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A Translation Analysis On English Idiomatic Expression
In “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” Translated Into
“Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”
A THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Requirement
For the Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department
by
JUMIA PRIHATIWI C 1306523
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
2010
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A Translation Analysis On English Idiomatic Expression In
“The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” Translated Into
“Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”
By:
JUMIA PRIHATIWI
C1306523
Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners of English Department
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
Consultant
Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MA NIP 197105251998022001
The Head of S1 Non-Regular English Department
Drs. Budi Waskito, M. Pd. NIP 195211081983031001
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Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners of English Department
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
On 16 August , 2010
Position Name
Signature
Chairman Drs. S Budi Waskito, MPd NIP. 195211081983031001
……………….
Secretary Ardianna Nuraeni, SS, M.Hum NIP.198209272008122001
……………….
First Examiner Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MA NIP 197105251998022001
……………….
Second Examiner Dr. Djatmika, MA NIP. 196707261993021001
……………….
Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
Drs. Sudarno, M.A. NIP 131 472 202
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PRONOUNCEMENT
I am,
Name : Jumia Prihatiwi
Student Number : C 1306523
I pronounce truthfully that the thesis entitled A Translation Analysis On English
Idiomatic Expression In “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)”
Translated Into “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)” is
originally made by myself. It is not a plagiarism nor is it made by other people.
The statements which are not my statements are written in quotation and included
within the bibliography.
If this pronouncement is proved incorrect in the future, I am ready to
accept academic sanction in the form of the withdrawal of academic title.
Surakarta, 16 August 2010
The Researcher
Jumia Prihatiwi
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MOTTO
Don’t judge a book only by its cover
Be Your Self
Judge nothing You will be happy Forgive everything You will be happier
Love everything You will be the happiest
(Sri Chinmoy)
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
My beloved Bapak and Mama
My Lovely Brother
My beloved someone
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Acknowledgment
Assalammu’alaikum. Wr. Wb
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamiin to Allah
SWT, Who blesses and guides me in finishing this thesis as a partial requirement
in obtaining Sarjana Sastra Degree. This thesis would not be finished without His
blessing and Guidance.
There are some people who support and help me in finishing this thesis.
In this occasion, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to:
1. Drs. Sudarno, M.A., The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas
Maret University.
2. Drs. Budi Waskito, M. Pd., The Head of S1 Non-Regular English
Department for giving an approval and a permission to write this thesis.
3. Dyah Ayu Nila Khrisna, SS, M.A., My academic supervisor. Thank you for
the guidance and helps during my study.
4. Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, M.A., The Secretary of S1 Non-Regular English
Department and my thesis supervisor. Thank you so much for the time,
guidance and help during my journey in finishing this thesis. I am really
sorry for all mistakes that I have made.
5. The raters; Bayu Budiharjo, Ambhita Dhyaningrum, Ruli Hafidah, S.Pd,
M.Hum, thank you for your time and willingness.
6. Ibu Dolly, thank you so much for your help and kindness.
7. My best friends: Beta (thanks for being my second supervisor), Fahmi,
Ayong (thanks for being friend, sister, motivator even challenger), Dije
(thanks to inspire me a lot), Susyong, Inul, Amel, Lince, Angie, Koplak’s,
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SYH especially to Mas Adi (thanks for being there for me and the never
ending friendship, guys…)
8. All my friends of Non-Reg English Department 2006 (keep fighting,
guys!!), mbak Nath (thanks for the novel).
9. All of people who have helped, supported and prayed a lot for my thesis that
I could not mention here, thank you so much.
10. The most important thing, I would like to thank you so much for my beloved
Parents (Bapak and Mama) for their supports and their love (thanks for
being the best parents for me), my lovely Brother (Dedek) for being a nice
brother and sorry to let you down sometimes), my big family (bude and
mbak endah) for their support and the last but not least to Setyo Budi for
being patient, understanding and sharing best moments in my life. I love you
all.
I know that this thesis is still far from being perfect. For that reason, I
welcome some constructive criticisms for the improvement of this thesis. Finally,
I hope this thesis would be beneficial for the readers.
Surakarta, 16 August 2010
Jumia Prihatiwi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL OF CONSULTANT.................................................................. ii
APPROVAL OF BOARD EXAMINERS …………………………………. iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ……………………………………………………… iv
MOTTO …………………………………………………………………….. v
DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………… ix
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………… xii
ABBREVIATION ………………………………………………………….. xiii
LIST OF TABLE……………..…………………………………………….. xiv
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background.................................................................... 1
B. Problem Statement......................................................................... 4
C. Research Objectives ……............................................................... 5
D. Research Limitation ……………………………………………... 5
E. Research Benefits ………………………………………………... 6
F. Thesis Organization ……………………………………………… 6
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Translation Definition ………………………………….…………. 8
B. Process of Translation …................................................................. 9
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C. Problem in Translation...………..……..……..…………………… 10
D. Translation Assessment ...……………...………………………..... 11
E. Translation Accuracy …………………………………………….. 12
F. Definitions of Idiom ……………………....................................... 14
G Idiom in Indonesian Language ………………………………......
H. Types of Idiom …………………………………………………..
I. Problem in Translating Idiomatic Expressions ………………….
J. Strategies in Translating Idiomatic Expressions …………………
14
15 18 19
K. About the novel……………………………………………………. 22
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research ...………………………………………………. 24
B. Source of Data ……….........…...................................................... 25
C. Data ………………………………………………………………. 25
D. Sample and Sampling Technique...………………………………. 26
E. Research Instrument...……………………………………………. 26
F. Research Procedure ………………………………………………
G. Technique of Data Collection…………………………………….
H. Technique of Data Analysis ……………………………………...
27
28 29
IV. DATA ANALYSIS
A. Types of Idiom …………………………………………………..
1. Compound ……………....…………………………………..
2. Phrase ……………………………………………………….
3. Semi Clause............................................................................
30
30 32 35
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4. Clause ………………………………………………………
B. Translation Strategy ……………………………………………..
1. Translation using Idiom with similar meaning and form …...
2. Translation using Idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar
form………………………………………………………….
3. Translation by paraphrase …………………………………..
4. Translation by omission …………………………………….
5. Literal Translation …………………………………………..
38
39 41 44 48 50
C. Translation Accuracy …………..………………………………..
1. Accurate Translation ………………………………………….
2. Less Accurate Translation …………………………………….
3. Inaccurate Translation ………………………………………...
54
55 58 61
D. Discussion …...………………..................................................... 67
V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions……….………………………….………………….. 76
B. Suggestions………..………...…………………….…………….. 78
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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ABSTRACT
Jumia Prihatiwi. C1306523. 2010. A Translation Analysis on English Idiomatic Expression In “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” Translated Into “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta.
The aim of the study is to find out the types of idiomatic expressions, the strategy used by the translators and the accuracy of the translation of English Idiomatic Expression in “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” translated into “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”. It is a descriptive qualitative study which employs total sampling technique. All the idiomatic expression in the Novel The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition), 335 idioms, were taken as the data. The analysis on the types of idiom shows that there are four types of idiomatic expressions found in the data, they are compound, phrase, semi clause, and clause or sentence idiom. The most dominant type of idiomatic expressions found is phrase idiom which amounts to 245 data (73.1 %). Coming at the second place is semi clause idiom with 73 data (21.8 %). Meanwhile, clause idiom is in the third place with 12 data (3.6 %), the last group is compound idiom which amounts to 5 data (1.5 %). The analysis of the translation strategy shows that the translator uses five strategies in translating the idiomatic expressions in the novel. They are translation using idiom with similar meaning and form (3 data or 0.9 %), translation using idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form (31 data or 9.3 %), translation by paraphrase (273 data or 81.5 %), translation by omission (9 data or 2.7 %) and the last is literal translation (19 data or 5.7 %). Among the data translated using idiom with similar meaning and form, 1 datum (33.3 %) belongs to phrase idiom and 2 data (66.7 %) belong to semi clause idiom. None of them are in form of compound and clause idiom.
From the data translated by paraphrasing, there are 5 data (1.8 %) which belong to compound idiom. There are 206 data (75.5 %) which belong to phrase idiom. There are 54 data (19.8 %) which belong to semi clause idiom and 8 data (2.9 %) which belong to clause idiom. Among the data translated by omission, 7 data (77.8 %) are phrase idiom, 2 data (22.2 %) are semi clause idiom. None of them are in form of compound and clause idioms. From the data translated by using literal translation, 12 data (63.1 %) are phrase idiom, 3 data (15.8 %) are semi clause idiom and 4 data (21.1 %) are clause idioms. None of them are in form of compound idiom. In terms of accuracy, there are 212 data (63.3 %) of the translations of idiomatic expressions in the novel The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition) considered as accurate translation, 111 data (33.1%) are less accurate and 12 data (3.6%) are inaccurate translation.
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The result of the research shows that the application of the strategy of paraphrase has resulted in the high accuracy of the translation of idiomatic expressions in the novel and most of them are in form of phrase idiom. In contrast, the strategy of literal translation results in less accurate and inaccurate translations.
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ABBREVIATIONS
SL : Source Language
ST : Source Text
TL : Target Language
TT : Target Text
CHAF : Catatan Harian Anne Frank
TDOYG : The Diary Of A young Girl
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1 Compound Idiom
Table 2 Phrase Idiom
Table 3 Semi Clause Idiom
Table 4 Clause idiom
Table 5 Type of idiom translated using the strategy by using idiom
of similar meaning and form
Table 6 Type of idiom translated using the strategy by using idiom
of similar meaning but dissimilar form
Table 7 Type of idiom with the strategy by paraphrase
Table 8 Type of idiom with the strategy by omission
Table 9 Type of idiom with the strategy by Literal Translation
Table 10 Translation Strategies Used by the Translator
Table 11 Translation Accuracy
Table 12 Discussion table
Table 13 The Score Given By the Raters
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
There are many translation books in Indonesia. Most of them are originally
written in English. They include science, politics, economics, biography, literature
books, etc. Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap), which is one of
the translation books, is originally written in English entitled The Diary of a
Young Girl (The Definitive Edition). It is a collection of Anne Frank’s diary that
highlights her live and struggle during the Holocaust incident published in the
form of novel.
The novel becomes popular since it provides information to readers about
the fact of Holocaust. For hundreds of years, the word holocaust itself had been
used in English to indicate massive sacrifices and great slaughters or massacres.
According to the history, During World War II, the word was used to denote Nazi
slaughter regardless of whether the victims were Jews or non-Jews. But then since
the 1960s, the term has come to be used by scholars and popular writers to refer
exclusively to the genocide of Jews. The Holocaust was the genocide of
approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a programme of
systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust). Nowadays, the incident of
Holocaust is still controversial to some people who have doubted its existence.
According to them, it was just a myth that had never happened. Thus, the novel
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comes to provide some authentic facts that prove the existence of Holocaust taken
from the diary including some pictures which was written by Anne Frank.
