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APPLE AND PEAR TREE ARCHITECTURE A WAY TO IMPROVE ORCHARD MANAGEMENT
P.É. Lauri - INRA
Montpellier, FranceJoint Research Unit SYSTEM (Tropical and Mediterranean Cropping System Functioning
and Management)
2015 WSU Fruit School - Apple and Pear Horticulture
Montpellier
Architectural concepts
Interest for apple: from knowledge to practice
Training and pruning the apple in France:a brief history and where we are now
Pear architecture
Architectural concepts
Plant development is driven by endogenousprocesses, modulated by the environment
Hallé (F), Oldeman (NL), Tomlinson (USA), 1978
tree architecture↕
forestry and sylvigenesis
Botanic: Bell 2008; Barthélémy & Caraglio 2007Fruit-trees: Lauri 2002; Lauri & Laurens, 2005; Costes, Lauri & Regnard 2006
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple – Pear architecture
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple – Pear architecture
1 – Qualitative criteria
Position of flowers on scaffold branches (lateral vs. terminal)
Peach – Prunus persica
Horse chesnut –
Aesculus hippocastanum
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
2 – Architectural models: 22The observed branch framework may be adequately described by a
single model.
e.g., cherry conforms to Rauh's model.
(Hallé et al. 1978)
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
The observed branch framework of other species may be
described by at least two models.
e.g., apple partly conforms to Rauh's
Main architectural features of the Apple tree:
1 - All branches initially orthotropic (upright trunk and branches). Secondary bending usually occurs with fruit load.
2 - Branching: rhythmic.
3 - Flowering: lateral and terminal.
Terminal flowering is typical of Scarrone's model.
5-year-old ‘Starkrimson’ tree / M7
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Scarrone's model.
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
(Hallé et al. 1978)
High frequency
of lateral
flowering
« RAUH
Tendency »
Alternate
bearing
High frequency
of terminal
flowering
« SCARRONE
Tendency »
Regular
bearing
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
‘Starkrimson’ / M7 (5YO) ‘Granny Smith’ / M7 (3YO)
(Lespinasse & Delort, 1986)
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Columnar type
Effects of the environment!
e.g., cold winter winter chilling acrotony
mild winter lack of winter chilling basitony
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Typical conditions in
Southern Brazil
(Schmitz et al. 2014, 2015, 2015)
3 – ReiterationThe architectural sequence is reiterated WITHIN tree crown
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Larch –
Larix decidua
Total reiteration
Crown shyness-Partial reiteration
Heading cut
Apple - ‘Galaxy’
Bending
Pear - ‘Bartlett’
Ficus benjamina
Total reiteration
& Cocos nucifera
No reiteration
Reiteration is an important phenomenon in fruit tree
e.g., Apple
1 – The relationship between reiteration and flowering depends
on the cultivar.
‘Granny Smith’‘Starkrimson’
Strong growth No flowering
= antagonism betweenvegetative growthand flowering
Strong growth Flowering
= no antagonism betweenvegetative growth
and flowering
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Reiteration is an important phenomenon in fruit tree
2 – Granny Smith: growth strategy includes growth fruiting
in terminal position bending reiteration growth etc. (8-
year sequence on M7)
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Architectural concepts (criteria, models, reiteration)
Interest for apple and pear: fromknowledge to practice
Training and pruning the apple in France: a brief history and where we are now
Pear architecture
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Year 1
…
Fruit-tree = « black box »
Concepts of plant architecture to develop a methodology
to analyze vegetative growth and fruiting patterns
2 steps
16
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Year 2
Year 3
1 - Branch growth over consecutive years
Latent - L
Extinction = death of a lateral
(often after F or A)
2 – Type of laterals
17
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Vegetative - V
- F
- A
Interest of the methodology: a posteriori analysis of branching and
fruiting over several years
Sequence of laterals (filiation)
Genotypic differences on two main traits: bourse-over-bourse &
extinction
18
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
&
1st aspect: ability to string bourse-over-bourse
‘Granny Smith’
‘Gala’
3-year-old spurs with
contrasted fruiting patterns
AA
A
A
V
A
Bourse
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Bourse-shoot
‘Chantecler’ & ‘Pitchounette’: parabolic
relation
Fruit-set is dependent on the number
of leaves/leaf area established in the
previous year
= « flower quality » or « floral strength »
in terms of the aptitude to set fruit
NB: same relationship in Mango (Normand
et al. 2009) and in forest trees
Fruit-seti.e., at least one fruit developed
y = -0.002x2 + 0.084x + 0.008
R2 = 0.54
y = -0.001x2 + 0.06x - 0.16
R2 = 0.77
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Number of leaves of shoots (bourse & bourse-shoot) on IYW
Fru
itin
g in
te
rm.
Po
s.
on
2Y
W (
rel. f
req
.
ou
t o
f a
ll f
low
. sh
oo
ts)
Pitchounette
Chantecler
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
(Lauri & Corelli-Grappadelli 2014)
Subtending shoot (year N)
Fruit-set (year N+1)
‘Starkrimson’/M7
Bourse-over-bourse =
localized process
What about all spurs on a
branch or a tree?
Spur-type trees have an
alternate bearing on low-vigor
rootstocks (e.g. M9) and a
more regular bearing pattern
on more vigorous rootstocks
(e.g. M7).
desynchronization
synchronization vs. desynchronizationArchitecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
(Lauri & Laurens 2005)
synchronization vs. desynchronization
Apple - ‘Braeburn’: case of synchronization
Pear – ‘Angélys’:
case of desynchronization
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
synchronization vs. desynchronization
Physiological mechanisms?
