-LWPKp-LWP
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Ring no (pith to bark)
CV(%
)
Dg-LWPKp-LWP
a
b
Fig. 4 a Cambial age profile for the mean value (%) of latewoodproportion (LWP) in Pinus brutia at two different test sites. b Cambialage profile for the coefficient of variation (CV, %) of latewood
proportion (LWP) in Pinus brutia at two different test sites
Trees
123
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growth traits were clearly larger at the good site (Dg)
compared with those at the poor site (Kp) (Table 2). For
example, the partitioning of variance components indicated
that 53% of the variation in dbh was due to site differences.
Similarly, 33% of the variation in WRW, 28% in EWW,
and 23% in LWW were also due to site differences. For
each of these characters, the differences due to cambial
ages (within sites) had smaller variance components than
those of the site differences, the corresponding values
being 20, 12, and 22%, for WRW, EWW, and LWW,
respectively (Table 3).
The late wood proportion (LWP) differences between
the sites were not statistically significant. As a result, the
variance in LWP due to site differences was less than 1%
(Table 3). Similarly, the contribution of variance due to
cambial age differences in LWP was low (3.6%).
The wood density traits (RAD, EWD, LWD) at the two
sites were nearly equal with no statistically significant
differences (Tables 2, 3). Less than 1.11% of variance in
each of the RAD, EWD, and LWD traits was accounted
for by site differences. However, the cambial ages within
the sites were significantly different, as illustrated by the
cambial age profiles for each trait shown in Fig. 3a.
The contribution of variance due to cambial ages in RAD
was the smallest (3.8%) among the wood density traits
(Table 3).
Juvenile wood (JW)mature wood (MW) transition
Several features of wood density and radial growth traits in
our study indicate that the cambial ages (i.e., ring numbers)
between 11 and 13 years might be considered the transition
zone between juvenile and mature wood in P. brutia. For
example, the LWD increased steadily from ring number 2
until ring number 12, after which it was stable at 646 kg/m3
(Fig. 3a). Similarly, the EWD and RAD values were nearly
stable following ring number 13 at 384 and 505 kg/m3,
respectively (Fig. 3a). The CV for EWD was also stable
after ring number 12 (Fig. 3b); the EWD was more uniform
among the rings after cambial age 12. The LWP declined
steadily until cambial age 912 and then gradually
increased, remaining at 4648% (Fig. 4a). The mean val-
ues for each of the ring width components were relatively
high at ring 2, declined steadily until ring numbers 810,
and were more or less stable after ring number 12 (Fig. 2a).
Although site Kp (lower site quality) appeared to have an
earlier rate of change from the juvenile to mature wood
compared with site Dg, the general trends were nearly
similar at both test sites. These observations suggest that
the transition from JW to MW in P. brutia occurs at the
12th year from the pith.
Using the 12th cambial age as the transition age
between juvenile and mature wood, we compared the JW
and MW portions of the core samples at each test site for
ring width and density traits (Table 4; Fig. 5). The radial
growth traits (EWW, LWW and WRW) were significantly
higher in the JW than in the MW (Fig. 5a) overall and at
both test sites. Contrary to the ring width traits, two of the
ring density traits (RAD, and LWD) were significantly
higher in the MW than in the JW overall and at both test
sites. The EWD, however, differed from the two other ring
density traits because it was higher in the JW than in the
MW. The LWP was similar to the EWD with the excep-
tion that the differences between the LWP in the JW and
MW were not significantly different at the Kp test site
(Table 4).
Effects of thinning on radial growth and wood density
Thinning appeared to stimulate certain radial growth and
density traits of trees during the subsequent growing sea-
sons. For example, at test site Dg, the LWW increased
from 1.3 to 1.8 mm 1 year after the second thinning (in the
1996 growing season) with relatively high values in the
subsequent years (Fig. 6). The EWW (from 1.9 to 2.4 mm)
and WRW (from 3.2 to 4.2 mm) exhibited similar
responses. The response to thinning at the good site (Dg)
was more pronounced than that at the poor site (Kp). The
LWP and RAD also increased markedly at the Dg test site
in the years following thinning.