The researcher finds many idiomatic expressions in the novel which
potentially create problems to the translator. Based on finger dictionary, “Idiom is
a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from
those of the individual words”. Baker states, “The main problems that idiomatic
expressions pose in translation relate to two main areas: the ability to recognize
and to interpret an idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering the
various aspects of meaning that an idiom expression convey into the target
language” (1992: 65). In addition, Nababan states, “Dalam menerjemahkan
ungkapan idiomatik, seringkali diterjemahkan secara bebas” (2003: 32). Thus, we
can conclude that in translating idiomatic expression, in order to convey the
meaning of the expression in the source text appropriately, the translator would be
better not to provide the readers with word by word translation. Therefore, some
aspects of choosing the best strategies to translate idiomatic expressions are
required.
Below are the examples of Idiomatic Expressions found in the novel The
Diary of A young Girl.
ST : A fine kettle of fish that will be
TT : Akan menjadi sebuah ketel ikan
334. TDOYG-333/ CHAF-444/ Literal
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The example above is one of idiomatic expressions translated literally. It is
considered as less accurate since the idea or the message of idiom in the source
text are not completely transferred in the target text. The message of the target
text deviates from the source text. The idiom of a fine kettle of fish that will be in
the above example means a terrible condition or dissatisfying situation.
The translators may not find the idiomatic expression which is equivalent
in the target text, so that they translated literally. In fact, they may paraphrase in
translating it since translating it literally may result in inaccurate and unreadable,
even unacceptable translation.
There is another example of idiomatic expressions found in the novel The
Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition) which is translated literally.
ST : England and the rest of the world have discovered that burying your head
in the sand doesn’t work, and now each of them, especially England, is
having to pay a heavy price for its ostrich policy
TT : Inggris, juga Negara lain yang tersisa, telah menemukan bahwa mengubur
kepalamu ke dalam tanah tidak menyelesaikan masalah, sekarang masing-
masing mereka, khususnya Inggris, harus membayar harga yang mahal
karena kebijakan yang sangat jarang ini
317. TDOYG-301/ CHAF-400/ Literal
The example above is also translated literally. The idea or message of the idiom in
the source text has been totally changed in the target text. Thus, the translation is
considered as inaccurate translation since the message of the target text betrays
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that in the source text. The expression of burying your head in the sand of the
source text means escaping from the problems. But, when it is translated literally,
the idea or the message of the idiomatic expression in the source text definitely is
not conveyed to the target readers. Mengubur kepalamu ke dalam tanah means to
bury someone’s head in the sand which is not commonly used as the form of
idiomatic expression in Indonesian language. It may confuse readers since they
might interpret it as to commit a suicide instead of avoiding their problems.
The above phenomena lead the researcher to analyze the idiomatic
expressions in the novel of The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)
and its translation Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap) in order to
find the strategies applied by the translators and their impacts toward the accuracy
of the translation. Thus, knowing the fact that there are some problems occur in
the translation, particularly in translating the idiomatic expressions, the researcher
is interested to conduct a translation analysis of the thesis entitled A Translation
analysis on English Idiomatic Expression In “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The
Definitive Edition)” Translated Into “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi
Paling Lengkap)”.
B. Problem Statement
Based on the research background, the writer will propose the problem
statement as follow:
1. What types of English Idioms are engaged in “The Diary of A Young Girl
(The Definitive Edition)”?
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2. How are English idiomatic expressions in“The Diary of A Young Girl
(The Definitive Edition) translated into Indonesian language in Catatan
Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”?
3. How is the impact of the strategy to the accuracy of the translation?
C. Research Objectives
There are three objectives that will be achieved in this research, they are:
1. To know the types of English Idioms engaged in “The Diary of A Young
Girl (The Definitive Edition)”.
2. To find out how English Idioms are translated into Indonesian language in
“The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition): Catatan Harian
Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”.
3. To know the impact of the strategy to the accuracy of the translation.
D. Research Limitation
In this research, the analysis will be only limited on the types of English
idioms engaged in “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)”, how
English Idioms are translated into Indonesian language and the accuracy of the
translation. The classification is made by the researcher due to the reason that
there are many kinds of English Idioms found in the English version book.
Besides, the researcher wants to know the types of English idioms engaged and
how they are translated into Indonesian language whether they are in the form of
word, phrase or sentence in “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive
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Edition)” and its translation entitled “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling
Lengkap)”.
E. Research Benefits
The writer expects that this research will be useful for:
1. Translators
The result of the research can be a significant reference to improve the
translators’s competence in translating idiomatic expressions.
2. Lecturers
This research can be employed as an important material in developing
translation skill of the students.
3. Students and Other Researchers
This research is expected to be a stimulant for other researchers to have
similar research. Besides, it can be a big contribution for students to improve
their ability in analysing idiomatic translation.
F. Thesis Organization
This thesis will be organized into five chapters. Chapter I is the
introduction, in which the writer introduces the background, problem statement,
research objectives, research limitation, research benefits and the organization.
Chapter II discusses the theories that are related to the research. It consists of the
definition of translation, the process of translation, and other related literatures.
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Chapter III discusses the research method, data source, sample and
sampling technique, research procedure, technique of collecting data, and
technique of analyzing data. Chapter IV will be the main part of the research
which consists of the finding, the analysis and the discussion. The last is chapter
V, in which the writer concludes the result of the analysis and gives some
suggestions.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this section, the researcher presents the theoretical backgrounds merely
those related to the problem statements. The theories applied to support the
research are described further as follow:
A. Translation Definition
In the book entitled Teori penerjemahan, Kridalaksana defines,
“Penerjemahan adalah pemindahan suatu amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam
bahasa sasaran dengan pertama mengungkapkan maknanya dan kemudian gaya
bahasanya“ (1974:19). In translation, message and style should be maintained. If a
translator only focuses on the style of the translation, he will fail to transfer the
meaning or the message of the SL, as stated by Nida, “Sacrifice of meaning for
the sake of reproducing the style may produce only impression, and fail to
communicate the message” (1964: 164). Furthermore, Roger T. Bell states in his
book Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, “Translation is the
expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in
another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”
(1991:5).
In addition, Brislin states, “Translation is the general term referring to the
transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target),
whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have
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established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or
both languages is based on signs, as with sign language of the deaf.” (1976:1)
Here, translation is transferring thoughts and ideas from the source language to the
target language, both oral and written forms. It is not only replacing a certain text
in the source language with the equal text in target language, but also transferring
the ideas and thoughts put forward by the speaker.
B. Process of Translation
Every expert has different concept of conducting translation. According
to Nida’s concept, the process of translating is in the following procedure;
1) Analysis
In this process, the translator reads the source text more than once in order
to understand the subject matter. After knowing the subject matter, the
translator is able to decide what references used to translate the text. In the
reading process, the translator writes the difficult words and finds the meaning
in the dictionary. It helps the translator in understanding the message inside
the text.
2) Transfer
In this stage, the translator transfers the message from the source
language into the target language. In this process, the translator has to translate
also the message from the source language correctly. Here, the translator
should also decide what types of translation will be used.
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3) Restructuring
This is the final step where the translator restructures the text in the target
language so that it will sound natural and readable.
SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
TEXT TRANSLATION
ANALYSIS RESTRUCTURING
TRANSFER
(Nida and Taber, 1974:33)
C. Problem in Translation
Every language has its own system. It has syntactic structure,
syntagmatic, lexical, and morpheme which are different from each other language.
Those differences in system create some problems in translation. Besides, a
translator also often faces problems of contextual meaning, textual meaning and
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socio cultural meaning, material problem even religious problem. As stated by
Nababan, “Kesulitan - kesulitan yang kerap timbul dalam praktek penerjemahan
disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor , seperti perbedaan sistem bahasa sumber dan
bahasa saran, kompleksitas semantik dan stilistik bahasa sumber dan bahasa
sasaran, perbedaan tingkat kemampuan penerjemah dan tingkat kualitas bahasa
sumber”. (2003:54-55).
D. Translation Assessment
Translation means a process of transferring message from source language
to target language. Knowing that fact, we know that translation involves at least
two languages. The process of translation results a product of translation. The
product should meet three requirements as the quality assessment. Those three
requirements are revealed below:
a. Accuracy
It is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a
translation matches its original. It is usually refers to preservation of the
information content of ST in TT. Larson says in her book Meaning-Based
Translation: A Guide to Cross-language Equivalence, “Does the
translation communicate the same meaning as the source language?”.
According to Larson (1984:49), a translation is considered accurate when
it communicates the same meaning as the source language. It can be tested
by comparing the target text with the source text, in order to make sure
that there is no deletion, addition, or change of information.
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b. Acceptability
What is meant by acceptability is a translation must sound natural to the
target language. A readable translation may not be acceptable. We often
find a translation which is grammatically correct and easy to read but does
not sound natural (2004: 41).
c. Readability
Readability refers to how naturally and easily a translation can be read.
The more natural vocabulary and forms are used in a translation, the
higher it will rank in readability. There is not a direct correlation between
accuracy and readability. One translation may be accurate but not very
readable. Another translation may be very readable but not very accurate
(2004: 41).
E. Translation Accuracy
The translation accuracy, as one of the elements of translation assessment
will be discussed in more detail in this part since it is the one that the researcher
assesses in this study.
In translating a text, a translator is required to be able to transfer the
message and form of the source language text into the target language text. One of
the aspects of translation quality assessment is accuracy. Shuttleworth and Cowie
states, “A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a
translation matches its original” (1997: 3).
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In translating a text, accuracy is an important thing for a translator to
concern. Baker states, “Accuracy is no doubt an important aim in translation but it
is also important to bear in mind that the use of common target language patterns
which are familiar to the target reader plays an important role in keeping the
communication channels open” (1992:57).
Every process of translation involves at least two languages and one
message. In fact, the meaning is the message which is transferred by various
features and it is the task of the translator to transfer the meaning of the ST into
the TT. Depending on different factors affecting the translator's performance and
the way the message is conveyed, different translations will be produced, and the
accuracy of translation is an important feature in evaluating any translated text.
Accuracy refers to preserving the meaning of the original text. The term accuracy
is synonymous with the term faithfulness.
Manafi Anari (2004: 41) defines accuracy as "the exactitude or precision
of the meaning conveyed" and in fact it implies conformity of translation with the
original text in terms of fact or truth. Larson in his Meaning-based Translation: A
Guide to Cross-language Equivalence, says that in every translation, accuracy,
clearness and naturalness are of the great importance (1984:485).
“The level of accuracy of translation is mainly achieved by a combination
of the use of translators of the highest quality and the systematic application of
our methodical checking system. To maintain a high standard of translation, a
translator must translate into their native language to ensure that the results of the
translation are both clear and succinct “[http://www.brophy-
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phillips.com/en/main/translation/trans/accuracy.htm]. The translator must also
have a sufficient knowledge of the field being translated to have a full
understanding of the subject matter.