Relations with hydraulics
(Han et al., 2007; Lauri et al., 2008)
2nd aspect: spur extinction
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
3rd aspect: bourse-over-bourse extinction
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Bourse over bourse (frequency)
exti
nct
ion
(fr
eq
ue
ncy
)
Granny Smith
Red Winter
Jonagold
Royal GalaMelrose
R. des Reinettes
O. Spur
Delicious
Fuji
Braeburn
TYPE IV
TYPE II
Golden Delicious(Lauri et al., 1995,
1997, … 2014)
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Each cultivar has its own architectural strategy related to the bearing pattern (bourse-over-bourse, extinction, de/synchronization,
latency, shoot length…)
Suggest a negativerelationship between spurdensity and bourse-over-bourse.
Idea to do « artificial spurextinction » on cultivars with low bourse-over-bourse.
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
NB: flower/fruitlet thinning vs. artificial spur extinction
Artificial extinction, especially on flowering
spurs (…; Tustin et al.; van Hooijdonk et al.)
Flower or fruitlet thinning
(… Kon et al. 2013)
Branch Gauge to
objectively balance
the nb of fruits / cm²
of fruiting branch
cross-section area
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Architectural concepts (criteria, models, reiteration)
Interest for apple and pear: fromknowledge to practice
Training and pruning the apple in France:a brief history and where we are now
Pear architecture
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
‘Pink Lady’ – 5-6 year-old trees.
An obvious effect of training and pruning strategies on fruiting
Challenge: how to use the knowledge on tree architecture to establish rulesfor training and pruning…
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Phenotype: native tree architecture responses to manipulations
Paradigm: « trunk – fruiting branch - fruiting spur »
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Vertical Axis(Lespinasse 1977,
1980)
Solaxe(Lespinasse &
Lauri 1996)
CentrifugalTraining
(Lauri 2009)
Salsa(Lauri et al. IHC 2014)
Paradigm: « reiterative trunk–
fruiting spur »
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
‘Braeburn’/M7- 9YO (INRA) ‘Granny Smith’/M7- 3YO (INRA)
Strong variations of branching depending on the cultivar (especially immediate branching in the 1st year of planting)
‘Braeburn’: well adapted to a cylindrical shape, Centrifugal Training
‘Granny Smith’: interest to use ALL reiterative trunks
Basic principles To improve leaf functioning + return-bloom + fruit quality (color…)
Canopy Porosity & Fruiting Shoot Autonomy
Single vertical trunk:
need to partition the vigor towards fruiting shoot
trunk fruiting branch fruiting shoot
2 or more reiterative trunks:
less vigourous than a single trunk
reiterative trunk fruiting shoot
satisfactory yield quantity and quality
lower labour inputs, due to less time for training and pruning to shape the tree.
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
y = -0.002x2 + 0.084x + 0.008
R2 = 0.54
y = -0.001x2 + 0.06x - 0.16
R2 = 0.77
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Number of leaves of shoots (bourse & bourse-shoot) on IYW
Fru
itin
g in
te
rm.
Po
s.
on
2Y
W (
rel. f
req
.
ou
t o
f a
ll f
low
. sh
oo
ts)
Pitchounette
Chantecler
Architectural concepts (criteria, models, reiteration)
Interest for apple and pear: fromknowledge to practice
Training and pruning the apple in France:a brief history and where we are now
Pear architecture
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Tree scale: different types of laterals along the main axes, immediate / delayed laterals (IL/DL)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
‘Angélys’ ‘Conférence’ ‘D. comice’ ‘Williams’
Me
an
nb
of
late
rals
c b a a cc b a
1st year 2nd year
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
Pear architecture studies and training and pruning: greatlyinspired from progresses in apple
1st year - Immediate
2nd year - Delayed
(Lauri et al., 2002)
R2
= 0.912
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Differential in IL : (IL-DL)/(IL+DL)
WilliamsHarrow Sweet
Delwilmor
P. Crassane
HW608
Abbé Fetel
D. Comice
Conférence AngélysMea
n n
b o
f fl
ow
er
clu
ste
r
Tree scale: high immediate branching vs. delayedbranching high flowering
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
(Costes et al., 2004)
Interest of SALSA-type trees
Branch scale: flowering – synchronization vs. desynchronizationThe examples of ‘Doyenne du Comice’ and ‘Angélys ’
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
‘D du Comice’: high synchronization of flowering Low fruit-set (competitions) Low productivity
’Angélys’: desynchronization of flowering from3YW onwardsMore regular bearing
Training and pruning pear
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
As for apple, a main issue is to decrease spur density especiallyon high flowering cultivars
Usual training systems cannotsolve this problem
NB: chemical thinning only recently allowed in France (benzyladénine (Maxcel –Exillis), NAA (Rhodofix), métamitrone (Brévis))
Training and pruning pear – Experiment on ‘Guyot’ to decreasealternate bearing: artificial extinction on vegetative spurs in OFF year
Architecture - Knowledge to practice - Training & pruning the apple - Pear architecture
(Florens et al., 2014)
Heading cuts &
chemical thinning
Vegetative Spur Extinction &
chemical thinning
Thank you for your attention