Discussion
Overall wood density and radial growth values
for Pinus brutia
Using X-ray densitometry, our results showed that the
overall wood density (i.e., RAD) in 30-year-old P. brutia
trees was 495 45 kg/m3. This value was consistent
with previous findings measured using other methods
(Guller 2007; Guller and Yasar 2010). The mean LWD
(620 24 kg/m3) was 60% higher than the mean EWD.
This difference might be due to various anatomical modi-
fications and variations in the structure and chemical
composition between the cell walls of late and earlywood
(Decoux et al. 2004). In particular, the high resin content in
P. brutia wood could be an important contributing factor to
higher latewood density (Raymond et al. 2004).
The radial growth (as expressed by WRW, EWW,
LWW) was higher in the annual rings closer to the pith
than those closer to the bark. The radial growth declined
sharply until cambial age 8 and subsequently remained
stable. Studies by Adamopoulos et al. (2009) on P. brutia
also indicate that the annual rings in early years are broader
than those formed in later years.
Trees
123
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The CVs for the density traits (ranging from 4.6 to
10.1%) were markedly smaller than those of the radial
growth traits (ranging from 28.0 to 65%). Thus, the wood
density components were less variable (more uniform) than
the radial growth traits. This result suggests that in oper-
ational forestry, although there might be greater variation
among trees in terms of their growth rates, the trees exhibit
less variation in terms of their wood density traits.
Wood density versus cambial age
The RAD in P. brutia increased with increasing cambial
age. This is consistent with previous observations in many
conifers (Zobel and Sprague 1998). Decoux et al. (2004)
suggested that this observation might be due to an increase
in the thickness of the cell wall and the number of cell rows
in the radial and tangential directions as the tree become
older. In our study, the LWD (starting at ring number 2)
and LWP (starting at ring number 9) also increased from
pith to bark. However, the EWD was essentially constant
from the 9th ring to the bark. Thus, the increase in RAD
from pith to bark appears to be primarily related to LWD
and LWP. Jyske et al. (2008) reported an increasing wood
density from the pith outward that was also related to
increasing latewood density and proportion in Norway
spruce.
Effects of site differences
The trees at the good site (Dg) had 60% more radial growth
than that at the poor site (Kp). In addition, the LWD, RAD
and LWP were generally more uniform at the good site
than at the poor site. This difference was more pronounced
in the mature wood portion. These results suggest that good
sites produce not only higher quantity but also higher
quality (more uniform) wood than poor sites.
Adamopoulos et al. (2009) reported that the ring width
and dry wood density traits from P. brutia samples taken
from the base of trees were significantly higher at a good
site than at a moderate site, although the differences
between the sites were small. In contrast, we did not find
any significant differences between sites in wood density
Table 3 Analyses of variance (ANOVA) results comparing the two test sites and cambial ages within test sites for growth and wood densitytraits in Pinus brutia
Traitsa Source of variation dfb Mean square Prob. % variance component
dbh (mm) Between sites 1 1,343,402.7 \0.0001 53.04Within 1,009 2,351.2 46.96
WRW (mm) Between sites 1 8,912.67 \0.0001 32.55Cambial ages (site) 40 271.22 \0.0001 20.27Within 18,791 1.49 47.18
EWW (mm) Between sites 1 2,469.00 \0.0001 28.05Cambial ages (site) 40 51.48 \0.0001 12.28Within 18,381 0.631 59.67
LWW (mm) Between sites 1 1,972.86 \0.0001 23.01Cambial ages (site) 40 95.52 \0.0001 22.09Within 18,790 0.539 54.90
LWPc (%) Between sites 1 1.938 0.0741 0.53
Cambial ages (site) 40 0.576 \0.0001 3.61Within 18,548 0.031 95.86
RAD (kg/m3) Between sites 1 2,654.63 0.7915 0.00
Cambial ages (site) 40 37,468.70 \0.0001 3.83Within 18,917 1,948.25 96.17
EWD (kg/m3) Between sites 1 24,942.86 0.3956 0.00
Cambial ages (site) 40 33,821.20 \0.0001 12.36Within 18,591 510.24 87.64
LWD (kg/m3) Between sites 1 724,871.59 0.2399 1.11
Cambial ages (site) 40 509,383.88 \0.0001 35.27Within 18,882 1,970.58 63.62
df Degrees of freedoma See Table 2 for abbreviationsb For LWP, ANOVA test was applied using arsin transformation
Trees
123
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traits (RAD, EWD, LWD) despite large differences
between the sites in radial growth. The least amount of
variance explained by site factors was 23.0% for the radial
growth components (WRW, EWW, LWW), while the
corresponding values for the wood density components
(RAD, EWD, LWD) and LWP were much smaller, less
than 1.2%. Our results indicate that the higher annual
growth increment associated with better site conditions
does not necessarily result in a lower wood density.