F. Definitions of Idiom
In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, idiom is defined as a phrase or
sentence whose meaning is not clear from the meaning of its individual words and
which must be learnt as a whole unit. Wikipedia defines Idiom as a multiword that
is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its
behave as a single semantic unit, and has a non-productive structure.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom) Many experts have their own opinion about the
definition of idioms. Fernando in her Idioms and Idiomaticity explains that Idioms
are indivisible units whose components cannot be varied or varied only within
definable limits. In her opinion, all idioms show idiomaticity. They are not
grammatically regular (1996: 30). Mona Baker in her In Other Words says that
idioms are at the extreme end of scale from collocations in one both of these
areas: flexibility of patterning and transparency of meaning. They are frozen
patterns of language which allow little or no variation inform and, in the case of
idiom, often carry meanings which cannot be deduced from their individual
components. (1992: 63)
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G. Idiom in Indonesian language
Abdul Chaer states, “Idiom adalah satuan ujaran yang maknanya tidak
dapat “diramalkan’ dari makna unsur-unsurnya, baik secara leksikal maupun
secara gramatikal”. (http://haveza.multiply.com/reviews/item/5) From the
definition, we can see that idiom in English has same meaning and concept to
what English idiom has. For example, the word menjual gigi does not mean that
we sell our teeth. The proper meaning of the word is to laugh loudly. This kind of
meaning that is meant by idiomatic meaning.
In addition, Djoko Saryono also states, “makna idiomatis adalah makna
konstruksi yang maknanya sudah menyatu dan tidak dapat ditafsirkan atau
dijabarkan dari makna unsur-unsur pembentuknya”. The examples of Indonesian
idioms are “tanah air” which means negeri tempat kita menjadi warga negaranya,
“besar kepala” which means sombong, and “mengambinghitamkan” which means
menuduh bersalah.
H. Types of Idiom
Cowie et al in Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English Volume 1
and 2 (1996:40) classifies idiomatic expressions into: phrasal verbs with
preposition (e.g. abstain from), phrasal verbs with particle (s) (e.g. make up), and
phrasal verb with both (e.g. make up to), phrases (e.g. red herring), semi clauses
(e.g. spill the beans and take a step) and sentences (e.g. the coast is clear). Phrasal
verb idioms include expressions that have structure verb + adverb, such as put up
and take for. It must be noted here that adverbs, which also occur as prepositions,
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are always transitive adverbs. These types of idioms are also called phrasal verbs.
Phrasal verb means a simple verb combined with an adverb or a preposition, or
sometimes both, to make new verb with meaning that is different from that of
simple verb.
Makkai in Fernando, classifies idioms of decoding as lexemic and
sememic. However, he gives greater attention to the structure of the lexemic
variety. Six types of lexemic idioms are identified as: phrasal verbs (e.g. bring up,
get away with, etc); tournures (e.g. fly off the handle, etc); irreversible binomials
(e.g. salt and pepper, bag and baggage, etc); phrasal compounds (e.g. high-
handed, etc); incorporating verbs (e.g. man handle, etc); and pseudo- idioms (e.g.
spick and span, etc). (1996:5)
A tournure idiom is an expression that consists of at least three lexons that
are lexemes elsewhere. The utterance can also have the definite article “the” or the
indefinite article “a”. An irreversible binominal idiom is an expression that
consists of two elements the order of which is irreversible. Pseudo idiom is an
idiom where one of elements does not make any sense on its own. Incorporating
verb idioms consists of expressions that are complex lexemes and that may begin
with a noun, an adjective, or a verb. For instance, expressions such as to sight-see
and to eavesdrop are incorporating verb idioms. They are classified into this
group, because when interpreting them literally, one cannot find any connection
between the literal structure and the idiomatic meaning. In the case of to sight-see,
there is therefore no connection between the idiomatic meaning of the idiom, ‘to
visit famous places and attractions as a tourist’, and the literal interpretation. Thus,
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persons who are looking out through their window also see sights, but they do not
sight-see. Similarly, the literal meaning of to eavesdrop, which could be to drop
eaves, does not have any connection with ‘to overhear’.
Another linguist, Fernando (1996:40-43), categorizes idioms in two
categorization, structural and lexical. In structural categorization, he propounds
four types of idiom. They are compounds (e.g. pitter-patter/ pit-a-pat, happy-
go-lucky, devil-may-care), phrases (e.g. red herring, bread and butter, on
behalf of, put up, put up with), semi clauses (e.g. spill the beans, smell a rat),
and full clauses (e.g. the coast is clear; while the cat is away, the mice will
play). Fernando also adds that among those four types, the most favored
construction are verb + particle(s) construction (e.g. put up, put up with, etc)
and the semi clause (e.g. spill the beans, smell a rat, etc)
In his book, Fernando does not give any definition about compound,
phrase, semi-clause, and clause, he only gives examples. However, the definition
of those terms can be obtained on a dictionary. Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary defines Compound as a noun, an adjective, etc composed of two or
more words or part of words, written as one or more words, or joined by hyphen.
Phrase means a group of related words which does not have a subject and
predicate, used as a part of sentence and grammatically has the same function as a
word or a group of words without a verb, especially one that forms part of a
sentence. There are six kinds of phrase. They are noun phrase, verb phrase,
adjective phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase and verbal phrase. Clause is
defined as a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a
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sentence or part of a sentence. Semi clause is a clause that lacks of subject. While
sentence is a set of words expressing a statement, a question or an order, usually
containing a subject and a verb.
In Wikipedia, compound is a word composed of more than one
morpheme. English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the
word or the semantic relationship of their components. In Merriam-Webster
Online. htm, a compound is defined as a word or word group that consists of two
or more parts that work together as a unit to express a specific concept.
Compounds can be formed by combining two or more words (as in double-check,
cost-effective, farmhouse, graphic equalizers, park bench, around-the-clock, or
son of a gun), by combining prefixes or suffixes with words (as in ex-president,
shoeless, presorted, or uninterruptedly), or by combining two or more word
elements (as in macrophage or photochromism). Compounds are written in one of
three ways: solid (as in cottonmouth), hyphenated (screenwriter-director), or open
(health care). Because of the variety of standard practice, the choice among the
styles for a given compound represents one of the most common and vexing of all
style issues writers encounter.
Some types of idiom have been explained above. However, for the data
classification, the researcher determines only the structural categorization
proposed by Fernando (ibid) as the groundwork in describing the types of idioms
in this research.
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I. Problem in Translating Idiomatic Expressions
In her In Other Words, Mona Baker says that the main problems that
idiomatic pose in translation relate to two main areas: the ability to recognize and
to interpret an idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering the
various aspect of meaning that an idiom conveys into the target language. There
are various types of idioms, some more easily recognizable than others. Some
include expression which violates truth (storm in a tea cup, jump down someone’s
throat, etc). Others follow ungrammatical rules of the language (put paid to, by
and large, etc). Generally speaking, the more difficult an expression is to
understand and the less sense it makes in a given context, the more likely a
translator will recognize it is an idiom. (1992:65).
J. Strategies in Translating Idiomatic Expressions
Baker (1992) suggests four strategies to translate idiomatic expressions,
they are translation using idiom with similar meaning and form, using similar
meaning and dissimilar form, by paraphrase and by omission.
a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
This strategy involves using an idiom in the target language which conveys
roughly the same meaning as that of the source language idiom and, in
addition, consists of equivalent lexical items (Baker: 72).
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For example:
ST: Of course, it’s very difficult for Peter, who gets caught in the middle, but
no one takes Peter seriously anymore, since he’s hypersensitive and lazy.
TT : Tentu itu menyulitkan Peter, ia terjebak di tengah-tengah, tetapi tidak
ada lagi yang mau menaggapinya dengan serius karena ia memang
sangat sensitive lagi malas.
The datum above belongs to this classification since the idiom in the source
language is translated into an idiom in the target language with equivalent lexical
item. The idiom caught in the middle is translated into terjebak di tengah-
tengah in Indonesian language. The word terjebak di tengah-tengah belongs to
idiom in Indonesian language since it is not the real meaning. It means to be in
the situation that makes people can not move from it.
b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
It is often possible to find an idiom or fixed expression in the target
language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or
expression, but which consists of different lexical items (Baker :74).
For example:
ST: Then Mrs. Van D really flies off the handle
TT : Lalu Nyonya Van Dan mulai berkicau
The idiomatic expression in the ST is translated using idiom with similar meaning
but dissimilar form. It will be meaningless if it is translated into the same lexical
items of the source language. The idiom flies off the handle is translated into
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mulai berkicau which belongs to idiom in Indonesian language. The idiom flies
off the handle is often used for informal conversation or informal term.
c. Translation by paraphrase
This is the most common way of translating idioms when it seems
inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target text because of
differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target language (Baker :
74).
For example:
ST: But the other side of the coin is that the British Air Force is operating
around the clock
TT : Tetapi sisi Angkatan Udara Inggris beroperasi setiap saat
The meaning of the ST idiom is all day and all night. The translators try to
translate it into a simpler word with similar meaning as well. Thus, the translators
paraphrase the idiom into setiap saat which is usually used in daily conversation.
d. Translation by omission
This strategy may be used because it has no close match in the target
language. Its meaning cannot be easily paraphrase, or for stylistic reasons
(Baker :77 ).
For example:
ST: Yesterday Mother and I had another run-in and she really kicked up a
fuss.
TT: Kemarin aku dan Mama kembali terlibat pertengkaran.
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The above example shows that the translators do not translate the idiom kicked
up a fuss, they omit it. The meaning of the idiom itself in Indonesian language is
cerewet.
K. About the Novel
Diary is a record (originally in handwritten format) with discrete entries
arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other
period. The word diary comes from the Latin diarium ("daily allowance," from
dies "day"), found more often in the plural form diaria. Generally the term is
today employed for personal diaries, in which the writer may detail more personal
information and normally intended to remain private or to have a limited
circulation amongst friends or relatives. The writer may also describe recent
events in his/her personal diary.
Whilst a diary may provide information for a memoir, autobiography or
biography, it is generally written not with the intention of being published as it
stands, but for the author's own use. According to Wikipedia, biography is a
description of someone's life, usually published in the form of a book or essay, or
in some other form, such as a film. An autobiography is a biography by the same
person it is about. A biography presents the subject's story, highlighting various
aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experiences, and may
include an analysis of the subject's personality.
Concerning the previous statement, writing a biography requires complete
authenticities and facts since it is related to someone’s life. It should be presented
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in the form of an artistic description so that the result will create a good
impression of the whole description of the personality and life of the object of the
writing. Considering this fact, it is a hard job for the translators since not only
they have to fulfil some requirements of having a good translation but also have to
fulfil the requirements of writing biography.
Talking about Anne Frank, actually, she is just an ordinary little girl. She
was born on June 12, 1929. Her father is Otto Frank, the Director of Dutch Opekta
Company. Her Mom is Edith Hollander Frank. Anne has one older sister named
Margot. Anne Frank’s family is one of the victims of Holocaust incident. Anne
Frank who likes to write diaries became popular when her diaries were first
published as a novel in 1947. Unfortunately, Anne Frank died before it was
published. She died in Bergen-Belsen prison, three months before her 16th
birthday.
Anne Frank started writing a diary from June 12, 1942, to August 1, 1944.
Initially, she wrote it strictly for herself. Then, one day in 1944, Gerrit Bolkestein,
a member of the Dutch government in exile, announced in a radio broadcast from
London that after the war he hoped to collect eyewitness accounts of the suffering
of the Dutch people under the German occupation, which could be made available
to the public. As an example, he specifically mentioned letters and diaries.
Impressed by the speech, Anne Frank decided that when the war was over she
would publish a book based on her diary that will be read by the readers all over
the world. Since the original diary was in the Dutch language, the translator must
translate the book into many languages especially in English.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research
In doing this research, the writer employs a descriptive qualitative method.
It deals with the observations, impressions, and interpretation of the researcher.
Descriptive method is a method, which is employed to collect and analyze data,
and draw conclusion of the analyzed data. As stated by Sutrisno Hadi “Penelitian
Deskriptif yaitu suatu penelitian dimana peneliti hanya mengumpulkan data,
menganalisis data dan kemudian menyimpulkan tanpa menarik kesimpulan yang
berlaku secara umum. “ (1983: 3). From that statement, it can be said that a
descriptive research is a non hypothesis research that the researcher does not need
a hypothesis in the research. In qualitative research, the quality of the data is more
significant than the quantity. That is why the role of informants is very important,
because the informants are functioned as the source of data. The informants are
expected to assist the researcher during the process of drawing conclusion about
the research.
Sutopo states that in qualitative research the number of informants is not
important to get a valid result. The most important thing is the competence of the
informants, in this case are the raters, in answering the questionnaires (2002:51).
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B. Source of Data
Source of data is kind of places or things where the researcher can obtain
the object that will be analyzed. The sources of data of this research are the novel
of “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” and its translation
entitled “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”.
The researcher takes those novels as the source of data based on the
following considerations:
1. The novel has become one of the favourite autobiographies since it was
published in 1974 and has been read by more than ten million people
around the world.
(http://www.skripsitesis.com/site/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dia
ry_of_a_Young_Girl)
2. The novel contains authentic facts of the most popular incident of
“Holocaust”.
3. There are a lot of idiomatic expressions that become the main data of the
research.
C. Data
There are two kinds of data used in the research. The first are all of
idiomatic expressions used in the novel “The Diary of A Young Girl (The
Definitive Edition)” and the translation of the idiomatic expressions entitled
“Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”. The second data are
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the result of the questionnaires distributed to three raters who assessed the
accuracy of the translation.
D. Sample and Sampling Technique
Sutrisno Hadi says that “Sebagian individu yang diselidiki itu disebut
sample,…” (1983: 70). Sample of the research includes all of the idiomatic
expressions found in the novel and the translation of those idiomatic expressions
in Indonesian language. It means that the researcher employs total sampling
technique to get the sample since all of the data are used as the samples.
E. Research Instrument
In conducting the research, the researcher applies questionnaire as the
instrument of the research. The questionnaires are distributed to three people who
are competent enough in translation. It is a kind of scaled questionnaire, in which
the raters should give scales and they may also give their opinion about the
accuracy of the translation. The scale criteria of the translation are explained as
follows:
a. Scale 1: The idea of idiom in the source text is accurately conveyed to
the target text or the message of both texts are completely the
same.
b. Scale 2: The idea or message of idiom in the source text is not
completely transferred in the target text.
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c. Scale 3: The idea or message of the idiom in the source text has been
totally changed in the target text.
F. Research Procedure
The procedures applied by the researcher in conducting the research are as
follows:
1. Collecting data
The researcher collects the data taken from the novel by writing down
those which belong to idiomatic expressions and the translation of
them in the Indonesian version novel. The researcher consults the
dictionary to check whether or not the data correctly belong to
idiomatic expressions.
2. Encoding the data
Each of the datum is coded in order to make the data analysis easy to
do, for example:
001. TDOYG-1/ CHAF-14
- 001 is the sequence number of the datum.
- TDOYG is the abbreviation of the title of English version of the
novel, The Diary Of A Young Girl.
- CHAF is the abbreviation of the title of Indonesian language version
novel, Catatan Harian Anne Frank.
- 1 is the page of the English version which contains the datum.
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- 14 is the page of the Indonesian language version which contains the
datum.
3. Analyzing the data
After the encoding of the data, the researcher distributes the data to the
raters to confirm whether or not the idiomatic expressions are
accurately translated. Then the data are analyzed by the researcher to
find out the types of idioms found in the novel and strategies used by
the translators in translating idiomatic expressions and to know the
quality of translation in term of the accuracy. The analysis is based on
the problem statements.
4. Drawing conclusion
Based on the data analysis and research findings, the researcher draws
conclusion.
G. Technique of Data Collection
In collecting data, the research follows the following steps:
1. Reading the book entitled “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive
Edition)” and its translation entitled “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi
Paling Lengkap)” several times.
2. Taking the data from the source of data in the form of all of idiomatic
expression and its translations.
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3. In case of the accuracy data, the researcher distributes questionnaires to
three raters.
H. Technique of Data Analysis
The data which have been collected were analyzed in the following ways:
1. Analyzing the types of idiomatic expressions by classifying them based on
their type of idiomatic expressions.
2. Analyzing the strategies used by the translators in translating the idiomatic
expressions by comparing the ST and the TT.
3. Analyzing the accuracy of the messages by writing down the score of each
questionnaire and then calculating the total score and the mean of the
score. After that, the researcher classified each datum into three
classifications.
4. Counting the percentage of each classification.
5. Drawing the conclusion.
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CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter presents data analysis to find the types of English Idioms
engaged in “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” and how the
English idiomatic expressions are translated into Indonesian language in “The
Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition): Catatan Harian Anne Frank
(Edisi Paling Lengkap)”. In addition, it also discusses the accuracy level of the
translation and the impact of the strategies towards the accuracy of the translation.
A. Types of Idiom
After the idiomatic expressions in The Diary of A Young Girl (The
Definitive Edition) novel are collected, they are classified into four types, based
on Fernando’s structural categorization (1996:40-43). They are compound,
phrase, semi-clause, and clause. Below are the classifications of idiomatic
expressions in the novel based on their types.
1. Compound
Compound idiom means an idiom of two or more words or parts of words,
written as one or more words or joined by a hyphen (Oxford Dictionary). This
pattern of idiom is not a common form of idiom. It could merely be found in
several cases. There are 5 (1.5 %) data belonging to this classification. In the
novel, the idiomatic expressions in form of compound are found in the smallest
number.
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Below are the examples of the compound idiom taken from the novel.
Example 1:
ST : If there’s anything you still want to discuss, please write, because it’s
easier for me to say what I mean on paper than face-to-face.
TT : Jika ada sesuatu yang masih ingin kamu diskusikan, silahkan tulis,
karena itu lebih mudah untukku mengatakan apa yang aku maksudkan
di kertas daripada harus mengatakannya langsung.
275. TDOYG-229/ CHAF-305
Idiom face-to-face belongs to compound idiom since it has the same form with
the definition of compound idiom mentioned before. It tells that compound idiom
is an idiom of two or more words or parts of words, written as one or more words
or joined by a hyphen. As we can see to the idiom, it is clear that it fulfils the
characteristic of a compound idiom which consists of two or more words and
joined by a hyphen.
Example 2:
ST : …:Michael Frank owned a bank and became a millionaire, and Alice
Stern’s parents were prominent and well-to-do.
TT : …: Michael Frank adalah pemilik sebuah bank dan seorang miliuner,
sementara orang tua Alice Stern sangat terkemuka lagi maju.
312. TDOYG-286 / CHAF-381
Idiom well-to-do belongs to compound idiom since it has the same form with the
definition of compound idiom mentioned previously. It tells that compound idiom
is an idiom of two or more words or parts of words, written as one or more words
or joined by a hyphen. The expression of idiom in this datum fulfils the
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characteristic of a compound idiom consisting of two or more words and joined
by a hyphen.
Below is the table to show numbers of data that belong to compound
idiom. As we can see from the table, there are 5 (1.5 %) data that belong to this
type of idiom.
Table 1. Compound Idiom
Type Data Total Percentage (%)
Compound 012 197 275 312 326 5 1.5 %
2. Phrase
The second type of the data is idiom in form of phrase. Phrase is a group
of words without a verb forming a short expression of saying something. Since
phrasal means word concerning a phrase, it is grouped into this category. There
are 245 (73.1%) data that belong to this type, and the examples are presented
below:
Example 1:
ST : On the contrary, Keesing’s always making jokes these days.
TT : Sebaliknya, sekarang ganti Pak Keesing yang suka bercanda di kelas.
040. TDOYG-12/ CHAF-28
The idiom on the contrary belongs to prepositional phrase idiom. It is used at the
beginning of a clause or sentence to emphasize that what follows is true, and is the
opposite of what was said previously. As we can see, the idiom on the contrary
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contains no verb in its form. On belongs to a preposition, while the contrary is a
noun. For that reason, this idiom is grouped into phrase idiom.
Example 2:
ST: Jews were required to turn in their bicycles
TT : Mereka yang berasal dari keluarga Yahudi dipaksa menyerahkan
kendaraan
025. TDOYG-8/ CHAF-22
The idiom turn in belongs to a phrasal verb. It is a simple verb combined with an
adverb or a preposition, or sometimes both, to make a new verb with a meaning
that is different from that of simple verb. In this case, phrasal verb is grouped to
the type of phrase idiom. Automatically, the idiom turn in belongs to this group.
Example 3:
ST : Only when we were walking down the street did Father and Mother
reveal, little by little, what the plan was
TT : Sembari terus berjalan, Papa dan Mama sedikit demi sedikit
memunculkan rencana
079. TDOYG-22/ CHAF-40
Little by little is the example of adverbial phrase which means slowly or
gradually. It belongs to adverbial phrase since the idiom functions explaining
verb before it. From the form, it is clear that there is no verb in the idiom, so it
belongs to phrase idiom.
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As below is the table to show numbers of data that belong to phrase idiom.
Table 2. Phrase Idiom
Type Data Total Percentage
(%)
Phrase 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009
011 013 015 016 017 020 021 022 023
024 025 026 027 028 029 030 032 036
037 038 039 040 043 044 045 046 047
048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056
057 058 062 064 065 066 069 070 071
072 074 075 076 077 078 079 080 081
082 083 084 085 086 087 088 089 091
092 093 094 096 097 098 099 100 101
102 103 104 106 107 108 109 110 111
112 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
123 124 126 131 133 134 135 137 138
139 140 141 142 144 145 146 147 148
151 152 153 154 155 156 157 159 160
161 162 163 165 167 168 169 170 171
172 173 174 175 177 178 179 180 184
185 186 187 189 190 191 192 194 195
198 199 204 205 206 207 208 209 211
246 74.4 %
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212 215 217 218 219 220 221 222 223
224 226 233 234 235 236 238 239 240
243 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252
253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261
262 264 266 267 268 270 271 272 273
274 276 277 279 280 281 283 284 290
291
292 294 296 298 299 300 302 303 306
308 309 311 313 314 315 316 318 319
320 321 322 323 324 325 327 329 332
333 335
3. Semi Clause
The third type is idiomatic expression in the form of semi clause. Semi
clause idiom is an idiom which lacks of subject, it only contains a verb and an
object. There are 73 (21.8 %) data that belong to this type.