Nyakuengama et al. (2002) reported that for P. radiata, the
ring width is more responsive than the wood density to
fertilizer application. Berges et al. (2008) also reported that
the variances due to site factors were twice as high for the
radial growth components as for the wood density com-
ponents in Quercus petraea from locations with different
site indices. The results of these and several other studies
(Zobel and van Buijtenen 1989) support our findings on
P. brutia that environmental factors affect the radial
growth characters more than the wood density characters.
The variances due to sites were zero or near zero for the
EWD and RAD traits and was only 1.1% for LWD and not
significant. These results indicate that the LWD is more
sensitive to environmental differences than the EWD and
RAD. Indeed, although both test sites were similar in terms
of the EWD and RAD up to cambial age 12, the LWD
values at Kp were smaller than those at Dg at ages greater
than 12 (Fig. 3a). Furthermore, as observed in Fig. 3b, the
LWD was more variable at Kp than Dg, and trends from
pith to bark for LWD were steeper (i.e., more sensitive)
than other density traits. Raiskila et al. (2006) also
observed that the latewood components are relatively
sensitive to environmental and site effects within clones of
Picea abies.
Juvenile versus mature wood
In this study, several features of wood density and radial
growth traits indicated that the transition period between
juvenile and mature wood in P. brutia occurred at cambial
age 12. At cambial age 12 (ring number 12), density traits
became nearly stable. This period started approximately
2 years earlier at the poor site (Kp) compared with the
good site (Dg). In Pinus taeda, cambial ages 812 were
considered to be the transition period between juvenile and
mature wood where the wood that was produced after
cambial age 11 exhibited considerably different charac-
teristics than the wood produced at earlier ages (Megraw
1985). Burdon et al. (2004) suggested that rings 1115
from the pith represented the transition period for Pinus
radiata.
The general consensus in conifers has been that the
quality of the juvenile wood is much poorer than the
mature wood (Zobel and Sprague 1998; Alteyrac et al.Ta
ble
4M
ean
s(
stan
dar
dd
evia
tio
ns)
of
the
rad
ial
gro
wth
and
wo
od
den
sity
trai
tsin
juv
enil
e(J
W,ri
ng
sn
um
ber
s2
thro
ug
h1
1)
and
mat
ure
wo
od
(MW
,ri
ng
sn
um
ber
s1
2th
rou
gh
22
)in
Pin
us
bru
tia
Tra
itsa
Ov
eral
lsp
ecie
sc(s
ites
po
ole
d)
Kep
ezsi
te,
Kp
cD
uzl
erca
mi
site
,D
gc
JWd
MW
dJW
dM
Wd
JWd
MW
d
WR
W(m
m)
(N)
3.4
2A
1
.67
(9,8
57
)2
.39
B
1.3
9(8
,97
6)
2.6
9A
1
.24
(4,8
92
)1
.65
B
0.7
6(4
,63
1)
4.1
5A
1
.73
(4,9
65
)3
.19
B
1.4
6(4
,34
5)
EW
W(m
m)
(N)
1.8
0A
0
.99