Some of them can be seen in the following examples:
Example 1:
ST : Until then, we keep telling each other not to lose heart.
TT : Lalu kami saling membesarkan hati agar tidak sedih.
035. TDOYG-11/ CHAF-26
The idiom lose heart is grouped to semi clause idiom since it consists of the word
lose as a verb and the word heart functioning as an object in this sentence. We
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can see that there is no subject in this idiom. Thus, it is classified in semi clause
idiom.
Example 2:
ST : He threw a fit, took the book away and assumed that would be the
end of the business.
TT : Terlihat sang Ayah naik pitam lalu mengambil buku itu, ia menduga
dengan begitu perkara selesai.
113. TDOYG-34/ CHAF-56
Example 3:
ST : I still can’t make head or tail of Peter.
TT : Aku masih belum bisa meraih ujung pangkal Peter.
331. TDOYG-331/ CHAF-440
We can see that those two examples of idiom belong to the third type since they
lack of subject. There are only verb and object in each idiom.
There are 73 (21.8 %) data that belong to the type of semi clause idiom.
The table is presented below:
Table 3. Semi Clause Idiom
Types Data Total Percentage
(%)
Semi-clause 005 010 014 018 019 031 033 034 035
041 042 059 060 063 067 068 073 090
095 105 113 114 125 128 129 130 136
73 21.8 %
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143 149 150 158 164 166 176 181 182
183 188 193 196 200 201 202 203 213
214 216 225 230 231 232 237 241 242
244 263 265 269 278 285 286 288 289
293 295 297 301 304 307 310 317 330
331
4. Clause
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, sentence is a set of
words expressing statement, a question, or a command which usually contains of a
subject and a verb. While clause can be defined as a group of words that includes
a subject and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence. In this novel, the
researcher finds 12 (3.6 %) numbers of idiomatic expressions belonging to this
type. Below are the examples:
Example 1:
ST : The pot calling the kettle black!
TT : Maling teriak maling!
229. TDOYG-144/ CHAF-18
The clause the pot calling the kettle black in datum number 229 is the
expression of saying the person who accuses somebody of having a fault that is
similar with hers or him. The idiom is grouped into this type although the
structure is incomplete. It should be written as the pot is calling the kettle black.
However, this kind of informal form is acceptable to use in a novel.
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ST : Anne got hot water from heater, Margot went for a bucket, all hands on
deck!
TT : Anne mengambil air dari pemanas, Margot pergi mencari keranjang,
semua terus bekerja!
328. TDOYG-325/ CHAF-433
The idiom all hands on deck in datum number 328 is used to express a situation
where everyone is ready and busy in doing something. The idiom is grouped into
clause idiom since the structure matches the characteristic of clause idiom which
has a subject and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence although it is
incomplete structure. It should be written as all hands are on deck. However, this
kind of informal form is acceptable to use in a novel.
In this type of idiom, the researcher finds 11 (3.3 %) data which belong to
sentence or clause idiom. Here is the table of sentence or clause idiom:
Table 4. Clause Idiom
Types Data Total Percentage
(%)
Clause 127 132 210 227 228 229 282 287 305
328 334
11 3.3 %
B. Translation Strategies
The analysis on the translation strategy to translate the idiomatic
expressions in the “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition): Catatan
Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)” shows that there are five strategies
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used by the translator to translate the idiomatic expressions. They are translation
using idiom of similar meaning and form, translation using idiom of similar
meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, omission, and literal.
Those strategies are discussed below.
1. Translation Using Idiom of Similar Meaning and Form
The strategy includes idiom in the target language which conveys roughly
the same meaning as that of the source language idiom and in addition, consists of
equivalent lexical items (1992:72). In the novel, the researcher finds 3 (0.9 %)
data of idioms translated by using this strategy. Some of the data are discussed in
more detail below:
Example 1:
ST : …, I quickly racked my brains for a neutral topic
TT : …, cepat-cepat aku memeras otakku, untuk memikirkan topik
yang netral
203. TDOYG-118/ CHAF-155
The idiomatic expression racked my brains is used to express a situation where
someone is thinking so hard to remember something or solving problems. The
idiom in the source text is translated into memeras otak in the target text.
Memeras otak belongs to idiom in Indonesian language. It means berpikir sangat
keras untuk mengingat sesuatu atau memecahkan masalah. The word racked is
correctly translated into memeras, while my brain is translated into otakku. It
means that they have equivalent lexical items. The researcher classifies this
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idiomatic expression in to this strategy since both English and Indonesian
expressions are idioms. This is another example of datum translated through the
same strategy:
Example 2:
ST : It’s time you made a beginning, instead of looking down at other
people and always blaming them!
TT : Kini saatnya bagimu untuk memulai, daripada memandang rendah
orang lain dan selalu menyalahkannya!
311. TDOYG-285/ CHAF-379/ SMF
The idiomatic expression looking down means to under estimate someone. It is
translated into memandang rendah in Indonesian language. The expression
memandang rendah belongs to an idiom in Indonesian language since the
meaning of memandang rendah is not to see someone from the low part of his or
her body. The Indonesian idiom means to under estimate someone. Since the
idiom above has the same form and meaning with the idiom in Indonesian
language, the translators use this strategy to translate the idiom in the novel. As
we can see, the idiom looking down is translated into memandang rendah with
equivalent lexical items. The word looking is translated into memandang, while
the word down is correctly translated into rendah.
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Below is the table to present numbers of data translated using the
strategy by using idiom of similar meaning and form based on each type of
idioms. As we can see that there are one datum of phrase idiom and 2 data of semi
clause idiom that are translated using the strategy by using idiom of similar
meaning and form.
Table 5: Type of idiom translated using the strategy
by using idiom of similar meaning and form
Type Data Number Quantity Percentage
Phrase 311 1 33.3 %
Semi clause 150 203 2 66.7 %
Total 3 100 %
2. Translation using Idiom of Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form
This strategy uses different form or different lexical item of the
idiomatic expression in the target language to express more or less the same idea
of the source language (1992: 74). There are 31 (9.3 %) data that belong to this
strategy. The examples are:
Example 1:
ST : Then Mrs. Van D really flies off the handle
TT : Lalu Nyonya Van Dan mulai berkicau
125. TDOYG-43/ CHAF-66/ SMDF
The idiomatic expression of flies off the handle means to get angry. It is
translated into mulai berkicau which belongs to an idiom in Indonesian language.
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Mulai berkicau in Indonesian language has the same meaning with flies off the
handle. The word berkicau belongs to an idiom in Indonesian language since it is
one of bird’s activities. In this case, it is used to tell someone who is talkative. The
idiom flies off the handle has different lexical items from mulai berkicau. Flies
off the handle will be melempar gagang if it is translated with equivalent lexical
items. Thus, the datum is included in translation using idiom of similar meaning
but dissimilar form.
Example 2:
ST : He threw a fit, took the book away and assumed that would be the end
of the business
TT : Terlihat sang Ayah naik pitam lalu mengambil buku itu, ia menduga
dengan begitu perkara selesai
113. TDOYG-34/ CHAF-56/ SMDF
The idiom threw a fit means getting mad to someone. In Indonesian language, it
is translated into naik pitam. Naik pitam itself belongs to an idiom in Indonesian
language. Naik pitam which means to get angry, is usually used to tell that
somebody is shocked, worried or angry of something. The idiom threw a fit has
the same meaning as the Indonesian idiom naik pitam in Indonesian language,
but they have different lexical items.
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Example 3:
ST : Father read aloud from Dickens, and I was in seventh heaven, since I
was sitting on Father’s chair, close to Peter
TT : Papa membaca keras-keras tulisan Dickens, dan aku serasa berada di
langit ketujuh, pasalnya aku harus duduk di kursi Papa, dekat dengan
Peter
262. TDOYG-205/ CHAF-274/ SMDF
The idiomatic expression in seventh heaven means a condition where somebody
feels very happy because of something. The idiom in seventh heaven is translated
into berada di langit ketujuh. The expression berada di langit ketujuh belongs
to an idiom in Indonesian language. The idiom in seventh heaven has the same
meaning with berada di langit ketujuh in Indonesian language. This datum
belongs to the strategy since both idioms have different lexical items. The
meaning of heaven is different from langit. Heaven means surga in Indonesian
language, while langit is sky in English.
This is the table that presents numbers of data which are translated using
the strategy by using idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form based on types
of idiom. There are only one datum of compound idiom, 18 data of phrase idiom,
11 data of semi clause idiom and one datum of clause idiom which occur by using
this strategy. It shows that there are a lot of English phrase and semi clause idioms
which have similar meaning but dissimilar form in Indonesian language.
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Table 6: Type of idiom translated using the strategy
by using idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
Type Data Number Quantity Percentage
Compound 326 1 3.2 %
Phrase 017 021 026 051 096 124 140 169 220
224 240 245 262 279 280 291 292 329
18 58.1 %
Semi clause 014 019 034 113 125 128 216 225
263 282 286 310
11 35.5 %
Clause 229 1 3.2 %
Total 31 100 %
3. Translation by Paraphrase
Mona Baker states that “ translation by paraphrase is the most common
way of translating idioms when an equivalence can not be found in the target
language or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target
text because of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target
language” (1992:74). There are 279 data (83.3%), translated by using this strategy
which means that most of data of the research are translated using the strategy of
translation by paraphrase. It proves what Mona Baker says about this strategy.
Below are the examples.
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Example 1:
ST : J is easily offended, bursts into tears at the slightest thing and, to top of
it all off, is a terrible show-off.
TT : Ia gampang sekali tersinggung, cengeng hanya karena hal-hal sepele.
Dan yang paling menyebalkan, ia suka sekali pamer.
012. TDOYG-4/ CHAF-17/ P
The idiom show-off means to try to impress others with one’s abilities, wealth or
intelligence. The idiom is translated into pamer in Indonesian language. The
word pamer is not an idiom in Indonesian language. It is commonly used in our
daily conversation. The word pamer which means to get someone’s impression by
showing our skills or something that we have, has the same meaning as the idiom
show-off.
Example 2:
ST : But the other side of the coin is that the British Air Force is operating
around the clock
TT : Tetapi sisi Angkatan Udara Inggris beroperasi setiap saat
284. TDOYG-240/ CHAF-320/ P
The meaning of idiomatic expression around the clock is all day and all night.
The translators try to translate it into a simpler word with similar meaning as well.
It means that the translators paraphrase the idiom into setiap saat in Indonesian
language. The word setiap saat does not belong to an idiom in Indonesian
language.
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Example 3:
ST : There’s a lot to be said about the boys, or maybe not so much after all
TT: Banyak sekali yang ingin kuceritakan tentang murid laki-laki di
kelasku, atau sebenarnya mungkin sama sekali tidak banyak
015. TDOYG-4/ CHAF-18/ P
The idiom after all means in spite of what has been said, done or expected. The
idiom after all is translated into sama sekali in Indonesian language. The word
sama sekali does not belong to an idiom in Indonesian language. It is usually used
as a daily language. For that reason, this datum is grouped into a translation by
paraphrase. This is the most suitable strategy for this idiom since if it is translated
by others, it will be meaningless.
Below is the table that presents numbers of data which are translated using
the strategy translation by paraphrase based on types of idiom. There are 5 data of
compound idiom, 212 data of phrase idiom, 54 data of semi clause idiom and 8
data of clause idiom using this strategy.
Table 7: Type of idiom with the strategy by paraphrase
Type Data Number Quantity Percentage
Compound 012 197 275 312 335 5 1.8 %
Phrase 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009
011 015 016 020 022 025 027 028 029
030 036 037 039 040 045 046 047 048
049 050 052 053 054 055 056 057 058
206 75.5 %
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062 064 065 066 069 070 075 076 077
078 079 080 081 082 083 085 086 087
088 089 091 092 093 094 097 098 099
100 101 102 103 104 106 108 109 110
111 112 115 116 117 118 119 120 121
123 126 131 134 135 137 138 139 141
142 144 145 146 147 148 151 152 153
154 155 156 159 160 161 162 163 165
167 168 170 171 172 174 175 177 178
179 180 184 185 186 187 190 191 192
194 195 198 199 204 205 206 207 209
211 212 215 217 218 219 221 222 223
226 233 234 235 236 238 239 243 246
247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255
256 257 258 259 260 261 264 266 267
268 270 271 272 273 274 276 277 283
284 290 296 299 300 302 303 306 308
309 313 314 315 316 318 319 320 321
322 324 325 327 332 333
Semi clause 005 010 031 033 035 041 042 059 060
067 068 073 090 095 105 114 129 130
143 149 158 164 166 176 181 183 188
54 19.8 %
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193 196 200 201 202 213 214 230 231
232 237 241 242 244 265 269 278 285
288 289 293 295 297 301 304 307 330
Clause 018 127 132 157 227 228 287 328 8 2.9 %
Total 273 100 %
4. Translation by Omission
“The strategy is used when there is no close equivalence in the target
language text, the meaning can not be easily paraphrased, or for stylistic reason”
(1992:77). There are 9 (2.7 %) data that belong to this strategy. Here are the
examples of the use:
Example 1:
ST : Yesterday Mother and I had another run-in and she really kicked up a
fuss
TT : Kemarin aku dan Mama kembali terlibat pertengkaran.
136. TDOYG-50/ CHAF-75
The idiom kicked up a fuss means to complain loudly in order to show that you
are very annoyed about something. In the novel, it is used to tell Anne Frank’s
mom who loves complaining to what Anne does anytime. The translators do not
translate the idiom kicked up a fuss into Indonesian language. There are various
possible reasons why a translator uses this strategy. According to the researcher,
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the translators use this strategy for stylistic reason. The translators think that in
this part, they do not need to emphasize Anne Frank’s mom’s habit since the
readers have known about it from the previous pages. If the translators repeat
informing that Anne Frank’s mom loves to complain, it will be over repetition.
Example 2:
ST : But the trick was to come up with convincing arguments to prove the
necessity of talking
TT : Tetapi ide itu tidak perlu aku lakukan karena menurutku mengobrol itu
memang perlu.
038. TDOYG- 11/ CHAF-26/ O
The idiom come up with means to think of, to develop, or to find something. The
translators do not translate the idiom into Indonesian language. The translators
omit the idiom in this sentence since from the previous sentence we can
understand the context of the novel. From the previous sentence which says
“Anyone could ramble on and leave big spaces between the words”, we can
conclude that the sentence consisting idiom come up with is still related to it. By
reading the previous sentence, we will know that Anne got punishment from her
teacher since she keeps talking in the class. The meaning of the word the trick
meant by the author in the source text is the possibility that anyone will do to the
punishment which is by rambling on and leaving big spaces between the words.
For that reason, the translators do not need to translate the idiom into Indonesian
language.
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Below is the table that presents numbers of data which are translated
using the strategy translation by omission based on types of idiom. There are 7
data of phrase idiom and 2 data of semi clause idiom using this strategy.
Table 8: Type of idiom with the strategy by omission
Type Data Number Quantity Percentage
Phrase 013 024 032 038 044 074 189 7 77.7 %
Semi clause 063 136 2 22.2 %
Total 9 99.9 %
5. Literal Translation
Literal translation takes word-for-word translation as its starting point,
although because of the necessity of conforming to TL grammar, the final TT may
also display group-group or clause-clause equivalence. In this type of translation,
the translator maintains its original form in the Source language since the
translator may not find the common word or even idiom in Indonesian language.
There are 9 (2.7 %) data using this strategy. Below are the explanations:
Example 1:
ST : A fine kettle of fish that will be
TT : Akan menjadi sebuah ketel ikan
334. TDOYG-333/ CHAF-444/ Literal
The Idiomatic expression above belongs to literal translation. It might be done
because the translators could not find this idiom in Indonesian language. The
idiom a fine kettle of fish that will be means a terrible condition or dissatisfying
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situation. Looking at the meaning of idiom, the researcher does not have the same
perspective with the translators dealing with the translation so that she provides
suggestion as follow:
ST : A fine kettle of fish that will be.
TT : Tampaknya keadaan akan semakin bertambah buruk.
It looks better if the translators use the strategy of paraphrasing in translating the
idiom since it will not sound ambiguous.
Example 2:
ST: I wouldn’t mind it if she came, but she’d just be the odd one out, sitting
there like a bump on a log
TT : Aku tidak ingin memikirkan seandainya ia datang, namun ia menjadi
orang aneh, duduk di sana seperti tonggak kayu
281. TDOYG-234/ CHAF-312/ Literal
The Idiomatic expression above that is translated into seperti tonggak kayu
belongs to literal translation. The idiom like a bump on a log means giving no
reaction. Looking at the meaning of idiom, the researcher does not have the same
perspective with the translators dealing with the translation so that she provides
suggestion as follow:
Example 3:
ST: I wouldn’t mind it if she came, but she’d just be the odd one out, sitting
there like a bump on a log
TT : Aku tidak ingin memikirkan seandainya ia datang, namun ia menjadi
orang aneh, duduk di sana hanya terdiam dan melamun
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Below is the table to present numbers of data which are translated using
the strategy translation by omission based on types of idiom. There are only two
data of phrase idiom and two data as well of clause idiom using this strategy.
Table 9: Literal Translation
Type Data Number Quantity Percentage
Phrase 023 043 071 072 084 107 122 133
173 208 281 294
12 63.1 %
Semi Clause 182 317 331 3 15.8 %
Clause 210 282 305 334 4 21.1 %
Total 19 100 %
All of the data related to the strategy used by the translator are presented in
the following table.
Table10: Translation Strategies Used by the Translator
Strategy Data Total Percentage
Using an Idiom of
similar meaning
and form
150 203 311 3 0.9 %
Using an Idiom of
similar meaning
but dissimilar
form
014 017 019 021 026 034 051 096
113 124 125 128 140 169 216 220
224 225 229 240 245 262 263 279
280 286 291 292 310 326 329
31 9.3 %
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Paraphrase 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008
009 010 011 012 015 016 018 020
022 025 027 028 029 030 031 033
035 036 037 039 040 041 042 045
046 047 048 049 050 052 053 054
055 056 057 058 059 060 061 062
064 065 066 067 068 069 070 073
075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082
083 085 086 087 088 089 090 091
092 093 094 095 097 098 099 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 108 109
110 111 112 114 115 116 117 118
119 120 121 123 126 127 129 130
131 132 134 135 137 138 139 141
142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149
151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158
159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166
167 168 170 171 172 174 175 176
177 178 179 180 181 183 184 185
186 187 188 190 191 192 193 194
195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202
204 205 206 207 209 211 212 213
273 81.5 %
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214 217 218 219 221 222 223 226
227 228 230 231 232 233 234 235
236 237 238 239 241 242 243 244
246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253
254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261
264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271
272 273 274 275 276 277 278 283
284 285 287 288 289 290 293 295
296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303
304 306 307 308 309 312 313 314
315 316 318 319 320 321 322 323
324 325 327 328 330 332 333 335
Omission 013 024 032 038 044 063 074 136
189
9 2.7 %
Literal 023 043 071 072 084 107 122 133
173 182 208 210 281 282 294 305
317 331 334
19 5.7 %
Total 335 100.1 %
C. Translation Accuracy
To measure the accuracy of the translation, the researcher involves three
raters to check and to asses the accuracy of the translation of idiomatic
expressions in the novel. The raters of this research are competent enough in
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translation study and understand the idiomatic expressions well. The scale
determined by the researcher represents the degree of accuracy of the translation.
Here, the researcher will show the data that belong to each scale of score and give
some examples of them.
- Accurate translation means that the idea of idiom in the source text is
accurately conveyed to the target text or the
messages of both texts are completely the same. The
score of this scale is between 1.0 – 1.4.
- Less accurate translation means that the idea or message of idiom in the
source text are not completely transferred in the
target text. The score of this scale is between 1.5 –
2.4.
- Inaccurate translation means that the idea or message of the idiom in the
source text has been totally changed in- the target
text. The score of this scale is between 2.5 – 3.0.
1. Accurate Translation
The data that belong to the category are those with mean score of 1.0-1.4,
which means that the idea of idiom in the source text is accurately conveyed to the
target text or the messages of both texts are completely the same. There are 212
data (63.3 %) that meet the requirements to be accurate. Some of them are
presented below.
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Example 1:
ST : But I’m not allowed to get up at that hour, so I had to control my curiosity
until quarter to seven.
TT : Aku mengerti bila aku tidak diperbolehkan bangun sepagi itu, jadi terpaksa
aku harus menahan rasa ingin tahuku sampai sekitar pukul setengah tujuh
001. TDOYG-1/ CHAF-14/ Accurate
The above example shows that the idiom get up is translated into bangun. All
raters gave score 1 to the above data. They considered that the idea of idiom in
this datum is accurately conveyed to the target text. For that reason, the datum is
categorized as an accurate translation.
Example 2:
ST: (I’m not allowed to take part because my shoulders and hips tend to get
dislocated).
TT : (Aku tidak diperbolehkan ikut olahraga karena sering mengalami cedera di
persendian bagian punggung dan pinggang).
005. TDOYG-2/ CHAF-14/ Accurate
In Kamus Inggris-Indonesia by John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, take part is
the same with partake which means to participate in or to be one part of
something. In this context, Anne is not allowed by her parent to join in the
exercise activity. All raters gave score 1 to this datum, which means that the
message of take part is accurately conveyed in the target text.
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Example 3:
ST: If Gabi doesn’t get her way, she starts screaming, and if Lies doesn’t look
after her, Mrs. Goslar starts screaming
TT : Bila Gabi dapat teman bermain, ia langsung menangis, dan bila Lies tidak
mau mengasuhnya, ibunya jadi berang.