(9,6
67
)1
.34
B
0.8
5(8
,75
6)
1.4
4A
0
.82
(4,7
67
)0
.90
B
0.5
0(4
,48
1)
2.1
4A
1
.01
(4,9
00
)1
.81
B
0.8
9(4
,27
5)
LW
W(m
m)
(N)
1.6
4A
1
.05
(9,8
72
)1
.08
B
0.6
8(8
,96
0)
1.2
6A
0
.66
(4,9
10
)0
.77
B
0.3
9(4
,62
0)
2.0
3A
1
.21
(4,9
62
)1
.42
B
0.7
5(4
,34
0)
LW
Pb
(%)
(N)
47
.55
A
15
.24
(9,8
39
)4
6.2
2B
1
3.7
5(8
,75
1)
47
.71
A
15
.33
(4,9
43
)4
7.7
5A
1
5.0
4(4
,47
9)
47
.39
A
15
.14
(4,8
96
)4
4.6
2B
1
2.0
6(4
,27
2)
RA
D(k
g/m
3)
(N)
48
8.4
8A
4
2.3
5(9
,99
8)
50
3.2
4B
4
6.5
4(8
,96
1)
49
0.6
1A
4
2.5
2(5
,02
3)
50
2.2
8B
4
9.4
3(4
,60
9)
48
6.3
2A
4
2.0
7(4
,97
5)
50
4.2
6B
4
3.2
5(4
,35
2)
EW
D(k
g/m
3)
(N)
39
2.7
5A
2
3.1
3(9
,85
3)
38
2.9
6B
2
4.2
3(8
,78
0)
39
3.3
2A
2
1.6
1(4
,94
8)
38
5.1
3B
2
4.0
7(4
,49
1)
39
2.1
8A
2
4.5
5(4
,90
5)
38
0.6
9B
2
4.2
0(4
,28
9)
LW
D(k
g/m
3)
(N)
59
7.3
4A
4
8.7
7(9
,99
4)
64
4.9
0B
5
1.4
6(8
,93
0)
60
0.2
6A
4
9.3
3(5
,01
8)
63
0.5
7B
5
2.8
3(4
,59
3)
59
4.4
0A
4
8.0
3(4
,97
6)
66
0.0
8B
4
5.2
7(4
,33
7)
aS
eeT
able
2fo
rab
bre
via
tions
bF
or
LW
P,
the
AN
OV
Ate
stw
asap
pli
edu
sin
gar
sin
tran
sfo
rmat
ion
cD
ata
are
bas
edo
nin
div
idu
alri
ng
val
ues
.N
num
ber
of
rings
(num
ber
of
obse
rvat
ions)
are
giv
enin
par
enth
esis
dF
or
ag
iven
trai
t,th
eJW
and
MW
mea
ns
that
hav
ed
iffe
ren
tu
pp
erca
sele
tter
sw
ith
inth
esa
me
test
site
(or
wit
hin
the
ov
eral
lsp
ecie
sle
vel
)ar
esi
gn
ifica
ntl
ydif
fere
nt
atle
ast
atth
e5%
level
Trees
123
A1
2006). In P. brutia, we found that the LW formed in
juvenile wood was significantly lighter than the LW
formed in mature wood, as might be expected. In contrast,
the EW formed in juvenile wood was significantly denser
than the EW formed in mature wood. Furthermore, the
LWP in juvenile wood was also significantly higher than
the LWP in mature wood. These relationships among
EWD, LWD, and LWP in the juvenile and mature wood
JM
J
M
J
MJ
M
J
M
J
M
0
1
2
3
4
5
Wid
th m
m
Dg Dg Dg Dg Dg Dg Kp Kp Kp Kp Kp Kp
EWW LWW WRW
JM
J M
J
M
J
M
JM
JM
300320340360380400420440460480500520540560580600620640660680
kg/m
3
Dg Dg Dg Dg Dg Dg Kp Kp Kp Kp Kp Kp
EWD LWD RAD
a
b
Fig. 5 a Chart to compare the ring width traits (EWD, LWW andWRW) in juvenile (J) and mature wood (M) in Pinus brutia at twodifferent test sites. b Chart to compare the wood density traits (EWD,
LWW and WRW) of juvenile (J) with mature wood (M) in Pinusbrutia at two different test sites (Dg Duzlercami, Kp Kepez)
Trees
123
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are unique to P. brutia and contribute to a more uniform
wood (and thus, improved wood quality) within a given
annual ring and between the juvenile and mature wood
portions of the stem. As a result, the difference between the
RAD values in the mature and juvenile wood in P. brutia
was not large.
Effects of thinning
We found no clear effect of the first thinning on tree growth
at either test site. This observation was probably due to the
competition among trees had not yet started at the time of
the first thinning. By the time of the second thinning,
however, the crown closure and competition among the
trees were well advanced at the good site, Dg. As a result,
the response to thinning at the good site was more pro-
nounced than that at the poor site, Kp. The ring width and
latewood proportion increased during the four subsequent
growing seasons after the second thinning at Dg. Studies of
P. brutia plantations indicate that thinning, especially
heavy thinning, significantly increased the radial growth
rate (Guller 2007). Similarly, Jaakkola et al. (2006) showed
that thinning in Picea abies stands significantly increased
the radial growth rate of the individual trees but had no or
only a slight effect on the wood density. The ring average
density (RAD) in the years following the second thinning
at site Dg also increased, which appears to be an indirect
effect of the increase in the latewood proportion.
Conclusions
The ring growth components (whole ring growth, ear-lywood growth, and latewood growth) were higher in
the rings closer to pith than those near the bark. Thin-
ning appeared to increase ring width, latewood pro-
portion, and ring average density in subsequent growing
seasons.
The ring density traits (ring average density, earlywooddensity, latewood density) were much less variable (and
less subject to changes by environmental variables)
than the ring growth traits.
The ring average density showed a gradual increasefrom pith to bark. This increase appears to be primarily
related to latewood density and latewood proportion.
Test site differences did not influence the magnitude ofthe ring density traits significantly. However, the ring
density traits were more uniform among the rings at the
good site compared with the poor site. An increased
radial growth associated with better site conditions does
not necessarily have an adverse effect on the wood
density. Improving site quality would result in more
uniform wood.
Several features of wood density and radial growthtraits reveal that the transition between juvenile and
mature wood in P. brutia might occur at cambial age
12. This transition process takes place a few years
earlier at poor sites compared with good sites.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year
Wid
th m
m
Dg-WRW Dg-EWW Dg-LWW
Kp-WRW Kp-EWW Kp-LWW
Only Dg Both Dg and Kp
Fig. 6 Trends in latewood (LWW), earlywood (EWW) and ring (WRW) widths over the years in Pinus brutia at two different test sites(Kp Kepez, Dg Duzlercami). Arrows and vertical dashed lines indicate thinning years
Trees
123
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The radial growth traits (WRW, EWW, and LWW),LWP and EWD had significantly greater values in the
JW than in the MW. In contrast, two ring density traits,
RAD and LWD, were significantly higher in the MW
than in the JW. Such unique relationships among LWP,
EWD, and LWD in juvenile and mature wood contrib-
ute to more uniform wood (i.e., better quality wood)
both within a given annual ring and between the
juvenile and mature wood portions of the stem in
P. brutia.
Acknowledgments The study was supported by The Scientific andTechnological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under Pro-
ject No: 106O442 and also by a post-doctoral research grant to Dr.
Bilgin Guller at North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh,
NC, USA. We thank Dr. Steve McKeand, Dr. Fikret Isik and the staff
of the NCSU Tree Improvement Program for their helpful suggestions
and for providing X-ray facilities. Yusuf Kurt, Adnan Guller and Asli
Gocmen helped during the sampling of the wood cores, and Dr. Brad
St. Clair (USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon) thoroughly
revised the language of the manuscript. Dr. Kani Isik established the
test sites in 1979 and since then, the staff of the Forest Service and the
Southwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute in Antalya has main-
tained the test sites. The Akdeniz University Scientific Research Fund
and Suleyman Demirel University provided partial support and lab-
oratory facilities. Two anonymous reviewers made precious sugges-
tions on an earlier draft of the manuscript. The authors are grateful to
all these persons and institutions.