061. TDOYG-17/ CHAF-34/ Accurate
All the three raters gave score 1 to the datum 061. The idiom look after is
translated into mengasuh. According to the raters, the message is accurately
transferred into the target text. In the Dictionary of English Idioms by Richard A.
Spears, the idiom look after means memelihara, menjaga atau mengurus. In
this datum, the most suitable meaning is menjaga. The word menjaga has similar
meaning with mengasuh.
Example 4:
ST: By that, I mean not finding anything wrong with flirtations, a kiss, an
embrace, an off-color joke
TT : Dengan begitu aku bermaksud tidak menemukan kesalahan apa pun dengan
pacaran, ciuman, pelukan, canda yang tidak sopan
335. TDOYG-335/ CHAF-445/ Accurate
In the datum number 335, the idiom off-color is translated into yang tidak sopan.
The three raters gave score 1 to this datum, which means that the translation is
considered to be accurate. In the Dictionary of English Idioms by Richard A.
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Spears, off-color means tidak senonoh, kasar atau tidak sopan. In this context,
the most suitable translation is tidak sopan.
2. Less Accurate Translation
The data included in this category are those of which message do not fully
represent the message of source text idiom. There are 111 (33.1%) data found in
the novel that belong to this group. Some of them are discussed in detail below.
Example 1:
ST : As soon as a boy asks if he can bicycle home with me and we get to talking,
nine times out of ten I can be sure I’ll become enamoured on the spot and
won’t let me out of his sight for a second.
TT : Bila ada cowok mengajak bersepeda bersama saat pulang sekolah, lalu kita
terlibat obrolan di sepanjang jalan, sebanyak sembilan atau mungkin sepuluh
kali, itu tandanya ia mulai terpikat.
029. TDOYG-9/ CHAF-24/ Less accurate
Rater 1 and 2 gave score 3 to this datum, while rater 3 gave score 1, so that the
mean is 2.3. Score 2.3 is grouped to scale 2 because it tends to be close to scale 2.
The idiom on the spot is translated into itu tandanya. Rater 1 and 2 think that it
is not really accurate. Rater 1 suggested saat itu juga
to replace itu tandanya, while rater 2 suggested serta merta to replace the
previous translation. The researcher tends to agree to rater 1 since saat itu juga
sounds better than serta merta for that kind of situation.
Example 2:
ST : Lies, who’s all thumbs, get lost in the mayhem
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TT : Kasihan Lies, ia benar-benar terpuruk dan teraniaya
063. TDOYG-17/ CHAF-34/ Less accurate
The mean score of datum number 063 is 2. It means that the translation is
considered less accurate. Rater 1 gave score 3, rater 2 gave score 2 and rater 3
gave score 1. The idiom get lost is translated into benar- benar terpuruk dan
teraniaya. Rater 1 thinks that the translation of the idiom above has different
meaning from that of the source text. According to him, the meaning of the idiom
get lost is being forgotten or being ignored. While, rater 2 thinks that get lost
means masuk dalam kondisi teraniaya in Indonesian language, so that she gave
score 2 to this datum. According to the researcher, teraniaya is more suitable
based on the context of the novel. From the previous sentence, we can see that
Mrs. Goslar forced Lies to look after her sister. If Lies did not do what she asked,
she would scream to her. From the sentence we know that she was not ignored but
she was suffered.
Example 3:
ST : …;how I ended up here is something you’ll figure out from my next letters
TT : …;bagaimana aku mengakhiri inilah yang harus kamu cari tahu dari cintaku
sebelumnya
083. TDOYG-25/CHAF-44/ Less accurate
The idiom figure out in datum 083 is translated into cari tahu. For this datum,
rater 1 gave score 2 because although he thinks that the translation is similar to the
meaning of the idiom, the structure is not so perfect that the idea of the ST idiom
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is not transferred perfectly. Meanwhile rater 2 gave score 3 with consideration that
the translation has different meaning from that of the idiom in the source text. In
the Dictionary of English Idioms, the idiom figure out has two meanings; to find
out and to understand. The context shows that if we want to know how she ended
it up, we need to find it in her next letter. According to the statement above, the
researcher thinks that cari tahu is more suitable than memahami.
Example 4:
ST : If the Gestapo can’t find the saboteur, they simply grab five hostages and line
them up against the wall
TT : Banyak orang-orang yang tidak berdosa dijadikan sandera, bila pihak Jerman
tidak mampu menemukan mereka melakukan sabotase, mereka akan
menggiring lima sandera menghadap tembok,…
140. TDOYG-55/ CHAF-81/ Less accurate
For datum number 140, rater 1 and 2 gave the same score: 3. Both raters
considered that the idea or the message of the idiom in the source text is not
completely transferred in the target text. However, both raters had different
opinions about the translation of the source text idiom. Rater 1 suggested
dieksekusi to replace menggiring lima sandera. Meanwhile, rater 2 suggested
membariskan mereka menghadap tembok to replace it. The researcher agrees
to rater 1 opinion since the word eksekusi is more suitable to the context in the
novel which says that the Gestapo is very cruel and rude. The situation of that
moment is described as follow “But that’s not the end of my lamentations. Have
you ever heard the term “hostages”? That’s the latest punishment for saboteurs.
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It’s the most horrible thing you can imagine. Leading citizens-innocent people-are
taken prisoner to await their execution. If the Gestapo can’t find the saboteur, they
simply grab five hostages and line them up against the wall. You read the
announcements of their death in the paper, where they’re referred to as “fatal
accidents”. From the description above, we can conclude that the condition shows
a great sorrow of people at that time.
Example 5:
ST: No one can keep out of the conflict, the entire world is at war, and even
though the Allies are doing better, the end is nowhere in sight
TT : Tidak ada yang bisa mencegah perang, seluruh dunia dilanda perang,
meskipun sekutu lebih bersama, perang belum juga berakhir
179. TDOYG-83/ CHAF-112/ Less accurate
The idiom in datum number 179 is translated into mencegah. For this datum, rater
2 and 3 gave the same score, which is 1. Meanwhile, rater 1 gave score 3. The
score from rater 1 is far different from that of the other two raters. According to
him, the meaning of the idiom keep out of is to avoid from getting involved to
something. It is similar to the meaning of the idiom from Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary. The researcher agrees to rater 1 as to avoid from getting
involved in something is more suitable than to prevent. Dealing with this
translation, she provides suggestion as follow:
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ST: No one can keep out of the conflict, the entire world is at war, and even
though the Allies are doing better, the end is nowhere in sight.
TT : Tidak ada yang bisa menghindari perang, seluruh dunia dilanda perang,
meskipun sekutu lebih bersama, perang belum juga berakhir.
3. Inaccurate Translation
One datum is considered as an accurate translation when the message of
the translation is different from that of the source text. There are 12 (3.6%) data
found in the novel that belong to this scale.
Example 1:
ST: but the trick was to come up with convincing arguments to prove the
necessity of talking
TT : Tetapi ide itu tidak perlu aku lakukan karena menurutku mengobrol itu
memang perlu
038. TDOYG- 11/ CHAF-26/ Inaccurate
All raters gave score 3 for the above datum. It means that all raters have the same
opinion that the idea or message of the idiom in the source text has been totally
changed in the target text.
Example 2:
ST: I nearly fell asleep at my desk
TT : Siang itu aku benar-benar mengantuk
042. TDOYG-12/ CHAF-28/ Inaccurate
Datum 042 certainly belongs to this classification since the idiom fell asleep is
translated into mengantuk. The word mengantuk is used to express a reaction
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that happens before someone sleep. However, the translators fail to choose a right
word to paraphrase the idiomatic expression. The meaning of feel asleep is
tertidur. The translators misinterpret in translating the idiom into mengantuk. It
should be translated into hampir tertidur. For that reason, all the three raters
gave score 3 for the datum, which means that it is inaccurate translation.
Example 3:
ST: Mother and Margot were too tired and keyed up to eat, and Father and I were
too busy
TT : Mama dan Margot terlalu lelah sedang aku dan Papa terlalu sibuk, hingga
lupa makan
087. TDOYG-26/CHAF-45/ Inaccurate
Raters 1 and 2 gave score score 3 to this datum, while rater 3 gave score 2. The
above example shows that the idiom keyed up is translated into hingga lupa, and
the translation is not accurate according to all the three raters. The translators
misinterpret the idiom keyed up. Raters 1 and 2 suggested sangat senang atau
bersemangat, while rater 3 suggested tidak sempat to replace hingga lupa. The
researcher thinks that the translators do not convey the message well. Based on
the meaning of the idiom itself which is excited, it might be better if it is
translated into “Mama dan Margot terlalu lelah sedang aku dan papa terlalu sibuk,
kami terlalu bersemangat hingga lupa makan “.
Example 4:
ST : Sunday Bep dropped by to make sure there hadn’t been a break-in and
stayed for breakfast
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TT : Hari minggu Bep masuk untuk meyakinkan tidak ada dobrakan dan ikut
sarapan
322. TDOYG-308/ CHAF-409/ Inaccurate
The idiom in datum number 322 is translated into masuk. Raters 1 and 2 gave
score 3 for this datum, while rater 3 gave score 2. According to all the three raters,
the meaning of idiom dropped by is mampir. The translators, however,
translated it into masuk. By reading the novel, we know that Bep does not live
with Anne’s family. She just went there to visit them and to make sure that they
are okay. For the given context, the word mampir is more suitable to translate
dropped by.
All of the data related to the accuracy are presented in the following table.
Table 11: Translation Accuracy
Scale Score Data Total Percentage
Accurate 1- 1.4 001 002 003 004 005
006 007 008 009 010
011 012 014 017 020
022 023 025 026 028
031 033 034 036 037
039 040 041 043 045
047 048 049 050 051
052 053 054 055 060
061 064 065 066 068
212 63.3 %
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070 071 073 075 078
079 080 085 086 088
089 090 091 092 093
094 095 096 097 100
101 102 104 105 106
107 108 111 112 113
114 115 116 117 118
119 120 121 123 126
127 129 130 133 134
137 139 141 142 143
144 145 146 147 148
150 151 152 153 155
156 157 158 160 162
163 169 170 171 173
174 175 176 180 181
184 185 188 190 192
193 194 195 197 199
200 202 203 207 208
211 214 215 216 217
218 220 221 223 225
226 227 229 231 232
233 234 235 237 241
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242 243 244 245 246
247 249 250 252 254
257 258 259 260 262
264 266 267 268 273
274 275 277 279 282
283 284 286 287 288
290 291 294 295 297
298 300 301 302 303
306 308 309 311 313
315 319 323 327 328
329 332 335
Less Accurate 1.5 - 2.4 013 015 016 018 019
021 027 029 030 035
046 056 058 062 063
067 069 072 074 076
077 081 082 083 084
089 098 099 103 109
110 122 124 125 128
132 135 136 138 140
154 159 161 164 165
166 167 168 172 177
178 179 182 183 186
111 33.1 %
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187 189 191 196 198
201 204 205 206 209
212 213 222 224 228
230 238 239 240 248
253 255 256 261 263
265 269 270 271 272
276 278 280 281 285
289 292 293 296 299
304 305 307 310 312
314 316 318 320 321
324 325 327 330 331
333 334
Inaccurate 2.5 - 3 024 032 038 042 044
057 087 131 210 317
322
12 3.6 %
Total 335 100 %
4. DISCUSSION
This part puts the analysis of the types of idiom, strategy used by the
translators and the assessment on the accuracy of translation together. The
comparison between the source text and the target text in term of types of idiom,
strategy used by translator and accuracy of the translation are presented on the
table 12 below.