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Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
Francisco M. Cnovas Unidad asociada UMA-CSIC
Universidad de Mlaga Campus de Teatinos
29071 Mlaga, Spain e-mail: [email protected]
John E. Carlson
The School of Forest Resources
Pennsylvania State University
323 Forest Resources Building
University Park, PA 16802, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Herv?Cochard
UMR - Physiologie Intgrede l'Arbre Frutier et Forestier INRA, Site de Crouelle
63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
e-mail: [email protected]
Bettina Engelbrecht
Department of Biology
San Francisco State University
1600 Holoway Ave
San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Thierry Fourcaud
UMR AMAP
botAnique et bioinforMatique de l'Architecture des Plantes
TA A-51/PS2 (Bat. PSII, Bur. 105)
Boulevard de la Lironde
34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
e-mail: [email protected]
Arthur Geler University of Freiburg
Core Facility Metabolomics
Centre for System Biology (ZBSA)
Habsburgerstr. 49
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79104 Freiburg, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Thorsten Grams
Technische Universitt Mnchen Department of Ecology, Ecophysiology of Plants
Am Hochanger 13
85354 Freising, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Rdiger Hampp Universitt Tbingen Botanisches Institut
Auf der Morgenstelle 1
72076 Tbingen, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
Taizo Hogetsu
The University of Tokyo
Asian Natural Science Center
Midori-cho 1-1-8
Nishtokyo-shi
Tokyo 188-0002, Japan
e-mail: [email protected]
Hamlyn G. Jones
Plant Research Unit
Div. Environmental and Applied Biology
University of Dundee at SCRI
Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K.
e-mail: [email protected]
Olavi Junttila
University of Troms?BR>9037 Troms? Norway
Steven W. Leavitt
University of Arizona
Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research
Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Sune Linder
Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
P.O. Box 49
230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
e-mail: [email protected]
Catherine Lovelock
Centre for Marine Studies
University of Queensland
St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
John E. Major
Canadian Forest Service
Atlantic Forestry Centre
PO Box 4000, Room 3-506
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Fredericton NB, E3B 5P7, Canada
Rainer Matyssek
Lehrstuhl fr Forstbotanik der Universitt Mnchen Am Hochanger 3
85354 Freising, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Wolfgang Owald WZW - Department fr kologie Am Hochanger 3
85375 Freising, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Hardy Pfanz
Institut fr Angewandte Botanik Universitt Duisburg-Essen Campus Essen
Universittsstr. 5 45117 Essen, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Heinz Rennenberg
Institut fr Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie Universitt Freiburg Am Flughafen 17
79085 Freiburg, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Thomas Speck
Universitt Freiburg Institut fr Biologie II/III Schnzlestr. 1 79104 Freiburg, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Keiji Takabe
Kyoto University
Laboratory of Structure of Plant Cells
Division of Forest and Biomaterial Sciences
Graduate School of Agriculture
Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
e-mail: [email protected]
Dieter Treutter
Technische Universitt Mnchen Fachgebiet Obstbau
Alte Akademie 16
85350 Freising, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Klaus Winter
Smithsonian Tropical Institute
P.O. Box 2072
Balboa, Rep. Panama
e-mail: [email protected]