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Table 12 Discussion
Strategy
Types Compound Phrase Semi Clause Clause
accurate Less accurate
Inaccurate Accurate Less Accurate
Inaccurate Accurate Less Accurate
Inaccurate Accurate Less Accurate
Inaccurate
Idiom of Similar Meaning and Form
- - - 311 - - 150 203 - -
Total 1 2 Percentage 33.3 % 66.7 % Idiom of Similar Meaning and Dissimilar Form
- 326 - 017 026 051 096 169 220 245 262 279 291 329
021 124 140 224 240 280 292
- 014 034 113 216 225 286
019 125 128 263 310
- 229
- -
Total 1 11 7 6 5 1 Percentage 3.2 % 35.5% 22.6 % 19.4 % 16.1 % 3.2 % Paraphrase 012 197
275 335 312 - 001 002
003 004 005 006 007 008 009 011 020 022 025 028 036 037 039 040 045 047 048 049 050 052
015 016 018 027 029 030 046 056 058 062 069 076 077 081 082 083 098 099 103 109 110 135 154 159
057 087 131 322
010 031 033 041 060 068 073 090 095 114 129 130 143 149 158 176 181 188 193 200 201 202 214 230
035 067 164 166 183 196 213 265 269 278 285 289 293 304 307 330
042 059 127 157 227 228 287 328
132 -
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Table 12 Discussion
053 054 055 061 064 065 066 070 075 078 079 080 085 086 088 089 091 092 093 094 097 100 101 102 104 106 108 111 112 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 123 126 134 137 139 141 145 146 147 148 151 152 153 155 156 160 162 163 170 171 174 175 180 184
161 165 167 168 172 177 178 179 186 187 191 198 204 205 206 209 212 222 238 239 248 253 255 256 261 270 271 272 276 296 299 314 316 318 320 321 324 325 333
231 232 237 241 242 244 288 295 297 301
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Table 12 Discussion
185 190 192 194 195 199 207 211 215 217 218 219 221 223 226 233 234 235 236 243 246 247 249 250 251 252 254 257 258 259 260 264 266 267 268 273 274 277 283 284 290 298 300 302 303 306 308 309 313 315 319 323 327 332
Total 4 1 138 59 4 34 16 3 5 1 Percentage 1.5 % 0.4 % 50.5 % 21.6 % 1.5 % 12.5 % 5.9 % 1.1 % 1.8 % 0.4 % Omission - - - - 013 024 - - 063 136 - - - -
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Table 12 Discussion
032 038 044 074 189
Total
- - - - 7 2
Percentage 77.8 % 22.2 %
Literal - - - 023 043 071 133
072 084 107 122 173 208 281 294
- - 182 331 317 282 305 334 210
Total 4 8 2 1 1 2 1 Percentage 21.1 % 42.2 % 10.5 % 5.3 % 5.3 % 10.5 % 5.3%
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Table 12 Discussion
The analysis on the types of idiom shows that there are four types of
idiomatic expressions found in the data, they are compound, phrase, semi clause,
and clause idiom. The most dominant type of idiomatic expressions found is
phrase idiom which amounts to 245 data (73.1 %). Coming at the second place is
semi clause idiom with 73 data (21.8 %). To some extent, it proves Fernando
(1996:43) statement that the most favored construction are phrase, especially verb
+ participle construction and semi clause. Meanwhile, clause idiom is in the third
place with 12 data (3.6 %), the last group is compound idiom which amounts to 5
data (1.5 %).
Table 12 shows that there are 3 data (0.9 % of all data) translated by
using idiom of similar meaning and form. Among the data, 1 datum (33.3 %)
belongs to phrase idiom and 2 data (66.7 %) belong to semi clause idiom. All of
them are considered as accurate translation.
The translators use the strategy of using idiom of similar meaning but
dissimilar form to translate 31 data (9.3 % of all data). There are 1 datum (3,2 %)
which belongs to compound idiom and is considered as less accurate translation,
11 data (35.5 %) which belong to phrase idiom and are considered as accurate
translation, and 7 data (22.6 %) which belong to phrase idiom and are considered
as less accurate translation. There are 6 data (19.4 %) which belong to semi clause
idiom and are considered as accurate translation and 5 data (16.1 %) which belong
to semi clause idiom and are considered as less accurate translation. one datum
(3.2 %) also belongs to clause idiom and is considered as less accurate translation.
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Table 12 Discussion
The deeper analysis on the data translated using this strategy reveals an interesting
finding. Considering that there are 31 data translated using this strategy and most
of them are in form of phrase and semi clause, I can conclude that some English
idioms on those types have equivalent idioms in Indonesian language, even
though they have different lexical items.
The strategy of translation by paraphrase is used to translate most of the
data in this research. The result is in line with what has been stated by Mona
Baker in her book, “Translation by paraphrase is the most common way of
translating idioms when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the
target text because of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target
language (Baker : 74)”. There are 273 data (81.5 % of all data) which are
translated using this strategy. Among the data, there are 4 data (1.5 %) which
belong to compound idiom and are considered as accurate translation and one
datum (0.4 %) which belong to compound idiom and are considered as less
accurate translation. There are 138 data (50.5 %) which belong to phrase idiom
and are considered as accurate translation, 59 data (21.6%) which belong to
phrase idiom and are considered as less accurate translation, and 4 data (1.5 %)
which belong to phrase idiom and are considered as inaccurate translation. There
are 34 data (12.5 %) which belong to semi clause idiom and are considered as
accurate translation, 16 data (5.9 %) which belong to semi clause idiom and are
considered as less accurate translation, 3 data (1.1 %) which belong to semi clause
and are considered as inaccurate translation, 5 data (1.8 %) which belong to clause
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Table 12 Discussion
idiom and are considered as accurate translation and the last is one datum (0.4 %)
which belongs to clause idiom and is considered as less accurate translation.
The next strategy is translation by omission. There are 9 data (2.7 % of
all data) translated by this strategy. From the table above we can see that there are
7 data (77.8 %) which belong to phrase idiom and are considered as less accurate
translation and 2 data (22.2 %) which belong to semi clause idiom and are
considered as less accurate translation.
The last strategy is literal translation. There are 19 data (5.7 %) which
are translated by using this strategy. There are 4 (21.1 %) data which belong to
phrase idiom and are considered as accurate translation,8 (42.2 %) data which
belongs to phrase idiom and are considered as less accurate translation, two (10.5
%) data which belongs to semi clause idiom and are considered as less accurate
translation, one ( 5.3 %) datum which belongs to semi clause idiom and is
considered as inaccurate translation, one (5.3 %) datum which belong to clause
idiom and are considered as accurate translation, two (10.5 %) data which belong
to clause idiom and are considered as less accurate translation and the last is one
(5.3 %) datum which belongs to clause idiom and is considered as inaccurate
translation. Some of the idioms translated using literal translation are clause
idioms. It occurs since it is hard to find the equivalent of English clause idioms in
Indonesian language. So that, the translators translate them literally which causes
inaccurate translation. It is in line with what stated by Baker, “Some idioms are
misleading; they seem transparent because they offer a reasonable literal
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Table 12 Discussion
interpretation. In this case, a translator who is not familiar with the idiom may
easily accept the literal interpretation and miss the play on idiom” (1992:66). In
fact, the translator may provide translation by paraphrase in order to transfer the
message of the idiom in the source text to the target text well.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This is the last chapter of this thesis. It consists of conclusion and
suggestions.
A. Conclusion
Based on the analysis on the chapter IV, the researcher concludes in as
follows:
1. The analysis on the types of idiom shows that there are four types of
idiomatic expressions found in the data, they are compound, phrase, semi clause,
and clause or sentence idiom. The most dominant type of idiomatic expressions
found is phrase idiom which amounts to 245 data (73.1 %). Coming at the second
place is semi clause idiom with 73 data (21.8 %). Meanwhile, clause idiom is in
the third place with 12 data (3.6 %), the last group is compound idiom which
amounts to 5 data (1.5 %).
2. The analysis of the translation strategy shows that the translator uses five
strategies in translating the idiomatic expressions in the novel. They are
translation using idiom with similar meaning and form (7 data or 2.1 %),
translation using idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form (31 data or 9.3
%), translation by paraphrase (279 data or 83.3 %), translation by omission (9 data
or 2.7 %) and the last is literal translation (9 data or 2.7 %).
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Among the data translated using idiom with similar meaning and form, 5
data (71.4 %) are phrase idiom and 2 data (28.6 %) are semi clause idiom.
Interestingly, none of them are compound and clause idioms.
In term of the data translated using similar meaning but dissimilar form, 1
datum (3,2 %) is compound idiom, 18 data (58.1 %) are phrase idiom,11 data
(35.5 %) are semi clause idiom and 1 datum (3.2 %) are clause idiom. The biggest
number of the data translated using this strategy is in form of phrase idiom.
From the data translated by paraphrasing, 5 data (1.8 %) are compound
idiom, 212 data (76 %) are phrase idiom, 54 data (19.4 %) are semi clause idiom
and 8 data (2.9 %) are clause idioms.
Among the data translated by omission, 7 data (77.8 %) are phrase idiom,
2 data (22.2 %) are semi clause idiom. None of them are in form of compound and
clause idioms.
From the data translated by using literal translation, 2 data (22.2 %) are
phrase idiom, 3 data (33.3 %) are semi clause idiom and 4 data (44.4%) are clause
idioms. None of them are in form of compound idiom.
3. The analysis on the translation accuracy shows that there are 212 data
(63.3 %) of the translations of idiomatic expressions in the novel The Diary Of A
Young Girl (The Definitive Edition) considered as accurate translation, 111 data
(33.1%) are less accurate and 12 data (3.6%) are inaccurate translation.
The strategy which results in high accuracy of the translation is translation
by paraphrase. This strategy gives readers detail information from the source text
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into the target text. In contrast, the strategy by literal translation results in
inaccurate translation. It occurs since the message deviates from the source text.
B. Suggestions
There are some recommendations that will be given to students, lecturers,
translators and other researchers.
1. Students of English Departments
For students of English Department, there are some alternatives that
can be references in translating idiomatic expressions. Translating by
paraphrase is the best way to translate idiomatic expressions since it
does not create ambiguity.
2. Translators
The translator should be improved in translating this kind of terms in
order to produce an accurate translation and to eliminate some errors
that made in the process.
3. Other researchers
The result of this thesis could be one of reference in conducting the
same types of research moreover with different kind of sources and
methods.