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Maciej A. Zwieniecki
The Arnold Arboretum of
Harvard University
Biological Laboratories
16 Divinity Ave.
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Hubert Ziegler
Managing Editors for papers from the Americas: Robert D. Guy The University of British Columbia Department of Forest Sciences Faculty of Forestry # 3041-2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada e-mail: [email protected] for papers from all other countries: Ulrich E. Lttge Botanisches Institut der TU Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5 64287 Darmstadt, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +49-6151-163200 Fax: +49-6151-164630 Editorial Assistant Verena Kastrup Botanisches Institut der TU Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5 64287 Darmstadt, Germany Editors Mark Adams Faculty of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources University of Sydney Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia e-mail: [email protected] Roni Aloni Tel Aviv University Department of Plant Sciences 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel e-mail: [email protected] Erwin Beck Lehrstuhl Pflanzenphysiologie
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Universitt Bayreuth Universittsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
Wolfgang Bilger Botanisches Institut Abt. kophysiologie der Pflanzen Am Botanischen Garten 3-9 24118 Kiel, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Marcos Buckeridge Department of Botany Institute of Biosciences Rua do Matao, 277 Sao Paulo, SP Brazil PO Box 11461 Postal Code 05422-970 e-mail: [email protected] Thomas Buckley School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science UNSW Sydney NSW 2052, Australia e-mail: [email protected] Francisco M. Cnovas Unidad asociada UMA-CSIC Universidad de Mlaga Campus de Teatinos 29071 Mlaga, Spain e-mail: [email protected] John E. Carlson The School of Forest Resources Pennsylvania State University 323 Forest Resources Building University Park, PA 16802, USA e-mail: [email protected] Herv?Cochard UMR - Physiologie Intgrede l'Arbre Frutier et Forestier INRA, Site de Crouelle 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France e-mail: [email protected] Bettina Engelbrecht Department of Biology San Francisco State University 1600 Holoway Ave San Francisco, CA 94132, USA e-mail: [email protected]
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Thierry Fourcaud UMR AMAP botAnique et bioinforMatique de l'Architecture des Plantes TA A-51/PS2 (Bat. PSII, Bur. 105) Boulevard de la Lironde 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France e-mail: [email protected] Arthur Geler University of Freiburg Core Facility Metabolomics Centre for System Biology (ZBSA) Habsburgerstr. 49 79104 Freiburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Thorsten Grams Technische Universitt Mnchen Department of Ecology, Ecophysiology of Plants Am Hochanger 13 85354 Freising, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Rdiger Hampp Universitt Tbingen Botanisches Institut Auf der Morgenstelle 1 72076 Tbingen, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Taizo Hogetsu The University of Tokyo Asian Natural Science Center Midori-cho 1-1-8 Nishtokyo-shi Tokyo 188-0002, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Hamlyn G. Jones Plant Research Unit Div. Environmental and Applied Biology University of Dundee at SCRI Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K. e-mail: [email protected] Olavi Junttila University of Troms?BR>9037 Troms? Norway [email protected] Steven W. Leavitt University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research Tucson, AZ 85721, USA e-mail: [email protected]
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Sune Linder Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 49 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden e-mail: [email protected] Catherine Lovelock Centre for Marine Studies University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia e-mail: [email protected] John E. Major Canadian Forest Service Atlantic Forestry Centre PO Box 4000, Room 3-506 Fredericton NB, E3B 5P7, Canada [email protected] Rainer Matyssek Lehrstuhl fr Forstbotanik der Universitt Mnchen Am Hochanger 3 85354 Freising, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Wolfgang Owald WZW - Department fr kologie Am Hochanger 3 85375 Freising, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Hardy Pfanz Institut fr Angewandte Botanik Universitt Duisburg-Essen Campus Essen Universittsstr. 5 45117 Essen, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Heinz Rennenberg Institut fr Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie Universitt Freiburg Am Flughafen 17 79085 Freiburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Thomas Speck Universitt Freiburg Institut fr Biologie II/III Schnzlestr. 1 79104 Freiburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
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Keiji Takabe Kyoto University Laboratory of Structure of Plant Cells Division of Forest and Biomaterial Sciences Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto 606-8502, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Dieter Treutter Technische Universitt Mnchen Fachgebiet Obstbau Alte Akademie 16 85350 Freising, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Klaus Winter Smithsonian Tropical Institute P.O. Box 2072 Balboa, Rep. Panama e-mail: [email protected] Maciej A. Zwieniecki The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Biological Laboratories 16 Divinity Ave. Cambridge, MA 02138, USA e-mail: [email protected]
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1. TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Bimonthly ISSN: 0931-1890 SPRINGER, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 10013
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12.04.2012http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi
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A_1 - Trees-Guller et al 2012Variations in the radial growth and wood density components in relation to cambial age in 30-year-old Pinus brutia Ten. at two test sitesAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsPlant material and experimental sitesCollection, care, and preparation of wood samplesVariables (traits) studiedMeasurement of radial growth and wood density componentsStatistical analyses
ResultsOverall characterization in Pinus brutiaRelation of ring width (radial growth) and its components to cambial ageRelation of ring density and its components to cambial ageComparisons of test sites in terms of radial growth and wood density traitsJuvenile wood (JW)--mature wood (MW) transitionEffects of thinning on radial growth and wood density
DiscussionOverall wood density and radial growth values for Pinus brutiaWood density versus cambial ageEffects of site differencesJuvenile versus mature woodEffects of thinning
ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
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